Articoli di riviste sul tema "Description, etc., 1865"

This article focuses on the early period of French detective fiction (1860s), when the “roman policier” notion has not yet been formulated (In use was the notions “courtroom novel”, i.e. “roman judiciaire”). Émile Gaboriau acted as the founder of this genre through his series of novels about Monsieur Lecoq [starting with the novel – “The Lerouge Case” (“L’Affaire Lerouge”, 1865)]. His novels incorporate the criminal narrative features and social, psychological, historical, and political constructs. The author of the article analyses little-known literary works of the similar theme, written in the same period and far less known, such as the novels: “The Drama of the Rue de la Paix» (“Le Drame de la Rue de la Paix”) by Louis Marc Adolphe Belot and “The Crime Factory!” (“La Fabrique de crimes!”) by Paul Henri Corentin Féval (both written in 1866), as well as the stories: “The Black Pearl” (“La Perle noire”) by Victorien Sardou, 1861 and “The Killer of Albertine Renouf” (“Le Meurtrier d’Albertine Renouf. Les Derniers jours de Don Juan”) by Henri Laurent Rivière, 1865. All of them are indicative of the increased interest in criminal plots among the readership of the 1860s and, in a varying degree, have laid the basis for the new genre paradigmatics (crime, investigation process, investigating agency, interaction between a professional detective and an amateur one, wrong and right crime versions, etc.). The author of the article reach a conclusion that the activation of the description by the authors of the plot of Edgar Allan Poe’s canonical short story “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” is combined with solely “feuilletonistic” narrative resources (including melodramatic ones) were extensively used in the detective fiction, and the extremes of fashion for criminal plots were exposed to parody in Belot and Féval’s works.

JULIUS DÖRING. A 19TH-CENTURY NORTH LITHUANIA INVESTIGATORErnestas Vasiliauskas SummaryAn artist, a painting restorer, an art critic, an art pedagogue, a member of the intelligentsia, a historian, an archaeologist, a regional investigator, a librarian, a museum curator, and a traveller, Julius Friedrich Dцring (1818–1898) (Fig. 1) was born on 19(31) August 1818 in Dresden. He began to study art at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts in 1830, moving in 1845 to Jelgava (Mitau), the seat of Courland Governorate, where he actively participated in the city’s public and cultural life until his death. He was a drawing and calligraphy teacher at Jelgava Gymnasium (1859–1890) and other education in­stitutions. He was also involved with the Courland Society for Literature and Art (Kurländischen Gesellschaft für Lit­eratur und Kunst; hereinafter the Society) as a member from 1857, assistant librarian from 1859, librarian from 1860, and clerk during 1865–1893, the Courland Provincial Museum (Kurländischen Provinzial Museum) (Fig. 3) as a clerk, librar­ian (1865–1893), and member (1865–1898), and the Rīga Art Society as a member from its founding in 1871. In old age J. Dцring outlived his wife, Luise, and eldest son, Manfred, who both died in 1897. He passed away at 80 on 26 Septem­ber 1898 and, like his wife, was buried in the so-called cem­etery of St John’s Church in Jelgava (Fig. 4). It was levelled to the ground in the second half of the 20th century and the location of the grave of J. Dцring, the prominent investigator, remains unknown as do the graves of other prominent figures. J. Dцring also visited Lithuania (Kaunas Governorate at that time) more than once. In 1845 on the road from Ger­many to Courland and in 1847 and 1852 on the road to Germany and Italy he passed through Joniškis, Meškuičiai, Šiauliai, Bubiai, Tauragė, and Tilžė. In 1876 and 1877 he travelled by train through Mažeikiai, Papilė, Šiauliai, and Radviliškis as well as around Panevėžys County (Pasvalys, Moliūnai, Naujamiestis, Skaistakalnis (Jasnagurka), etc.). In 1884 he visited Griežė, in 1882 and 1886 the vicinity of Pasvalys, and 1887 Skuodas, Apuolė, Puodkaliai (presen-ting the results of these trips in the Society’s annual publica­tion), Joniškėlis, etc. J. Dцring’s investigations into Lithuania’s past (mainly in the north and several described objects in central Samogitia) spanned 12 years (1876–1887) and are specifically linked with locating Semigallian Raktė and Sidabrė Castles, Cu­ronian Griežė and Apuolė Castles, seven hillforts (Apuolė, Ąžuolpamūšė, Griežė I and II, Šimonys, Papušiai, and Puod­kaliai), two burial grounds (Griežė, Papušiai), sacred sites, and 15th–17th-century fortifications (Moliūnai) as well as small-scale archaeological excavations or field surveys in 1882 at Ąžuolpamūšė hillfort and in 1884 at Griežė Cemetery (together with Carl Boy). In addition he described an impor-ted winged brooch (Ger. Flügelfibel (Typ Garbsch 238r) mit profiliertem Bügelknopf) found at Adakavas, listed the finds from Griežė cemetery, and wrote commentaries for an arti­cle by Tadeusz Dowgird about the investigations and finds at Paluknys. His contribution in this area is unquestionable; the information he provides about the condition of the sites at that time is an important comparative source for their condition today. J. Dцring also created plans of some of the objects he had visited (Apuolė, Griežė, Moliūnai, Papušiai, and Puodka­liai) and some he had not (Kalnelis) (Figs. 5–14). Some of the objects, judging from his journal entries and publications in 1876–1877, 1882, 1884, and 1886–1887, he had visited, the location of others (Kalnelis/Sidabrė) he iden­tified using orally obtained information. The objective to identify the location of castles mentioned in written sources is connected with an investigation into the boundaries of the tribes that lived in the territory of the then (1881) Courland Governorate during the 12th–13th centuries (Fig. 15).A total of 14 of the publications ascribed to him are spe­cifically devoted to Lithuania* (one each in 1878, and 1883 and two each in 1876, 1881–1882, 1884, and 1886–1887). 1876–1878 and 1881–1887 should be considered his most productive period while information about his activities in 1879–1880 and 1885 is unknown (Table 2–3). In investigating his publications it is seen that the ge­ography of the objects J. Dцring visited and described en­compasses those North Lithuanian localities, where Ger­man landlords (e.g. von Behr, Bistram, Ropp and Keizer­lyng) (Table 1) (Fig. 2) had manors or German pastors (e.g. J. Lieventhal) worked in the Lutheran parishes. These Ger­mans were at the same time members of the Society, who provided investigators with information about the objects in their vicinity and assisted (sponsored (?)) field surveys. In fact, due to a lack of information at that time about spe­cific groups of archaeological sites (hillforts and especially the settlements at their feet) and a lack of a critical attitude towards the information provided in sources, in some cases searches were made for fortifications where none had existed in actuality, the area occupied by settlements was greatly ex­panded without any grounds (in the case of Curonian Griežė), and the location of the same castle given somewhat different names in different sources was identified in different places (in the case of Semigallian Raktė). It is natural that due to a lack of archaeological material, investigators have relied too much on the conclusions of linguists in deciding com­plex questions of ethnogenesis, which is how the term Finno- Curonian (Ger. finische Kuren, kurischfinnischen Einwohner) became established instead Curonian, but the Balts (for whom such concepts are not used) settled in the East Baltic only in the second half of the 1st millennium. In analysing the articles it was noted that he should be considered an advocate of the theory of Germanic migra­tions into the East Baltic region (Ger. Kulturträger) and he was well acquainted with the investigations of contempo­rary archaeologists (Oskar Montelius, Johannes Reinhold Aspelin, etc.). It is interesting that in his publications he never uses the territorial description ‘Kaunas Governorate’, preferring in­stead to use the concept, ‘Lithuania’. J. Dцring’s contribution to Latvian and Lithuanian ar­chaeology and historical geography are undeniable; the re­sults of his investigations into the past were used by inves­tigators working in the second half of the 19th century and later and they have not lost their importance even today....

The article deals with the concept ‘tea’ in two works by Fyodor Dostoevsky – the novels The House of the Dead (1860–1861) and Crime and Punishment (1865–1866).In these works, the concept ‘tea’ includes both traditional representations – ‘tea as an element of everyday life’, ‘tea as part of a meal’, ‘tea as an attribute of friendship and communication’ – and new ones created by Dostoevsky, such as ‘tea for thought’, ‘tea as medicine and a source of strength’, ‘tea as a source of spiritual balance’). An important representation for the psychological line of the works is ‘tea as a chronometer’ – when the heroes check their internal clock with the tea time, as well as with the temperature of tea as it is becoming cold. The paper gives particular attention to the representation ‘tea as a marker of wealth’. In the novel The House of the Dead it is presented through the scenes where guests are being entertained to tea and through descriptions of the quality of the drink, in the novel Crime and Punishment – through the representation ‘tea as luxury’.The paper establishes the role of the concept ‘tea’ in conveying the main author's idea in the works by Dostoevsky. Along with other concepts presented in the text, such as wine, tobacco, food, cards etc., tea in The House of the Dead is intended to show readers the contrast between freedom and prison, contributes to the translation of the idea of freedom as absolute value. Meant to depict a special state of life – on the border of the light and darkness, life and death, wealth and poverty, the representations of the concept ‘tea’ in Crime and Punishment greatly contribute to the depiction of Raskolnikov's mental state, fit into the semantics of St. Petersburg of Dostoevsky.

The article describes the activities of Konstantin Vysotsky (1836–1886), who was first to open a photographic studio (1866), a lithographic studio (1867), a printing house (1869), and a newspaper (1879) in Tyumen. The first consideration of Vysotsky in the context of the history of the media and their transformations/revolutions contributes to the novelty of the research. It allows for a description of his experience of media transformations in a Siberian regional town of the second half of the 19th century in a systematic way, as opposed to the local and fragmentary descriptions which existed in science until now. The research methodology is integrative in nature: the study of book printing as a cultural practice in connection with economic, social and cultural transformations within the boundaries of cultural history (F. Barbier) is combined with contextual and intertextual approaches, bibliological and structural-typological analysis. The research material contains Vysotsky’s book, photographic, lithographic, and newspaper heritage stored in the Russian National Library, Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve, I.Ya. Slovtsov Museum Complex (Tyumen), and the Digital Collection of the University of Tyumen entitled K.N. Vysotsky and the Media Culture of Tyumen. Vysotsky is presented both as an object and a subject of the economic, technological, social, and cultural transformations of the city. He was actively and creatively changing it. Based on the analysis of Vysotsky’s journalistic and publishing activities, his role in the history of the Tyumen shipping company and railway is revealed. The connection between Vysotsky and the landscape transformations of the city is shown. The idea that Vysotsky’s figure can be interpreted in the context of the phenomenon of new people in Russia in the 1860s–1870s is introduced. It is shown that the Tyumen generation of new people (N.M. Chukmaldin, K.N. Vysotsky, I.A. Kalganov, etc.) with their daily practices (reading, self-education, movement towards “light and will”, a new order in servant-master relations) was being formed largely under the influence of Nikolay Chernyshevsky’s novel What Is to Be Done? Tales of New People (1863), Nikolai Yadrintsev’s ideas of Siberian renovation, Ivan Turgenev’s interpretation of the image of Don Quixote (Hamlet and Don Quixote, 1860). Intertextual connections of the system of motifs revealing the image of new people in Nikolai Chukmaldin’s memoirs Notes on My Life (1902) and Chernyshevsky’s novel are presented. It is established that the first book published by Vysotsky, Charter of the Estate Manager Club in Tyumen, actually became a message about a new life of the city which Vysotsky and Chukmaldin addressed to the people of Tyumen. Another finding is the logic of Vysotsky’s professional development from photography to book printing. The author discusses the structure of the Vysotsky printing house repertoire dominated by documentary and non-fiction genres (road books, statutes, reports, calendars, catalogs, etc.). The complementarity of the book and visual (photographic and lithographic associated with the graphosphere) portraits of Tyumen created by Vysotsky contributed to a new hyper-reality which appeared in the city.

The article examines the creative history of short stories from the Russian history of Apollon Maikov on the basis of epistolary sources and archival materials. The idea of the work emerged in the author’s mind in a discussion with Fyodor Dostoevsky: in letters of 1867–1869 they reflected on Russia’s past and future, the work on the translation of the “Tale about Igor’s Campaign,” the need to create a textbook living history, the central event of which would be the spread of Christianity in Russia. In correspondence with Maikov, Dostoevsky outlined the concept of epics as a literary genre capable of expressing the essence of Russian history and “serving to revive the self-consciousness of the Russian people” and delineated the turning points of history that determined the future of the country. Maikov conceived another version of the description of Russia’s past — a cycle of ten to twelve historical short stories “for children and the people.” He recorded the plan of the work point by point in papers dating from 1868, and outlined it to Dostoevsky in an April letter for 1869. In separate short stories, he intended to reveal the deeds of Alexander Nevsky, Metropolitans Peter and Alexy, Dmitry Donskoy, Ioann III, Ivan the Terrible, Ermak, St. Sergius of Radonezh, Peter I, Catherine II, Suvorov, the events of 1812, the Crimean War and the liberation of the peasants. The author planned to tell the reader about the main events of Russian history and the patriots of Russia, to reveal the supreme destiny of its historical path, the prerequisites for the formation of the Russian national character, to highlight the idea of unity and integrity of all Russian territories. To realize the idea, Maikov processed chronicle legends, epics, folklore sources (for example, anecdotes about Peter I), the works of historians (I. D. Belyaev, K. P. Pobedonostsev, etc.). He thought out the plots in detail, worked through them repeatedly (which is confirmed by the preserved cycle plans for 1868 and 1881), but released from print only two short stories in 1869 (the second story includes four separate plots). Neither Dostoevsky nor Maikov succeeded in carrying out their plans for historical works. But their plans testify to a common understanding of the historical path of Russia — the path of preserving the Orthodox Christian truth in the struggle for identity and independence. Conscious of their moral duty to the fatherland, they considered it their duty to convey to readers the need to feel Russian and the right to be proud of the history of this great country.

Importance. The study of the processes that took place on the Russian Empire outskirts, contributes to their further consideration and comparison with similar processes that took place in the center, as a Russian history comprehensive research is connected with the history of its different regions. Dependent estates types in the East Caucasus and their liberation from feudal dependence in the second half of the 19th century are considered. The importance of the research is determined by the importance of substantiating the peasant reform process, its connection with the various factors that pushed for the implementation of the reform in the territory. The purpose of the research is to identify the negative and positive aspects that influenced the fate of the East Caucasus peoples and the region development in connection with the reform. Materials and Methods. The object of the research is different types of dependent class in the East Caucasus. The methods of description, synthesis, objectivity principle, historical-comparative method, etc. are used when considering the topic of the research. Archival materials and published sources are involved. Results and Discussion. The categories of dependent people in Chechnya, Ingushetia and Daghestan are categorized, and their rights also described. It is noted that the work on the liberation of dependent estates in the Caucasus began in 1866, while the serfdom issue in the Terek region was completed by the end of 1867 and in the Daghestan region – in 1868. Conclusion. The peasant reform carried out by the Russian authorities in the East Caucasus was half-hearted and partial. Having granted freedom to some categories of dependent estates, which was positive in the reform, it did not solve the land issue. In addition, in the Daghestan region peasants dependent on beks received freedom only in 1913.

Au cours du XIXe siècle, le développement du travail en air comprimé est à l’origine des premières observations cliniques attribuables aux effets de l’élévation de la pression sur l’organisme. En parallèle, la plongée en scaphandre devient une activité routinière. La conséquence est que de nombreux cas d’accidents de désaturation sont rapportés en milieu subaquatique. La première description s’intéressant à cette pathologie chez des scaphandriers, ayant fait l’objet d’une publication en 1869, est le fait de Le Roy de Méricourt, médecin de Marine, qui relate l’activité de pêcheurs d’éponges, utilisant des scaphandres de plongée. Le document de Le Roy de Méricourt constitue une référence essentielle qui a guidé le travail expérimental de grand physiologiste Paul Bert. Ces premières études sont toujours d’actualité, bien que peu à peu oubliées.

The Kłosy [The Ears of Grain] Polish weekly magazine (1865–1890) devoted some space to the history of culture, literature, the issues of scientific progress, travels, and descriptions of foreign countries. The paper discusses texts referring to matters of the ancient Near East as published in that journal. It includes a review and analysis of press materials dealing with various themes and includes the following: notes, reviews, announcements, articles, digressive travel reports, fiction, etc. They were presented in the context of the specificity of this kind of press and understanding of 19th-century intellectual needs. The more prominent or characteristic publications are generally discussed, while the summary presents statistical reflections on the distribution and formal transformations.

This study is concerned with the immigration of Galician Jews to Hungary. The first section examines the newspapers in circulation in the counties along the border and asks: What rhetorical devices did they use, and what commonplaces did they employ to justify their stereotypical and biased lines of argument in relation to the coexistence of Jews and established local societies. This section is followed by a description of the central government’s efforts to regulate migration. The study concludes with a study of the different types of migration (temporary, circular, repetitive, etc.) and provides an opportunity to interpret the contradiction between statistical data and contemporaries’ perception of “reality.”

The article considers emergence of writers-raznochintsy of young generation (N. Uspensky, A. Levitov, F. Reshetnikov, N. Pomyalovsky etc.) in the Russian Literature of the 1860s. These writers brought “the bad writing” as “a new word” in the Russian Literature. The subject of research is model of literary and domestic behavior of this generation of “folk-writers” and its difference from the model of behavior of writers-raznochintsy of previous generation based on sample of a “new man”. Features of socio-cultural and domes- tic behavior are as follows: 1) in spite of certain centers of attention to themselves (“Contemporary”, “Russian word”), these writers have not become part of the journal-editorial communities and, as a rule, did not develop general ideas; 2) the declaration of independence was “supported” by alienation from the way of life adopted in the circle of the magazine raznochintsy intelligentsia; their way of life was ostentatiously marginal; 3) the new generation is characterized by “Bohemian”, wandering life, begging, alcohol abuse and other manifestations of “asociality”. In the end we draw a conclusion that the literary reputation of carriers of new word about common people by a man of the common people created at the initial stage by criticism, and then supported by self-description called to literary life the phenomenon of “folk-writer”; the literary niche was created deliberately according to the theory of social realism as a new direction in the post Gogol’s period of literature development.

More than a decade has passed since the publication of the only world checklist available for Onychophora. During this period, numerous nomenclatural acts and taxonomic changes have been suggested within the group and a wealth of novel data has been published on many taxa. Herein, the up-to-date taxonomic scenario within Onychophora is presented, with appraisal of name status. This checklist covers both extant (Peripatidae and Peripatopsidae) and fossil taxa, and each species is accompanied by information on synonyms, type designation, holotype location, type locality, and language of original description. Additional remarks include nomenclatural inconsistencies, synonymizations, name misspellings, conflicting collecting event data, availability of taxonomically informative molecular data, etc. According to the data, 237 species are currently assigned to Onychophora: 140 of Peripatopsidae, 92 of Peripatidae, and five fossil species with unclear relationship to extant taxa. Since the previous checklist, 37 species have been added to Onychophora, representing an increase of 18.5% in the diversity described for the group. Yet, taxonomic descriptions seem slow-paced, with an average of 3.6 onychophoran species being described annually. From the taxonomic standpoint, 216 species are valid, although many of them require morphological revision and molecular characterization; 21 species exhibit major taxonomic ambiguities and have been regarded as nomina dubia. Recurrent taxonomic issues identified in the literature include inaccurate collecting event data, doubtful taxonomic assignment of molecular sequences, and non-observance of nomenclatural rules. These and other taxonomic aspects are addressed herein in the light of the directives established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

In the past decade, significant efforts have been made to describe fish-habitat associations. However, most studies have oversimplified actual connections between fish assemblages and their habitats by using univariate correlations. The purpose of this study was to identify the features of habitat forming corals that facilitate and influences assemblages of associated species such as fishes. For this we developed three-dimensional models of colonies ofAcropora cervicornisto estimate geometry (length and height), structural complexity (i.e., volume, density of branches, etc.) and biological features of the colonies (i.e., live coral tissue, algae). We then correlated these colony characteristics with the associated fish assemblage using multivariate analyses. We found that geometry and complexity were better predictors of the structure of fish community, compared to other variables such as percentage of live coral tissue or algae. Combined, the geometry of each colony explained 40% of the variability of the fish assemblage structure associated with this coral species; 61% of the abundance and 69% of fish richness, respectively. Our study shows that three-dimensional reconstructions of discrete colonies ofAcropora cervicornisprovides a useful description of the colonial structural complexity and may explain a great deal of the variance in the structure of the associated coral reef fish community. This demonstration of the strongly trait-dependent ecosystem role of this threatened species has important implications for restoration and conservation efforts.

The article discusses W. Küchelbecker’s Dictionary [Slovar] that he compiled during his studies at the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum as a kind of reading diary from 1815 to 1817. Dictionary gives an insight into formative influences on the future writer as well as his close friends from among fellow students – most notably Pushkin, who is known to have read the manuscript. It contains extracts from books of fiction as well as philosophical and historical works and periodicals read by Küchelbecker at the time. Among others, Dictionary mentions Pseudo-Longinus, J.-J. Rousseau, F. de Weiss, F. Schiller, L. Sterne, etc., listing the extracts in alphabetical order. Most translations from German, French, and English are penned by Küchelbecker himself. A fi st such experiment in the systematic analysis of this relic of the 1810s intellectual culture, the article reconstructs the reading list of Küchelbecker and his fellow students at the Lyceum. Approximately one sixth of Dictionary, covering the entries from A to G, is published in the appendix to the article, supplied with notes on the sources and their brief description.

The article studies literary sources of the plot about the arrival of a landowner in the village, presented in A. F. Pisemsky’s novel The Troubled Sea (1863). The paper reveals that the model of this plot was formed in the stories of the pre-reform period, i.e. at the turn of the 1850s– 1860s. Especially often stories with this plot were published in M. N. Katkov’s magazine Russkiy Vestnik (The Russian Bulletin). The main feature distinguishing this plot is the image of a landowner coming to the village. It was found that his description was stereotypical: the youthfulness and progressiveness of the hero’s views were invariably emphasized. In the stories of this time, the conflict arises between a young progressive landowner and a representative of the older generation (father / neighbor / an elderly servant, etc.). Also, an obligatory element of the plot in question is the reorganization of the economy with a modern twist by the recently arrived landowner. The main motive associated with the reconstruction is the total destruction of everything considered old. The paper shows that attempts to rebuild the economy have always been unsuccessful and led to serious dramatic or tragic results. In the post-reform period, the plot associated with the arrival of the landowner in the village became a ‘derivative semantisation’: it adapted to the new relevant tasks that became the focus of attention after the peasant reform. The paper analyzes in detail the variant given in the story of A.V. Druzhinin Last Summer in the Village (1862). It is shown that the novel The Troubled Sea contains a large number of references to this particular variant. In the course of the comparative analysis of these works, it is concluded that Pisemsky argued with Druzhinin on some issues related to the peasant reform and its results. In conclusion, it is inferred that the plot of the landowner’s arrival in the village in the novel The Troubled Sea was obviously guided by the stories in Russkiy Vestnik. Pisemsky shared the view of Katkovsky’s edition in interpreting the behavior model of the landowner, who began to reorganize the life of peasants under the influence of democratic literature.

For studying the Great Patriotic War history, the testimonies of direct participants and eyewitnesses of the events of the war years are of great importance. The purpose of the article is to give a comprehensive description of documents of personal origin (memoirs, diaries, letters) reflecting the participation of Siberians (soldiers and home front workers) in the Great Patriotic War. The article designates these documents by the generalizing term “ego-documents”, generally accepted in the social sciences and humanities. The authors make a brief review of domestic and foreign publications on the introduction into scientific circulation and the evolution of the concept of “ego-document”. To solve the research problems, they identified a documentary stream (DS) of publications containing ego-documents. It was based on the materials of the bibliographic database (DB) “Scientific Siberica: nature, history, economics, culture, science of Siberia and the Far East” (“Nauchnaya Sibirika: priroda, istoriya, ekonomika, kultura, nauka Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka”), generated by the SPSTL SB RAS, supplemented by data of publications from other authoritative sources. The article presents a bibliometric analysis of the DS content: the type-species composition of publications, types of ego-documents, the dynamics of publications in a time perspective (1945–2022), geographical data on the places of conscription, the residence of ego-documents authors, topics of publications, etc. An overview of some number of ego-documents publications from DS is given. Research results: a steady dynamics of quantitative increase in publications of ego-documents has been revealed since the 90s. XX century; the diversity of the type-species structure of DS was determined; the geographical connection of DS publications with the territories of 20 regions of Siberia and the Far East is shown; the main topics of ego-documents have been identified with a brief description of individual publications.

The challenges of delimiting and identifying marine invertebrate species impede estimations of true biodiversity. This is particularly true in the case of gorgonian diversity, in which only classical morphological characters (e.g. branching pattern, size and colouration of the colony and sclerites, etc.), which can be homoplastic and continuous, have been used. In this study, using an integrative taxonomic approach, we analysed two morphs initially considered as two eco-typical variants of Leptogorgia alba Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864, living sympatrically in the littoral area of Ecuador. We explored the use of classical morphological and morphometric characters to delimit species in combination with the analyses of molecular markers (mtMutS, CoxII-Igr-CoxI, ITSs, and 28S rRNA) to infer phylogenetic relationships. Based on our results, two species should be considered, L. alba and a new species, L. manabiensis n. sp., which showed distinguishing morphological features that cannot be attributed to phenotypic plasticity. Both species also showed significant differences in morphometric, non-correlated characters in all size classes. The phylogenetic analyses showed a polyphyletic L. alba - L. manabiensis n. sp. species complex, and ancestral polymorphism and incomplete lineage sorting as possible evolutionary processes leading to this pattern. In conclusion, the combination of morphological and morphometric evidences provides the best support for the identification and delimitation of these challenging species. In addition, molecular analyses, mainly supported by nuclear markers, allow fundamental aspects of the evolutionary history of these organisms to be discerned.

This text is a correspondence discussion about the problems of teaching the history of Russian philosophy in higher education. The experts were asked to answer six questions, reflecting, in the opinion of the editors, the main problems and conflict topics around the teaching of this academic and scientific discipline: Has students’ interest in the history of Russian philosophy changed in recent years (decades) and, if so, what are the dynamics and reasons for these changes? The Russian philosophical “canon” (at least in the broad public consciousness) is built primarily around the history of social thought with supposedly key themes such as the problem of civilizational choice, the Russian idea, etc., as well as sophiology, sobornost and a number of other religious and philosophical concepts. Do you consider it necessary to transform or revise the “canon” and, if so, how exactly can it be revised? In the historiography of Russian philosophy in the first half of the 20th century specific characteristics of Russian philosophical thought have been formulated, which, as a result, embedded both in the public consciousness and in teaching practice – the literary centricity of Russian philosophy, its panmoralism, inclination towards historiosophy, anthropocentrism, the primacy of religious philosophy, etc. Isn’t such “mythology” an obstacle to adequate and actual perception of Russian philosophy? Isn’t it a problem that the language of the modern history of Russian philosophy remains in many respects the language of self-description of Russian philosophy of the second half of the 19th – the first half of the 20th centuries? Is it necessary to actualize the Russian philosophical heritage, to consider the history of thought in connection with the modernity, to “translate” the philosophers of past centuries into the language of modern philosophy? What could be the ways of this actualization? Do you see the insufficiency of systematic training of historians of Russian philosophy in higher education: the lack of special courses (source studies, archival studies, textology, ancient languages, scientific commentary, etc.)? What other flaws in the system of philosophical education seem to you the most significant in the context of the problem posed? What other problems and difficulties in teaching and research practice related to the history of Russian philosophy seem to you the most significant? The answers to these questions can clarify and outline the ways of developing both the teaching of the history of Russian philosophy and the Russian historical and philosophical community as a whole. The discussion experts are not only the leading specialists in the history of Russian philosophy (from Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, Baltic Federal University, St. Tikhon’s Orthodox University, National Research University Higher School of Economics, etc.), but also young teachers and researchers, as well as students of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University – thus, the reader can get opinions of both sides of the educational process and of different generations.

The chiropterological component of one of the most significant zoological written monuments of the 19th century of Ukraine in general and the Carpathian region in particular is analysed. This is Stanislaw Petruski’s monograph titled ‘Natural History of Wild Mammals of Galicia’ (1853). The translation of this part has been arranged and commented in accordance with modern schemes of bat taxonomy and nomenclature supplemented with appropriate descriptions from the works of Alexander Zawadski (1840) and Ivan Verkhratsky (1869). Consequently, the most complete picture of the species composition and some features of the biolo-gy of the bat fauna of Prykarpattia (essentially the Carpathian region on the whole) within Ukraine was reconstructed and described, which is important for understanding the composition of past fauna states in neighbouring countries, including Poland and Romania. Descriptions of 12 species from 9 genera are presented and commented taking into account the current state of knowledge. The underestimation concerned only rare species and those morphologically simi-lar to other more common ones (e.g. lesser horseshoe bat, Brandt’s bat, Nathusi-us’s pipistrelle, lesser noctule, etc.). Features of contemporary taxonomy, fauna composition, descriptions of dwellings and display of synanthropy are considered. Special attention is paid to the consideration of fauna changes that have occurred over almost 100 years, as well as the features of the fauna of that time, which shows obvious signs of the ‘warm phase.’ The latter is evidenced by descriptions of species in the fauna in general, which are currently more southern, and descrip-tions of winter finds of those species that in the last period of research (second half of the 20th century) were considered migratory and distant migrants. The main body of data by Petrusky, as follows from his text, dates from 1830–1850, and this corresponds to the period of climatic optimum reconstructed for Poland, where the period 1820–1850 was characterised by warm late winters and early springs. Apparently, the same period extended to Galicia, and later descriptions of ‘warm fauna’ in Ukraine are known for the period of the 1920–1930s and the modern period (1990–2020). The phenomenon of constant cycle of fauna and its regular changes due to climate fluctuations is considered.

The history of boarding schools’ formation and development in Ukraine in general and in Transcarpathia in particular is an important source of pedagogical experience, the study, analysis and systematization of which will contribute to understanding of modern globalization in education and designing its future.Purpose is to fnd out the main trends in the boarding schools development and practice in Transcarpathia during the Second World War.Methods: bibliographical search is for the archival and library catalogs study, collections and descriptions; archival materials content analysis (orders government instructions); chronological is for determining the main trends in the boarding schools’ development and practice in Transcarpathia in 1939–1944.Results. Transcarpathian lands territorial subordination to Hungary in 1939 led to a change in the name of the region: instead of Subcarpathian Russia (during the period of Transcarpathian lands belong to the Czechoslovak Republic) Transcarpathian lands that returned to Hungary were called “Subcarpathia”. Childhood education and social protection were the the Podkarpackie Regent Commissioner’s responsibility, who appointed the principal of the Podkarpackie school district, and decisions on orphans and children deprived of parental care were the district orphanage courts’ responsibility. The Hungarian government organized a number of humanitarian actions in the returned territories through the involvement of government organizations “Hungarian for Hungarian” and the State League for the Protection of Children. With the beginning of hostilities, some boarding schools were subject to re-profiling: a separate structural unit of the Mukachevo State Orphanage “Orphanage for the crippled” was reorganized into the therapeutic department of the hospital in Mukachevo, and the educational building of the orphanage in Nad Sevlyush transferred to the use of the Hungarian army. The living and feeding conditions of pupils in boarding schools in Podkarpackie, and especially in orphanages (Greek-Catholic orphanage “Holy Family”) and family-type settlements have become more complicated. Constant changes in the pupils’ contingent, state orphanages employees’ places of work have led to late and incorrect payment of salaries to teachers and support staff of boarding schools.Conclusions. The boarding schools practice in Transcarpathia in the period 1939–1944 is characterized by the following trends: 1)boarding education curtailment in connection with the hostilities start, which reduced staffing and reduced the level of material and technical support of the educational process in boarding schools; 2)spreading the religious and public organizations influence (League for the Children’s Protection, “Levente”, “Hungarian for Hungarian”, etc.)Key words: boarding schools, orphanages, Transcarpathia, Hungary.

The history of boarding schools’ formation and development in Ukraine in general and in Transcarpathia in particular is an important source of pedagogical experience, the study, analysis and systematization of which will contribute to understanding of modern globalization in education and designing its future.Purpose is to fnd out the main trends in the boarding schools development and practice in Transcarpathia during the Second World War.Methods: bibliographical search is for the archival and library catalogs study, collections and descriptions; archival materials content analysis (orders government instructions); chronological is for determining the main trends in the boarding schools’ development and practice in Transcarpathia in 1939–1944.Results. Transcarpathian lands territorial subordination to Hungary in 1939 led to a change in the name of the region: instead of Subcarpathian Russia (during the period of Transcarpathian lands belong to the Czechoslovak Republic) Transcarpathian lands that returned to Hungary were called “Subcarpathia”. Childhood education and social protection were the the Podkarpackie Regent Commissioner’s responsibility, who appointed the principal of the Podkarpackie school district, and decisions on orphans and children deprived of parental care were the district orphanage courts’ responsibility. The Hungarian government organized a number of humanitarian actions in the returned territories through the involvement of government organizations “Hungarian for Hungarian” and the State League for the Protection of Children. With the beginning of hostilities, some boarding schools were subject to re-profiling: a separate structural unit of the Mukachevo State Orphanage “Orphanage for the crippled” was reorganized into the therapeutic department of the hospital in Mukachevo, and the educational building of the orphanage in Nad Sevlyush transferred to the use of the Hungarian army. The living and feeding conditions of pupils in boarding schools in Podkarpackie, and especially in orphanages (Greek-Catholic orphanage “Holy Family”) and family-type settlements have become more complicated. Constant changes in the pupils’ contingent, state orphanages employees’ places of work have led to late and incorrect payment of salaries to teachers and support staff of boarding schools.Conclusions. The boarding schools practice in Transcarpathia in the period 1939–1944 is characterized by the following trends: 1)boarding education curtailment in connection with the hostilities start, which reduced staffing and reduced the level of material and technical support of the educational process in boarding schools; 2)spreading the religious and public organizations influence (League for the Children’s Protection, “Levente”, “Hungarian for Hungarian”, etc.)Key words: boarding schools, orphanages, Transcarpathia, Hungary.

The question of increasing the reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures is a priority. One of the ways to increase the strength of concrete is using of dispersed reinforcement. The interest of using of fiber-reinforced concrete in Russia, as well as in Europe, Asia and the USA has increased significantly in recent ten years. The improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of concrete is noted to depend on the reinforcement parameters, such as the volume content of the fiber, the characteristics of the dispersed reinforcement, the structure of the concrete matrix, etc. Authors consider various types of fibers for dispersed concrete reinforcement, specifically polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, acrylic, polyester, cotton, asbestos, glass, basalt, steel, carbon. Description of the main advantages and disadvantages of each type of fiber is given. Comparative characteristics are presented in terms of density, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation at fracture of the materials used to manufacture the fiber. The influence of fibers on crack strength of fiber-reinforced concrete under impact loads is studied. Analytical review of existing works found that it is possible to achieve a significant increase of strength of fiber-reinforced concrete in axial compression, tension, tension in bending, shear compared to ordinary heavy concrete.

Images of Volga steamships take an important place in the works of Eugene Chirikov (1864–1932) written by him both before the Revolution 1917 and in exile.The writer’s attention and love for this type of water transport is explained not only by his biography (Chirikov was born and grоwn up on the banks of the Volga, traveled a lot along it, etc.), but also by his assuarance in the special role of the Volga the main waterway of Russia that playing a great role in the fate of the country and people. Therefore, the steamer in Chirikov’s prose appears as a kind of spiritual center, and among its passengers, the greatest interest of the author is caused by pilgrims and pilgrims from the peasant environment, whose prayers, spiritual disputes, songs, legends and legends reflect, according to the writer, the aspiration of the national consciousness to the “Truth of God”. They are opposed to the “pure public” from the 1st class, the description of which reflects not only the author’s critical view of the unfair, in his opinion, social structure of modern society, but also his anxiety caused by the loss of a living religious feeling and spiritual and moral ideals by representatives of the upper strata, without which as history has shown the existence of Russia itself is impossible.

The article analyzes the handwritten “Catalog of New Library Acquisitions” by the famous bibliographer and bibliophile D.V. Ulyaninsky (1861—1918), stored in the department of Rare books (the Book Museum) of the Russian State Library. It is considered as an ego-text that directly reflects the bibliophile life of the author and his experiences related to it. In the text, the bibliophile not only recorded all receipts to his personal library, but also left diary entries. From them, you can learn about the folding of the library structure, changes in the accounting system, and the exclusion of publications from its composition. In his diary entries, which became acts of self-communication and self-reflection, the bibliophile described his relationship with booksellers, difficulties in collecting, justified for himself the high costs of books, rejoiced at successful acquisitions, noted some events of public and personal life, etc. It is concluded that the “Catalog of New Library Acquisitions” acted as a draft, a pre-text for a detailed bibliographic description of the library of D.V. Ulyaninsky, which received a printed embodiment. Many of his notes remain only in manuscript. This fact makes them a unique source both for studying the biography of D.V. Ulyaninsky and for the history of the world of antique book trade and bibliophilia of the late 19th — early 20th century.

Large-span wooden spatial structures in the form of domes, developed in JSC Research Center of Construction under the leadership of A.A. Pogoreltsev, are built in large numbers for roofing various buildings. Such designs have high performance indicators and continue to improve. In 2020 the Manual on accounting for the joint work of the frame and fencing in wooden spatial structures of buildings and structures was developed as an addition to SP 64.13330.2017, containing examples of strength calculation and optimization of rib cross-section dimensions, as well as an example of determining the long-term strength of the shell cladding. These structures, in fact unique, are designed so far in the margin of safety without taking into account the participation of the enclosing part (panels, decking, etc.) in the bearing loads. Taking into account the work of the decking, especially when exposed to asymmetric loads, can lead to material savings. In addition to the above theory of nonlinear shell calculation, the authors have also developed a calculation of composite anisotropic panels operating under complex stress conditions, i.e. under biaxial compression (tension) and shear. The calculation of such structures under both short-term and long-term loads presents certain difficulties and requires the introduction of strength theories and criteria for their description that are unusual for specialists of design organizations.

The article deals with the experience of creating specific electronic literary and local history resources in the libraries of the Russian Federation literary maps as a form of literary local history. They allow modern and visual representation of the literary heritage of the region. The article objective is a systematic description of the experience on creating literary maps in libraries in rural municipalities, the most numerous ones in the Russian Federation. To achieve the research purpose, the author selected the most popular resources via search engines Yandex, Google, Rambler. The study of 12 literary maps of the highest demand on a number of criteria allowed the following conclusion: in most cases, the literary and local history resource of the municipal district has a geographic map, which indicates the preference of visual navigation in geographic space; all resources provide information on local writers and poets including photos, bioand bibliographic data; resources contain news feed; more than half of the literary maps contains bibliographic information on local literary publications; all special sites on literary and local history resources contain full-text literary collections; half of the resources contains information on literary awards and competitions. The study has shown that the library community of municipal districts is working on creating literary maps and looking for the best way to preserve and provide literary and local history information. The revealed problems are typical for the majority of unprofessionally designed sites (redundancy and incompleteness of information, unformalized texts, lack of internal links, settlement on free hostings and, as a result, lots of aggressive advertising, etc.).

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation new facts about the history of the formation of estate libraries in the Smolensk province using the example of the Panin-Meshchersky library in the Dugino estate in Sychevsky district. The work provides brief information about the owners of the library, for the first time presents the description of the composition of its collection, examines the further destiny of the collection and provides examples of books preserved in the collections of the Smolensk Regional Universal Scientific Library named after A. T. Tvardovsky, the library of Smolensk State University, etc. The source base for the study are published and unpublished materials: documents of the State Historical Museum, the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, rare books and scientific publication. The author comes to the conclusion that the library in Dugino has begonnen to be collected by its first owner Nikita Ivanovich Panin, further participation in the replenishment of this voluminous collection was taken by representatives of the Panin family Nikita Petrovich and Alexander Nikitich, and a large role in preserving and increasing this collection belongs to Nikolai Petrovich Meshchersky and his son Alexander Nikolaevich. It is shown that this library preserves the memory of not only its owners, but also their preferences, characters, and worldview. Using the example of the library of the Dugino estate, the prestige of family reading among the nobility, the purpose of which was self-development and self-education, becomes clearer. The nobles valued libraries, and their loss during the years of nationalization became a great family tragedy.

Although the parish of St John the Baptist in Bychawa is one of the oldest in the Lublin diocese, because its origins date back at least to the beginning of the 14th century, its library in the Old Polish period was very modest. This was caused by the following unfavourable historical conditions: the takeover of the church by Calvinists in the 16th century, difficulties with the restoration of the seized property, Cossack invasions, etc. For these reasons, until the end of the 17th century, the parish owned only necessary liturgical books, with the possible exception of those that had been donated by the parish priest Sebastian Piatkowski to his nephew as payment for his care in the 1930s; however, we have no detailed information about them. It was not until the 18th century that the book collection was enriched with non-liturgical books. These mainly included collections of sermons by Polish or foreign authors, maxims and prayer books, all serving pastoral work. Many of these books cannot be identified due to the general descriptions left by parish inspectors or damage to the codices. Most of the early printed books preserved to this day were possessed by private individuals, and a large number of them came from the libraries of monasteries liquidated after 1863. There are 29 of them, all basically in need of conservation.

Although the parish of St John the Baptist in Bychawa is one of the oldest in the Lublin diocese, because its origins date back at least to the beginning of the 14th century, its library in the Old Polish period was very modest. This was caused by the following unfavourable historical conditions: the takeover of the church by Calvinists in the 16th century, difficulties with the restoration of the seized property, Cossack invasions, etc. For these reasons, until the end of the 17th century, the parish owned only necessary liturgical books, with the possible exception of those that had been donated by the parish priest Sebastian Piatkowski to his nephew as payment for his care in the 1930s; however, we have no detailed information about them. It was not until the 18th century that the book collection was enriched with non-liturgical books. These mainly included collections of sermons by Polish or foreign authors, maxims and prayer books, all serving pastoral work. Many of these books cannot be identified due to the general descriptions left by parish inspectors or damage to the codices. Most of the early printed books preserved to this day were possessed by private individuals, and a large number of them came from the libraries of monasteries liquidated after 1863. There are 29 of them, all basically in need of conservation.

This paper is devoted to the analysis of one of the practices of reproducing ethnicity: conversations about national cuisine. Descriptions of national cuisines help articulate a person’s belonging to a certain ethnic group and serve to attribute various cultural characteristics to their “own” group and those of the “other” peoples. This article explores the ways Azerbaijanis, Armenians and Georgians living in St Petersburg think about their national cuisine. The focus of the study is on а comparison of these views as presented in semi-structured thematic interviews conducted by the author. Respondents who identify themselves with the same ethnic group from the South Caucasus generally think about their national cuisine in a way shared by the whole group, while the selection of main dishes differs significantly among the groups of different ethnic origin. It was observed that the general principles for organizing narratives about national cuisine were the same among the different ethnic groups. This includes the basic motifs, rhetorical turns, arguments and presuppositions (among them, ideas that there is a correspondence between ethnicity and eating practices, that national cuisine should be exclusive, family meals are national, etc.). At the same time, while ethnic food is a subject of national pride for Georgians and Azerbaijanis, Armenians do not seem to appreciate their cuisine in the same way.

The society development depends directly on the state and evolution of scientific environment, its organizational structures. Academic libraries play the leading role in academic communications, performing functions of informational centers, expanding significantly the field of researchers’ information activity and informational security. Libraries of the Russian Academy of Sciences experienced several stages in their development in 1992-2016, which was defined both by socio-political, socio-economic, legal transformations, and changes in the organizational-administrative model to manage scientific institutions in the country. The development of the library fund of scientific institutions passes several stages: · 1990s - stocks are formed mainly with traditional resources; · early 2000s - stocks structure includes remote access license resources along with traditional carriers; and open access resources - into the servicing system. The authors revealed main trends of stocks development based on results of a brief analysis of the library stocks formation of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) in 1992-2016: the united fund created in previous decades breaks up into elements, is atomized, centripetal tendencies are replaced by centrifugal ones, the model of centralization changes, books’ share in the collection of traditional paper editions raises in stocks; it is observed a transition from the acquisition of printed versions of periodicals and special kinds of literature (standards, descriptions of inventions, etc.) to promoting their remote access; SB RAS’ resource base includes licensed electronic resources of remote temporary access and various types of open access scientific information to meet needs of scientists and specialists.

Intermedial analysis remains one of the leading interpretive strategies of contemporary literary studies, which determines the relevance of the study. The aim is to read the novel Without Foundation (1948) by V. Petrov (Domontovych) through the prism of intermediality. The research methods are determined by the objective. The method of intermedial analysis, contextual analysis, hermeneutic, comparative and semiotic methods are used. It is indicated that the writer transports a number of codes of plastic arts into the word: composition, colour and linear ratios, volumes, light and shadows, texture, etc. Verbal descriptions of works of art as visual objects in a novel often become a self-contained main narrative with extensive reflections on artistic phenomena. Certain episodes of the novel are a kind of verbal extension of the characters depicted in the paintings. Masterpieces of world and national art, as well as precedent-setting names of artists, provide the writer with the opportunity to find motives, moods, and images that are in tune with his or her own, and enrich the arsenal of visual and expressive means. The main basis of the artistic narrative is the architectural structure, which, determining the unity of the thematic and poetic design of reality, determines the subject, type of hero, system of characters, problematics, plot and compositional structure, chronotope, and type of narrative. Built not of stone, but in the writer's imagination, the Varangian Church becomes an architectural prototype that models a literary work, partially structuring it. Thus, the multifaceted verbal visualization of the Cathedral, in its artistic concept, tends to be similar to the artistic solution of C. Monet with regard to the Cathedral of Rouen. The author also devoted a "series of paintings" to the Varangian Church, which depict the urban space associated with the architectural object. Conclusions. The complex system of visual codes and their multiplicity testify to the originality and novelty of the Ukrainian writer, whose novel, in its language directly related to plastic arts, became a "prologue" to contemporary novels-ekphrasises.

The article presents investigation the phenomenon, characteristic for poetry and prose by N. D. Khvoshchinskaya. It is actualization of the observer figure in the plot. The author determines poems by N. D. Khvoshchinskaya have stories micro-plots. The center is a lyrical heroine watching else’s life. The poetic creation of this plot position is eclectic. The motif theme is developed with the help of romantic and naturalistic clichés. On the one hand, the author reproduces the romantic situation of social alienation, elegiac motives of memory, loss, etc. On the other hand, the author actualizes the theme of the influence of the environment on the person, the idea of useful work, etc. The article shows the plot position, formed in poetry, organically entered into prose in the heyday of the “fiction talent” by writer. In prose works the lyrical component is absorbed by the plot. The observer is not only not removed from the events, but also actively involved in them. The article gives a thorough description of the story “Behind the wall” (1862). This story is exceptionally representative. The narrator watching the love story of his neighbors is brought to the fore. Fable observation is presented through a situation of listening, not peeping. The actualization of the poetic principle in the prose plot leads to the weakening of “fabulousness”. The constructive beginning, forming a prose plot, is the reflection of the narrator. Else’s love story is the background of his experiences. The shift of the plot emphasis from the lovers to the narrator leads to the fact that the social component of the plot, associated with the issue of female emancipation, is “extinguished”, there is a psychologization of the narrative. In conclusion that the figure of the observer in poetry and prose by N. D. Khvoshchinskaya has an important plot value, organizing the semantic core of the plot. In the poetic and prose versions of the plot position is repeated the same motif theme. In the process of observation before the lyrical heroine and the hero-narrator open the opportunity to live else’s life. The ways of its development differ in the poetry and prose by N. D. Khvoshchinskaya.

This article reminisces about the life and key scientific achievements of Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1787–1869), a versatile 19th century Czech pioneer of modern experimental physiology. In 1804, after completing senior high school, Purkinje joined the Piarist monk order, but, after a 3-yr novitiate, he gave up the religious calling “to deal more freely with science.” In 1818, he earned a Medical Doctor degree from Prague University by defending a dissertation on intraocular phenomena observed in oneself. In 1823, Purkinje became a Physiology and Pathology professor at the Prussian Medical University in Breslau, where he innovated the traditional teaching methods of physiology. Purkinje’s contributions to physiology were manifold: accurate descriptions of various visual phenomena (e.g., Purkinje-Sanson images, Purkinje phenomenon), discovery of the terminal network of the cardiac conduction system (Purkinje fibers), identification of cerebellar neuronal bodies (Purkinje cells), formulation of the vertigo law (Purkinje’s law), discovery of criteria to classify human fingerprints, etc. In 1850, Purkinje accepted and held until his death the Physiology chair at Prague Medical Faculty. During this period, he succeeded in introducing the Czech idiom (in addition to long-established German and Latin) as a Medical Faculty teaching language. Additionally, as a zealous Czech patriot, he actively contributed to the naissance and consolidation of a national Czech identity conscience. Purkinje was a trend-setting scientist who, throughout his career, worked to pave the way for the renovation of physiology from a speculative discipline, ancilla of anatomy, into a factual, autonomous science committed to the discovery of mechanisms governing in-life functions.

History school textbook on chemistry in the Russian Empire beginning in the first half of the 19th century. Which textbooks in chemistry were the first? Who were their authors? What do You know about first stable tutorials in 1930-ies? All of this is briefly reflected in proposed to Your attention. You will learn about the first criteria that guided the first authors of textbooks in 1803 and 1840 уу. You can read also about the pedagogical censorship, which appeared in 1869. Finally, You will be offered to current approaches to assessing the quality of the texts. The first formulation of this issue was started in the last decades of the 20th century. The author presents a comparative description of modern Russian textbooks, per-formed on the basis of the proposed criteria. Any teacher can evaluate themselves in accord-ance with these views and, on that basis, selective tutoring for his school. Seemingly has everything You need to create the ideal textbook, but it has not yet been established. At the same time in education appeared e-learning tools, including e-learning textbook. In addition to traditional types of information - text, tables, pictures etc. - electronic textbooks may use and new – speech, music, movie videos, animations and other colored. It is possible to use multiple document, presenting system information, hypertext links. Now, authors and consumers will face two challenges: the quality of these tests and their correlation with classical, i.e. paper. Thus arises the question of creation of ergonomic tutorial of the twenty-first century. Keywords: history textbooks, quality criteria for classic and electronic textbooks, ergonomic tutorial.

Introduction. The idea of introducing zemstvo self-government in the Russian Empire from the very beginning divided the population into bright supporters and ardent opponents, who for decades proved their case. The process of creating zemstvos began in 1864. The state determined socially significant functions for these self-government bodies: the development of medicine, education, agronomy, veterinary medicine, road construction, etc. The problems faced by the zemstvos were big: relationships with power structures, budget deficits, and the attitude of society. You can get acquainted with the activities of the zemstvos, the difficulties in the work by studying the journals of the meetings of the zemstvo assemblies. Also, of interest is the opinion of contemporaries about these self-government bodies. The purpose of the article is to consider the mechanism of formation of zemstvo budgets through the analysis of the works of contemporaries. Materials and Methods. The set goals were solved using narrative (description of the history of the issue), historical and genetic (development of zemstvo self-government and changes in the principles of taxation), comparative (positions of A. A. Golovachev and V. N. Tverdokhlebov), systemic (analysis of the consequences of changes in local self-government) methods. Results. For more than half a century of activity of zemstvo self-government bodies, the problems have not changed much. Both in the initial and in the final period there were great difficulties with the formation of the budget and the designation of taxable items. Discussion and Conclusion. Land remained the main taxation item, which led to an increase in the deficit due to the overtaxation of landed property, the poverty of the main taxpayers – the peasants; a low level of taxation was observed for urban real estate, commercial and industrial enterprises, which was supported by the government.

In the following article, we analyze the trends in literary depiction of an important economic process in the post-war times (late 1850s), namely joint-stock companies, in A. F. Pisemsky’s novel The Turbulent Sea (1863). We detect and offer commentary on the parallels between descriptions of the ‘joint-stock fever’ depicted in the novel, and the materials on private enterpreneurship published in late 1850s. We offer a detailed analysis on the references to polemics between members of the Russian Society of Steamship Companies and Trade, one of the most influential joint-stock companies of the time, and N. P. Perosio, a journalist and economist, as well as the creator of The Reading Library and The Saint-Petersburg Bulletin. Our research is based on N. P. Perosio’s works, namely Notes on the Report by the Russian Society of Steamship Companies and Trade, The Protest, as well as Tondi’s The Reply to Sir Perosio’s Notes on the Report by the Russian Society of Steamship Companies and Trade, and V. Shultz’s A Dispute Between Sirs Perosio and Smirnov, The Response of Administrator Director of the Russian Society of Steamship Companies and Trade N. A. Novoselsky to Articles Criticizing Company Management, Notes and Projects of Establishment of a Coal Mine on Don, etc. We conclude that the analysis of strategies of depiction of economic processes in the novel offers a clearer understanding of A. F. Pisemsky’s perception of the ‘era of great reforms’. The novel shows that the idea expressed by the new government (development of private enterpreneurship) resulted in the emergence of unskilled enactors: the joint-stock companies were joined by people who lacked practical knowledge and did not wish to learn it, which, in its turn, resulted in wide-scale frauds performed by directors.

The article analyzes the activities of the Penza Church Historical, Archaeological and Statistical Committee for the Preservation of the History and Description of the Daily Life of Cities, Villages and Parishes of the Penza Diocese.As a source for studying this problem, the materials of the «Penza diocesan gazette» (1866-1917) were used, on the pages of which articles and essays of members of the Committee were published.Documents on the organization of the Penza Church Historical, Archaeological and Statistical Committee, as well as numerous publications of its members, have been studied. The reasons for the organization of the Committee, its place and role in the system of historical and archival institutions of the Penza province were investigated; organizational structure and composition; quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results of the activity was carried out; a description of the clergy'perception of parish life in the cities and villages of the Penza diocese, as well as the peculiarities of the class organization of Russian society in the era of modernization, using the example of the peasantry and clergy, was given.The historical, archaeological and statistical committee acted at the Penza Theological Seminary from February 14 (27), 1902 until 1918. This body played a prominent role in shaping public interest in local history and provincial everyday life. The Orthodox clergy was involved in expeditionary research of the provincial "living history," not recorded in historical documents, but transmitted from generation to generation according to oral tradition. The description of the modern state of the parishes was carried out, in modern terms, through the "included observation" of the priests themselves. The activities of the Committee significantly complemented the research results of the Provincial Statistical Committee.The analysis of publications in the Penza diocesan gazette convinces that representatives of the Orthodox clergy, having the initial goal of collecting and summarizing information on the history of the Russian Church in the Penza Territory, describing the history of settlements, churches, monasteries and parishes, discovered crisis bias in the development of the entire Russian society. While describing the daily life of the province, it turned out that the clergy and peasantry underwent unfavorable historical circumstances. The acute shortage of arable land became widespread and everyday phenomena; the insufficient level of development of education and medicine, as well as technical equipment of peasant farms; lack of productive land-cultivation practices, mass poverty, the low crop capacity and recurrent hunger; forced migration in the conditions of "latrine" industries, etc. The consequences of the above phenomena were the extinction of the cultural traditions of the peasant world, the rupture of stable social ties and crisis phenomena in the religious and moral state of society. The clergy fully shared the hardships of the daily life of the peasantry, experiencing a poor financial situation. Essays on the history of villages and parishes, compiled by members of the Committee, were a signal for the deep reform of society.

F. M. Dostoevsky received a huge amount of correspondence, especially in the 1870s — the time of the publication of the “A Writer’s Diary”. More than 1,600 letters to the writer from over 500 addressees have been preserved. This volume is comparable only to the correspondence of L. Tolstoy in the 1880s — 1890s, responding to which required the help of numerous assistants. Dostoevsky did not have the opportunity to answer all the letters, but tried not to ignore the correspondence from his readers. His work with the received letters is evidenced by the notes and marks (including non-textual ones) made on them. They are systematized in “The Handwritten legacy of F. M. Dostoevsky” (2021) and analyzed in this article. 109 of Dostoevsky's notes were revealed on the letters of his addressees of 1859–1881, three of them for the first time: on the envelopes of letters from O. A. Antipova’s letters of May 7, 1877, from Prince N. N. Golitsyn's of February 9, 1878, and on the sheet from D. A. Insarsky's letter of August 14, 1864. The systematization of the writer's notes and marks on the letters of his correspondents allowed to classify them in three groups. These are records containing information about the addressees and their letters, made by the author of “A Writer’s Diary” immediately after reading the letters; rough drafts of works; records for memory (addresses, lists of personal effects, monetary calculations related to the publication of works). In the process of working on the description of Dostoevsky's notes, the text of some entries was clarified, and mistakes made in the academic “Complete Works” of the writer (the initials of the addressees, the dating of letters, etc.) were corrected. Dostoevsky's notes and marks on the letters of his correspondents reflect his creative process, details of everyday life and publishing activities, and the author's lively dialogue with readers. Keywords

The aim of the article is revealing the origins of the academic edition of the Lithuanian folksongs. The subject of analysis comprises the folklore heritage of the most famous collector of the traditional Lithuanian culture from the 19th century, including folksongs, wedding customs, and lexical data – priest Antanas Juška (1819–1880). He recorded over 7000 of Lithuanian folksongs, including 1852 melodies. Juška accumulated the majority of these songs during a comparatively short period of time, i. e. approximately in 1864–1871, and in a rather small locality of Lithuania – namely, the Veliuona parish, from about 150 performers. When editing folklore manuscripts for publication, Antanas Juška received help from his brother, linguist and pedagogue Jonas Juška, who lived and worked not in Lithuania, but in various places across the Russian empire, staying in Kazan for a longer period of time with his family. In 1880–1883, two folksong books edited by brothers Juška were published in Kazan and St Petersburg: Lietuviškos dainos (‘Lithuanian Songs’, 3 volumes comprising 1569 songs), and Lietuviškos svotbinės dainos (‘Lithuanian Wedding Songs’, 1100 songs). A detailed description of the 19th century Lithuanian wedding customs recorded by Antanas Juška in Veliuona also saw publication. It is noteworthy, however, that these publications took place during the period of banning the Lithuanian press in Latin alphabet that the tsarist Russian regime introduced following the uprising of the 1863. The possibility to publish the folksong books by brothers Juška in Lithuanian was the result of an active campaign by professor of the Kazan University Baudouin de Courtenay and other members of the Russian Academy of Science, who supported Lithuanians and the Lithuanian culture. Antanas Juška collected folklore in a rather different way from his earlier colleagues – collectors and publishers of the Lithuanian folklore. He was the first in the history of the Lithuanian folklore to provide detailed data on his informants, as well as indicating places of recording and presenting multiple variants of the recorded folksongs. Besides, he sought collecting not only the most ancient and poetic folksongs (as was customary in the 19th century and later), but attempted recording all the traditional lore of the time, refusing to differentiate between the old and the new, valuable and worthless, beautiful and plain songs. The author of the article focuses on his personality, attempting to establish the features of his character that determined such intense ethnographic activity. According to his contemporaries, Antanas Juška was a lively person and a popular priest, maintaining close connections with his folklore performers. Exactly 100 years after the publication of the first part of Antanas Juška folksong book, the academic multivolume publication of the Lithuanian folksongs was launched in 1980 in Vilnius. The origins of the principles of academic edition adopted for this publication (e. g. introducing the folksong variation, dialectological editing, detailed registering of the performers’ data, etc.) can be easily recognized in the folklore publications by Juška. Besides, all the hitherto published 24 volumes of various folksong genres include songs recorded and published by Juška. Folklore materials that he recorded also come useful for the scholarly commentaries to the songs. The article also discusses the appreciation of the folksong books by brothers Juška – both at the time of their publication in the second half of the 19th century and later.

The article analyzes the key papers and referents of the critic and writer Nicolay Akhsharumov, who appeared in the Russian press as one of the first theoreticians of “enslaved art”. The research concludes tracing the evolution of his views from the “program” article “On the enslavement of art” (1857) to art criticism and abstracts written specifically for the periodical edition of the “Vestnik of Arts” (1884-1885). At the same time, the descriptive-interpretation method, chosen by the critic, is closely connected with Sh. Sainte-Beuve and I. Taine (on whom, in particular, his contemporary, P.D. Boborykin was oriented), but also to F. Schleiermacher, who put forward the idea of the hermeneutic circle, built on a constant return from part to the whole, from the whole to a part. A special attention is paid to the article “ The Tasks of Painting in the Period of the Formation of the Russian National School”. Based on his own memories, testimonies of contemporaries and program articles published earlier in the “Bulletin of Europe”, Akhsharumov recreates the evolution of plastic art in Russia in the XIX century. Following V.V. Stasov, he connects the first triumph of Russian painting - the art paintings of Bryullov - with “blossoming time” A.S. Pushkin, “the first significant successes” Lermontov and Gogol. Talking about the false path of the artist Fedotov and the catastrophe, which, in the opinion of the critic, befell Ivanov'es picture, Akhsharumov draws a parallel with Gogol, recalling the “glory and sense of friends about his great significance,” who so quickly managed to “turn his head”. Akhsharumov shows how literature “outstripped painting” by solving the question of depicting Russian life through the works of Gogol, Ostrovsky, Turgenev and Saltykov-Shchedrin. The central subject of the study is the interpretation by Ahsharumov of N. Ge's “The Last Supper” (1863). Highlighting the canvas Ge in a note reflecting the impressions of 1863, among other paintings of his contemporaries, Akhsharumov differently estimates the picture in the 1880th. In both cases, referring to the meaning of the picture, the critic carries out a revision of his own views, constantly conceptualizing and clarifying the essence of the “enslaved” and “liberated art”. Thus, the Aksharumov'es aesthetic criticism his articles on the history of Russian painting, on the whole correlating with similar works of V.V. Stasova, A.I. Somova, P.D. Boborykin, etc., constitute not only an important testimony of his literary and critical activity spanning more than 30 years, but also open a forgotten page in the history of Russian art criticism. Of course, Akhsharumov was not alone in his aesthetic search. The description of new figures and the reconstruction of a number of articles by critics and art historians constitutes a perspective of interdisciplinary studies that unite the history of Russian criticism and art history.

This article investigates the forgotten achievements of Władysław Natanson (1864–1937) related to the creation of Bose-Einstein statistics. The introductory part of the article presents considerations regarding the methodology of history and the history of exact sciences, and then the divergent research perspectives that can be taken in the description of the history of Bose-Einstein statistics, as well as the author’s integrated approach to this issue, which eliminates the disadvantages of these divergent views. This integrated approach is then used to describe the achievements of Władysław Natanson related to the creation of Bose-Einstein statistics. These achievements are presented against the background and in the context of discussions which – relatively sporadically – took place among various groups of researchers: historians and philosophers of science, physicists, sociologists of scientific knowledge in the 20th and 21st centuries. These discussions have now been reordered here. They are followed by a presentation of the complete list of Natanson’s publications regarding the subject. Also shown is his strategy to quote reliably the bibliography with regard to the explanation of the distribution of blackbody radiation and related issues. Additionally, a list of scientists who knew Natanson’s publications has been supplemented in the article and the precursorship of Natanson’s achievements is explained. This is followed by a rebuttal of many erroneous or simplified statements about him and his achievements. The already well-known terminological conventions have been recalled: “Bose statistics” and “Bose-Einstein statistics”, as well as recently introduced: “Planck-Bose statistics” (1984), “Natanson’s statistics” (1997)”, “Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics” (2005), “Planck-Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics” (2011), and “Natanson statistics” (2013). New terminological conventions have been introduced: “Boltzmann-Planck-Natanson statistics” and “Boltzmann-Planck-Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics”. A side effect of this research is a discovery that Robert K. Merton – the author of the label ‘Matthew effect’ – chose the name of the effect using erroneous premises and the effect should therefore be named after its actual discoverer. The article is accompanied by four appendixes: the first presents reflections on the methodology of historiography and historiography of exact sciences, the second – a commentary on the use of the terms: “Bose statistics”, “Bose-Einstein statistics”, “Einstein-Bose statistics” and “Planck-Bose statistics”, the third – a very important letter by Max Planck to Władysław Natanson (of 25 January 1913), and the fourth – the excerpts of two letters from Sommerfeld to Rubinowicz (of 1 October 1919 and 1 November 1919). Rozbieżne historie statystyki Bosego-Einsteina i zapomniane osiągnięcia Władysława Natansona (1864–1937) Abstrakt Artykuł bada zapomniane osiągnięcia Władysława Natansona (1864–1937) związane z powstaniem statystyki Bosego-Einsteina. W części wstępnej artykułuwskazano rozbieżne perspektywy badawcze, jakie przyjmowano w opisie historii statystyki Bosego-Einsteina, a także autorskie zintegrowane ujęcie tego zagadnienia, które eliminuje wady tych rozbieżnych perspektyw. Wspomniane zintegrowane ujęcie zastosowano następnie do opisania osiągnięć Władysława Natansona (1864–1937), związanych z powstaniem statystyki Bosego-Einsteina. Dokonania Natansona przedstawiono na tle i w kontekście dyskusji, jakie toczyły się (stosunkowo sporadycznie) wśród różnych grup badaczy: historyków i filozofów nauki, fizyków, socjologów wiedzy naukowej w XX i XXI w. Dyskusje uporządkowano oraz przedstawiono kompletną listę publikacji Natansona dotyczących omawianego zagadnienia. Wskazano także strategię rzetelnego cytowania przez Natansona bibliografii dotyczącej wyjaśnienia rozkładu promieniowania ciała doskonale czarnego i pokrewnych zagadnień; uzupełniono listę naukowców, którzy znali publikacje Natansona; skorygowano wiele błędnych lub uproszczonych stwierdzeń na temat Natansona i znaczenia jego publikacji, wyjaśniono kwestię prekursorstwa jego osiągnięć etc. Przypomniano już znane konwencje terminologiczne: „statystyka Bosego” i „statystyka Bosego-Einsteina”, jak również niedawno wprowadzone: „statystyka Plancka-Bosego” (1984), „statystyka Natansona” (1997, 2013), „statystyka Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina” (2005) oraz „statystyka Plancka-Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina” (2011). Wprowadzono nowe konwencje terminologiczne: „statystyka Boltzmanna-Plancka-Natansona” i „statystyka Boltzmanna-Plancka-Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina”. Skutkiem pobocznym tych badań jest odkrycie, iż socjolog Robert K. Merton – autor określenia „efekt św. Mateusza” – wybrał tę nazwę, posługując się błędnymi przesłankami i dlatego należy nazywać ten efekt nazwiskiem jego faktycznego odkrywcy. Do artykułu dołączone są cztery dodatki: pierwszy – przedstawia rozważania z zakresu metodologii historii i historii nauk ścisłych, drugi – komentarz dotyczący użycia terminów: „statystyka Bosego”, „statystyka Bosego-Einsteina”, „statytyska Einsteina-Bosego” oraz „statystyka Plancka-Bosego, trzeci – bardzo ważny list Maxa Plancka do Władysława Natansona z 25 stycznia 1913 r, a czwarty – fragmenty dwóch listów Sommerfelda do Rubinowicza z 1 października 1919 i 1 listopada 1919.

The problem of agricultural land abandonment is a worldwide problem. In the forest zone, the transformation of fallow lands is associated with afforestation and the formation of so-called secondary forest growths. Postagrogenic forests reflect the agricultural history of fallow areas, which imprint the "mute" realities of time and the social order of their development. The type of previous land use creates sufficiently stable factors, which in the process of natural overgrowth are weakly changed by natural factors and affect the emerging forests. In the key area of Kenozersky National Park (middle taiga forest region), located in the Plesetsk District of the Arkhangelsk region, we traced, according to the 1861 boundary plans, the regularities of evolution of land use areas of different categories during forest overgrowth. We assessed the area, tree species and typological structure of modern forests according to the 2014 forest inventory and traced the connection between the transformation of agro-ecosystems into forests and the history of the use of these lands after the land survey. As of the year when the boundary plans were drawn up, more than half of the territory of the key site was under agrarian influence (arable land, perelogs, haymaking, etc.). After 160 years a forest massif was formed (97 % of the territory), in which a part of hayfields was preserved. First of all, perelogs and hayfields were overgrown with forests (99 and 85 %, respectively). The allocation characterization of taxation descriptions of forest stands showed that bilberry and oxalis type pine forests were formed more often (89,7; 81,0; 78.5 %, respectively) on abandoned arable lands, perelogs and hayfields. All formed stands, classified as bilberry and oxalis type pine forests during forest inventory, have rather high productivity (I–II quality classes) and mixed composition. Forests of lower quality classes (III and IV) were rewealed in the formation of bilberry forest type. At present about 70 % of the bilberry and oxalis type pine forests on the 1861 boundary plan, formed on arable land, are dominated by birch (more than 3 units), about 10 % – by gray alder; the share of stands dominated by aspen is high. Reduced soil fertility on swidden plots ensured a more stable position of pine in the composition of emerging stands (60 % of pine-dominated stands). The character of tree species composition in stands formed on hayfields corresponds to lands with high soil fertility, which indicates the formation of hayfields on abandoned arable land. The studies have demonstrated significant differentiation of derived forest landscapes, sometimes hidden due to the widespread growth of the main forest-forming species and the formation of zonal-type forests. Intralandscape differentiation associated with the history of agricultural development has been preserved for more than 100 years and requires close study. For citation: Kozykin A.V., Nakvasina E.N. GIS-analysis of the Influence of the Land Use Type on the Current Diversity of Forest Plantations in the Kenozersky National Park. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 5, pp. 27–41. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-27-41

In an 1867 treatise on diamonds and precious stones, Harry Emanuel writes the following: [I]n the process of cutting, flaws and imperfections are often laid bare, which go much deeper than the appearance of the rough diamond would predict; and, on the other hand, the colour, apparent in the rough stone, is sometimes found to arise from the presence of flaws or specks, which are removed in cutting, thus leaving the stone white. (70) From such a description, it is easy to see the parallel to the female condition, and particularly the female condition, as it is popularly portrayed in the mid-nineteenth century. With the emphasis on purity and hidden flaws, it is not difficult to understand why the diamond could hold such symbolic significance for the female wearer, by functioning as an indicator not only of personal wealth, but of moral worth. Trollope's The Eustace Diamonds (1871), a novel which can be said to revolve around this metaphor, is essentially a novel about worth: absolute vs. transitory worth, actual vs. symbolic worth, and especially monetary vs. moral worth. Lizzie's character, the legal issues surrounding the diamonds, and the convoluted marriage arrangements which are perpetuated by or affected by the presence of the diamonds are all, in one way or another, concerned with the different types of value – moral, symbolic, monetary, etc. – placed upon commodity objects: objects which, by their very nature, can never be permanently owned, as their value lies in their exchangeability. I will return later to a discussion of the diamonds themselves. There has been considerable recent commentary on the role of commodities – whatever their worth – and of commodity culture within Trollope's novel; such readings, however, concentrate on the purely symbolic role played by commodity objects – and primarily the diamonds – in the novel; it is worth, by contrast, examining how Trollope utilizes the discourses and associations of actual commodity objects as he deploys them within his fictional world. This paper will examine the ways in which Trollope uses four commodity objects in particular – books of poetry, hunting horses, the safe box, and finally, the Eustace diamonds themselves – and the contemporary discourses surrounding them to defend the essentially mercenary character of Lizzie as a woman shaped by the demands that a commodity-driven society places upon her.

Dimitriy Dan (1856–1927) was a priest, ethnographer, historian, publicist, member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. Thanks to his publications in German, his works became available to scientists of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and other countries. His works have been included in bibliographic indexes during his life, reviews of them have been published in leading scientific journals of that time. The purpose of this article is to outline the main directions of D. Dan's research and to make a classification of his works, as well as a generalization of the international perception of his creative heritage. Source base. The work is based on search work in museum institutions, archives, libraries of Chernivtsi (Ukraine), Chisinau (Republic of Moldova), Suceava (Romania), the use of special information and search systems on the Internet (including the use of online archives of European journals , almanacs, societies, libraries, etc.). This made it possible to analyze leading magazines in the field of history and ethnography, Bulletins of National Libraries, Materials of International Congresses and Conferences, albums of the period 1890-1918 of such European countries as France, Poland, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Russia, Hungary, Great Britain and USA in the period 1890–1927. Secondly, to analyze the international perception of D. Dan's scientific works among scientists in Europe and the USA in the period after D. Dan's death (1927) until the present day. Methodology: bibliographic analysis, use of special information and search systems on the Internet. The research is relevant for the comparative determination of the importance of the researches of different scientists. A more in-depth classification of D. Dan's works (Appendix No. 1), an analysis of international significance, and the use of special search engines on the Internet confirm the novelty of the proposed article. Conclusions. A detailed study of D. Dan's creative heritage allows us to classify his works into the following categories: historical works; “monographs of villages”; description of different ethnic groups of Bukovyna; ethnography and folklore; sermons and articles devoted to spiritual and church matters; museology, protection of historical monuments and paleography; toponymy and natural history of Bukovyna; journalistic works; translations of works; memoirs, reviews and obituaries. The analysis of leading magazines and yearbooks, Bulletins of National Libraries, materials of International Congresses and Conferences, albums, bibliographic and scientific works gives us grounds to state the wide lifelong recognition of the importance of D. Dan's works in Bukovina, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as well as in such countries as Germany, Great Britain, USA, France, Poland, Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary; as well as in the period after his death among scientists in Europe and the United States. This testifies to the recognition of the value of his works by the international scientific community. His works devoted to ethnic groups of Bukovyna became the most famous, mainly those published in German. The analysis showed that the works of D. Dan, as one of the first and authoritative researchers of ethnic groups of Bukovyna, are still referred to in Europe and the USA.

Introduction. A revision of syntaxa was carried out within the framework of the classification of the Brown-Blanquet school identified in the Russian Arctic. A geodatabase (GDB) and GIS, which include several interconnected main modules (see: Matveyeva et al., 2019a, b), with information on species composition, structure, ecology, and geography of syntaxa of all levels, integrated in these databases, became the basis of the presented checklist. This is the first result of compiling information on the vegetation classification, performed with the prospect to produce Prodromus of syntaxa, identified in this territory, with detailed information (character/differential/diagnostic species, ecology, zonal position, geography, bibliography), available in the GDB. It will be in time included in the Prodromus and later will become the basis for a volume in multivolume series on the vegetation of the Russian Federation (see: Plugatar et al., 2020). Territory. The checklist contains information on syntaxa established in the Russian Arctic within the boundaries of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (hereafter CAVM) (CAVM Team, et al., 2003; Walker et al., 2005; Raynolds et al., 2019), as well as on the Barents Sea coast of the Kola Peninsula, which is referred to the tundra zone in accordance with the zonation of the Russian Arctic flat territory (see: Matveyeva, 1998). The list includes syntaxa found north of the treeline — in the tundra zone (subzones of the southern, typical, and arctic tundra) and polar deserts.1 Hence, it follows that there are no syntaxa from the forest-tundra as well as those above the treeline in the mountains adjacent to the tundra zone (Putorana and Anabarskoe plateaus). The syntaxa from the territory of the «Russian Arctic» (Barentsburg, Pyramida) on the West Spitsbergen Island (Spitsbergen archipelago) are also not taken into account (their positioning is logical in Spitzbergern syntaxonomy). History. The study of the Russian Arctic plant cover began in the second third of the XIXth century in the north-east of the European Russia (Schrenk, 1855) and in Siberia on the Taymyr Peninsula (Middendorf, 1860–1867). After a significant break, it continued in the USSR in the pre-war time and intensified after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The most intense (both in the size of the studied areas and the numbers and duration of the field works) was the period from the mid-1960s to the early 1990s. Researchers working both in other zones and in the Arctic processed the obtained data in accordance with the approaches of the dominant classification, and the relevés were either not published or presented in a small (4–5) number for association. Despite the obvious limitations of this approach, there were published (both in the form of text with listing of few dominants and with relevé tables) both general (Gorodkov, 1935) and regional (Andreev, 1932; Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef, 1938; Smirnova, 1938; Dedov, 2006 [1940]; Aleksandrova, 1956, 1983; Gorodkov, 1956, 1958 a, b; Katenin, 1972) classifications, and checklists — a draft classification of vegetation of the whole Arctic (Aleksandrova, 1979) and classification of Taymyr vegetation (Matveyeva, 1985). In the late 1980s, Russian phytosociologists turned to the Brown-Blanquet floristic (= floristic-sociological (Theurillat et al., 2021), or ecological-floristic (Mirkin, Naumova, 2014)), classification system as the most conceptually substantiated, with generally accepted rules for describing communities in the field and the technique of relevé tabular processing, and also with clear rules for the formation of syntaxon names. In this system, the obligatory publication of the original data and the requirements for its validity when describing the basic syntaxon are strictly postulated, which provides an objective comparison and classification of any plant community types, in whatever system these data are not submitted. Just as it is impossible to imagine the development of taxonomy without the existence of herbarium collections, so it should be an axiom for phytosociologists that since the relevé is the only documentary reflection of a natural phenomenon named «plant community» (Matveyeva, 2008), it should be available for analysis to all syntaxonomists. Since the second decade of the XXth century, the followers of the Braun-Blanquet system have published thousands of relevés from different regions of the globe, which made it possible to produce a unified classification of vegetation from the Arctic to the tropics and its constant replenishment. Currently, the process of creating electronic databases (archives) of relevés, including the Arctic Vegetation Archive, which accumulates information on circumpolar vegetation is accumulated, is actively underway (Walker et al., 2018). The starting point when Russian tundra experts began to work consistently, following the principles of this classification, is the first International Meeting on the Classification and Mapping of Arctic Vegetation, which took place in 1992 in Boulder, CO (USA). For the publication of its data, a special issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science (1994, Vol. 5, N 6) named «Circumpolar arctic vegetation» (where 4 papers by Russian syntaxonomists were published) was provided. After 1992, when the intensity of field works decreased sharply, the number of publications with complete characteristics of the communities of the Russian Arctic increased rapidly.The proposed checklist of syntaxa is the result of this almost 30-year acti­vity. The checklist structure. The arrangement of syntaxa of class rank is mainly the same as in the EuroVegChecklist — hereafter EVC (Mucina et al., 2016): zonal and intrazonal communities of the polar desert zone (one class); zonal (one class) and landscape-forming intrazonal (five classes) communities of the tundra zone; intrazonal communities (13 classes), united into groups according to the gradients of moisture, snow depth and soil mechanical composition. A syntaxon is represented as follows: — higher units of the rank Class/Order/Allian­ce (Suballiance): number (for Class), abbreviated rank in English (Cl., Ord., All. (Suball.)), in square brackets — code (if any) from EVC (Mucina et al., 2016); full name, author(s) and year; below is a brief description in two languages: English — in general as in the cited paper with some corrections due to the specificity in syntaxon geography and ecology in the Asian part; Russian — partly in accordance with the English version and/or to Prodromus of higher vegetation units of Russia (Ermakov, 2012), sometimes with minor corrections or clarifications. For new orders and alliances within the zonal tundra class differential taxon combinations are listed; — syntaxa of the rank Association, Community Type, Community, established on the territory of the Russian Arctic: abbreviated rank in English (Ass., Com. Type, Com.), name, author(s) and year (besides association, the cited papers are included in the Refe­rences). If syntaxon was previously described by European/American authors outside the Russian Fede­ration, the link to the publication, where it was found in the Russian Arctic, is placed in brackets. The ­arrangement of associations is alphabetical; — syntaxa of units of a lower (within association) rank (subassociation and vicariant, variant, subvariant, facies): abbreviated rank in English (subass. and vicar., var., subvar., fac.), name, in brackets author, year (besides subassociation, the cited papers are included in the References). The arrangement of the syntaxa is as follows: typicum(-cal, -ca), inops, then alphabetically. For subass. typicum authors are not listed (Theurillat et al., 2021), but if it was described by another author and/or in another paper, then the link to it is given in brackets and the paper is included in the References. All names of syntaxa are given in the author’s edition (as it was published), including the endings of a typical syntaxon within an association (subassociation, vicariant, variant, facia) — typicum, typical, typica. In different papers, there are two English spellings of Russian surnames: Aleksandrova/Alexandrova, Andreev/Andreyev, Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef/Bogdanovskaya-Gienef, Pristyazhnyuk/Prystyazhnyuk, Savich/Savič. A uniform (the first one) spelling of the surname is used here. If there was something that caused a disagreement with the author’s decision (including the assignment of an association to a syntaxon of a higher rank), there is a superscript number before the syntaxon name, or before the author’s surname (when it is in brackets), referring to critical comments. Critical comments. 1 – The name is invalid or needs change because: 1a – no reference to the nomenclature type; 1b – published ineffectively (names published as ‘manuscript’ or ‘unpublished’); 1c – not accompanied by a sufficient diagnosis, no tables with original relevés; 1d – suggested by the author as preliminary; 1e – not obvious from what species syntaxon epithet is formed and it cannot be extracted from the diagnosis and/or tables); 1f – syntaxon with the same name was described earlier (including the case of inversion); 1g – the form of the syntaxon name does not correspond to Art. 10 of «International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature» — hereafter ICPN (Theurillat et al., 2021); 1h – the given nomenclature type belongs to a different syntaxon, validation does not correspond to ICPN; 1i – the relevé chosen as an association or subassociation nomenclature type does not contain the name-giving taxon of this syntaxon; 1j – there is a subspecies in the original diagnosis and in the tables, while in the syntaxon name the species name is used; 1k – the nomenclature type is given for 2 variants of the vicariant, among which there is no tyicum one; 1l – published or validated in 2002 or later with no indication of novelty (like, Ass. nov.). 2 – the author(s) did not place the syntaxon among the higher units. 3 – the author(s) placed the syntaxon in other higher units than suggested in this list. 4 – the syntaxon was renamed due to a change in its rank; in this checklist it is also given under a new name. 5 – the syntaxon is described by the author(s) in the Community rank but is assigned within the known association as a unit of it internal division. 6 – the author(s) assigned the syntaxon to this class with a question. 7 – the author(s) unreasonably (noted in literature) placed the communities in given syntaxon that needs revision. 8 – in the EVC there is only one author, while in the original source there are two. 9 – it is written that the title proposed by the first author was valid, but according to Principle II of the ICPN it is not. 10 – the author(s) of the syntaxon is(are) incorrect: the syntaxonomic units originally described in the framework of the ecological-physiognomic classification are invalid in accordance with Principle II (Art. 3d ICPN), and have been validated by subsequent authors. 11 – the author(s) assigned the syntaxon to this class/order, but did not refer to an alliance or placed in the alliance other than that proposed in this checklist. 12 – the author(s) attributed the syntaxon to this alliance, but as part of a different class/order, or not attributed to the class/order. 13 – the author(s) changed the rank of the syntaxon in comparison with the original description. 14 – the spelling of the syntaxon name does not correspond to the rules of the ICPN; the correct name [recte[ is given in square brackets. 15 – in the EVC the alliance is placed in another order. 16 – the author(s) of the syntaxon are incorrect, the first author (in brackets) did not give such a name, or incorrect year. 17 – the author(s) of the syntaxon incorrectly cited, priority belongs to other author(s) who published the name earlier and/or effectively. 18 – in the EVC the alliance is placed in synonyms for another alliance, which name was changed but not yet approved (nom. mut. propos). THE CHECKLIST — see the main text. Brief analysis of the composition. The checklist is based upon analysis of more than 70 papers, professionally reviewed and published, which contain more than 6,000 geobotanical relevés, that make available information on the composition and structure of 734 syntaxa ranging from association/community type/community to facies. At the mid-2021, the checklist includes 241 associations (152 subassociations and 25 vicariants, 190 variants and 61 subvariants, 13 facies), 35 types of communities and 17 communities from 62 alliances (6 suballiances), 33 orders and 20 classes. Most of the higher rank units — Class/Order/Alliance — are taken from the classification of vegetation in Europe (Mucina et al., 2016) Class. Of the 20 classes, 19 are in EVC (Mucina et al., 2016), to which we have assigned 207 associations, although we do not consider this decision final. A new class for zonal tundra vegetation Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov.2 so far is left in the provisional status. Conventionally is used the class Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis which contains willow scrubs in the valleys and on the interfluves. Order. Of the 33 orders 29 are in EVC. Among the known ones there is formally described Salicetalia glauco-lanatae so far located in Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis. Three orders (Arctophiletalia fulvae; Chamerio–Betuletalia nanae; Schulzio crini­tae–Aquilegietalia glandulosae) were described by Russian authors. Three new orders (Salici polaris–Hylocomietalia alaskani ord. nov. prov., Caricetalia arctisibiricae-lugentis ord. nov. prov., Eriophoretalia vaginati ord. nov. prov.) are suggested here in the provisional status, for establishing within the tund­ra zonal class Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov. Nameless order is proposed for communities dominated by mesophytic arctic and/or arcto­alpine herbs often with dwarf shrubs (Salix arctica/polaris/reticulata, Dryas octopetala/punctata) and few mosses on the southern slopes of hills and high river banks in the tundra zone of Eurasia; conventionally it is placed in the Mulgedio–Aconitetea. According to both species composition and habitat the order Arabidetalia caeruleae is moved from Thlaspietea rotundifolii (as in EVC) into Salicetea herbaceae. Alliance. Of the 62 alliances 36 are in EVC, 5 of which (Arctophilion fulvae; Caricion stantis, Chamerio angustifolii–Matricarion hookeri; Dryado octopetalae–Caricion arctisibiricae, Polemonio acutiflorum–Veratrion lobeliani) are described by Russian authors. Alliance Oxytropidion nigrescentis, validated in 1998 (Matveyeva 1998, p. 81), is given as valid. The following 8 alliances are valid: Aulacomnio palustris–Caricion rariflorae, Polemonio acutiflorum–Salicion glaucae and Rubo chamaemori–Dicranion elongati on the European North, Carici concoloris–Aulacomnion turgidi, Oxytropido sordidae–Tanacetion bipinnati in Siberia, Androsaco arctisibiricae–Aconogonion laxmannii, Aulacomnio turgidi–Salicion glaucae, Salici pulchrae–Caricion lugentis on Chukotka. Another 7 alliances have invalid names (suggested as preliminary, no nomenclature type was chosen, etc.). For 6 of these validation is necessary and quite simple. An exeption is the alliance Luzulo–Festucion rubrae (Ektova, Ermokhina, 2012), with all invalid associations (no both relevés and diagnoses); after the later are validated they logically could be placed in Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion. Within the tundra zonal class the alliance Salici polaris–Hylocomion alaskani all. nov. is formally described and the alliances Cassiopo tetragonae–Eriophorion vaginati all. nov. prov. and Poo arcticae–Calamagrostion holmii all. nov. prov. are proposed provisionally. It is recommended to establish 6 alliances (in the checklist with no name) in classes Drabo corymbosae–Papaveretea dahliani (3), Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis (1), Thlaspietea rotundifolii (1) and Mulgedio-Aconitetea (1). Syntaxonomic decisions, other than those derived from the EVC, are made on the positions of 4 alliances within the higher-rank units: Caricion stantis was moved from Sphagno warnstorfii–Tomentypnetalia to Caricetalia fuscae; Dryado octopetalae–Caricion arctisibiricae — from Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii to Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov. (see: Lavrinenko, Lavrinenko, 2018a); Potentillo–Polygonion vivipari is recognized (Koroleva et al., 2019) as different from Kobresio-Dryadion, synonym with which it is given in the EVC; the Honckenyo–Leymion arenarii is used compare to the EVC where it is the synonym of Agropyro–Honckenyion peploidis nom. mut. propos. Compared to the author’s decision, the alliance Carici concoloris–Aulacomnion turgidi from Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea is moved to Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov. Suballiance. Of the 6 suballiances 4 (Androsaco arctisibiricae–Aconogonenion laxmannii; Astragalo pseudadsurgentis–Calamagrostienion purpurascentis; Caricenion rariflorae; Oxytropido vassilczenkoi–Dryadenion punctatae) are valid, and two (Anemono parviflorae–Salicenion and Pediculari lapponicae–Salicenion) require validation. The suballiance Caricenion rariflorae placed in the checklist in Scheuchzerion palustris was originally established within the Sphagnion baltici, which in the EVC is synonymous with the first name. Association. Of 241 associations only 34 are known outside the Russian Arctic, and the remaining 207 are new. The known ones are mainly on coastal bio­topes — marshes (15) and dunes (3) — and extremely wet habitats (9). There are 4 associations described earlier in Europe within the large landscape-forming classes (Dryadetum octopetalae, Empetro–Betuletum nanae, Loiseleurio-Diapensietum, Phyllodoco–Vaccinietum myrtilli) which distribution ranges are extended to the European North of Russia, and 3 within small intrazonal classes (Geranietum sylvatici, Potentillo crantzii–Polygonetum vivipari, and Rumici–Salicetum lapponi) found on Kola Peninsula. Only 2 associations, described by European (Dryado–Cassiopetum tetragonae) and American syntaxonomists (Sphagno–Eriophoretum vaginati), occur in the Asian part of the Russian Arctic (with new subunits within both). The most association-rich are 8 main classes. The two zonal classes include Drabo corymbosae–Papaveretea dahliani (20 associations) in the polar desert zone and Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov. (34 associations) in the tundra zone — 54 in total. 129 associations are identified in the 6 main classes of intrazonal vegetation: Be­tulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis (29 associations) Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea 1960 (22 associations), Carici rupestris–Kobresietea (21 associations), Salicetea herbaceae (16), Scheuchzerio palustris–Caricetea fuscae (25 associations); Juncetea maritimi (16 associations) — 187 in total. The vegetation of other 12 classes is described locally geographically and selectively syntaxonomically. 37 associations were not assigned to any of the known classes. This, in particular, was the case with the vegetation of the polar desert zone (Matveyeva, 2006) before Drabo corymbosae–Papaveretea dahliani class was described in 2016. But it also happened when deciding to assign an association to some well-known class, authors stressed that they did this forcibly in the absence of an adequate unit. For example, before the proposal, albeit provisionally, of the class Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskanii class. prov., even zonal communities from the Arctic tundra subzone were placed in the Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea class accentuating that they do not contain a single characteristic species of this class (Kholod, 2007). Community type is distinguished when author does not establish new association due to the small number (less than 10) relevés in one location, leaving this for the future There are 35 such units, most of which (9) are in the Drabo corymbosae–Papaveretea dahliani in the polar desert zone. It is worth noting two points: 1) almost never Community types reach the association status; 2) not all authors are stopped by a small number of relevés, when naming syntaxa, and many associations are based upon on less than not 10, but even 5 relevés. As a result, units of different status often contain equally little information about their composition. Community. This rank exists when there is only one relevé, due to both the type rarity and the lack of time. There are 17 such units, with 7 in the polar desert zone. Two main subordinate levels are used within the association: the first — subassociation and vicariant (not protected by the ICPN), the second — variant. Both reflect small but obvious differences in composition, abundance, constancy of species from the type of association (typicum), conditioned edaphically, locally-climatically, chorologically (Ellenberg, 1956; Braun-Blanquet, 1964) or indicate different stages of succession (Westhoff, van der Maarel, 1978). Differences in the listed characteristics from the type group (typicum) due to ecology are an undoubted reason for identifying several subassociations even in a landscape. To reflect similar differences due to the object location in several areas on latitudinal (in different tundra subzones) or longitudinal (in different sectors of the same zone/subzone) gradients in similar habitats (on the same landscape elements, with the same soil type), subassociation (a unit protected by the ICPN) is used as well. However, the desire to distinguish the reasons that caused such differences is also understandable. Hence, understandable is the interest to the concept of geographic vicariant, perceived by some Russian syntaxonomists working in the Arctic, which is reflected in the checklist (since the unit is not protected by ICPN, after the name in brackets there is a link to References). Leading European phytosociologists E. van der Maarel and W. Westhoff, who in 1993 reviewed an article by N. Matveyeva on the vegetation of Taymyr (Matveyeva, 1994), recalling the concept of geographical races (Becking, 1957), or vicariants (Barkman, 1958), recommended to use the status of a geographic vicariant to reflect changes in the composition of communities of one association related with a geographic location, leaving ecologically determined differences for subassociations.The need for such a division is reflected in the famous paper of F. Daniëls (1982) on Greenland, where the author distinguishes ecologically (habitat-differential) and geographically (area-differential) determined syntaxa, although uses only the name of subassociations. It is a great pity that the concept of a geographical vicariant, which was formed in the minds of the classics of phytosociology almost 60 years ago, did not find formal support: this unit was not included nor in the 3rd edition of the ICPN (Weber et al., 2000), neither in the 4th (Theurillat et al., 2021). The question of whether such a unit should be covered by the ICPN regulations «... can be resolved with the accumulation of experience in its application» (Weber et al., 2000, p. 6); the results of such experience are reflected in this checklist. Subassociation. There are 152 subassociations within 71 associations: most of all in the Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani (24), slightly less in Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea (21) and Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis (23), more than 11 in Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii (16), Scheuchzerio palustris–Caricetea fuscae (17), Juncetea maritimi (12) and Thlaspietea rotundifolii (12). Usually there are 2–3 subassociations in one association. Vicariant. There are 25 vicarians in the 14 associations. 19 of these are latitudinal in associations of zonal, mire, snowbed (Matveyeva, 1994, 1998, 2006) and herb meadow (Zanokha, 1993, 1995a, b) communities within 3 tundra subzones and syntaxa, replacing them in the polar deserts on Severnaya Zemlya (Zanokha, 2001; Matveyeva, 2006. The appeal to the concept of vicariant on Taymyr, where in the only place on the Earth on the mainland at about 900 km a full latitudinal gradient from the tree line to the polar deserts is expressed (Matveyeva, 1998), is quite understandable and logical. The other 6 vicariants are longitudinal: 1 in the European North of Russia (Matveyeva, Lavrinenko, 2011) and 5 on Wrangel Isl. (Kholod, 2007). Variant. There are 190 variants within 66 associations. There are no clearly formulated rules regarding their fundamental difference from subassociations. It is also not obvious whether the level of variant is the next after subassociation in association subdivision, or these are units of the same rank: in 31 associations, variants are allocated within subassociations or vicariants, in 34 — directly in the association. There is no clear logic behind why even one and the same author follows the first way in some cases, and the second in others. Subvariant. This unit was used for the division of variants of technogenically disturbed vegetation (Sumina, 2012, 2018), where 54 subvariants (2–5 in each) were identified in 20 variants of 6 associations, as well as of the baydzharakh vegetation in the arctic tundra subzone in Siberia (7 subvariants). Facies. The unit without differentiaal taxa, recognized by the predominance (with a high abundance) of a species of the «normal» floristic complex of the association, due to particular or sometimes ­extreme abiotic factors, or under anthropogenic impact (Westhoff, van der Maarel, 1978). There are 14 facies in 2 associations of 2 classes on Wrangel Isl. (Kholod, 2007) and in 3 syntaxa of 3 classes in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Neshataev, Lavrinenko, 2020). Conclusion. One of the purposes of publishing this checklist is to draw the attention of northern phytosociologists to assessing the validity of syntaxa and the legality of their position in the Braun-Blanquet system. Our task was to bring together all available information, which is done in this article. Even a simple list of syntaxa makes it possible to assess the completeness of the geographical and syntaxonomic knowledge of vegetation. Geographically, sytaxonomic information is available for 12 of the 13 Russian floristic provinces (according to CAVM), in which about 130 districts have been investigated. The most studied provinces (from west to east) are Kanino-Pechora, Yamalo-Gydan, Taymyr, East Chukotka, Wrangel Island (the number of published relevés in each more than 600. There are no published data for the Kharaulakh province. It is not possible to say for sure to what extent the number of associations reflects the presence and distribution communities of 20 classes in different regions of the Russian Arctic. The completeness of the vegetation study depended on the tasks and on the possibility of their implementation. High attention to zonal vegetation is natural, since it is used for subdivision of the territory, for zonal division, and for maps of various scales. Both snowless (Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii) and snowbed (Salicetea herbaceae) communities, as specific for the Arctic, are also always in the sphere of interests. Polygonal mires and bog-hollow vegetation (Scheuchzerio palustris–Caricetea) certainly require much more research, due to their vast areas in the eastern regions of the Siberian Arctic, where these types are not described. For the relatively well-studied shrub communities in the Asian part (conditionally assigned to the Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis), validation of many syntaxa are required; the gap in the description of this object in the northern European regions has just begun to be filled. For 12 associations of grass-forbs communities on the well heated slopes conditionally positioned in the Mulgedio-Aconitetea, new orders and allian­ces, and, potentially, the class are necessary to be established. Unreasonably little data are available for raised bogs (Oxycocco-Sphagnetea), if even these are ­rather common of the southern regions of the tundra zone. Very scattered geographically and sparse syntaxonomic data are on the vegetation of naturally eroded mobile substrates (sand screes, gravel debris, landslides). In the Arctic, as in other regions of the globe, communities are placed in this class not by their species composition, but by habitat (unstable substrate), and the fact of the sparse cover. Only recently the zonal vegetation of polar deserts on horizontal surfaces with quite stable loamy substrates has been classified as a distinct class (Daniëls et al., 2016). In the list of habitat types with associated described Brown-Blanquet syntaxa from Arctic regions of Europe, Greenland, western North America, and Alaska, there are 5 classes (Walker et al., 2018) which are absent in our checklist: Juncetea trifidi Hadač in Klika et Hadač 1994, Saxifrago cernuae–Cochlearietea groenlandica Micuna et Daniëls in Mucina et al. 2016, Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939, Asplenietea trichomanis (Br.-Bl. in Meier et Br.-Bl. 1934) Oberd. 1977, Salicetea purpureae Moor 1958. Communities of these classes either exist in the Russian Arctic, but were not described (e. g. forest «islets» in tundra landscapes — Vaccinio-Piceetea, and the vegetation of rocks and rubble talus — Asplenietea trichomanis), or they exist, but are positioned in the other classes. An open question remains with Junce­tea trifidi on acidic substrates. Final conclusions on these classes will become possible after the thorough analysis of syntaxa throughout the entire circumpolar space. Even a very brief analysis of the available data revealed numerous cases of invalid names of syntaxa (no indication of the nomenclature type) or inconsistency names with ICPN rules (correct [recte] names are given for 43 ones); leaving the association outside of higher-level units or assigning one basic unit to ­several higher ones, etc. There are more such cases than we have noted now, especially taking into ­account the new edition of the ICPN (for example, the obligatory Latin or English terminology for denoting ranks and new units (ICPN 4th, Art. 3d, 3i, 3o, 5), mutation ­cases (Lat. mutatum, ICPN. 4th, Art. 45), inversions (Lat. inversum, ICPN. 4th, Art. 42) of names and autonym (Lat. autonym, ICPN 4th, Art. 13b, 4d). Now it becomes possible for each author to take measures to eliminate errors of various kinds to validate their syntaxa. Consolidated participation in joint publication is also possible. This is a necessary step for the next action — preparing the Prodromus of the vegetation syntaxa of the Russian Arctic with the expanded characteristics for all levels.

AbstractThree texts about comic duos are compared. Foma and Yerema (F&Y), characters of a 17th-century Russian folk poem, are twins. Being harmless idiots, they suffer endless failures, are regularly beaten and eventually drowned. Two other brothers, Max and Moritz (M&M), heroes of a quasi-didactic German poem for children written and illustrated by Wilhelm Busch (1865), play ruthless tricks on their neighbors. Eventually they are caught and ground in a mill. Beavis and Butt-head (B&B) are heroes of American animated cartoons by Mike Judge (1993). These juvenile imbeciles are intermediate between F&Y and M&M in terms of mischief and are centered on sex, never realizable. Despite understandable differences between the texts, numerous similarities are evident. All the three duos resemble twin clowns, fools, jesters, and mythical tricksters. F&Y are “dupes”, M&M are “knaves”, and B&B are ambiguous. Archaic parallels include interchangeability of characters, consonant names, grotesque appearance, violence, obscenities, connection with birds, etc. Whether these parallels are “archetypical” or derive from some common source, is not clear. In all cases, the potential moral response evoked by the description of quasi-dramatic events is cancelled by comic devices aimed at dehumanizing the characters and making them similar to puppet-like characters of folk theatre.

В статье рассматривается изображение Нижнего Новгорода французскими путешественниками – А. де Кюстином и Т. Готье, посетившими нижегородскую ярмарку в августе 1839 г. и в августе 1861 г. соответственно. Несмотря на разницу во взглядах, оба путешественника представляют одну культуру и проявляют искренний интерес к образу Другого – чужой стране, другому народу, инонациональной культуре. Актуальность исследования обусловлена возрастающим интересом к проблеме региональной национальной идентичности. Показано, что образ Нижнего Новгорода в книгах путешествий А. де Кюстина «Россия в 1839 году» (1843) и Т. Готье «Путешествие в Россию» (1858–1861; 1867) имеет четкие топографические ориентиры (нижегородская ярмарка, названия улиц, площадей и др.), конкретные приметы городского нижегородского пространства (кофейня, фонтан на площади, губернатор, особенности одежды и др.). Особое внимание путешественники уделяют описанию местоположения города, Волге как своеобразной эмблеме русского мира и ярмарке как основному символу Нижнего Новгорода. Представлены результаты сопоставительного анализа произведений французских путешественников, создавших свою интерпретацию нижегородского пространства, ставшего своеобразным олицетворением России с оппозицией безграничность/тоска, бескрайние просторы/печаль. Новизна исследования связана с тем, что Нижний Новгород показан как пространство, ярко выявляющее незыблемое и особенное, что есть в нации; этот своеобразный «комплекс» идентичности проанализирован с использованием современного научного аппарата имагологии. Такой подход позволил показать в исторической перспективе особенности формирования нижегородского текста, создававшегося в литературе путешествий на протяжении веков как отечественными, так и иностранными авторами. The article examines the image of Nizhny Novgorod by French travelers – A. de Custine and T. Gauthier, who visited the Nizhny Novgorod fair in August 1839 and August 1861, respectively. Despite the difference in views, both travelers represent the same culture and show a sincere interest in the image of the Other – a foreign country, another people, a foreign culture. The relevance of the research is due to the growing interest in the problem of regional national identity. It is shown that the image of Nizhny Novgorod in the travel books by A. de Custine "Russia in 1839" (1843) and T. Gauthier "Journey to Russia" (1858–1861; 1867) has clear topographical landmarks (Nizhny Novgorod fair, street names, squares, etc.), specific signs of the urban space of Nizhny Novgorod (coffee shop, fountain on the square, governor, clothing features, etc.). Travelers pay special attention to the description of the city location, the Volga as a kind of emblem of the Russian world and the fair as the main symbol of Nizhny Novgorod. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the works of French travelers who created their own interpretation of the Nizhny Novgorod space, which has become a kind of personification of Russia with the opposition boundlessness/longing, boundless expanses/sadness. The novelty of the research is connected with the fact that Nizhny Novgorod is shown as a space that clearly reveals the inviolable and special things that exist in the nation; this kind of "complex" of identity is analyzed using the modern scientific apparatus of imagology. This approach allowed us to show in historical perspective the features of the formation of the Nizhny Novgorod text, which was created in the travel literature for centuries by both domestic and foreign authors.

Abstract COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, started spreading rapidly across the world. Although, many aspects of disease is still under the observation. Therefore, in this study retrospectively was investigated the data on patients discharged from Georgian hospitals between February and June. According to Georgian regulation, all patients with confirmed COVID-19 should be hospitalized. The data sources were hospitalization registry and the standardized case report forms. In this descriptive study, epidemiological characteristics of 500 COVID-19 cases confirmed with PCR tests were analyzed. Among variables were: gender, age and geographic distribution, disease characteristics, underlying health conditions, test-related features, etc. Majority of patients (72.0%) were admitted to hospitals by the ambulance. The mean age of the patients was 43 years. The sex distribution was merely the same for both genders (49.4% male and 50.6% female). The most common symptoms were fever (82.4%, 95% CI 78.4-85.9), fatigue (49.6%, 95% CI 44.7-54.5), and cough (38.3%, 95% CI 33.6-43.1). The proportion of asymptomatic cases during the PCR testing were 16.6%. More than one symptom was observed in 57.6% of patients. Most common underlying health conditions were cardiovascular diseases (21.8%), diabetes (7.6%), kidney disease (3.6%), chronic lung disease (2.4%), cancer (2.2%), and chronic hepatitis (1.8%). Disease severity significantly differ among cases. Of those without comorbidity conditions, 94% had mild severity. However, among those with comorbidity conditions 35% were sever or critical. 50% of patients were reported as obese. The proportion of severe or critical patients was higher with BMI-18.5-24.9 and BMI ≥30. The case-fatality rate was 2.6%, with majority of deaths among aged ≥70. The severity of illness was strongly associated with comorbidity conditions and BMI. These findings are important to contribute and improve evidence-based knowledge for the novel coronavirus. Key messages Hospitalization of all COVID-19 cases, despite their severity, improving positive outcome of patients. Follow-up for discharged patients is necessary to control medium and long-term impact of COVID-19.

The article discusses the sources of the chronicles of Motiejus Strijkovskis (Polish: Maciej Stryjkowski, Latin: Matthias Stricovius, Matys Strycovius, Matys Strykowius, etc., 1547–c.1593) and Alessandro Guagnini (full name: Alessandro Guagnini dei Rizzoni; 1534 [1538]–1614), which were cited by Simonas Daukantas. Daukantas wrote four works of a historical nature and quoted Strijkovskis in all of them; as for Guagnini’s chronicle, he did not quote it in his first work Darbay senuju Lituwiu yr Zemaycziu (The Deeds of the Early Lithuanians and Samogitians, 1822; hereinafter Darbai) and in his last work Pasakojimas apej Wejkałus Lietuwiû tautos senowie (A Narrative about the Deeds in the Ancient Times of the Lithuanian Nation, ~1850–1854; hereinafter Pasakojimas). The question is raised whether the ambiguous evaluation of the authorship of Guagnini’s Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio (1574–1578; hereinafter SED) might have influenced Daukantas, which led him to rely more heavily on Strijkovskis’s work during certain periods of the writing of his historical works. In order to determine the extent to which Daukantas was aware of Strijkovskis’s accusation of plagiarism against the Italian chronicler, the dynamics of the (non) citation of the works by these two authors in Daukantas’s works and in the excerpts from books are discussed. Since Guagnini’s work (and its fragments) was more frequently reprinted in Europe, even though its authorship was raising doubts, researchers are facing difficulties as to the source of citations. The article discusses the editions of fragments of Guagnini’s SED and establishes that Daukantas translated Guagnini’s ‘Ducatus Samogitiae’, which he used in BUDĄ Senowęs-Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ĩr Ƶámajtiû (The Character of the Early Lithuanians, Samogitians, and Highlanders, 1845; hereinafter Būdas), from the first edition of the 1627 book RESPUBLICA, Siue Status Regni POLONIÆ, LITUANIÆ, PRUSSIÆ, LIVONIÆ etc. diuerſorum Autorum compiled by Johannes de Laet.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the time and space peculiarities in the short story «The Murders in the Rue Morgue» by the American writer of the 19th century Edgar Allan Poe. The aim of the article is a analysis of artistic chronotope as a special way of influencing the reader and distinguishing the features of time and space in the analyzed work. E. Poe was the initiator of the «detective short story», the genre features of which are the description of the deduction of the character, the analysis of the event, generalized logical, mathematically accurate reasoning. The image of detective Auguste Dupin is the main in the short story. There are the real and historical chronotope in this detective short story. The author repeatedly focuses on spatial topos that form a unique authorial style. The character, through the perspective of the narrator's vision, is portrayed in detail, with the psychological factor closer to the finale intensifying, which allows to distinguish the features of personal chronotope. Real historical chronotope uses fictional topos or objects that represent a certain space that carry a symbolic load (the non-existent streets of Paris, the library, the room, etc.). The author skillfully combines real and fictional events to create a unique detective story. All topos are interconnected and complementary, leading to a deep understanding of artistic reality. Real, mystical, historical and social chronotopes are associated with deep psychology, which makes it possible to recreate events and find the right solution to solve the crime. The perspectives of the narrator and the short story's characters on the same event extend the boundaries of the chronotope, giving it additional features. This interconnection of chronotopes in the short story not only shapes the complex artistic world of the nineteenth century, but also makes it possible to refer the analyzed work to the literature of romanticism.