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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Desalination"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 24 agosto 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Desalination"

Elfasakhany, Ashraf. "Biofuel Blends for Desalination Units: Comparison and Assessments". Processes 11, n. 4 (7 aprile 2023): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041139.

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Although desalinations with renewables were introduced some time ago, conventional desalination units are still applied. Conventional desalinations account for 90% of desalinations worldwide. Yet, they have two significant issues: a high demand for energy and a high level of environmental contaminants. Such issues are studied and remedies are suggested in the current study. Varieties of biofuel blends in dual and ternary bases are investigated experimentally for indirect desalination. Results showed that ternary blends can introduce lower desalination potentials than fossil fuels by about 4–7%. The best ternary blends for the indirect desalination process are iBE, followed by niB, and finally EM. The EGT of iBE is greater than niB and EM by about 1.1 and 1.2%, respectively. Both n-butanol/iso-butanol–gasoline dual blends introduced an almost similar desalination potential as the ternary blends (e.g., lower desalination by about 4.4 and 4.7%). Nevertheless, bio-ethanol/bio-methanol–gasoline dual blends introduced greater desalination potentials than the fossil fuel by 3.2 and 3%, respectively. Regarding environmental issues, both ternary and dual blends introduced lower CO and UHC emissions than fossil fuels in varying degrees. M presented the lowest CO by about 30%, followed by EM by about 21%, and lastly E by about 20%, compared to G. However, the lowest UHC is presented by EM followed by nB and niB with rates of 18, 16.2, and 13.5%. Results also showed that the engine speed has a considerable effect on the desalination process and environment; low engine speed is recommended in the case of applying ternary blends, as well as dual n-butanol/iso-butanol–gasoline blends. Alternatively, in the case of applying bio-ethanol/bio-methanol–gasoline dual blends, moderate engine speed is preferable.

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Gadzhiev, H. M., D. S. Gadzhiev e I. M. Kurbanov. "DECOMPRESSION SEMICONDUCTOR THERMOELECTRIC DESALINATOR WITH UV RADIATION". Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, n. 4 (2 gennaio 2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-4-8-18.

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Objectives. The development of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation.Methods. The design of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation makes it possible to decrease the boiling points of seawater and the obtained fresh water and brine by changing the pressure in the desalinatior thus increasing the device’s energy efficiency.Results. The use of the designed decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation practically reduces the boiling point of seawater, completely eliminating Joule's parasitic heat release. The Peltier thermoelectric effect of heating and cooling is completely preserved, bringing the desalinator efficiency coefficient up to almost 100% and improving its energy-saving characteristics as a whole.Conclusion. A decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation can be used to produce fresh water and concentrated solutions from any aqueous solutions, as well as to treat wastewater from industrial enterprises with simultaneous bacterial and virus disinfection. The construction materials of the desalination device are environmentally friendly.

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Antia, David Dorab Jamshed. "Purification of Saline Water Using Desalination Pellets". Water 14, n. 17 (26 agosto 2022): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172639.

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This study establishes that processed zero valent iron can be pelletised and used to desalinate water. The pellets desalinate water using a zero-order reaction, where: product water salinity = −[a][Reaction Time] + Feed Water Salinity. Desalination using the pellets requires no onsite energy, no onsite infrastructure, and produces no reject brine. Potential applications for the pellets, include desalination of saline impoundments, desalination of agricultural water, desalination of irrigation water, desalination of irrigated salinized soils, and aquifer desalination. The examples demonstrate 30% to 60% desalination for saline feed water within the salinity range of 4 to 10 g L−1. The product water has a low outcome variability for a specific pellet charge. The achievable desalination increases as the pellet weight: water volume ratio increases. The pellets can also be used for water purification, wastewater desalination, treatment of domestic wastewater, treatment of industrial wastewater, treatment of livestock feed water, treatment of oil field and mining wastewater, water purification to allow reuse, and the treatment of polluted soils. This study addresses the manufacture of the pellets, their effectiveness in desalinating water, and the outcome variability associated with desalination.

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Hindiyeh, Muna, Aiman Albatayneh, Rashed Altarawneh, Mustafa Jaradat, Murad Al-Omary, Qasem Abdelal, Tarek Tayara et al. "Sea Level Rise Mitigation by Global Sea Water Desalination Using Renewable-Energy-Powered Plants". Sustainability 13, n. 17 (25 agosto 2021): 9552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179552.

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This work suggests a solution for preventing/eliminating the predicted Sea Level Rise (SLR) by seawater desalination and storage through a large number of desalination plants distributed worldwide; it also comprises that the desalinated seawater can resolve the global water scarcity by complete coverage for global water demand. Sea level rise can be prevented by desalinating the additional water accumulated into oceans annually for human consumption, while the excess amount of water can be stored in dams and lakes. It is predicted that SLR can be prevented by desalination plants. The chosen desalination plants for the study were Multi-Effect Desalination (MED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants that are powered by renewable energy using wind and solar technologies. It is observed that the two main goals of the study are fulfilled when preventing an SLR between 1.0 m and 1.3 m by 2100 through seawater desalination, as the amount of desalinated water within that range can cover the global water demand while being economically viable.

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Greco, Francesca, Sebastiaan G. J. Heijman e Antonio Jarquin-Laguna. "Integration of Wind Energy and Desalination Systems: A Review Study". Processes 9, n. 12 (3 dicembre 2021): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122181.

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Desalination is a well-established technology used all over the world to mitigate freshwater scarcity. Wind-powered reverse osmosis plants are one of the most promising alternatives for renewable energy desalination, particularly for coastal areas and islands. Wind energy can satisfy the high energy consumption of desalination while reducing costs and CO2 emissions. However, the mismatch between the intermittent availability of the wind resource and the desalination’s power demand makes the integration between the two technologies critical. This paper presents a review of wind-powered desalination systems, focusing on the existing topologies and technological advances. An overview of the advantages and disadvantages are analysed based on the theoretical and experimental cases available in the scientific literature. The goal of this work is to show the current status of wind-powered desalination and to present the technical challenges that need to be overcome in order to ensure a sustainable freshwater source.

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Liu, Tianyu, Joel Serrano, John Elliott, Xiaozhou Yang, William Cathcart, Zixuan Wang, Zhen He e Guoliang Liu. "Exceptional capacitive deionization rate and capacity by block copolymer–based porous carbon fibers". Science Advances 6, n. 16 (aprile 2020): eaaz0906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0906.

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Capacitive deionization (CDI) is energetically favorable for desalinating low-salinity water. The bottlenecks of current carbon-based CDI materials are their limited desalination capacities and time-consuming cycles, caused by insufficient ion-accessible surfaces and retarded electron/ion transport. Here, we demonstrate porous carbon fibers (PCFs) derived from microphase-separated poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polyacrylonitrile (PMMA-b-PAN) as an effective CDI material. PCF has abundant and uniform mesopores that are interconnected with micropores. This hierarchical porous structure renders PCF a large ion-accessible surface area and a high desalination capacity. In addition, the continuous carbon fibers and interconnected porous network enable fast electron/ion transport, and hence a high desalination rate. PCF shows desalination capacity of 30 mgNaCl g−1PCF and maximal time-average desalination rate of 38.0 mgNaCl g−1PCF min−1, which are about 3 and 40 times, respectively, those of typical porous carbons. Our work underlines the promise of block copolymer–based PCF for mutually high-capacity and high-rate CDI.

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Abdalla, Salman, Shada Abu Khalla e Matthew E. Suss. "Desalination Fuel Cell Stacks: Scaling up the Co-Production of Electricity and Clean Water". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n. 25 (22 dicembre 2023): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02251347mtgabs.

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The world faces a rising demand for potable water and electricity, while a lack of clean water and use of polluting electricity sources are major hazards1. Nowadays reverse osmosis (RO) is widely used for sea and brackish water desalination2, where RO consumes ~3-4 kWh/m3 for seawater desalination3. A new class of water treatment technologies is emerging that is distinguished from the classical methods by utilizing chemical energy to power both water treatment and electricity generation simultaneously from a single electrochemical cell. When using the hydrogen/oxygen redox couple, such a cell is termed a desalination fuel cell (DFC) which was introduced by our group in 20204. A DFC utilizes a fuel cell anode and cathode to catalyze the chemical-to-electrical energy conversion, as well as a cation and anion exchange membrane to desalinate the feedwater flowing through the cell. A device with a single feed channel (figure a) was able to produce up to 10 kWh/m3 while desalinating water with sea-water level salinity4. In order to for this nascent technology to become practical, scale-up strategies need to be proposed and demonstrated. In this work we show results from the first scaled DFC, where we utilize scaling rules associated with electrodialysis by increasing the number of membrane pairs to allow either two or three feed channels (Figure b). We find the three feed channel device was associated with high voltage loss in the ohmic region and lower limiting current (figure c), but the salt concentration behaved linearly as a function of the current density as expected (figure d). The main voltage losses are clearly emanated from the cathode and the anode sides as the membranes potential loss was proven to be insignificant5. We showed that implementing higher acid concentration in the catholyte and higher base concentration in the anolyte channels can significantly improve performance of the stack. Figure (e) shows results using three different anolyte and catholyte solutions, with highest open circuit voltage (OCV) and improved polarization performance for 0.5M HClO4 and 0.5M NaOH in the catholyte and the anolyte, respectively. We also investigated the feed flow rate impact on DFC polarization performance and salt removal. Overall, we show successful implementation of a scaled-up DFC. References: Mekonnen, M. M. & Hoekstra, A. Y. Sustainability: Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Sci. Adv. 2, 1–7 (2016). Greenlee, L. F., Lawler, D. F., Freeman, B. D., Marrot, B. & Moulin, P. Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges. Water Research vol. 43 2317–2348 (2009). Al-Karaghouli, A. & Kazmerski, L. L. Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol. 24 343–356 (2013). Atlas, I., Abu Khalla, S. & Suss, M. E. Thermodynamic Energy Efficiency of Electrochemical Systems Performing Simultaneous Water Desalination and Electricity Generation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 134517 (2020). Abdalla, S., Khalla, S. A. & Suss, M. E. Voltage loss breakdown in desalination fuel cells. Electrochem. commun. 132, 107136 (2021). Figure 1

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Bacha, Habib Ben, Abdelkader Saad Abdullah, Mutabe Aljaghtham, Reda S. Salama, Mohamed Abdelgaied e Abd Elnaby Kabeel. "Thermo-Economic Assessment of Photovoltaic/Thermal Pan-Els-Powered Reverse Osmosis Desalination Unit Combined with Preheating Using Geothermal Energy". Energies 16, n. 8 (12 aprile 2023): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083408.

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Recently, the reverse osmosis (RO) process is widely used in the field of desalinating brackish water and seawater to produce freshwater, but the disadvantage of using this technology is the increase in the rates of electrical energy consumption necessary to manage these units. To reduce the rates of electrical energy consumption in RO desalination plants, geothermal energy and photovoltaic/thermal panels were used as preheating units to heat the feed water before entering RO desalination plants. The proposed system in this study consists of an RO desalination plant with an energy recovery device, photovoltaic/thermal panels, and a geothermal energy extraction unit. To evaluate the system performance, three incorporated models were studied and validated by previous experimental data. The results indicated that incorporating the geothermal energy and photovoltaic/thermal panels with the RO desalination plants has positive effects in terms of increasing productivity and reducing the rates of specific power consumption in RO desalination plants. The average saving in the specific power consumption for utilizing the thermal recovery system of PV panels and geothermal energy as preheating units reached 29.1% and 40.75% for the treatment of seawater and brackish water, respectively. Additionally, the economic feasibility showed the saving in the cost of freshwater produced from the RO desalination plants for incorporating both geothermal energy and photovoltaic panels with a thermal recovery system with reverse osmosis desalination plants of up to 39.6%.

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Gholamalifard, Mehdi, Bonyad Ahmadi, Ali Saber, Sohrab Mazloomi e Tiit Kutser. "Deploying a GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Decision Rule for Site Selection of Desalination Plants". Water 14, n. 10 (23 maggio 2022): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14101669.

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Water supply is one of the most critical infrastructures for development, and by desalinating the water of the Persian Gulf, water demands may be satisfied. The countries of the Persian Gulf basin have applied this technology and compensated for the country’s water shortage, whereas because of Iran’s unlimited access to water, desalination has only been applied on a local scale. Due to serious hydrological stress and periodic water shortages in Iran’s southern coastal area, seawater desalination may be necessary as an optional solution for water supply. Site selection for desalination plants is difficult as it may have a direct influence on the territorial and water environment, as well as disrupt biological systems, hence, the objective of this study was to identify desalination sites across the coastline of Hormozgan. To choose a suitable site, a multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) design was applied, with three scenarios evaluated in the constraints part and two scenarios considered in the criteria weight section. Altogether, out of 21 determination criteria considered for the construction of desalination facilities, 14 were associated to the inland and coastal segment, six with the marine zone, and one with the water quality phase. The results showed that about 33,584 ha in the optimal scenario, or when minimum and maximum constraints were applied, approximately 109,553 and 7182 ha, respectively, of the region, including a total of 11 zones, were suitable for the building of desalination facilities. In conclusion, this study was the first to consider MCE with many criteria and different scenarios for developing a decision rule for the installation of desalination facilities based on environmental and marine factors.

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Jiang, Yuxin, Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan, Dun Wei e Haiying Wang. "A Review of Battery Materials as CDI Electrodes for Desalination". Water 12, n. 11 (28 ottobre 2020): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113030.

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The world is suffering from chronic water shortage due to the increasing population, water pollution and industrialization. Desalinating saline water offers a rational choice to produce fresh water thus resolving the crisis. Among various kinds of desalination technologies, capacitive deionization (CDI) is of significant potential owing to the facile process, low energy consumption, mild working conditions, easy regeneration, low cost and the absence of secondary pollution. The electrode material is an essential component for desalination performance. The most used electrode material is carbon-based material, which suffers from low desalination capacity (under 15 mg·g−1). However, the desalination of saline water with the CDI method is usually the charging process of a battery or supercapacitor. The electrochemical capacity of battery electrode material is relatively high because of the larger scale of charge transfer due to the redox reaction, thus leading to a larger desalination capacity in the CDI system. A variety of battery materials have been developed due to the urgent demand for energy storage, which increases the choices of CDI electrode materials largely. Sodium-ion battery materials, lithium-ion battery materials, chloride-ion battery materials, conducting polymers, radical polymers, and flow battery electrode materials have appeared in the literature of CDI research, many of which enhanced the deionization performances of CDI, revealing a bright future of integrating battery materials with CDI technology.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Desalination"

Nayar, Kishor Govind. "Improving seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121886.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "Thesis contains very faint/illegible footnote numbering"--Disclainer Notice page.
Includes bibliographical references.
Water scarcity is an increasing problem globally. Seawater desalination is increasingly being relied upon as a means of mitigating the problem of water scarcity. However, seawater desalination has costs associated with it: capital costs, cost of energy to desalinate and environmental costs from the discharge of high salinity brine. Efficient and cost-effective seawater desalination and desalination brine management systems are necessary to make seawater desalination a sustainable scalable process. This work seeks to improve seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management in several ways. For the first time, the thermophysical properties of seawater have been characterized as a function of pressure across the full desalination operating regimes of temperature, salinity and pressure. Functions that allow accurate thermodynamic least work of desalination and seawater flow exergy analysis have been developed.
The least work of desalination, brine concentration and salt production was investigated and the performance of state-of-the-art brine concentrators and crystallizers was calculated. Hybrid designs of reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) were proposed to be integrated with a crystallizer to concentrate desalination brine more efficiently. The RO-ED-crystallizer concept was applied to two separate applications: (a) salt production from seawater and (b) zero brine discharge seawater desalination. A parametric analysis to minimize the specific cost of salt production and water production was conducted. Parameters varied were: the ratio of seawater to RO brine in the ED diluate channel, ED current density, ED diluate outlet salinity, electricity, water and salt prices, and RO recovery by adding a high pressure RO (HPRO) stage. Results showed that significant cost reductions could be achieved in RO-ED systems by increasing the ED current density from 300 A/m² to 600 A/m².
Increasing RO brine salinity by using HPRO and operating at 120 bar pressure reduced salt production costs while increasing water production costs. Transport properties of monovalent selective ED (MSED) membranes were also experimentally obtained for sodium chloride, significantly improving the accuracy of modeling MSED brine concentration systems. MSED cell pairs transported only about ~~50% the water but nearly as much salt as a standard ED cell pair, while having twice the average membrane resistance.
Supported by Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPM Project No. R13-CW-10, King Fahd University of Petroleoum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
by Kishor Govind Nayar.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Mayere, Abdulkarim. "Solar powered desalination". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12331/.

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Despite water being apparently abundant, up to half of the world’s population is faced with water crises which is growing at an alarming rate most especially in developing countries such as African countries where both physical and economic water scarcities prevail. Thus with the abundant salty water and solar intensity in the regions or seasons when water is mostly scarce, solar powered desalination presents an attractive and promising solution towards availability of clean water. A unique and simple solar desalination system has been developed. The system which based on humidification/dehumidification process is a low cost solution and very competitive with conventional desalination systems. It can be used to provide clean water to the over one billion population who have no access or have water shortages which threaten their health and economies. The developed solar desalination system consists of a purposely designed concentrating solar collector and the desalination core which consist of the humidification and dehumidification chambers. The novel concentrating v-trough solar collector which has its focal point at the bottom of the concentrator provides enough thermal energy required to heat up seawater which is then pumped and sprayed to humidify the incoming air in the humidification chamber. The humidified air enters the dehumidification chamber and is cooled by the incoming cold seawater. The moisture is condensed out and the pure water is accumulated at the base of the chamber, and the dehumidified air is discharged to the outside. The key point is the psychrometric energy re-use, most of the energy is from the condensing of the moisture in the carrier gas. Both theoretical analysis and experimental tests were carried out and good water output up to 20kg/h and COP around 3 was obtained. This would require 8m2 of the newly designed v-trough collector operating at 100°C at 1000W/m2 solar intensity. And economic and environmental analysis showed that the solar powered desalination system can achieve a 6 year payback period when compared with when driven by electricity and also a saving of up to 4730 kgCO2 per year. The system can be manufactured from inexpensive plastics rather than exotic and expensive metals. It can easily be sized and scaled to location’s needs, can be operated in diverse geographies unattended on a continuous basis and require minimal maintenance.

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Rahal, Zeina. "Wind powered desalination". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7466.

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This thesis investigates the technical problems associated with large-scale stand-alone wind powered desalination employing a short-term energy store, particularly the complexities associated with the intermittent operation of the desalination plant. To achieve this, a non-linear, time domain system model of an existing wind powered desalination plant has been developed using the propriety code Simulink. Two desalination techniques have been considered: reverse osmosis and electrodialysis, due firstly to their relatively low specific energy consumption, and secondly, their efficient coupling to a wind turbine generator. As a way of reducing power mismatch, optimising water production, and above all reducing the switching rates of the desalination units, operation of the reverse osmosis and electrodialysis units under variable power conditions is suggested. Little information is available on plant performance under such conditions. A mathematical model has therefore been developed to ascertain the performance of reverse osmosis and electrodialysis processes under transient power conditions. The model consists of the set of partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the conservation of mass, momentum and chemical species coupled with the appropriate boundary conditions. A numerical solution based on the finite volume method has been employed to solve for the system of PDEs, as no analytical solution is available for the particular set of model equations derived. Sensitivity of plant performance to key design parameters (such as operating pressure and energy storage capacity) and operational strategies is predicted from simulation results. This technology is economically attractive for islands where wind energy density is high and water resources are scarce.

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Crerar, Alan J. "Wave powered desalination". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14741.

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Digby, Simon. "Tjuntjuntjara groundwater desalination". Thesis, Digby, Simon (2012) Tjuntjuntjara groundwater desalination. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/13106/.

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The Tjuntjuntjara Groundwater Desalination Thesis was conceived to solve the operational faults of a Vacuum-Multi-Effect-Membrane-Distillation (VMEMD) Pilot Plant. The National Centre for Excellence in Desalination (NCED), Murdoch University and other contributing parties intend to power the plant with renewable energies in order to supply the Tjuntjuntjara indigenous community with water. The thesis involved research into VMEMD technology and an assessment of the control system and instrumentation that operated it. During the assessment process, operational faults as well as potential improvements in the operation of the plant were recorded. It was found that the control system had a number of software based faults. The design and implementation of a new Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) operating code was undertaken to correct these faults. In parallel to this work, the design and implementation of systems to improve the operation of the plant was also undertaken. When all upgrades to the plant were complete, the vigorous process of validating the new additions commenced. As well as testing the new code and system improvements, a series of continuous trial periods was conducted. These proved that the plant can now operate continuously and at varying system temperatures for over 100 hours. During the trial periods, operating point data was collected and methods for increasing distillate output were found. The plant has been brought up to a stable operating standard and the additional systems installed to improve the plant have further increased its reliability. A number of recommendations have been provided to stimulate further development of the VMEMD pilot plant.

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Andersson, Niklas, e Pontus Heijdenberg. "Wind Power Desalination System". Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2769.

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Psaltas, Michael A. "Hybrid cogeneration desalination process". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.576090.

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Supplies of potable water from the conventional resources are descending due to increased industrialization;' extensive irrigation and rapid population growth. In Cyprus, a country without any perennial river, fixed rainy season and depleted natural aquifers faces severe water shortage in future. Desalination along with power cogeneration certainly poses as the most suitable option in the long run to avoid any water scarcity and rationing. This dissertation introduces all the major desalination processes and is focused on the commercially employed desalination processes. The processes have been discussed in relation with their history, principle, capacity, costs, market capitalization, energy consumption, required pre treatments, future growth potential and their environmental effects. The dissertation extensively investigates Cyprus' existing water resources, water scarcity in Cyprus, the need and existing desalination including the overall power generation capacity. This dissertation is unique in the sense of covering all the major desalination processes and investigating the Cyprus water resources as a whole outlining the need for commercially viable desalination and power, cogeneration facilities. The aim of this study is to expand the existing MSF systems to a higher level for potential changes which they will help the industrial desalination in increasing the efficiency and reducing the costs. This is a new three stage distillation system which will be designed and constructed in Cyprus. The plant will be manufactured from local materials by local manpower and requires little maintenance and operating costs. Hence it offers relatively higher efficiency which enables this system to be more cost effective.

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Bajpayee, Anurag. "Directional solvent extraction desalination". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78539.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.
"September 2012." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-137).
World water supply is struggling to meet demand. Production of fresh water from the oceans could supply this demand almost indefinitely. As global energy consumption continues to increase, water and energy resources are getting closely intertwined, especially with regards to the water consumption and contamination in the unconventional oil and gas industry. Development of effective, affordable desalination and water treatment technologies is thus vital to meeting future demand, maintaining economic development, enabling continued growth of energy resources, and preventing regional and international conflict. We have developed a new low temperature, membrane-free desalination technology using directional solvents capable of extracting pure water from a contaminated solution without themselves dissolving in the recovered water. This method dissolves the water into a directional solvent by increasing its temperature, rejects salts and other contaminants, then recovers pure water by cooling back to ambient temperature, and re-uses the solvent. The directional solvents used here include soybean oil, hexanoic acid, decanoic acid, and octanoic acid with the last two observed to be the most effective. These fatty acids exhibit the required characteristics by having a hydrophilic carboxylic acid end which bonds to water molecules but the hydrophobic chain prevents the dissolution of water soluble salts as well the dissolution of the solvent in water. Directional solvent extraction may be considered a molecular-level desalination approach. Directional Solvent Extraction circumvents the need for membranes, uses simple, inexpensive machinery, and by operating at low temperatures offers the potential for using waste heat. This technique also lends itself well to treatment of feed waters over a wide range of total dissolved solids (TDS) levels and is one of the very few known techniques to extract water from saturated brines. We demonstrate >95% salt rejection for seawater TDS concentrations (35,000 ppm) as well as for oilfield produced water TDS concentrations (>100,000 ppm) and saturated brines (300,000 ppm) through a benchtop batch process, and recovery ratios as high as 85% for feed TDS of 35,000 ppm through a multi-stage batch process. We have also designed, constructed, and demonstrated a semi-continuous process prototype. The energy and economic analysis suggests that this technique could become an effective, affordable method for seawater desalination and for treatment of produced water from unconventional oil and gas extraction.
by Anurag Bajpayee.
Ph.D.

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Al-Thani, Faleh N. "Economical desalination processes in Qatar". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14043.

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The limited underground water resources and the dramatic increase of fresh water consumption in Qatar forced the government to seek alternative ways to compensate for the lack of fresh water resources. Unfortunately, most of the currently available alternatives are costly in terms of excessive fuel consumption; also they require large capital investment and high maintenance cost. Such plants currently produce over 98% of the total fresh water in Qatar. This ratio may increase to 100% in the next few years. The main aim of this work is to investigate the most viable water desalination processes, which can produce sufficient, and a continuous supply of fresh water with low operation and construction costs. Climatic conditions and solar radiation in Qatar have been studied and analysed to determine the performance of any potential solar system applicable to this country. A technical and economical investigation into the current and common desalination methods with particular emphasis on the three main desalination systems including multistage flash, multiple effect distillation and reverse osmosis were conducted and included. A comprehensive literature survey on various water desalination methods was undertaken. The current experimental program was confined mainly to one novel type of tilted tray solar still system, namely pyramid tilted tray solar still, which was developed to increase productivity by increasing the receiving surface area of the still (the absorber) in order to collect the optimum amount of solar radiation. Two types of cover have also been selected and tested in this work, namely pyramid and dome shapes. These tilted tray solar stills were designed and constructed on a small scale and have been tested under controlled laboratory conditions at the University of Hertfordshire. Various parameters, which are likely to effect the still performance have been investigated. These include water flow rate, spacing between cover and tray surface, glass thickness, insulation layer, and inlet water temperature. Finally, a comparison of the stills performance characteristics of the two shapes has been carried out. The laboratory experimental results of hourly production revealed that pyramid type solar still yield higher distilled water output results than the dome type. However, the use of the pyramid shape with tilted tray solar can lead to further increase in the still productivity by optimising the orientation and surface area of the still absorber. The field experimental results of pyramid solar still, which were conducted under local climate conditions of Qatar, indicated clearly that solar desalination can be a suitable economical option, particularly for remote areas, where the fresh water demand is low and water transport is expensive. Moreover, a theoretical model was employed to predict the effects on solar still performance under three various parameters under typical climatic conditions of Qatar; These include the thermal insulation layer, the water depth and wind speed. Due to the economical reasons the dual-purpose multistage flash process will remain for the foreseeable future the preferred process, when fresh water and electricity demands are growing concurrently and rapidly.

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Tow, Emily Winona. "Organic fouling of desalination membranes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111695.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 211-224).
Energy-ecient desalination and water reuse are necessary to ensure universal access to clean water. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most ecient desalination process for almost any water source, but it is susceptible to membrane fouling, which can reduce product water quality and raise energy consumption. Fouling can be reduced through (energy-intensive) pretreatment, delayed by membrane coatings, and partially reversed by cleaning. However, poor understanding of fouling physics hinders our ability to predict fouling or design for fouling resistance. Better models of fouling are needed to improve the RO process and provide sustainable sources of desalinated or recycled water to water-scarce communities. Through experiments and modeling, this thesis compares several desalination systems, quantifies the effect of pressure on fouling, and elucidates mechanisms of foulant removal. An experimental apparatus was created to simulate operating conditions in full-scale RO, forward osmosis (FO), and membrane distillation (MD) desalination systems and compare the fouling behavior of these processes under identical hydro-dynamic conditions. In the FO configuration, both uid streams could be pressurized to experimentally isolate the effects of pressure from other operating conditions that affect fouling. A window in the membrane module allowed in situ visualization of membrane fouling and cleaning at pressures as high as 69 bar. Experiments were complemented by the development of physics-based models that predict the eect of hydraulic pressure on foulant layer properties and ux decline and also enable the calculation of foulant layer thickness from measured flux. The findings provide new insight into the relative fouling propensity of membrane desalination systems, the factors influencing ux decline, and the mechanisms of foulant removal. Experiments and modeling show that, although flux decline is slower in FO than in RO, the FO membrane accumulates a thicker foulant layer. Furthermore, FO fouling trials at elevated pressure reveal that fouling behavior is not adversely affected by high hydraulic pressure. Despite this, low operating temperature and unfavorable surface chemistry cause RO to be more susceptible to organic fouling than MD and more susceptible to inorganic fouling than FO. However, neither FO nor MD is immune to fouling: FO flux declined as much as RO ux in the presence of alginate fouling, and MD exhibited rapid ux decline as a result of inorganic fouling. Finally, in situ visualization revealed that osmotic backwashing causes the foulant layer to swell, buckle, and detach in large pieces from both FO and RO membranes, regardless of operating pressure. These findings guide desalination process selection, membrane design, and cleaning protocol development to reduce the energy consumption associated with membrane fouling in desalination.
by Emily Winona Tow.
Ph. D.

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Libri sul tema "Desalination"

Kucera, Jane, a cura di. Desalination. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118904855.

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Micale, Giorgio, Lucio Rizzuti e Andrea Cipollina, a cura di. Seawater Desalination. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01150-4.

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Miriam, Balaban, e International Desalination Association, a cura di. Desalination and water reuse: 1994 desalination directory. 6^a ed. [Chieta] Italy: Balaban Desalination Publishers, 1994.

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Kumar, Anil, e Om Prakash, a cura di. Solar Desalination Technology. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6887-5.

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Ladewig, Bradley, e Benjamin Asquith. Desalination Concentrate Management. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24852-8.

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Sandeep, Sethi, a cura di. Desalination of seawater. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2011.

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J, Delgado Daniel, e Moreno Pablo, a cura di. Desalination research progress. New York: Nova Science, 2008.

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Bond, Rick. Zero liquid discharge desalination. Denver, Colo: Water Research Foundation, 2011.

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Lior, Noam, a cura di. Advances in Water Desalination. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118347737.

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Wang, Lawrence K., Jiaping Paul Chen, Yung-Tse Hung e Nazih K. Shammas, a cura di. Membrane and Desalination Technologies. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Desalination"

Das, Rasel, Syed Mohammed Javaid Zaidi e Sayonthoni Das Tuhi. "Desalination". In Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series, 1011–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95987-0_28.

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Cherbuy, Bénédicte, e Jean-Christophe Aznar. "Desalination". In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 705–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93806-6_118.

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Ifelebuegu, Augustine, Susanne M. Charlesworth e Colin A. Booth. "Desalination". In Water Resources in the Built Environment, 92–103. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118809167.ch8.

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Cherbuy, Bénédicte, e Jean-Christophe Aznar. "Desalination". In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48657-4_118-2.

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Das, Rasel, Syed Mohammed Javaid Zaidi e Sayonthoni Das Tuhi. "Desalination". In Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series, 1–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92067-2_28-1.

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Kelletat, Dieter, Jiyu Chen, John M. Rybczyk, Shea Penland, Mark A. Kulp, Iver W. Duedall, George A. Maul et al. "Desalination". In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, 378–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_118.

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Dupont, R. Ryan. "Desalination". In Introduction to Environmental Management, 159–75. 2^a ed. Second Edition. | Boca Raton ; London: CRC Press, 2021. | “First edition published by CRC Press 2009”—T.p. verso.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003171126-20.

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Bas, Bilge. "Desalination". In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_391-1.

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Bas, Bilge. "Desalination". In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 287–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74319-6_391.

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Alt, Friedrich, e Christopher M. Fellows. "Desalination". In The Clean Hydrogen Economy and Saudi Arabia, 692–712. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003294290-30.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Desalination"

Naik, Sakshi, Miguel Zamarripa, Markus Drouven e Lorenz T. Biegler. "Integrating the Design of Desalination Technologies into Produced Water Network Optimization". In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 829–35. Hamilton, Canada: PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.195308.

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The oil and gas energy sector uses billions of gallons of water for hydraulic fracturing each year to extract oil and gas. The water injected into the ground for fracturing along with naturally occurring formation water from the oil wells surfaces back in the form of produced water. Produced water can contain high concentrations of total dissolved solids and is unfit for reuse outside the oil and gas industry without desalination. In semi-arid shale plays, produced water desalination for beneficial reuse could play a crucial role in alleviating water shortages and addressing extreme drought conditions. In this paper we co-optimize the design and operation of desalination technologies along with operational decisions across produced water networks. A multi-period produced water network model with simplified split-fraction-based desalination nodes is developed. Rigorous steady-state desalination mathematical models based on mechanical vapor recompression are developed and embedded at the desalination sites in the network model. An optimal common design is ensured across all periods using global capacity constraints. The solution approach is demonstrated for multi-period planning problems on networks from the PARETO open-source library. Model formulation and challenges associated with scalability are discussed.

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Stiber, Brian, e Asfaw Beyene. "Wave-Powered Desalination". In ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49087.

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Climate change, drought, population growth and increased energy and water costs are all forces driving exploration into alternative, sustainable resources. The abundance of untapped wave energy often presents an opportunity for research into exploiting this resource to meet the energy and water needs of populated coastal regions. This paper investigates the potential and impact of harnessing wave energy for the purpose of seawater desalination. First the SWAN wave modeling software was used to evaluate the size and character of the wave resource. These data are used to estimate the cost of water for wave-powered desalination taking a specific region as a case example. The results indicate that, although the cost of water from this technology is not economically competitive at this time, the large available resource confirms the viability of significantly supplementing current freshwater supplies. The results also confirm that research into the feasibility of wave power as a source of energy and water in the area is warranted, particularly as water and energy become more scarce and expensive coinciding with the maturity of commercial wave energy conversion.

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El Haj Assad, Mamdouh, Maryam Nooman AlMallahi, Mohamed Abbas Abdelsalam, Mohammed AlShabi e Walid Nooman AlMallahi. "Desalination Technologies: Overview". In 2022 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset53988.2022.9734991.

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Salamat, Yasamin, Carlos A. Rios Perez e Carlos Hidrovo. "Performance Improvement of Capacitive Deionization for Water Desalination Using a Multi-Step Buffered Approach". In ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2016-7849.

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Due to the increasing demand for clean and potable water stemming from population growth and exacerbated by the scarcity of fresh water resources, more attention has been drawn to different and innovative methods for water desalination. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a relatively new, low maintenance, and energy efficient technique for desalinating brackish water. In this technique, an electrical field is employed to adsorb ions into a high-porous media. After the saturation of the porous electrodes, their adsorption capacity can be restored through a regeneration process. Various parameters affect the overall performance of CDI. The flow rate at which water is purified in CDI plays an essential role in its ultimate performance. Many studies have shown that desalination percentage decreases as flow rate increases in CDI, since the advection of ions in the flow becomes more dominant than their diffusion toward the electrodes. However, herein, based on a physical model previously developed, we conjecture that for a given amount of time and volume of water, multiple desalination cycles in a high flow rate regime will outperform desalinating in a single cycle at a low flow rate. Moreover, splitting a CDI unit into two sub-units, with the same total length, will lead to higher desalination. Based on these premises, we introduce a new approach aimed at enhancing the overall performance of CDI. An array of CDI cells are sequentially connected to each other with intermediate solutions placed in between them. These intermediate solutions act as buffers to homogenize the outlet concentration of the preceding cell and maintain a constant inlet concentration for the following cell. Desalination tests were conducted to compare the performance of the proposed system, consisting of two CDI units and one intermediate solution buffer, with a two-cascaded-CDI unit system with no intermediate solution. Desalination tests were performed in a high flow rate regime with a low salinity initial solution of NaCl in water. In the buffered arrangement, the concentration of the solution buffer was set at the minimum average outlet concentration of the first CDI test. Experimental data demonstrated the improved performance of the buffered system over the non-buffered system, in terms of desalination percentage and energy consumption. Increasing the number of CDI units and solution buffers in a buffered system, the new proposed method will lead to lower amount of energy consumed per unit volume of the desalinated water.

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Iqbal, Faisal, e Muhammad Asif. "Reduction in Specific Energy Consumption in Desalination through Hybrid Desalination Techniques". In ICAME 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023045002.

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Sevda, Suraj, Ibrahim M. Abu Reesh e Zhen He. "Microbial Desalination Cell: An Integrated Approach for Wastewater Treatment and Desalination Systems for Sustainable Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment". In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2016.eepp3221.

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Dahioui, Y., e K. Loudiyi. "Wind powered water desalination". In 2013 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irsec.2013.6529659.

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Abutayeh, Mohammad, D. Yogi Goswami e Elias K. Stefanakos. "Sustainable Desalination Process Simulation". In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37182.

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Experimental and theoretical simulations of a novel sustainable desalination process have been carried out. The simulated process consists of pumping seawater through a solar heater before flashing it under vacuum in an elevated chamber. The vacuum is passively created and then maintained by the hydrostatic balance between pressure inside the elevated flash chamber and outdoor atmospheric pressure. The experimental simulations were carried out using a pilot unit built to depict the proposed desalination system. Theoretical simulations were performed using a detailed computer code employing fundamental physical and thermodynamic laws to describe the separation process, complimented by experimentally based correlations to estimate physical properties of the involved species and operational parameters of the proposed system setting it apart from previous empirical desalination models. Experimental and theoretical simulation results matched well with one another, validating the developed model. Feasibility of the proposed system rapidly increased with flash temperature due to increased fresh water production and improved heat recovery. In addition, the proposed desalination system is naturally sustainable by solar radiation and gravity, making it very energy efficient.

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Williamson, A. J., e K. A. Sallam. "Human-Powered Desalination Unit". In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-12046.

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Abstract The objective of this research is to design a human-powered desalination unit that can provide safe drinking water for a typical household in developing countries. The hypothesis of our study is that a human-powered machine operating on a Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC) cycle can provide economically- and technologically-affordable drinking water without the use of expensive RO membranes. Thermodynamic analysis for human-powered MVC cycle with minimized pressure difference and small surface area is conducted. The design space included the following limitations: (i) only one compressor and only pump could be used, (ii) evaporation mass ratio was less than 0.7, and (iii) the water had to reach the minimum temperature required to inactivate bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The effects of the concentration of salt in the waste brine were considered. The flow rate of clean water generated was calculated as a function of the required heat exchanger surface area; the primary cost factor in the design; as well as the compressor isentropic efficiency. The effect of the isentropic efficiency of the compressor on the unit performance was also investigated. The point of maximum efficiency in term of mass flow rate per unit surface area was calculated.

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Frenkel, Val S., Todd Reynolds e Jean Debroux. "Desalination of Bay Water". In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)192.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Desalination"

Summers, L. J. Desalination processes and performance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/92023.

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Boettcher, Seth J., Courtney Gately, Alexandra L. Lizano, Alexis Long e Alexis Yelvington. Part 1: Brackish Groundwater Desalination Technical Report. A cura di Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, maggio 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.brackishgroundwater.p1.

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This Brackish Groundwater Desalination Technical Report examines the legal frameworks that affect desalination in Texas. The goal of this report is to provide insight into the legal and regulatory barriers, challenges, and opportunities for these technologies to go online. Each desalination implementation site has to find ways of complying with various laws and regulations. The information in this Report comes from the study of brackish groundwater desalination facilities currently operating in Texas, as well as extensive research into available literature and documents from various agencies. While there is no updated “one-stop-shop” resource that provides detailed information on all the necessary permits to build, operate, and maintain such facilities, this Technical Report aims to compile the existing, available information in an organized and accessible fashion. The Brackish Groundwater Desalination Technical Report is the first of three reports that make up the work product of a project undertaken by students at Texas A&M University School of Law in a select capstone seminar. These reports examine regulations surrounding desalination and water recycling. The companion report entitled Water Recycling Technical Report highlights building, operating, and monitoring requirements for water recycling facilities in Texas. Finally, the Case Study Report expands on regulations in San Antonio and El Paso where these water alternatives are in place.

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Author, Not Given. Integrated wind energy / Desalination system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1216726.

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Hinds, Bruce. Molecular Transporters for Desalination Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612679.

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Farmer, J. C., J. H. Richardson e D. V. Fix. Desalination with carbon aerogel electrodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/515979.

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Farmer, Joseph C., Jeffrey H. Richardson, David V. Fix, Scott L. Thomson e Sherman C. May. Desalination with Carbon Aerogel Electrodes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada349204.

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Brady, Patrick Vane, Tom Mayer e Randall Timothy Cygan. Nanotechnology applications to desalination : a report for the joint water reuse & desalination task force. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1011669.

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Farmer, J. C., J. H. Richardson, D. V. Fix, S. L. Thomson e S. C. May. Desalination with carbon aerogel electrodes. Revision 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/491952.

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MILLER, JAMES E. Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809106.

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Piedra, Juan, e Joan Enric Ricart. Cap Djinet Sea Water Desalination Plant (Algeria). Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, ottobre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/018.st-523.

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