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1
Lord, Nicholas, e Michael Levi. "Organizing the finances for and the finances from transnational corporate bribery". European Journal of Criminology 14, n. 3 (24 agosto 2016): 365–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816661740.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article analyses the finances for and the finances from corporate bribery in international business transactions and how they are organized. Transnational corporate bribery involves non-criminal commercial enterprises that operate in licit markets but that use corrupt means to win or maintain business contracts in foreign jurisdictions. This article first considers what needs to be financed, how much finance is needed, and how the bribes can be generated and distributed. Second, the article considers the different forms of proceeds that emerge out of the bribery, how offenders must conceal the derivation of funds from these crimes while also retaining control over them, and how they must overcome particular obstacles. Finally, the article discusses responses to the proceeds of bribery and related anti-money laundering provisions, before analysing actual and potential mechanisms for intervening with the finances for and from transnational corporate corruption.
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Ati, Susi, Umi Suswati Risnaeni, Indra Hidayatullah e Chumrotul Aini. "State Financial Management Model". Muhasabatuna : Jurnal Akuntansi Syariah 4, n. 2 (27 febbraio 2023): 025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54471/muhasabatuna.v4i2.2105.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Every government has a financial manager to ensure the implementation of development in his government. The president as the head of government holds the power to manage state finances which are delegated to the minister of finance and ministers or heads of institutions. The Minister of Finance holds the power to manage state finances as part of a government agency, the vital role of the Ministry of Finance is to manage state finances, assist state leaders in the field of finance and state assets based on Law no. 17 of 2003 concerning state finances and Law No. 1 of 2004 regarding the State Treasury and Law no. 15 of 2004 concerning Audit, Management and Financial Responsibility Country.
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Cok, Mitja. "Book review: Javne finance (Public Finances)". Financial Theory and Practice 37, n. 4 (12 dicembre 2013): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3326/fintp.37.4.5.
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Rusmiati, Rusmiati, e Sigit Priyono. "Mengelola Keuangan Keluarga yang Baik di Desa Gumuk Rejo". Jurnal Indonesia Mengabdi 1, n. 2 (12 dicembre 2019): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30599/jimi.v1i2.597.
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The main problem of a family that is always there is usually about finance. Could be due to lack of money, excess money, or because of confusion about how to manage money for people whose income is mediocre, while the needs always exceed income. But the mouth of it all, the key word is how to manage family or personal finances with smart, careful and the best. Managing finance is the main key in achieving financial success. Especially with the increasing cost of living in today's era requires us to be smarter in managing finances so as not to get into debt. Therefore, we must manage family finances so that expenses are not greater than income.
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Chornovol, Alla, Yuliia Nemish e Olha Biliavska. "INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT OF PUBLIC FINANCES". INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, n. 5-6 (2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2021.5-6.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the legal and organizational principles of public finance management. Methodology of research. To achieve this goal, the following tools of research methods were used: dialectical - to determine the initial conditions and content of public finance; analytical - when processing literary and Internet sources; causal - to determine the institutional support of public finances; abstract-logical - to generalize the presented material and draw conclusions. Findings. The issues of the essence, structure and peculiarities of the functioning of public finances in Ukraine are studied; the institutional units that ensure their formation and control over their use are specified. The peculiarities of the content of public finances of Ukraine are considered, the peculiarities of their components are determined in order to achieve not only economic, but also social goals by the state. Under the institutional support of public finances, we understand a purposeful hierarchical system of legal institutions that form, use, redistribute and control the funds of the public sector. Thus, based on this, among the components of institutional support are: state; executive, legislative and judicial powers; VRU, CMU, central executive bodies, higher judicial bodies, National Bank, Accounting Chamber; local councils, local executive bodies, budgetary institutions, subjects of state and communal property; advisory bodies under the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; scientific, public and professional institutions (organizations) in the field of public finance. The relevance of the study of issues related to improving the efficiency of state bodies on the basis of recommendations of international organizations and the formation of appropriate regulatory and legal support is substantiated. For example, it was noted that an action plan for the respective years should be developed, which includes directions for each area of the Strategy for Reforming the Public Finance Management System (in our opinion, public) and specifies the state bodies responsible for a particular area of public finance. The bodies of state financial control are determined in accordance with the current legislation, in particular: external control carried out by the legislative bodies - the committees of the Verkhovna Rada and the Accounting Chamber; executive authorities and the central bank - the Cabinet of Ministers (through specialized state bodies) and the NBU; and internal (performed by heads of state bodies) and internal audit (performed by the main managers of budget funds). The requirements of the current legislation to ensure openness of their spending and opportunities for free access to this information in order to strengthen public control over the use of public funds are analyzed. The composition and main problems of institutional support of public finances are formulated and practical recommendations for its evaluation are provided, which will allow to increase the efficiency of public finance management. Originality. The scientific novelty lies in the separation of the content of the institutional support of public finances and recommendations for its evaluation according to the established criteria. Practical value. The main provisions of this study in the form of evaluation proposals can be used to monitor the impact of public reform policy on the development of public finances. Key words: public finance; management; institutional support; public authorities; public financial control.
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TKACHUK, Iryna. "Methodological basis of state regulation of civil society finances". Economics. Finances. Law, n. 9/1 (25 settembre 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.9(1).4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Civil society organizations can play an important role in the process of solving the significant social and economic problems at both the local and national levels. However, their contribution depends significantly on the environment in which they are functioning and on the current state of organizing of their finances. The current state of organizing and functioning of civil society finances depends on the state regulation process in this sphere. It is important that the state regulatory activity is carried out on the certain methodology. This article is devoted to the study of the basics of it. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the methodological basis of state regulation of civil society finances. The paper provides a comprehensive study of the methodological basis of state regulation of civil society finances in accordance with the generalized scheme of methodology of any activity. The main characteristics of state activity in the field of civil society finance regulation (features of state regulatory activity in the field of civil society finance, its principles, conditions and norms), logical structure of state regulatory activity in civil society finance (subjects, object of state regulatory activity, its forms, methods, means, results and consequences), as well as its time structure (phases, stages, stages) are studied. On the basis of the carried out research the author's scheme of methodological bases of the state regulation of finances of the civil society is formed. Implementation of the state regulation of civil society finances in accordance with the elements of the proposed scheme is important, because it has a great impact on the results and consequences for the population, the state, business and business structures and for the civil society itself.
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Kiss, Judit. "Who Finances Whom?" Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 16, n. 1 (23 giugno 2022): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.1.3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In contrast to the highly developed countries and some developing regions, Africa highly depends on external resources of financing development. According to the saving-investment gap concept, there is a significant gap between savings and investment rates. As domestic resources are limited and their mobilization is slow, the region should rely on external sources of finance (i.e., aid, export revenues, FDI, loans, and remittances) in order to close the finance gap. Despite the massive inflow of external resources, the 200 billion USD yearly financing gap still prevails. The outflow of financial resources from Africa in the form of profit repatriations, debt service, tax dodging, capital flight and illicit financial flow exceeds the inflow, suggesting that Africa is a bottomless barrel. The long-standing concept about the saving-investment gap does not provide a full explanation for the prevailing financing gap. The main research questions are as follows: (a) Why is there a permanent financing gap in Africa? b) Why does the outflow of financial resources exceed the inflow? c) What should be done to close the financing gap and solve the problem of financing development?
The paper is structured as follows: Section 1 is based on the saving-investmentgap concept and explores the validity of this theory in Sub-Saharan Africa. The conclusion of Section 1 is that there is a permanent finance gap in SSA, consequently, the region should rely on external sources of finance. Section 2 introduces the main external sources of finance (aid, FDI and remittances) and reveals the major trends and characteristics of these flows. As the saving-investment gap is smaller than the amount of external financial inflow, two questions arise: Where does the money go? Is Africa suffering from a financial haemorrhage? Section 3 tries to identify those “leaks” which drain Africa’s accumulated domestic and external resources by analysing the main channels of financial outflows such as capital flight and illicit financial flows. In the conclusion we present the financing situation of Africa and answer the question “Who finances whom?” and make recommendations for enhancing development finance. The final conclusion is that not the external world finances Africa, but Africa finances the world. The issue of financing Africa’s development cannot be solved without (a) mobilizing domestic resources (including domestic savings), (b) attracting external resources as well as improving the use and avoiding the misuse of inflowing financial resources, and (c) curbing capital flight and tackling illicit financial outflow.
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Zimon, Grzegorz. "Working Capital". Encyclopedia 1, n. 3 (6 agosto 2021): 764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030058.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The simplest net working capital can be defined as the difference between the value of current assets and short-term liabilities together with other short-term accruals. It is equivalent to the part of the current assets financed with equity, provisions for liabilities, long-term liabilities, and the remaining part of accruals. Therefore, it is the capital that finances only that part of the current assets that are not financed with short-term liabilities. This amount is financed with fixed capital. Summing up, net working capital is the fixed capital that finances the company’s current assets.
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VOZNYAK, Halyna, e Iryna ZHEREBYLO. "IMPERATIVES OF THE INFLUENCE OF PUBLIC FINANCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL SPHERE: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH". WORLD OF FINANCE, n. 2(75) (2023): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2023.02.080.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. The new reality and new challenges faced by the financial system of Ukraine determine other approaches to the management of public finances. An effective system of public finance management is a guarantee of the stability of socio-economic security, and therefore the issue of deepening the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the imperatives of the influence of public finance on the development of the social sphere and understanding the role of public finance in the system of ensuring the livelihood of residents are in demand and are of scientific interest. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the imperatives of the influence of public finances on the development of the social sphere. Methods. The research uses methods of analysis, logical generalization, as well as comparison and formalization. Results. The concept of the study of the imperatives of the influence of public finances on the development of the social sphere is proposed, which reveals the interrelationships of these spheres and the variability of long-term and shock transformations of the environment of the distribution of public finances. The consequential-target approach to determining the imperatives of the impact of public finances on the social sphere is substantiated. It provides for the identification of the main imperatives – sustainability, geopolitics, geoeconomics, spatial balance, regulation, market self-regulation, inclusiveness, technology, network connections, openness, as well as the positive and destructive consequences of their influence in the synergy of the distribution of public finances and ensuring the development of the social sphere. It was established that the general goal of the influence of the imperatives of public finance on the social sphere should be the financial well-being of the population, as well as the sustainability of financing human capital and the development of social infrastructure. Poverty, lack of savings, social stratification, inequality and economic immobility of the population are defined as absolute destructive factors.
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Bareta, Rizky Dian, Triyono Triyono e Rahmat Rahmat. "Legal Politics of Electronic Documents in State Finances As Legal Evidence". Jurnal Ilmiah Dunia Hukum 7, n. 2 (27 aprile 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/jidh.v7i2.3362.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p><em>Disruption of digital technology as part of the industrial revolution 4.0 forces changes in human culture to keep up with the times, including in public institutions. Regulating the digitalization of state finances has risks, including electronic evidence in court that is very likely to occur, given that corruption in state finances is still rampant, requiring legal evidence in court. This research is normative research by examining the existence of regulations related to electronic documents in state finances and explaining how electronic documents are formed. In this study, it can be concluded that regulations regarding electronic evidence have been adequately accommodated, although there is still an asymmetry in the classification of electronic evidence itself. Regulations governing electronic documents in the field of state finances still refer to laws regarding electronic information and transactions. These regulations are considered complete, although, in several regulations in the field of state finance, adjustments are still required to support the use of electronic documents in state finances. Electronic signatures are divided into certified and uncertified signatures, but certified signatures make the presence of an ideal electronic document. This research can be used as input for policymakers in implementing electronic documents in state finance.</em></p>
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Slater, E. C. "Finances". IUBMB: Life 48, n. 5 (1 novembre 1999): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/152165499306559.
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Slater, E. C. "Finances". IUBMB Life 48, n. 5 (1 novembre 1999): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713803554.
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van der Vaart, Wander. "Finances". Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 130, n. 1 (22 marzo 2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0759106315627741g.
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Dhameja, Nand. "State Governments Finances: Public Services Finances". Indian Journal of Public Administration 50, n. 3 (luglio 2004): 619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120040310.
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KNEYSLER, Olga, Nataliia SPASIV e Tetiana KIZYMA. "THE FINANCES OF THE UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE". WORLD OF FINANCE, n. 1(62) (2020): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.01.008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. In the context of reforming the system of local self-government and territorial organization of power, they need to rethink a number of important theoretical postulates of domestic financial science through the prism of improving existing and developing new conceptual approaches to the theoretical substantiation of the finances of the united territorial communities in their territorial communities. After all, the study of OTG finances, with their permanent dominance in local finance, is the basis for effective implementation of the reform of financial decentralization and local development. Moreover, upon completion of the reform, the UGT finances will prevail, completely changing the local finances. Purpose. Given the limited theoretical and practical experience of domestic scientists on the finances of the united territorial communities, the purpose of the article is to find out the place and role of OGF finances in the financial system of the state. Methods. The methods of abstraction, generalization, induction, deduction, synthesis were applied in the study of the role and place of OGF finances in the financial system of the state, as well as the system method. Results. The views of domestic and foreign theorists and practitioners on the scientific substantiation of the financial system of the state and its structural components have been systematized. The LTG finances in its structure and the role for modifications of local finances was determined. This made it possible to identify OTG finances as an area of the financial system and to formulate a science-based approach to their knowledge, while separating OTG budgets, utility and financial institutions and local borrowing in their structure. Discussion. It is advisable to carry out further scientific researches of OGF finances on the basis of the formed theoretical substantiation of OGF finances as an integral part of the financial system of the state with the corresponding structural structure – links that are interconnected and interact.
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Vahlevi, Dewi Riza Lisvi. "Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat Melalui Edukasi Literasi Keuangan Islam". Proceedings of Annual Conference for Muslim Scholars 6, n. 1 (15 aprile 2022): 1112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/ancoms.v6i1.452.
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Understanding of Islamic financial literacy should have been applied at least in personal finance, because when someone can manage finances well, it means that person has intelligence in managing personal finances. This article tries to explore how the process of educating the public about Islamic financial literacy in an effort to improve their economic level. Using the literature review method and field research, this article confirms that Islamic financial literacy plays an important role in improving the community's economy. In practice, Islamic financial literacy is really able to improve the community's economy starting from their personal finances.
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Putri, Anike, Ghea Nofayza, Widi Dwi Aditia Putra e Delia Arofah. "Pemahaman Dasar Keuangan Untuk Pengoperasian Aplikasi Buku Warung". Jurnal Bhakti Karya dan Inovatif 3, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2023): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37278/bhaktikaryadaninovatif.v3i1.579.
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For MSMEs, several steps can be taken in order to manage finances well, namely starting to separate personal and business finances, and starting simple bookkeeping. If MSMEs are able to separate personal finance from business finance, and have bookkeeping or administrative management (business finance), MSMEs can try to make financial planning in a simple way. By separating personal and business financial records, owners can more easily manage their business finances. This is because the accuracy of business financial records can influence decision making and evaluate business performance. Mixed cash flow between personal and business finances can make it difficult for MSME actors to determine business operating costs. One strategy for separating personal and business financial records is that the owner can "pay" himself so that all personal needs are recorded from the salary post.Keeping daily financial records is a simple thing, but can bring great benefits in the long term. Companies with complete and accurate financial records will have advantages in terms of evaluation and monitoring. The development of internet technology and applications must be utilized by MSME business people. However, business actors must also be able to determine exactly what applications will be used to support the overall operation of their business. As technology develops, MSME players can take advantage of digital applications to help manage their business more effectively. By utilizing digital applications, MSMEs can find out financial transactions more quickly and accurately. The specific target in this community service activity is to provide knowledge and training to Shoe Craftsmen of the Cibaduyut Sub-District regarding understanding the basic finances for operating the Buku Warung application.
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RADIONOV, Yurii. "Genesis of public finances and their development in Ukraine". Fìnansi Ukraïni 2023, n. 4 (4 agosto 2023): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2023.04.105.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. Dynamic, systemic transformations in society impact the development of socio-economic relations and improvement of terminology. Financial science is constantly updated, enriched with new terms that reveal and/or expand the essential meaning of certain financial processes and phenomena. A new term “public finance” appeared, which has gained great popularity in the scientific economic literature, especially among scientists of Ukraine. Researching its essence is an important factor in better understanding not only the genesis of the origin, but also the meaning of modern finance. Problem Statement. Obtaining the status of a candidate for EU membership opens up new opportunities for Ukraine and imposes certain obligations on bringing domestic financial terminology to generally recognized international practice. It is necessary to decide on the composition of public finances, which should be in the system of managing the country's financial resources. After all, the reconstruction of the state after the war will require increased attention from the public regarding the accumulation, distribution, redistribution and use of financial resources in the priority directions of socio-economic development. The question of the effectiveness of management and use of financial resources today and in the near future will become an extremely urgent task of the entire system of the country's financial resources (Public Finance Management, PFM). The purpose is to determine the genesis of the concept, essence, composition, structure of public finances and prospects for their development. Methods. General scientific and special methods are used: analysis, synthesis, grouping, description, comparison, theoretical generalization and abstract-logical. Results. The dominant definition of public finance, in addition to meeting public needs, is independence and autonomy, as well as transparent formation and completion of all stages of the budget process. Based on this concept, it can be argued that under the conditions of the Soviet system, due to the lack of transparent mechanisms for the formation of budget revenues and budget execution, it was state rather than public finances that existed. The emergence of public finances is closely related to the activities of public authorities, which represent the state as a social institution and perform its functions at all levels of government. The democratization of state institutions affected the activities of state structures, including financial institutions. It is the relations concerning the formation and use of finances to satisfy the needs and interests of the people using the mechanism of transparency and openness of public funds management that are the basis of the formation of public finances. This peculiarity is a characteristic feature that makes it possible to distinguish them from public finances. The author'sdefinition of the term “public finance” is proposed. Conclusions. The complexity and ambiguity of the interpretation of the term “public finance” among scientists has been proven, which reflects, on the one hand, the historical past of the financial system of Ukraine, and on the other hand, the essential specificity of this term. It is advisable to improve the conceptual apparatus of domestic financial science, in particular by carrying out relevant reforms, introducing the term “public finance” into practice and enshrining it at the legislative level. Transparency, openness of the authorities that dominate the financial and budgetary systems of Western European countries and help them better perform the functions of the state is a determining factor of public finances as a special type of modern financial and social relations.
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Sergent, Lucien H. "Les finances locales". Revue française d'administration publique 60, n. 1 (1991): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1991.2496.
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Local Finance. Local financing Systems vary considerably in western Europe. In particular, State allocation of resources from local taxes and receipts to local authorities is very uneven. However, even if, in most countries a priori supervision has disappeared, there is a widespread trend towards increasing the means of controlling local finances. With 1993 in site, this trend could be reinforced, leading central governments to reduce the financial autonomy of local authorities.
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van Deventer, Marko. "African Generation Y students’ personal finance behavior and knowledge". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, n. 4 (26 novembre 2020): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(4).2020.13.
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Personal financial management is important, given uncertainties in both financial and economic environment. However, published research on African Generation Y students’ personal finance behavior and knowledge is limited. This study aimed to evaluate African Generation Y students’ personal finance behavior in terms of their attitudes towards financial planning and whether this cohort believes that they have the skills to manage their finances successfully. In addition, this study sought to evaluate African Generation Y students’ knowledge regarding personal finance. A convenience sample of 500 African students across the campuses of two South African public higher education institutions situated in the Gauteng province was surveyed using structured, self-administered questionnaires. The t-test results indicate that the sample deems the process of planning personal finances and managing credit, insurance, investment, and estate, as important. Moreover, the students scored low in the broad personal finance knowledge areas of basic finance, saving, spending, and debt, suggesting that this cohort is financially illiterate. The results also indicated that the students think they have the financial skillset to manage their personal finances. A high Pearson’s correlation coefficient was noted between sampled participants’ personal finance behavior and their observed personal finance management skillset regarding the relationship between the constructs. However, an insignificant relationship was found between attitudes towards personal finance and financial knowledge and between financial knowledge and African Generation Y students’ apparent finance skills. Understanding African Generation Y students’ personal finance behavior and knowledge, universities and financial institutions can more effectively identify gaps and deficiencies in students’ personal finance endeavors.
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Bukhtiarova, Alina, Yuliia Dukhno, Ganna Kulish, Iryna Kurochkina e Volodymyr Lypchanskyi. "Ensuring transparency of key public finance authorities". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, n. 2 (24 maggio 2019): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nowadays, there is a constant need for managing large amounts of information in public finances to identify existing and prevent future cases of illegal use of financial resources of citizens. The openness of information of key public finance authorities has a powerful anti-corruption effect and has a beneficial effect on economic development, while transparency of public finances is a factor in the successful implementation of the reform of all spheres of the economy.The purpose of the article is to develop a methodology for assessing the institutional and political transparency of the leading public finance authorities in Ukraine and its practical application on the example of the Ministry of Finance and the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine. The methodology includes six main stages, based on which the transparency index of public finance authorities was calculated. Constant calculations of the index will motivate the interaction of stakeholders and non-governmental organizations to increase the openness of public finance authorities in public finances, and the digital data settlements themselves can be used to develop recommendations to increase the level of transparency of the activities of key public finance authorities. Approbation of the developed transparency index of public finance authorities on the example of the Ministry of Finance and the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine made it possible to calculate the percentage of openness of data published by the indicated institutions. Based on quantitative calculations, practical recommendations were made for improving the completeness, reliability, availability and timeliness of published information.
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Presnyakova, Darya V., Vladimir N. Galitskikh e Andrey A. Presnyakov. "PERSONAL FINANCE MANAGEMENT USING INSURANCE AND INVESTMENT". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2/5, n. 143 (2024): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.02.05.013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The current life situation forces a person, family, entrepreneur to pay attention to their own income and expenses, so the task arises to effectively manage personal finances. This category is quite important and occupies a special place in the life of a person and his family, since determining the optimal ways to manage personal finances allows you to increase well-being. The tasks of the subjects of personal finance management are considered to reduce current cash expenditures, increase income through economic activities and conduct typical financial calculations to determine the budget. The goal of ensuring the balance of personal finances can be achieved through life insurance, property, liability business, etc.
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Denysenko, Nataliia. "PROBLEM ISSUES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF PUBLIC FINANCES DURING THE WAR". Current problems of architecture and urban planning, n. 64 (31 agosto 2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2022.64.41-52.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article highlights the current issues of planning and budget development during the war, the functioning of state finances, the components of the military economy as a multi-sectoral complex, and the mechanisms of financing the military economy in modern conditions. The main modern trends in the sphere of public finances of Ukraine are considered. A comparison is made with the world experience of the functioning of military state finances. The financial consequences in the countries affected by the war are analyzed.
Military finance is a special part of state finances, the main link of which is the military budget. The military budget is part of the State budget of the country. The article examines the world experience of the budgetary process during the war.
The structure of military finances and its main elements are analyzed: the military budget, sources of income generation and spending, military borrowing, military purchases, finances of interstate military groups, foreign military aid, military defense orders, military levies, and others.
The classification of military costs, which are divided into direct, indirect and hidden, is generalized. In turn, direct military expenses are divided into current and capital expenses.
The article emphasizes that there are three main sources of funding for military spending: printing money, increasing taxes, and borrowing. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these sources of financing are analyzed. Analysis of the functioning of military finances in the leading countries of the world during the wars of the 20th century revealed the main trends. Most countries increased the tax rates of individuals, did not use the provision of state grants to support small businesses, tried to keep the share of monetary emission among sources of financing no more than 20%, used internal state borrowing to attract funds.
Military bonds are considered as a kind of investment tool to support the state budget. Military bonds are separate issues of domestic state loan bonds from the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine during martial law. The conditions for issuing state military bonds are summarized.
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Kneysler, Olga, e Nataliіa Spasiv. "Strategic guidelines for the development of UTС finances: implementation of world experience". Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, n. 3(97) (1 ottobre 2020): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2020.03.102.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. In the context of reforming the system of local self-government and territorial organization of power, the use of world best practices in the context of decentralization and implementation of best foreign practices in shaping the finances of territorial communities and their associations is of paramount importance. Accordingly, a number of important theoretical postulates of domestic financial science need to be reconsidered through the prism of improving existing and developing the latest conceptual approaches to the functioning of the finances of united territorial communities (OTG) using international advances in this area. local development. Purpose. Given the limited theoretical and practical work of domestic scholars on the finances of the united territorial communities, the purpose of the article is to use the best world practices to improve the efficiency of OTG finances. Methods. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific and economic- statistical methods: analysis, synthesis, statistical method - to study the international experience of OTG finance reform; inductions, deductions - to determine the directions of development of OTG finances in Ukraine; abstract-logical, economic-mathematical - for estimating revenues and expenditures of local budgets of OECD countries. Results. The world experience of reforming the finances of territorial communities is considered. In the context of application of the best international practices the directions of development of finance of OTG in Ukraine under modern conditions of carrying out financial decentralization are offered. Estimates of revenues and expenditures of local budgets of OECD countries were assessed, which allowed to determine priorities in revenue generation, expenditure optimization, distribution of powers and functions, as well as the use of new sources to increase the revenue base of local communities and their associations in Ukraine. Discussion. The prospects for further research is to develop a model for optimizing the financing of OTG development in order to ensure the implementation of its own powers and functions.
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Szołno-Koguc, Jolanta. "The Significance of Openness and Transparency for Accountability in Public Finances". e-Finanse 14, n. 2 (1 giugno 2018): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2018-0012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractAn essential condition for asserting responsibility in public finances is that they are open and transparent. The Public Finance Act mentions ways of applying the principles of openness, and also stipulates the entities obliged to present data and information on public finances. There is, however, no legislation connected directly with transparency. So do the general requirements of classification and of accountancy and reporting principles constitute sufficient premises for accountability and asserting responsibility? An analysis of the reports and documents concerning the Polish public finance sector indicates that the processes of collecting and spending public funds are insufficiently transparent. The information system enables formal verification of discipline of public finances; however, it does not provide a sufficient basis to assess the effectiveness and efficiency, which are of key importance in terms of accountability. The aim of the article is to analyse the requirements and standards in the field of openness and transparency insofar as these concern the responsibility and accountability of public authorities, along with elements of how these are assessed in the Polish public finance system. A normative descriptive method was applied which took into consideration elements of finance theory, as well as an analysis of practical experience in the field of how public sector bodies function in Poland. The research objectives are realised mainly on the basis of a critical review of the literature on the subject, and an analysis of legal acts, reports and other documents of domestic and international institutions. The considerations and analyzes have led to several key applications to develop the principles of openness and transparency in relation to improving the accountability of public finances.
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Nurwahyuni, Nurwahyuni, Fitriani Fitriani e Hasnidar Syam Hasnidar Syam. "PRAKTIK PENCATATAN BUKU KAS DAN LITERASI KEUANGAN PADA KELOMPOK IBU RUMAH TANGGA DI GOMBAK VILLAGE KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIA". Arunika: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, n. 2 (26 dicembre 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53654/ar.v2i2.432.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Household finances are not an easy thing, you need to manage household finances correctly so that all the needs of various family members can be met. Managing family finances well, managing carefully how expenses match the income earned, is one of the keys to family success. And you need to understand that managing household finances is not only an individual's responsibility, but husbands and wives have the same important role and responsibility for managing finances in their household. However, in most conditions in people's lives, the wife plays the role of treasurer or minister of household finance. This community service activity program collaborates with partners. This form of service is carried out through the promotion of financial literacy and the practice of recording shopping books for housewives. This activity aims to increase and foster financial literacy knowledge for housewives so they are able to be wiser and manage household income and expenses, in order to meet their daily needs. The results achieved can be seen from the positive and enthusiastic responses from the participants. Participants were communicative with question and answer sessions and sharing during the service activity process. Activities like this are very beneficial for partners, especially housewives, some of whom work as cleaners, thereby increasing their knowledge in recording household finances. The service teamhopes that activities like this can continue with different themes and the creation of basic accounting consulting services and simple bookkeeping of household finances
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Siregar, Budi Gautama. "IBU RUMAH TANGGA DALAM MANAJEMEN KEUANGAN KELUARGA". Jurnal Kajian Gender dan Anak 3, n. 1 (27 gennaio 2020): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/gender.v3i1.2255.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Family is the smallest, most important and very basic in society and state. One problem in the family that can lead to divorce is a financial problem that cannot be managed properly. This paper is based on theoretical studies and previous studies. Financial management in the family is a way of managing family finances systematically and carefully through the planning, implementation and evaluation stages. Housewives in managing family finances must be smart, careful and precise in their use of finance so that a good family is always created and experiences continuous growth. With the ability of housewives to manage family finances appropriately, on time, right place, right price, and right quality will be realized family welfare.
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Musiał, Marta. "Zastosowanie instrumentów zarządzania finansami osobistymi w polskich gospodarstwach domowych". Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace 4, n. 3 (13 dicembre 2015): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2015.4.3.16.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One of the most important elements of managing personal finances is collectionof data needed for the analysis of household’s financial situation. The mostpopular personal finance management tools include financial statements (balancesheets and cash flows) and household budget. The purpose of this article isto determine how Polish households use the basic personal finances management tools. The article will characterize the tools and present the results of primarystudies concerning the use of these tools by Polish households.
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Satria, Dy Ilham, e Debi Narisa. "PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN ANGGOTA DEWAN TENTANG ANGGARAN TERHADAP PENGAWASAN KEUANGAN DAERAH DENGAN TRANSPARANSI KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK DAN AKUNTABILITAS SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERATING: (STUDI KASUS PADA DPRK KABUPATEN ACEH UTARA)". Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan 5, n. 1 (2 febbraio 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jak.v5i1.1808.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aimed to determine the effect of the knowledge of board member about the budget on the supervision of regional finances with the transparency of public policy and accountability as moderating variables. The samples of this study were taken using Census sampling technique in which the entire population used as the sample. Questionnaires were distributed as many as 45 questionnaires and returned 39 questions, then analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis and the hypothesis were tested using SPSS. The results of this study showed that the knowledge of board members about the budget had a significant positive effect on the supervision of regional finances. The knowledge of board member of budgets with the transparency of public policy as moderating variable influence negatively on the supervision of regional finance. The results of this test indicate that the Transparency of Public Policy weakened the relationship between the knowledge of board members about budgets to the supervision of regional finances. The knowledge of board members about budgets with accountability as a moderating influenced the supervision of regional finances, the results of these tests explained that accountability strengthened the relationship of knowledge of board members on budgets toward the supervision of regional finance. Simultaneous test (f-test) indicated that the knowledge of board members about budgets influenced the supervision of regional finance with the transparency of public policy and accountability as moderating variables that can be seen with the value of sig 0,029 that is less than 0,05 so that the hypothesis was accepted.
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Ikhyanuddin, Ikhyanuddin, Fuadi Fuadi e Nanda Safitri. "PENGARUH PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH (PAD) DAN DANA ALOKASI KHUSUS (DAK) TERHADAP ALOKASI BELANJA MODAL PADA KABUPATEN/KOTA PEMERINTAH PROVINSI ACEH TAHUN 2014-2018". Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan 9, n. 2 (9 agosto 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jak.v9i2.4732.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aimed to determine the effect of the knowledge of board member about the budget on the supervision of regional finances with the transparency of public policy and accountability as moderating variables. The samples of this study were taken using Census sampling technique in which the entire population used as the sample. Questionnaires were distributed as many as 45 questionnaires and returned 39 questions, then analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis and the hypothesis were tested using SPSS. The results of this study showed that the knowledge of board members about the budget had a significant positive effect on the supervision of regional finances. The knowledge of board member of budgets with the transparency of public policy as moderating variable influence negatively on the supervision of regional finance. The results of this test indicate that the Transparency of Public Policy weakened the relationship between the knowledge of board members about budgets to the supervision of regional finances. The knowledge of board members about budgets with accountability as a moderating influenced the supervision of regional finances, the results of these tests explained that accountability strengthened the relationship of knowledge of board members on budgets toward the supervision of regional finance. Simultaneous test (f-test) indicated that the knowledge of board members about budgets influenced the supervision of regional finance with the transparency of public policy and accountability as moderating variables that can be seen with the value of sig 0,029 that is less than 0,05 so that the hypothesis was accepted.
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Макашина, Ольга Владиленовна, e Наталия Сергеевна Красникова. "THE ALGORITHM OF ORGANIZATION OF FINANCE OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR". «Izvestia vyssih uchebnyh zavedenij. Seria «Ekonomika, finansy i upravlenie proizvodstvom», n. 4 (46) (29 dicembre 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivecofin.2020464.500.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the study was to identify the reasons why there was a need to form a new model of public sector finance and develop an algorithm for organizing public sector finance. The article compares the provisions of the guidelines developed by the international monetary fund on public finance statistics. The authors proceeded from the guidelines that the starting point for the organization of public sector Finance was the identification of institutional units and activities that relate to the public sector. This made it possible to determine the composition of public sector finances. The purpose of the organization of public sector finance is to meet the socio-economic needs of society, ensuring compliance with the appropriate level of national security. The need for the functioning of institutional units in the public sector is related to the fact that it would be impossible to meet public needs on a purely entrepreneurial basis. It is determined that the practical application of the principles of classification of sectors will be required in cases where it is necessary to find out whether a particular entity belongs to institutional units and, if so, to which sector (either to the public administration sector or to state corporations). The paper shows that from the point of view of the impact on fiscal policy, public sector finances include the finances of the public administration sector, which in turn consists of institutional units that are mainly engaged in non-market activities, and the finances of state corporations (organizations). The proposed approach to the organization of public sector Finance based on the concept of institutional units will increase the availability of key statistical data. This is certainly in line with the desire of most countries to increase transparency and accountability in the public sector. In addition, it helps to identify shortcomings at the early stages of the deterioration of the financial situation in the country and to take timely corrective measures
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Matani, Cornelia Desiana, e Hastutie Noor Andriati. "Literasi Keuangan Bagi Siswa /I Di SMP Negeri 1 Arso Kota". Community Engagement Journal: The Commen 4, n. 2 (10 giugno 2022): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52062/.v4i2.2236.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This service activity aims to improve the financial literacy of junior high school students at SMP Negeri 1 Arso City, Keerom Regency. The training will be held on September 24, 2021, in the class room of SMP Negeri 01 Arso Kota, Keerom Regency. The participants of the activity were 40 students aged 13-16 years. The training was carried out by introducing the basic concepts of finance, the importance of managing finances, how to manage finances at a young age, and a basic understanding of taxes. Financial literacy needs to be taught as early as possible so as to increase our awareness of the importance of the ability to manage personal finances which in turn brings discipline in managing finances at a higher level. The monitoring and evaluation mechanism of training activities is carried out through the distribution of forms that assess students' understanding after the material is given which is distributed to training students after the activity.
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Jakupi, Shefket Zeqir, e Besart Hajrizi. "Personal Finances’ Planning and Management as means for a Successful Family Life". International Journal of Management Excellence 10, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2017): 1235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v10i1.951.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract
Studying personal finances helps avoiding financial difficulties and the use of financial opportunities to provide a chance for a successful family life. Personal finance is based on studying the financial resources of the family, which are considered important in the pursuit of financial success, that is, how people spend, save, protect and invest their money in everyday life. Personal finance is linked to these key concepts: financial responsibility, financial success and financial satisfaction, addressed in four key issues namely: Saving, Borrowing, Insurance and Investing.
The relevance of this article is even on identifying the main advantages derived by personal digital finances, where the applicability of the cryptocurrency is increasing day by day.
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Kelly, Daniel, e Paul Trevatt. "£ NHS finances". Cancer Nursing Practice 5, n. 8 (ottobre 2006): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/cnp.5.8.14.s15.
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J.D.R. "Florida Finances". Americas 43, n. 3 (gennaio 1987): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500053165.
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Roberts, William Clifford. "Personal finances". American Journal of Cardiology 76, n. 5 (agosto 1995): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80120-9.
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Nelson, Mark H., e Paul E. Juras. "Practice Finances". Ophthalmology 118, n. 7 (luglio 2011): 1491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.01.050.
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BODMER, WALTER. "HUGO'S finances". Nature 346, n. 6280 (luglio 1990): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346100e0.
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Burla, Vishnu. "Practice Finances". Journal of the American Dental Association 151, n. 8 (agosto 2020): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2020.06.010.
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McMillan, R. "Trainee finances". British Dental Journal 204, n. 9 (maggio 2008): 478–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.367.
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Bell, Peter M. "AGU's finances". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, n. 17 (1988): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/88eo00142.
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Wipperman, Alan. "Library Finances". Bulletin of the Marx Memorial Library 139, n. 1 (marzo 2004): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bbml.2004.139.8.
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Arulkumaran, S. "FIGO'S finances". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 86, n. 2 (19 giugno 2004): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.04.020.
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Gunyou, John. "Public finances". National Civic Review 77, n. 4 (luglio 1988): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ncr.4100770411.
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KHRUSHCH, Nila, e Lіudmila NIANKO. "ENSURING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF PUBLIC FINANCES IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 316, n. 2 (27 aprile 2023): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2023-316-2-9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the article is research and assessment of the stability of public finances as a component of the financial system of the state in conditions of instability. Early detection of threats to the stability of economic development and timely prevention of crisis situations is one of the most important long-term goals of the economic policy of the government of any country. The theoretical aspects of the public finance system are considered, namely: their essence, functions and structure, as well as the modern public finance system of Ukraine, its structure and component links. Public finance is a key component of the financial system of Ukraine, which owns more than half of all financial resources and includes various financial institutions that implement the functions of the state. Ensuring public finances is an institutional process, which consists in the implementation of structural transformations of their components to ensure the effective accumulation and distribution of public financial resources in accordance with the priorities of the country’s socio-economic development. The practical aspects of the application of modern tools for assessing the sustainability of public finances in the conditions of Ukraine are revealed. The evolution of approaches to defining the concept of “sustainability” is presented. The multi-functionality of public finances determines their extensive structure, the main component of which is the State budget. The article analyzes the implementation of the State Budget of Ukraine for nine years (2013-2021), as a key component of public finances and one of the criteria for their sustainability, and determines the level of the budget deficit and its share in GDP. It is shown that the budget indicators almost correspond to the European criteria for the sustainability of the public finance system. A manifestation of the instability of the state’s financial position is, as a rule, an unlimited increase in the relative value of the state debt (no more than 60% of GDP). An inevitable consequence of the instability of public finances is hyperinflation and/or the state’s refusal to service its obligations (default). Based on calculations, it was found that the level of the state debt met these requirements only in 2019 and 2021. The need to maintain the ratio of public debt to GDP at a constant level to ensure financial stability is argued by the fact that the amount of public debt, which is constantly growing, may soon reach a certain limit, which will be perceived as the solvency threshold.
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Zurab Aznaurashvili, Zurab Aznaurashvili. "The Risks of Using Cryptocurrency in Political Financing And The Methods for its Prevention". Economics 104, n. 10-12 (12 dicembre 2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs104/10-12/2021-41.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Regulating and monitoring political finances is an important factor in ensuring a fair and equitable electoral environment, but there are frequent cases of illegal finances, and in the modern world there is a tendency to use digital currencies, which are slowly entering political parties and making political finances monitoring impossible. The Relevant political finance regulations set standards for access to information, which make it possible to process the required information, to monitor it and achieve the transparency of information. Moreover, the Regulation and transparency of funding political processes are important to limit the means of gaining a power through anonymous and illegal sources. The appropriate measures of prevention and coercion serve this purpose in order to make political finances transparent through effective monitoring. Recently, a number of countries have faced the threat of receiving funding from the closed parties and the use of crypto currencies by political parties, and many have begun to think about introducing certain regulations to protect policies from digital currencies. Keywords: political party, political financing, political corruption, cryptocurrency, bitcoin.
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"Republic of Madagascar". IMF Staff Country Reports 19, n. 332 (31 ottobre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513518596.002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
At the request of the Ministry of Finance and Budget (MFB) of Madagascar, and in consultation with the African Department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a technical assistance (TA) mission on government finance statistics (GFS) from the Statistics Department visited Antananarivo from March 4 to 15, 2019. The purpose of the mission was for the Malagasy authorities to adopt the Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2014 concepts, definitions, and methodology as part of the macroeconomic statistics improvement project, namely the Enhanced Data Dissemination Initiative 2 (EDDI 2), financed by the Department for International Development (DFID); and Madagascar’s Strategic Plan to Modernize Government Finances (Programme Stratégique de Modernisation des Finances Publiques – PSMFP). This mission is also a continuation of previous TA missions on this topic (January and December 2016, and March 2018).
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Prutska, Olena. "ESSENCE AND STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC FINANCE: THEORETICAL ASPECT". Pryazovskyi Economic Herald, n. 3(26) (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/2522-4263/2021-3-23.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the functioning of public finances. In Ukraine, public finances account for more than 40% of gross domestic product. Public finances provide funding for state functions, including territorial integrity, law and order, health care, education funding, pensions, social protection, infrastructure development, environmental protection, and more. The formation of an effective system of public finance has become one of the key tasks of the current stage of development of the Ukrainian economy. Its solution requires the creation of a holistic concept of formation, development and improvement of the public finance system of Ukraine. In the domestic economic literature in the study of the problems of state finance, its revenues and expenditures, the phrase “state finance” was common. The term “public finance” is considered by experts to be a relatively young category of Ukrainian science, the active application of which began with the implementation of public administration reform. The purpose of the article is to clarify the nature and composition of public finances as a necessary resource for the functioning of the state, local governments, public needs of society. The article analyzes the definitions of “public finance”. It is concluded that Ukrainian economists have not yet agreed on the essence and components of the public finance system. The author presents arguments in favor of an expanded interpretation of this category, proposed his own definition of public finance. It is proposed to include the budget system, extra-budgetary trust funds, and finances of state and communal enterprises, financial and non-financial public corporations, enterprises within the framework of public-private partnership to public finances. Such an expanded interpretation of the structure of public finances will clarify the mechanism of their management, develop a system of incentives, forms of influence and control, and in particular by drawing more attention to the activities of state and municipal enterprises, develop clear criteria for quantitative parameters of public sector enterprises and their financial indicators.
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"Influence of household finance on stability of public finances". Bulletin of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Economic Series, n. 95 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2311-2379-2018-95-05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The relevance of the study is determined by theoretical definition of the essence and specification of the components of the subsystems of public finances, which allowed us reveal the need for studying the role of household finance in public finances, which have a direct connection with the state budget, local budgets and funds of social importance. As a subject of public finance, households, through participation in the formation and use of public finance, can influence the stability of this category. Analysing profitable part of the state budget, namely stake of payments from the profits of householders in a budget, and considering their personal interest in a social sphere, it was their public interest that unites interests of the state and private is certain. Due to the fact that almost a third of the expenditures of the consolidated budget is allocated for social protection and security, and one of the public finance subsystems is fully owned by non-state social funds, financial flows that are defined and guaranteed by the state for all citizens and personify public interests were considered. The analysis of the expenditures of the state and local budgets determined that the expenses on the social protection of pensioners and the social protection of the family, children and young people are of the greatest interest, and they are directly related to the finances of households. Using the indicator of the stability of public finances, articles on social protection were examined, and it was determined which areas could adversely affect the sustainability of public finances. Social protection of the retired people refers to the area with a negative impact on public finances. The obtained results require further studies of the relationship of the social sphere with household finance, which will make it possible to determine the instruments of influence and regulation in the sphere of public finances.
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Huda, Miftahul Huda. "PRINSIP-PRINSIP KEUANGAN PUBLIK ISLAM". Al-Intaj : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 4, n. 1 (9 ottobre 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/aij.v4i1.1198.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Islamic Public Finance is a financial concept based on Islam, which by planting religious values will have an impact on positive values. The source of Islamic public finances is certainly the largest base of acquisition is zakat, infak, sadakah, and waqf. The ultimate goal of Islamic public finance is the falah. Different characteristics of the conventional is a separate value of Islamic public finances, in which there are views on zakat and taxes, payments, expenses, and equilibrium in the public sector. The instruments that occur in public finance should also be considered, among others are zakat, corporate assets, infak, kharaj, waqf. The collected power of this public finance system has several foundations of Islamic values, which by these principles will make a firm foundation in developing Islamic public finances.