Tesi sul tema "Dépendance structurelle"
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Bantman-Masum, Eve. "Unis contre les Etats-Unis? : la gauche nationaliste à Oaxaca et au Chiapas, entre antiaméricanisme autoritaire et dépendance structurelle (2002-2004)". Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0272.
Mexico's postcolonial ideology encourages imitation of all things American yet discourages Americanisation. Institutional anti-Americanism is entertained by left-wing nationalists in Oaxaca and Chiapas who blame the Mexican government for undermining national sovereignty to the advantage of the United-States. Leftis discourses and practices thus participate to the reproduction of authoritatianism. Moreover, the Left's ambition to foster autonomous economic development is hindered by its structural dependency on North America : U. S. Activists finance and work for various organizations supporting the working in El Norte. Within this context of extended US-Mexican interaction, changes in ideology are inevitably taking place
Arefin, Tanzil Mahmud. "Signatures du récepteur GPR88 sur la connectivité fonctionnelle et structurelle du cerveau chez la souris : implications pour le développement de la dépendance à l’alcool". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ101/document.
Pathological agitations of the brain and the expression or mutation of single gene affect overall brain connectivity. Here we combined mouse mutagenesis with functional and structural MRI and explored mouse whole brain connectivity maps non-invasively in response to the inactivation of Gpr88 gene. We perceived robust modifications in the default mode network which is considered a hallmark of many psychiatric conditions, followed by sensori-motor network allied to sensorimotor gating deficiency underlying hyperactivity phenotype in Gpr88-/- mice. In addition, hippocampal and dorsal striatum functional connectivity perturbations might underlie learning deficiency and weakened amygdala connectivity with cortex and striatum might suggest triggering of risk-taking behavior previously observed in these animals. Moreover, Gpr88 deletion strongly modifies the reward network leading Gpr88-/- mice vulnerable to alcohol intake. This is the first evidence of Gpr88 involvement in reshaping the mouse brain connectome. The concordance between connectivity alterations and behavior deficits posits Gpr88 as a potential target for psychiatric disorders
Gleyze, Jean-Francois. "La vulnérabilité structurelle des réseaux de transport dans un contexte de risques". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00138991.
Afin de comprendre et d'anticiper les perturbations fonctionnelles d'un réseau de transport menacé par des catastrophes, il est donc pertinent de définir et d'évaluer la vulnérabilité de sa structure et d'en comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents. Pour ce faire, nous aurons besoin préalablement de définir avec précision le cadre, les hypothèses, les choix de modélisation et les outils relatifs à l'étude de la structure des réseaux.
Sur cette base, nous présenterons ensuite la définition traditionnelle de la vulnérabilité ainsi que les outils d'évaluation et de caractérisation associés, et nous en analyserons la portée et les limites. Nous proposerons enfin d'améliorer la compréhension de la vulnérabilité structurelle des réseaux en mettant en évidence et en caractérisant les propriétés de la trame explicatives des niveaux de vulnérabilité. L'ensemble des recherches seront éprouvées à travers l'étude de plusieurs réseaux réels, opérant à différentes échelles, et présentant, pour certains, des singularités intéressantes dans un contexte de risques (réseau de métro parisien, réseaux routiers orléanais, français et européen).
Dinh, Duc-Hanh. "Opportunistic Predictive Maintenance for Multi-Component Systems with Multiple Dependences". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0171.
Recently, maintenance modeling for multi-component systems with dependences (economic, stochastic, and/or structural dependences) has been extensively studied. However, most of the existing studies only consider one type of dependence since combining more than one makes the models too complicated to analyze and solve. However, in practice, several types of dependences, especially, the economic and structural dependences, may exist together in the system. To face this issue, the main objective of this thesis is to consider both economic and structural dependences in maintenance modeling and optimization for multi-component systems in framework of predictive maintenance. For this purpose, the impacts of economic and structural dependences on the maintenance cost, duration and the degradation process of the components are firstly investigated. Mathematical models for quantifying the impacts of the economic and structural dependences are then developed. Finally, a multi-level opportunistic maintenance policy is proposed to consider the impacts of these dependences between components.Due to the structural dependence between components, when a maintenance (preventive or corrective action) occurs, only few components need to be disassembled. The disassembled components are subjected to both economic and structural dependences while the non-disassembled components are subjected to only economic dependence. In that way, the proposed maintenance policy is characterized by one preventive threshold, that is used to select survival components for preventive maintenance, and two opportunistic maintenance thresholds, that are used for opportunistic maintenance. When a maintenance occurs, the first opportunistic threshold is defined to select the non-disassembled components (with only economic dependence) while the second opportunistic threshold is then developed to consider the disassembled components for opportunistic maintenance (with both economic and structural dependences). To evaluate the performance of the proposed opportunistic maintenance policy, a cost model is developed. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is then implemented to find the optimal decision variables. Finally, the proposed opportunistic maintenance policy is illustrated through a conveyor system to show its feasibility and added value in maintenance optimization framework
Hoarau, Raphaël. "Interaction et Visualisation avec des liens de dépendances". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976601.
Balima, Théophile Serge. "La Politique de l'information en Haute-Volta, actuel Burkina Faso : 1959-1984 : contraintes structurelles et problématique de la dépendance". Bordeaux 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR30020.
Dubost, Nathalie. "Contribution à la connaissance des implications structurelles de la dépendance économique des PME vis-à-vis du plus gros client". Poitiers, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996POIT4008.
The importance and the topicality of the economic dependence of small and medium firms upon customers give rise to the issue of the centralization and the formalization of structures (mintzberg, 1982), and of their impact on the organization. After considering the dimensions and some of the antecedents of the economic dependence upon the largest customer, the empirical study shows that economic dependence leads to a higher centralization of customer-oriented decisions and to a lesser standardization of commercial tools. Besides, various profiles of dependence are linked to various structural profiles, one of which may be compared to the mechanistic bureaucracy
Hoarau, Raphaël. "Interaction et visualisation avec des liens de dépendances". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2776/.
Although many interactive tools allows manipulating effectively objects individually by applying principles such as direct manipulation, interaction with multiple objects have been little studied so far. Our thesis is that it is important to design interactions for the synchronous operation of multiple objects that are efficient, while fostering exploratory design. From contextual inquiries, we describe an analysis of needs which established a set of requirements for interactions on sets. We present four interactive tools to illustrate concepts of interaction with structures: links delegation, which are based on the delegation mechanism in prototype languages, allowing to establish dependencies between objects (and create clones) and extend the scope of interactions by propagating them; ManySpector, a new type of property inspector that reveals an implicit structuring of a scene and allows for building, with instrumental interactions, graphical query and selection; IHR, a tool that can automatically create a hierarchy of delegated properties; and Histoglass a movable lens that allows to locally manipulate the properties and past user actions. We also present the results of evaluations conducted with users in order to measure interest in the concepts provided by the tools developed. All of this work has led us to the draft of a new interaction paradigm, "the structural interaction", which extends the paradigms of direct manipulation and instrumental interaction
Baronti, Cécile. "Etude de Flavivirus : epidémiologie moléculaire en Bolivie et Analyse de leur interaction sur la réponse interféron dépendante du TLR3". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20664/document.
The Flavivirus genus consists of sevevral human pathogens responsible for hemorragic syndrome or encephalitis. The absence of specific antiviral treatment and an increase in Flavivirus incidence has led to a greater research effort in fighting these diseases. The study takes an epidemiological and a fundamental approach in its analysis of the innate immune response to flavivirus infection as well as flaviviral adaptation to evade this response. The analysis of circulating strains in Bolivia has led to a better understanding of dengue and yellow fever and also an awareness of their genetic variability. Given the limited information available in Bolivia, our studies could be used as a reference to understand future epidemics, improve diagnostic methods and allow the development of prevention strategies to fight against yellow fever in south Africa. The relationship between virus and host results from a subtle balance between viral replication and immunity clearance allowing the survival of both species. Each one as developed defence mechanisms against the other. We also examined the role of the non structural protein NS1 in the interferon respons to Flaviviral infection. Knowledge on viral escape strategies from host immunity could help to develop antiviral treatment for these arbovirus diseases
Coudin, Élise. "Inférence exacte et non paramétrique dans les modèles de régression et les modèles structurels en présence d'hétéroscédasticité de forme arbitraire". Thèse, Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1506.
Niang, Abdou-Aziz. "Croissance et convergence des pays de la zone CFA : une étude par les données de panel non stationnaires". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834421.
Lusivika, Nzinga Clovis. "Estimation d’effets individuels de traitements pris en combinaison dans les études observationnelles". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS218.
Randomized controlled trials cannot be implemented in all situations for estimating effects of therapeutic strategies. Observational studies would then constitute an alternative for evaluating treatment effects. We have a specified interest in four types of methodological difficulties for such studies: 1) confounding by indication ; 2) presence of time-dependent confounding ; 3) The relationship between a given time-dependent treatment and its effect may vary over time ; 4) In real life, patients often receive multiple treatments, sequentially or simultaneously. In this context, the evaluation of individual effects of treatment is a methodological challenge. The overall objective of this thesis was to propose a methodological framework in which these methodological difficulties are accommodated, allowing the individual effects of treatments to be correctly estimated within the context of multi-treatments in an observational study. We evaluated the performance of the marginal structural Cox model when estimating the individual and joint effects of two treatments and showed that it performed well in the presence of three different scenarios of time-dependent confounding. We also showed the importance of estimating the interaction term when exploring the treatment effect from combination therapy. We compared the performance of weighted cumulative exposure marginal structural Cox model with that of a conventional TD WCE Cox model for estimating time-varying effects of treatments without bias in the presence of TD confounding. Our results showed that the WCE Cox MSM performed better and can be applied to real data whatever the strength of time dependent confounding
Hamit-Haggar, Mahamat. "Essays on environmental and development economics". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD005/document.
This thesis comprises four empirical essays on environmental and development economics. In the first chapter, we examine to what extent individual and contextual level factors influence individuals to contribute financially to prevent environmental pollution. We find that rich people, individuals with higher education, as well as those who possess post-materialist values are more likely to be concerned about environmental pollution. We also observe the country in which individuals live matter in their willingness to contribute. More precisely, we find democracy and government stability reduce individuals’ intention to donate to prevent environmental damage mainly in developed countries. The second chapter deals with the relation between economic growth and environmental degradation by focusing on the issue of whether the inverted U-shaped relation exist. The study discloses no evidence for the U-shaped relation. However, the empirical result points toward a non-linear relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth, that is, emissions tend to rise rapidly in the early stages with economic growth, and then emissions continue to increase but a lower rate in the later stages. The third chapter investigates the long-run as well as the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in a group of Sub-Saharan Africa. The result discovers the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between clean energy consumption and economic growth. Furthermore, the short-run and the long-run dynamics indicate unidirectional Granger causality running from clean energy consumption to economic growth without any feedback effects. The last chapter of this thesis concerns with convergence of emissions across Canadian provinces. The study determines convergence clubs better characterizes Canadian’s emissions. In other words, we detect the existence of segmentation in emissions across Canadian provinces
Subissi, Lorenzo. "Biochemical insights into SARS-CoV replication". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5002.
This work focused on the enzymatic machinery involved in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RNA replication and transcription. Firstly, I established a robust in vitro polymerase assay with the canonical SARS-CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nsp12. I showed that nsp12, in order to engage processive RNA synthesis, needs two viral proteins, i.e. nsp7 and nsp8. This nsp7/nsp8 complex not only activates nsp12-RdRp, but also acts as a processivity factor. Thus, using this processive polymerase complex, I could investigate SARS-CoV proofreading for which only indirect evidences were reported. Indeed, coronaviruses encode for a 3'-5' exonuclease (nsp14-ExoN), putatively involved in a mechanism that proofreads coronavirus RNA during viral replication. We first showed in vitro that nsp14-ExoN, which is stimulated by nsp10, is able to excise specifically dsRNA as well as all primer/templates bearing a 3' mismatch on the primer. Moreover, we could confirm by sequencing that a RNA 3' mismatch was indeed corrected in vitro by the nsp7/nsp8/nsp12/nsp14 complex. We provide for the first time direct evidence that nsp14-ExoN, in coordination with the polymerase complex, is able to proofread RNA. Interestingly, using this in vitro system we found an element that could possibly explain the inefficacy of ribavirin therapeutic treatment on SARS-patients: ribavirin, which is incorporated by the SARS-CoV polymerase complex, would also be excised by nsp14. In conclusion, this system will drive future development of antivirals, particularly of the nucleoside analogue type, against coronaviruses
Brou, Kouakou N' Guessan Jean Claude. "Harmonisation de politiques économiques et dette publique dans les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne". Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU2079.
The objective of this thesis is threefold. First, we link debt to the regional context governed by the convergence criteria. After comparing the situation of sub-Saharan African countries in general with that of the Regional Economic Communities, we analyze the relationship between public debt and economic growth and assess the relevance of the debt limitation criteria. We question the role of membership in a regional grouping in reducing the level of debt. In a second step, we conduct an analysis focused on the convergence and explosiveness of the debt, in order to suggest re-groupings basedon the level of indebtedness. In a third step, we apply innovative methods, initially used in the analysis of heart rates, DNA segmentation, neurons or cloud structure, to examine the debt problem. These methods, which have never before been applied to this problem, have enabled us to highlight important aspects of public debt in the regional context of sub-Saharan African countries. It thus appears that the limitation criteria in place in the RECs are well and truly justified. The heterogeneity even within these countries has led us to recommend groupings based on fiscal regulation and fiscal convergence.It is therefore possible to doubt the relevance of setting up a common or single policy at the continental level. All the more so since it is emphasized that debt thresholds are not fixed and depend on the specific characteristics of each country. Moreover, regional grouping should no longer be exclusively geographical but rather political. The application of the recent MF-DFA methodologyreveals that South Africa’s public debt is characterized by a long memory effect leading to a multifractal character
Hunsmann, Moritz. "Dépolitisations d'une épidémie - La lutte internationale contre le sida et les politiques de santé en Tanzanie". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01055458.
Bilodeau, Valérie. "Démocratiser sous ajustement au Bénin : comment la dépendance économique hypothèque la consolidation démocratique". Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15091.