Articoli di riviste: "Délais de bout en bout"

1

Scharbarg, Jean-Luc, Jérôme Ermont, Henri Bauer e christian Fraboul. "Analyse des délais de bout en bout pire cas dans des réseaux avioniques". Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 43, n. 7-9 (10 novembre 2009): 953–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/jesa.43.953-967.

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Ferrandiz, Thomas, Fabrice Francès e Christian Fraboul. "Une méthode de calcul de délais pire cas de bout en bout pour les réseaux SpaceWire". Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 43, n. 7-9 (10 novembre 2009): 937–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/jesa.43.937-951.

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Bergeron, Viateur. "Le droit d’être entendu et l’évocation". Revue générale de droit 26, n. 3 (30 marzo 2016): 369–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035885ar.

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Abstract (sommario):

L’objectif de cette étude consiste à présenter la règle audi alteram partem dans certains de ses aspects les plus fondamentaux. L’auteur estime que des moyens comme la représentation par avocat et une audience publique se rattachent au droit d’être entendu et en assurent l’application et le respect. Quant aux limites au droit d’être entendu, elles peuvent être envisagées sur trois plans : 1) intenter le recours dans un délai raisonnable; 2) suivre le chemin tracé par le législateur jusqu’au bout du processus administratif ou quasi judiciaire avant de recourir à l’évocation; 3) exercer un véritable droit d’appel. L’auteur suggère une nouvelle approche : les tribunaux supérieurs devraient faire droit à l’évocation si la règle audi alteram partem a été violée, peu importe les autres recours possibles. Cette façon de juger aurait probablement un effet bénéfique en ce sens qu’elle indiquerait la voie à suivre aux instances inférieures. L’article 835.1 C.p.c. adopté pour assurer, sans délai indu, un caractère définitif aux décisions des instances inférieures a engendré un nombre élevé de litiges qui portent souvent et principalement sur la seule question du délai raisonnable. Même en face d’un manquement grave à la règle audi alteram partem, les cours rejettent le recours en évocation sur une question de délai dont l’appréciation demeure aléatoire et imprévisible. L’auteur propose une nouvelle version de l’article 835.1 C.p.c. qui serait plus conforme à l’esprit de la justice naturelle et au respect du droit d’être entendu. L’auteur termine son texte en tirant des enseignements des affaires Ferland c. Lachance et Université du Québec c. Larocque à la lumière des modifications qu’il préconise.

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Dejehansart, Françoise. "Au bout du bout". Psychologues et Psychologies N°235, n. 4 (4 aprile 2014): 025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pep.235.0003g.

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André, Michel. "« Intellectuel de bout en bout »". Books 102, n. 11 (4 novembre 2019): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/books.102.0058.

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Séverin, Peggy, e Guillaume Gabriel. "Des petits riens mis bout à bout". Empan 121, n. 1 (23 marzo 2021): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/empa.121.0102.

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Bouit, Delphine, e Florence L�vi. "Bout-choat". Sigila N�34, n. 2 (2014): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sigila.034.0167.

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Rohrman, Douglass F. "Bluefin bout". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8, n. 3 (aprile 2010): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295-8.3.163.

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9

Hayes, Alysa. "Turn-Bout". Callaloo 27, n. 2 (2004): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2004.0066.

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10

Bergeron, Michael F., Melissa D. Laird, Elaina L. Marinik, Joel S. Brenner e Jennifer L. Waller. "Repeated-bout exercise in the heat in young athletes: physiological strain and perceptual responses". Journal of Applied Physiology 106, n. 2 (febbraio 2009): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00122.2008.

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Abstract (sommario):

A short recovery period between same-day competitions is common practice in organized youth sports. We hypothesized that young athletes will experience an increase in physiological strain and perceptual discomfort during a second identical exercise bout in the heat, with 1 h (21°C) between bouts, even with ample hydration. Twenty-four athletes (6 boys and 6 girls: 12–13 yr old, 47.7 ± 8.3 kg; 6 boys and 6 girls: 16–17 yr old, 61.0 ± 8.6 kg) completed two 80-min intermittent exercise bouts (treadmill 60%, cycle 40% peak oxygen uptake) in the heat (33°C, 48.9 ± 6.1% relative humidity). Sweat loss during each bout was similar within each age group (12–13 yr old: bout 1, 943.6 ± 237.1 ml; bout 2, 955.5 ± 250.3 ml; 16–17 yr old: bout 1, 1,382.2 ± 480.7 ml; bout 2, 1,373.1 ± 472.2 ml). Area under the curve (AUC) was not statistically different ( P > 0.05) between bouts for core body temperature (12–13 yr old: bout 1 peak, 38.6 ± 0.4°C; bout 2, 38.4 ± 0.2°C; 16–17 yr old: bout 1 peak, 38.8 ± 0.7°C; bout 2, 38.7 ± 0.6°C), physiological strain index (12–13 yr old: bout 1 peak, 7.9 ± 0.9; bout 2, 7.5 ± 0.7; 16–17 yr old: bout 1 peak, 8.1 ± 1.5; bout 2, 7.9 ± 1.4), or thermal sensation for any age/sex subgroup or for all subjects combined. However, rating of perceived exertion AUC and peak were higher ( P = 0.0090 and 0.0004, respectively) during bout 2 in the older age group. Notably, four subjects experienced consistently higher responses throughout bout 2. With these healthy, fit, young athletes, 1 h of complete rest, cool down, and rehydration following 80 min of strenuous exercise in the heat was generally effective in eliminating any apparent carryover effects that would have resulted in greater thermal and cardiovascular strain during a subsequent identical exercise bout.

11

Lemos, Nivaldo A. "Talking 'bout misinterpretation". American Journal of Physics 90, n. 6 (giugno 2022): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0097179.

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Leslie, M. "Talkin' 'Bout Regeneration". Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2003, n. 26 (2 luglio 2003): 94nw—94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sageke.2003.26.nw94.

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Besancenot, Olivier. "L’engagé jusqu’au bout !" Cahiers critiques de philosophie 15, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2016): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ccp.015.0203.

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Sibony, Daniel. "Grothendieck, jusqu’au bout". Raison présente N° 225, n. 1 (29 marzo 2023): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rpre.225.0041.

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15

Meier, Stefan, e André Poweleit. "Talking ‘bout digitality". Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, n. 3 (31 maggio 2023): 003. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.3ciss003.

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Abstract (sommario):

Digital technologies have permeated most aspects of modern life. In particular, the intersection of digitalization and physical activity has seen significant developments. Such digital technologies have become constitutive of adolescents’ life, being a main source of information and a strong influence for their knowledge and behavior in physical activities. These developments have raised significant questions among educational stakeholders worldwide, providing the basis for digital education at all school levels. One of the core goals for the future is preparing the next generation to be able to use digital technologies within physical activities competently, while at the same time taking a constructive and critical perspective on the potentials and risks. The subject of physical education (PE) plays a major role in this intersection. Since it is the central role of a curriculum to act as a systematic framework for the course of learning, it is of particular interest to what extent issues of digitalization appear in PE curricula. Against this backdrop, this paper examines how digitalization is interpreted for official curriculum texts in and across current PE curricula in three German-speaking countries. A qualitative comparative document analysis has been applied. The findings demonstrate differences in what is valued in terms of digitalization and PE. Digital media appear with a predominantly functional character where media are primarily used as tools, for example, for movement analyzes aiming at improving sports skills. In addition, the critical reflection regarding the medial effects of, for example, fitness trends or body ideals embedded in media is only rarely addressed. The paper concludes that future curriculum reforms should address digitalization and PE in a more comprehensive way to empower students critically navigating through sport and movement in the digital realm.

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Pizza, Francis X., Heather Baylies e Joel B. Mitchell. "Adaptation to Eccentric Exercise: Neutrophils and E-selectin During Early Recovery". Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 26, n. 3 (1 giugno 2001): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h01-015.

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The purpose was to determine the responses of blood neutrophils and E-selectin concentrations during early recovery (< 24 hr)from 2 bouts of eccentric exercise. Subjects (N = 9) completed 2 bouts of eccentric arm exercise using their non-dominant arm (Bout 1 and Bout 2) and 1 non-exercise control condition. The exercise bouts were separated by 4 weeks, and the control condition preceded Bout 1. Neutrophil concentrations were significantly higher at 3, 6, and 9 hr post-exercise for Bout 1 relative to Bout 2 and control. No significant changes in blood E-selectin concentrations were observed. Isometric strength deficit was similar for Bout 1 and Bout 2 at 5 min and 3 hr post-exercise and was significantly greater for Bout 1 relative to Bout 2 at 6, 9, and 24 hr post-exercise. The adaptation to eccentric exercise is associated with a lower concentration of blood neutrophils during early recovery. The neutrophilia associated with novel eccentric arm exercise precedes secondary changes in isometric strength and is not associated with changes in the concentration of blood E- selection. Key Words: muscle inflammation, muscle damage, leukocyte adhesion

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Chou, Kun-Hsien, Fu-Chi Yang, Jong-Ling Fuh, Chen-Yuan Kuo, Yi-Hsin Wang, Jiing-Feng Lirng, Yung-Yang Lin, Shuu-Jiun Wang e Ching-Po Lin. "Bout-associated intrinsic functional network changes in cluster headache: A longitudinal resting-state functional MRI study". Cephalalgia 37, n. 12 (7 settembre 2016): 1152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416668657.

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Background Previous imaging studies on the pathogenesis of cluster headache (CH) have implicated the hypothalamus and multiple brain networks. However, very little is known regarding dynamic bout-associated, large-scale resting state functional network changes related to CH. Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained from CH patients and matched controls. Data were analyzed using independent component analysis for exploratory assessment of the changes in intrinsic brain networks and their relationship between in-bout and out-of-bout periods, as well as correlations with clinical observations. Results Compared to healthy controls, CH patients had functional connectivity (FC) changes in the temporal, frontal, salience, default mode, somatosensory, dorsal attention, and visual networks, independent of bout period. Compared to out-of-bout scans, in-bout scans showed altered FC in the frontal and dorsal attention networks. Lower frontal network FC correlated with longer duration of CH. Conclusions The present findings suggest that episodic CH with dynamic bout period shifts may involve bout-associated FC changes in multiple discrete cortical areas within networks outside traditional pain processing areas. Dynamic changes in FC in frontal and dorsal attention networks between bout periods could be important for understanding episodic CH pathophysiology.

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Yamada, Kota, e Atsunori Kanemura. "Simulating bout-and-pause patterns with reinforcement learning". PLOS ONE 15, n. 11 (12 novembre 2020): e0242201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242201.

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Animal responses occur according to a specific temporal structure composed of two states, where a bout is followed by a long pause until the next bout. Such a bout-and-pause pattern has three components: the bout length, the within-bout response rate, and the bout initiation rate. Previous studies have investigated how these three components are affected by experimental manipulations. However, it remains unknown what underlying mechanisms cause bout-and-pause patterns. In this article, we propose two mechanisms and examine computational models developed based on reinforcement learning. The model is characterized by two mechanisms. The first mechanism is choice—an agent makes a choice between operant and other behaviors. The second mechanism is cost—a cost is associated with the changeover of behaviors. These two mechanisms are extracted from past experimental findings. Simulation results suggested that both the choice and cost mechanisms are required to generate bout-and-pause patterns and if either of them is knocked out, the model does not generate bout-and-pause patterns. We further analyzed the proposed model and found that it reproduced the relationships between experimental manipulations and the three components that have been reported by previous studies. In addition, we showed alternative models can generate bout-and-pause patterns as long as they implement the two mechanisms.

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Clarkson, Priscilla M., William C. Byrnes, Eva Gillisson e Elizabeth Harper. "Adaptation to exercise-induced muscle damage". Clinical Science 73, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1987): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0730383.

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1. Serum creatine kinase (CK) and muscle soreness, common indicators of muscle damage, were assessed in 16 subjects after performance of two bouts of eccentric exercise spaced 7 days apart. The purpose was (1) to examine rapid muscle adaptation when the ipsilateral limb was exercised on the second bout and (2) to investigate possible central adaptations when the contralateral limb was exercised on the second bout. 2. The LSL group (n = 7) and the LOL group (n = 9) performed the exercise with the ipsilateral and the contralateral limb, respectively. Careful attention was paid to stabilization of the subject so that the contralateral limb was not active in isometric stabilization. 3. For the LSL group, a lower CK and soreness response was found on bout 2 compared with bout 1. For the LOL group, no significant difference in CK response and soreness was found between bout 1 and bout 2. 4. No repeat bout effect was found when the contralateral limb was exercised; therefore central adaptation from performance of the first exercise was minimal. Because a lower repeated bout effect was found after bout 2 using the ipsilateral limb, it was concluded that an experimental design using ipsilateral muscle groups should provide a good model to study rapid muscle adaptation to exercise damage.

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Shah, Vrutangkumar V., James McNames, Graham Harker, Martina Mancini, Patricia Carlson-Kuhta, John G. Nutt, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Carolin Curtze e Fay B. Horak. "Effect of Bout Length on Gait Measures in People with and without Parkinson’s Disease during Daily Life". Sensors 20, n. 20 (12 ottobre 2020): 5769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205769.

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Although the use of wearable technology to characterize gait disorders in daily life is increasing, there is no consensus on which specific gait bout length should be used to characterize gait. Clinical trialists using daily life gait quality as study outcomes need to understand how gait bout length affects the sensitivity and specificity of measures to discriminate pathological gait as well as the reliability of gait measures across gait bout lengths. We investigated whether Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects how gait characteristics change as bout length changes, and how gait bout length affects the reliability and discriminative ability of gait measures to identify gait impairments in people with PD compared to neurotypical Old Adults (OA). We recruited 29 people with PD and 20 neurotypical OA of similar age for this study. Subjects wore 3 inertial sensors, one on each foot and one over the lumbar spine all day, for 7 days. To investigate which gait bout lengths should be included to extract gait measures, we determined the range of gait bout lengths available across all subjects. To investigate if the effect of bout length on each gait measure is similar or not between subjects with PD and OA, we used a growth curve analysis. For reliability and discriminative ability of each gait measure as a function of gait bout length, we used the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and area under the curve (AUC), respectively. Ninety percent of subjects walked with a bout length of less than 53 strides during the week, and the majority (>50%) of gait bouts consisted of less than 12 strides. Although bout length affected all gait measures, the effects depended on the specific measure and sometimes differed for PD versus OA. Specifically, people with PD did not increase/decrease cadence and swing duration with bout length in the same way as OA. ICC and AUC characteristics tended to be larger for shorter than longer gait bouts. Our findings suggest that PD interferes with the scaling of cadence and swing duration with gait bout length. Whereas control subjects gradually increased cadence and decreased swing duration as bout length increased, participants with PD started with higher than normal cadence and shorter than normal stride duration for the smallest bouts, and cadence and stride duration changed little as bout length increased, so differences between PD and OA disappeared for the longer bout lengths. Gait measures extracted from shorter bouts are more common, more reliable, and more discriminative, suggesting that shorter gait bouts should be used to extract potential digital biomarkers for people with PD.

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Spriet, L. L., M. I. Lindinger, R. S. McKelvie, G. J. Heigenhauser e N. L. Jones. "Muscle glycogenolysis and H+ concentration during maximal intermittent cycling". Journal of Applied Physiology 66, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1989): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.8.

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The relationships between muscle glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and H+ concentration were examined in eight subjects performing three 30-s bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling at 100 rpm. Bouts were separated by 4 min of rest, and muscle biopsies were obtained before and after bouts 2 and 3. Total work decreased from 20.5 +/- 0.7 kJ in bout 1 to 16.1 +/- 0.7 and 13.2 +/- 0.6 kJ in bouts 2 and 3. Glycogenolysis was 47.2 and 15.1 mmol glucosyl U/kg dry muscle during bouts 2 and 3, respectively. Lower accumulations of pathway intermediates in bout 3 confirmed a reduced glycolytic flux. In bout 3, the work done represented 82% of the work in bout 2, whereas glycogenolysis was only 32% of that in bout 2. Decreases in ATP and phosphocreatine contents were similar in the two bouts. Muscle [H+] increased from 195 +/- 12 to 274 +/- 19 nmol/l during bout 2, recovered to 226 +/- 8 nmol/l before bout 3, and increased to 315 +/- 24 nmol/l during bout 3. Muscle [H+] could not be predicted from lactate content, suggesting that ion fluxes are important in [H+] regulation in this exercise model. Low glycogenolysis in bout 3 may be due to an inhibitory effect of increased [H+] on glycogen phosphorylase activity. Alternately, reduced Ca2+ activation of fast-twitch fibers (including a possible H+ effect) may contribute to the low overall glycogenolysis. Total work in bout 3 is maintained by a greater reliance on slow-twitch fibers and oxidative metabolism.

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DiMenna, Fred J., Daryl P. Wilkerson, Mark Burnley, Stephen J. Bailey e Andrew M. Jones. "Influence of priming exercise on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics during transitions to high-intensity exercise at extreme pedal rates". Journal of Applied Physiology 106, n. 2 (febbraio 2009): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91195.2008.

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We investigated the pedal rate dependency of the effect of priming exercise on pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics. Seven healthy men completed two, 6-min bouts of high-intensity cycle exercise (separated by 6 min of rest) using different combinations of extreme pedal rates for the priming and criterion exercise bouts (i.e., 35→35, 35→115, 115→35, and 115→115 rev/min). Pulmonary gas exchange and heart rate were measured breath-by-breath, and muscle oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. When the priming bout was performed at 35 rev/min (35→35 and 35→115 conditions), the phase II V̇o2 time constant (τ) was not significantly altered ( bout 1: 31 ± 7 vs. bout 2: 30 ± 5 s and bout 1: 48 ± 16 vs. bout 2: 46 ± 21 s, respectively). However, when the priming bout was performed at 115 rev/min (115→35 and 115→115 conditions), the phase II τ was significantly reduced ( bout 1: 31 ± 7 vs. bout 2: 26 ± 5 s and bout 1: 48 ± 16 vs. bout 2: 39 ± 9 s, respectively, P < 0.05). Muscle oxygenation was significantly higher after priming exercise in all four conditions, but significant effects on V̇o2 kinetics were only evident when muscle O2 extraction (measured as Δ[deoxyhemoglobin]/ΔV̇o2) was elevated in the fundamental response phase. These data indicate that prior high-intensity exercise at a high pedal rate can speed V̇o2 kinetics during subsequent high-intensity exercise, presumably through specific priming effects on type II muscle fibers.

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Barker, Alan R., Andrew M. Jones e Neil Armstrong. "The influence of priming exercise on oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and muscle oxygenation kinetics during very heavy-intensity exercise in 9- to 13-yr-old boys". Journal of Applied Physiology 109, n. 2 (agosto 2010): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00139.2010.

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The present study examined the effect of priming exercise on O2 uptake (V̇o2) kinetics during subsequent very heavy exercise in eight 9- to 13-yr-old boys. We hypothesised that priming exercise would 1) elevate muscle O2 delivery prior to the subsequent bout of very heavy exercise, 2) have no effect on the phase II V̇o2 τ, 3) elevate the phase II V̇o2 total amplitude, and 4) reduce the magnitude of the V̇o2 slow component. Each participant completed repeat 6-min bouts of very heavy-intensity cycling exercise separated by 6 min of light pedaling. During the tests V̇o2, muscle oxygenation (near infrared spectroscopy), and cardiac output (Q̇) (thoracic impedance) were determined. Priming exercise increased baseline muscle oxygenation and elevated Q̇ at baseline and throughout the second exercise bout. The phase II V̇o2 τ was not altered by priming exercise ( bout 1: 22 ± 7 s vs. bout 2: 20 ± 4 s; P = 0.30). However, the time constant describing the entire V̇o2 response from start to end of exercise was accelerated ( bout 1: 43 ± 8 s vs. bout 2: 36 ± 5 s; P = 0.002) due to an increased total phase II V̇o2 amplitude ( bout 1: 1.73 ± 0.33 l/min vs. bout 2: 1.80 ± 0.59 l/min; P = 0.002) and a reduced V̇o2 slow component amplitude ( bout 1: 0.18 ± 0.08 l/min vs. bout 2: 0.12 ± 0.09 l/min; P = 0.048). These results suggest that phase II V̇o2 kinetics in young boys is principally limited by intrinsic muscle metabolic factors, whereas the V̇o2 total phase II and slow component amplitudes may be O2 delivery sensitive.

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Harrison, Drew C., Kenji Doma, Anthony S. Leicht, Teneale A. McGuckin, Carl T. Woods e Jonathan D. Connor. "Repeated Bout Effect of Two Resistance Training Bouts on Bowling-Specific Performance in Male Cricketers". Sports 10, n. 9 (24 agosto 2022): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10090126.

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Abstract (sommario):

To examine the repeated bout effect (RBE) following two identical resistance bouts and its effect on bowling-specific performance in male cricketers. Male cricket pace bowlers (N = 10), who had not undertaken resistance exercises in the past six months, were invited to complete a familiarisation and resistance maximum testing, before participating in the study protocol. The study protocol involved the collection of muscle damage markers, a battery of anaerobic (jump and sprint), and a bowling-specific performance test at baseline, followed by a resistance training bout, and a retest of physical and bowling-specific performance at 24 h (T24) and 48 h (T48) post-training. The study protocol was repeated 7–10 days thereafter. Indirect markers of muscle damage were lower (creatine kinase: 318.7 ± 164.3 U·L−1; muscle soreness: 3 ± 1), whilst drop jump was improved (~47.5 ± 8.1 cm) following the second resistance training bout when compared to the first resistance training bout (creatine kinase: 550.9 ± 242.3 U·L−1; muscle soreness: 4 ± 2; drop jump: ~43.0 ± 9.7 cm). However, sport-specific performance via bowling speed declined (Bout 1: −2.55 ± 3.43%; Bout 2: 2.67 ± 2.41%) whilst run-up time increased (2.34 ± 3.61%; Bout 2: 3.84 ± 4.06%) after each bout of resistance training. Findings suggest that while an initial resistance training bout reduced muscle damage indicators and improved drop jump performance following a second resistance training bout, this RBE trend was not observed for bowling-specific performance. It was suggested that pace bowlers with limited exposure to resistance training should minimise bowling-specific practice for 1–2 days following the initial bouts of their resistance training program.

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Hernández, Andrés, James R. McDonald, Nicola Lai e L. Bruce Gladden. "A prior bout of contractions speeds V̇o2 and blood flow on-kinetics and reduces the V̇o2 slow-component amplitude in canine skeletal muscle contracting in situ". Journal of Applied Physiology 108, n. 5 (maggio 2010): 1169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01318.2009.

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Abstract (sommario):

It was the purpose of this study to examine the effect of a priming contractile bout on oxygen uptake (V̇o2) on-kinetics in highly oxidative skeletal muscle. Canine gastrocnemii ( n = 12) were stimulated via their sciatic nerves (8 V, 0.2-ms duration, 50 Hz, 200-ms train) at a rate of 2 contractions/3 s (≈70% peak V̇o2) for two 2-min bouts, separated by 2 min of recovery. Blood flow was recorded with an ultrasonic flowmeter, and muscle oxygenation monitored via near-infrared spectroscopy. Compared with the first bout ( bout 2 vs. bout 1), the V̇o2 primary time constant (mean ± SD, 9.4 ± 2.3 vs. 12.0 ± 3.9 s) and slow-component amplitude (5.9 ± 6.3 vs. 12.1 ± 9.0 ml O2·kg wet wt−1·min−1) were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05) during the second bout. Blood flow on-kinetics were significantly speeded during the second bout (time constant = 7.7 ± 2.6 vs. 14.8 ± 5.8 s), and O2 extraction was greater at the onset of contractions (0.050 ± 0.030 vs. 0.020 ± 0.010 ml O2/ml blood). Kinetics of muscle deoxygenation were significantly slower at the onset of the second bout (7.2 ± 2.2 vs. 4.4 ± 1.2 s), while relative oxyhemoglobin concentration was elevated throughout the second bout. These results suggest that better matching of O2 delivery to V̇o2 speeds V̇o2 on-kinetics at this metabolic rate, but do not eliminate a potential role for enhanced metabolic activation. Additionally, altered motor unit recruitment at the onset of a second bout is not a prerequisite for reductions in the V̇o2 slow-component amplitude after a priming contractile bout in canine muscle in situ.

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Xin, Ling, Robert D. Hyldahl, Stuart R. Chipkin e Priscilla M. Clarkson. "A contralateral repeated bout effect attenuates induction of NF-κB DNA binding following eccentric exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology 116, n. 11 (1 giugno 2014): 1473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00133.2013.

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We investigated the existence of contralateral repeated bout effect and tested if the attenuation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB; an important regulator of muscle inflammation) induction following eccentric exercise is a potential mechanism. Thirty-one healthy men performed two bouts of knee extension eccentric exercise, initially with one leg and then with the opposite leg 4 wk later. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies of both exercised and control legs were taken 3 h postexercise. Knee extension isometric and isokinetic strength (60°/sec and 180°/sec) were measured at baseline, pre-exercise, immediately postexercise, and 1/day for 5 days postexercise. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and muscle soreness were assessed at baseline and 1/day for 5 days postexercise. NF-κB (p65) DNA-binding activity was measured in the muscle biopsies. Isometric strength loss was lower in bout 2 than in bout 1 at 24, 72, and 96 h postexercise ( P < 0.05). Isokinetic strength (60°/s and 180°/s) was reduced less in bout 2 than in bout 1 at 72 h postexercise ( P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between bouts for postexercise CK activity or muscle soreness. p65 DNA-binding activity was increased following eccentric exercise (compared with the control leg) in bout 1 (122.9% ± 2.6%; P < 0.001) and bout 2 (109.1% ± 3.0%; P < 0.05). Compared with bout 1, the increase in NF-κB DNA-binding activity postexercise was attenuated after bout 2 ( P = 0.0008). Repeated eccentric exercise results in a contralateral repeated bout effect, which could be due to the attenuated increase in NF-κB activity postexercise.

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Sprenger, T., KV Ruether, H. Boecker, M. Valet, A. Berthele, V. Pfaffenrath, A. Wöller e TR Tölle. "Altered Metabolism in Frontal Brain Circuits in Cluster Headache". Cephalalgia 27, n. 9 (settembre 2007): 1033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01386.x.

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Neuroimaging studies have explored cerebral activation patterns in patients with cluster headache (CH) during attacks and have revealed activation of multiple brain areas known to belong to the general pain-processing network. However, it is still unclear which changes in brain metabolism are inherent to the shift from the ‘in bout’ to the ‘out of bout’ period. We measured cerebral glucose metabolism in 11 episodic CH patients during the cluster and again during the remission period with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and compared these data with 11 healthy controls. ‘In bout’ compared with ‘out of bout’ scans were associated with increases of metabolism in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, insula, thalamus and temporal cortex. Decreases in metabolism were observed in the cerebellopontine area. Compared with healthy volunteers, hypometabolism in the patient group (‘in bout’ and ‘out of bout’) was found in the perigenual ACC, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex. Thus, FDG-PET in CH patients revealed ‘in bout’ activation of brain structures which are involved in descending pain control. Compared with controls, the regional brain metabolism was constitutively decreased in most of these structures, irrespective of the bout. This finding indicates a deficient top-down modulation of antinociceptive circuits in CH patients. We suggest that trigger mechanisms of CH are insufficiently controlled and thus promote the initiation of the bout period and acute attack.

28

Loughry, W. J., M. Oeser e J. L. Hoogland. "Alarm calls of the same individual vary during a response to the same predator in Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, n. 11 (novembre 2019): 1092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0064.

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Many animals emit vocalizations in a repetitive series, but are all the calls within a series structurally the same? To answer this question, we recorded the barks of adult female Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni (Baird, 1855)) during 5 min experimental presentations of several terrestrial stimuli. We measured eight variables (primarily pitch and duration measures) of the first, middle, and last barks in each bout of barking produced by each of 24 females, as well as the duration of inter-bout intervals, the number of barks per bout, and the rate of barking per bout. We found that first barks were significantly longer and higher pitched than middle or last barks. Some of these differences were affected by the number of barks in a bout. Regardless of bark position, barks became longer and lower pitched in later bouts, and inter-bout intervals, number of barks per bout, and the rate of barking per bout all declined in later bouts. Our results show that bark structure can vary even within a single context and within a short period of time. Thus, variation due to call position within and across bouts of calling is a potentially important confound for studies examining other sources of acoustic variation.

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Orendurff, Michael S. "How humans walk: Bout duration, steps per bout, and rest duration". Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 45, n. 7 (1 dicembre 2008): 1077–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2007.11.0197.

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30

Parolin, Michelle L., Alan Chesley, Mark P. Matsos, Lawrence L. Spriet, Norman L. Jones e George J. F. Heigenhauser. "Regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase and PDH during maximal intermittent exercise". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 277, n. 5 (1 novembre 1999): E890—E900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.5.e890.

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Abstract (sommario):

The time course for the activation of glycogen phosphorylase (Phos) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and their allosteric regulators was determined in human skeletal muscle during repeated bouts of maximal exercise. Six subjects completed three 30-s bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling separated by 4-min recovery periods. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest and at 6, 15, and 30 s of exercise during bouts 1 and 3. Phos was rapidly activated within the first 6 s of bout 1 from 12% at rest to 47% at 6 s. The activation of PDH increased from 14% at rest to 48% at 6 s and 95% at 15 s of bout 1. Phos reverted back to basal values at the end of the first bout, whereas PDH remained fully activated. In contrast, in the third bout, PDH was 42% at rest and was activated more rapidly and was nearly completely activated by 6 s, whereas Phos remained at basal levels (range 14–20%). Lactate accumulation was marked in the first bout and increased progressively from 2.7 to 76.1 mmol/kg dry wt with no further increase in bout 3. Glycogen utilization was also marked in the first bout and was negligible in bout 3. The rapid activation of Phos and slower activation of PDH in bout 1was probably due to Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Lactate accumulation appeared to be due to an imbalance of the relative activities of Phos and PDH. The increase in H+ concentration may have served to reduce pyruvate production by inhibiting Phos transformation and may have simultaneously activated PDH in the third bout such that there was a better matching between pyruvate production and oxidation and minimal lactate accumulation. As each bout progressed and with successive bouts, there was a decreasing ability to stimulate substrate phosphorylation through phosphocreatine hydrolysis and glycolysis and a shift toward greater reliance on oxidative phosphorylation.

31

Muanjai, Pornpimol, Mantas Mickevicius, Audrius Snieckus, David A. Jones, Pavelas Zachovajevas, Danguole Satkunskiene, Tomas Venckunas e Sigitas Kamandulis. "Response of Knee Extensor Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness to Unaccustomed and Repeated High-Volume Eccentric Exercise". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 9 (23 aprile 2021): 4510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094510.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purposes of this study were to investigate the muscle-tendon unit stiffness response and to compare the stiffness with those of other indirect markers induced by two bouts of unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Eleven untrained men performed two bouts of 200 maximal eccentric contractions of the right quadriceps 4 weeks apart. Changes in stiffness, pain evoked by stretching and pressure, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, and muscle thickness were followed for 7 days after each bout. Stiffness and pain peaked immediately and 1 day after the first exercise bout, whereas CK and thickness were highest 4 and 7 days after the first exercise bout, respectively (p < 0.05 for all). Muscular pain, thickness, and stiffness responses were lower by 53.3%, 99%, and 11.6%, respectively, after the repeated bout compared to after the first bout (p < 0.05 for all), while CK activity response did not differ significantly between bouts. High responders for an increase in muscle-tendon unit stiffness showed a repeated-bout effect for stiffness, pain, and CK activity (by 29%, 65%, and 98%, p < 0.05 for all), but the repeated-bout effect was not that clear in low responders. These findings suggest that a repeated eccentric exercise bout effect on stiffness in quadriceps is mostly not associated with muscle pain and CK activity, but there are large individual differences.

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Willems, Mark E. T., e William T. Stauber. "Effect of Contraction History on Torque Deficits by Stretches of Active Rat Skeletal Muscles". Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 27, n. 4 (1 agosto 2002): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h02-018.

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Effects of contraction history on torque deficits by stretches of active skeletal muscles were examined. After three contractions using maximal and submaximal activation (80 and 20 Hz) at an ankle position of 40° (i.e., long muscle length) and with maximal activation at 120° (i.e., short muscle length), the isometric and stretch torques (15 stretches) of rat plantar flexor muscles (bout 1) were measured. Controls were unconditioned. Stretches (i.e., ankle rotation from 90° to 40°, velocity: 50°•s−1) were imposed on maximal isometric contractions at 90° (i.e. preloaded stretches). All groups performed a second bout following 2 hours of rest after bout 1. After maximal contractions at long muscle length, preload torque at 90° and stretch torque at 40° for stretch 1 of bout 1 were 25% and 18% lower than the other groups. However, for all groups, bout 1 ended and bout 2 began and ended with similar isometric and stretch torques. Stretches early in bout 2, with preloads similar to stretches in bout 1, had greater stretch torques resulting in larger torque deficits. Torque deficits, possibly caused by damage to muscle structures and excitation-contraction uncoupling, were not prevented by a history of isometric contractions. Different contraction histories can result in similar isometric torques but different stretch torques. Key words: injury, warm-up, isometric contractions, prevention, eccentric contractions

33

Li, Tzai-Li, e Michael Gleeson. "The Effect of Single and Repeated Bouts of Prolonged Cycling on Leukocyte Redistribution, Neutrophil Degranulation, IL-6, and Plasma Stress Hormone Responses". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 14, n. 5 (ottobre 2004): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.14.5.501.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study compared immunoendocrine responses to a single bout of prolonged cycling at different times of day and to a 2nd bout of cycling at the same intensity on the same day. In a counterbalanced design, 8 men participated in 3 experimental trials separated by at least 4 d. In the afternoon exercise-only trial, subjects cycled for 2 h at 60% VO2max starting at 14:00. In the other 2 trials, subjects performed either 2 bouts of cycling at 60% VO2max for 2 h (starting at 09:00 and 14:00) or a separate resting trial. The single bout of prolonged exercise performed in the afternoon induced a larger neutrophilia and monocy-tosis than the identical bout of morning exercise, possibly the result of reduced carbohydrate availability and the circadian rhythm in cortisol levels. The 2nd prolonged exercise bout caused greater immunoendocrine responses but lower plasma glucose levels and neutrophil function compared with the 1st bout.

34

Doma, Kenji, Moritz Schumann, Anthony Scott Leicht, Brian Edward Heilbronn, Felipe Damas e Dean Burt. "The repeated bout effect of traditional resistance exercises on running performance across 3 bouts". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, n. 9 (settembre 2017): 978–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0214.

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This study investigated the repeated bout effect of 3 typical lower body resistance-training sessions on maximal and submaximal effort running performance. Twelve resistance-untrained men (age, 24 ± 4 years; height, 1.81 ± 0.10 m; body mass, 79.3 ± 10.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake, 48.2 ± 6.5 mL·kg−1·min−1; 6-repetition maximum squat, 71.7 ± 12.2 kg) undertook 3 bouts of resistance-training sessions at 6-repetitions maximum. Countermovement jump (CMJ), lower-body range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, and creatine kinase (CK) were examined prior to and immediately, 24 h (T24), and 48 h (T48) after each resistance-training bout. Submaximal (i.e., below anaerobic threshold (AT)) and maximal (i.e., above AT) running performances were also conducted at T24 and T48. Most indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., CMJ, ROM, and muscle soreness) and submaximal running performance were significantly improved (P < 0.05; 1.9%) following the third resistance-training bout compared with the second bout. Whilst maximal running performance was also improved following the third bout (P < 0.05; 9.8%) compared with other bouts, the measures were still reduced by 12%–20% versus baseline. However, the increase in CK was attenuated following the second bout (P < 0.05) with no further protection following the third bout (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the initial bout induced the greatest change in CK; however, at least 2 bouts were required to produce protective effects on other indirect muscle damage markers and submaximal running performance measures. This suggests that submaximal running sessions should be avoided for at least 48 h after resistance training until the third bout, although a greater recovery period may be required for maximal running sessions.

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Dartnall, Tamara J., Michael A. Nordstrom e John G. Semmler. "Adaptations in biceps brachii motor unit activity after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise in elbow flexor muscles". Journal of Neurophysiology 105, n. 3 (marzo 2011): 1225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00854.2010.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in motor unit activity in the biceps brachii muscle after an initial ( Bout 1) and repeated ( Bout 2) session of eccentric exercise separated by 1 wk. Eight subjects (aged 22 ± 2 yr) participated in experimental assessments of neuromuscular function obtained before, immediately after, 24 h after, and 7 days after each exercise bout. Each experimental session involved assessments of elbow-flexor force and biceps and triceps brachii electromyography during maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVCs) and constant-force isometric contractions at five contraction intensities (5–50% MVC), along with indicators of muscle damage (muscle pain and passive tension). In addition, motor unit recordings were obtained before exercise, 7 days after Bout 1, and 24 h after Bout 2 to assess motor unit synchronization and recruitment thresholds. Following a single eccentric exercise session that elicited significant indicators of muscle damage, we found a 57% increase in motor unit synchronization 7 days later compared with before exercise, despite the recovery of maximal strength, soreness, and relaxed elbow-joint angle at this time. Furthermore, a second bout of the same eccentric exercise resulted in reduced indicators of muscle damage and a decline in the strength of motor unit synchronization (24 h after Bout 2) toward levels observed before both exercise sessions. In contrast, no changes in motor unit recruitment thresholds were observed 7 days after Bout 1 or 24 h after Bout 2 compared with before exercise. The increased motor unit synchronization 7 days after a single eccentric exercise session provides new evidence of changes in motor unit activity during the putative repair and regeneration phase following eccentric muscle damage.

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Mills, Chris, James Knight e Gemma Milligan. "Do Ergogenic Aids Alter Lower Extremity Joint Alignment During a Functional Movement Lunge Prior to and Following an Exercise Bout?" Journal of Human Kinetics 45, n. 1 (1 marzo 2015): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0002.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Ergogenic aids have been used to alter joint kinematics in an attempt to minimise injury risk, yet the effectiveness of these aids may be compromised following a bout of exercise. This preliminary study aimed to measure the effect of compression garments and Kinesio Tape® on lower extremity joint alignment prior to and following an exercise bout. Eight male athletes (age = 24.1 ± 3.0 years, body height = 177.4 ± 5.2 cm, body mass = 72.3 ± 7.2 kg) volunteered to participant in this study. Joint kinematics were recorded whilst all participants performed three rotational lunges, in three conditions (control, compression garment, Kinesio Tape®), prior to and following a 10 minute exercise bout. Frontal plane kinematics (lateral pelvic tilt, knee valgus, ankle inversion/eversion) were used to assess ergogenic aid effectiveness during the lunge. Participants exhibited no significant differences in joint kinematics between ergogenic aid conditions prior to the exercise bout. Following exercise the only significant difference occurred within the Kinesio Tape® condition where maximum knee valgus angle significantly increased from 6.5° prior to exercise, to 7.7° following the exercise bout. The results of this study suggest joint kinematics are not affected by the ergogenic aids in this study prior to an exercise bout. However, there is evidence to suggest that the application of Kinesio Tape® may allow an increase in knee valgus angle following a bout of exercise, yet, compression garments are effective at maintaining joint alignment following a bout of exercise.

37

Hargreaves, Mark, Michael J. McKenna, David G. Jenkins, Stuart A. Warmington, Jia L. Li, Rodney J. Snow e Mark A. Febbraio. "Muscle metabolites and performance during high-intensity, intermittent exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology 84, n. 5 (1 maggio 1998): 1687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1687.

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Abstract (sommario):

Six men were studied during four 30-s “all-out” exercise bouts on an air-braked cycle ergometer. The first three exercise bouts were separated by 4 min of passive recovery; after the third bout, subjects rested for 4 min, exercised for 30 min at 30–35% peak O2 consumption, and rested for a further 60 min before completing the fourth exercise bout. Peak power and total work were reduced ( P < 0.05) during bout 3 [765 ± 60 (SE) W; 15.8 ± 1.0 kJ] compared with bout 1 (1,168 ± 55 W, 23.8 ± 1.2 kJ), but no difference in exercise performance was observed between bouts 1 and 4 (1,094 ± 64 W, 23.2 ± 1.4 kJ). Before bout 3, muscle ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), glycogen, pH, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ uptake were reduced, while muscle lactate and inosine 5′-monophosphate were increased. Muscle ATP and glycogen before bout 4 remained lower than values before bout 1( P < 0.05), but there were no differences in muscle inosine 5′-monophosphate, lactate, pH, and SR Ca2+ uptake. Muscle CP levels before bout 4 had increased above resting levels. Consistent with the decline in muscle ATP were increases in hypoxanthine and inosine before bouts 3 and 4. The decline in exercise performance does not appear to be related to a reduction in muscle glycogen. Instead, it may be caused by reduced CP availability, increased H+ concentration, impairment in SR function, or some other fatigue-inducing agent.

38

Trump, M. E., G. J. Heigenhauser, C. T. Putman e L. L. Spriet. "Importance of muscle phosphocreatine during intermittent maximal cycling". Journal of Applied Physiology 80, n. 5 (1 maggio 1996): 1574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.5.1574.

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Abstract (sommario):

To examine the importance of phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation in maintaining power output during maximal intermittent cycling, seven healthy men completed three bouts of isokinetic cycling (30 s, 100 revolutions/min) with 4 min of rest between bouts. After bout 2, blood flow to one leg was occluded by cuffing the thigh (Cuff) during the rest period to prevent PCr resynthesis while the circulation to the other leg was intact (Cont). The cuff was then removed and bout 3 completed. Muscle biopsies were sampled from the vastus lateralis of both legs just before and immediately after bout 3. Total work produced by the Cuff and Cont legs was similar during bouts 1 (9.3 +/- 0.5 and 9.6 +/- 0.5 kJ, respectively) and 2 (8.1 +/- 0.4 and 8.3 +/- kJ, respectively). Cuffing prevented the resynthesis of PCr because pre-bout 3 contents were 20.7 +/- 8.4 and 63.0 +/- 3.3 mmol/kg dry muscle in the Cuff and Cont legs, respectively. Cuffing also resulted in significantly higher muscle levels of lactate, H+ concentration (287 +/- 26 vs. 217 +/- 15 nM), ADP, AMP, and acetyl-CoA before bout 3 but had no effect on other glycolytic intermediates, ATP, or acetylcarnitine. Total work in bout 3 was significantly reduced by 15% in the Cuff leg (5.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.8 +/- 0.6 kJ). PCr degradation during bout 3 was 3.1 and 47.5 mmol/kg dry muscle in the Cuff and Cont legs, respectively, and lactate accumulation was minimal in both legs. Changes in all other metabolites during bout 3 were not different between legs. The results suggest that PCr contributed approximately 15% of the total ATP provision during the third 30-s bout of maximal isokinetic cycling and that most of the ATP was provided during the initial 15 s. Muscle glycogenolysis contributed minimally to ATP provision (approximately 10-15%) during the third 30-s bout, suggesting that aerobic metabolism becomes the dominant source of ATP during this model of repeated sprinting.

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Paulauskas, Rūtenis, Ričardas Nekriošius, Rūta Dadelienė, Ana Sousa e Bruno Figueira. "Muscle Oxygenation Measured with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Following Different Intermittent Training Protocols in a World-Class Kayaker—A Case Study". Sensors 22, n. 21 (27 ottobre 2022): 8238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218238.

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Abstract (sommario):

Training elite kayakers at a distance of 1000 m is associated with aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, while intermittent training, in a variety of forms, is one of the effective ways to improve cardiorespiratory and metabolic function. Thus, this study aimed to investigate muscle oxygenation responses during repetition training (RT), interval training (IT), and sprint interval training (SIT). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitors were placed on the latissimus dorsi (LD), pectoralis major (PM), and vastus lateralis (VL) of a world-class kayaker during their preparatory period. The intensity of work, relief, and recovery intervals were the independent variables that were manipulated using three different training protocols. The inferential analysis between intermittent training protocols showed significant differences for all variables except total the hemoglobin (tHb) index in LD during bout 2 (F = 2.83, p = 0.1, ηp2 = 0.205); bout 3 (F = 2.7, p = 0.125, ηp2 = 0.193); bout 4 (F = 1.8, p = 0.202, ηp2 = 0.141); and bout 6 (F = 1.1, p = 0.327, ηp2 = 0.092). During the rest bouts, all training protocols showed significant differences for all variables except muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) in the VL during bout 5 (F = 4.4, p = 0.053, ηp2 = 0.286) and tHb in VL during bout 1 (F = 2.28, p = 0.132, ηp2 = 0.172); bout 2 (F = 0.564, p = 0.561, ηp2 = 0.049); bout 3 (F = 1.752, p = 0.205, ηp2 = 0.137); bout 4 (F = 1.216, p = 0.301, ηp2 = 0.1); and bout 6 (F = 4.146, p = 0.053, ηp2 = 0.274). The comparison between IT protocols RT and SIT presented similar results. All variables presented higher values during SIT, except HR results. Finally, the comparison between IT and SIT showed significant differences in several variables, and a clear trend was identified. The results of this study suggest that the application of different intermittent exercise protocols promotes distinct and significant changes in the peripheral effect of muscle oxygenation in response to training stimuli and may be internal predictors of hemodynamic and metabolic changes.

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Stupka, N., M. A. Tarnopolsky, N. J. Yardley e S. M. Phillips. "Cellular adaptation to repeated eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage". Journal of Applied Physiology 91, n. 4 (1 ottobre 2001): 1669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1669.

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Abstract (sommario):

Eccentrically biased exercise results in skeletal muscle damage and stimulates adaptations in muscle, whereby indexes of damage are attenuated when the exercise is repeated. We hypothesized that changes in ultrastructural damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and markers of proteolysis in skeletal muscle would come about as a result of repeated eccentric exercise and that gender may affect this adaptive response. Untrained male ( n = 8) and female ( n = 8) subjects performed two bouts ( bout 1and bout 2), separated by 5.5 wk, of 36 repetitions of unilateral, eccentric leg press and 100 repetitions of unilateral, eccentric knee extension exercises (at 120% of their concentric single repetition maximum), the subjects' contralateral nonexercised leg served as a control (rest). Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis from each leg 24 h postexercise. After bout 2, the postexercise force deficit and the rise in serum creatine kinase (CK) activity were attenuated. Women had lower serum CK activity compared with men at all times ( P < 0.05), but there were no gender differences in the relative magnitude of the force deficit. Muscle Z-disk streaming, quantified by using light microscopy, was elevated vs. rest only after bout 1 ( P< 0.05), with no gender difference. Muscle neutrophil counts were significantly greater in women 24 h after bout 2 vs. rest and bout 1 ( P < 0.05) but were unchanged in men. Muscle macrophages were elevated in men and women after bout 1 and bout 2 ( P < 0.05). Muscle protein content of the regulatory calpain subunit remained unchanged whereas ubiquitin-conjugated protein content was increased after both bouts ( P < 0.05), with a greater increase after bout 2. We conclude that adaptations to eccentric exercise are associated with attenuated serum CK activity and, potentially, an increase in the activity of the ubiquitin proteosome proteolytic pathway.

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Ronsen, Ola, Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Tone Rasmussen Øritsland, Roald Bahr e Jens Kjeldsen-Kragh. "Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness associated with repeated bouts of strenuous endurance exercise". Journal of Applied Physiology 91, n. 1 (1 luglio 2001): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.425.

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Abstract (sommario):

This study compared leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness during and after a second bout of high-intensity endurance exercise on the same day with the response to a similar but single bout of exercise. Nine athletes participated in three 24-h trials: 1) rest in bed (Rest); 2) one bout of exercise (One); and 3) two bouts of exercise (Two). All bouts consisted of 75 min at ∼75% of maximal O2uptake on a cycle ergometer. Lymphocytes in whole blood were stimulated with monoclonal antibodies against CD2 and assessed by flow cytometry for expression of the early activation molecule CD69. The second bout of exercise in the Two trial was associated with significantly increased concentrations of total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+cells and a significantly decreased percentage of CD56+cells expressing CD69 compared with a single bout. Additionally, there was a significantly decreased CD69 fluorescence in CD56+cells postexercise. These differences suggest a “carry-over” effect in the immune system from a first to a second bout of exercise on the same day.

42

Báthory, Dalia. "“Talkin’ bout a Revolution”". History of Communism in Europe 7 (2016): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/hce201671.

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Reffet, Agnès. "Etre humain jusqu'au bout". Revue internationale de soins palliatifs 18, n. 1 (2003): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/inka.031.0027.

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44

Lovighi, Vanessa. "Au bout du couloir…". Psychologues et Psychologies N° 261, n. 2 (1 giugno 2019): 027–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pep.261.0022h.

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45

McGoun, Elton G. "Crazy 'Bout a Mercury". Review of International American Studies 14, n. 2 (19 dicembre 2021): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.11654.

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Abstract (sommario):

When we purchase an automobile, we are also acquiring an amorphous but very real image, that is, the statement which the automobile makes about its owner to the public. Such images are forged in popular culture, and Mercury is an automobile brand that had an auspicious post-WWII popular culture debut. In 1948, K.C. Douglas recorded “Mercury Boogie” on a 10-inch 78-RPM, with its memorable line in the chorus “I’m crazy ‘bout a Mercury.” Five years later in 1953, George and Sam Barris transformed a 1951 Mercury Club Coupe into the Hirohata Merc, creating a classic of customization that has been described as “the most famous custom of all time” (Taylor 2006: 56). Ford occasionally attempted to take advantage of these strong roots in popular culture formed in the make’s earliest days, but the company’s efforts were not notably successful. In spite of Mercury’s promising beginnings in media, it has had only a slight presence in music and film. Mercury’s image never influenced the automobile market beyond the first few years, and it was unable to prevent the brand’s 2011 demise.

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Heilbrun, Carolyn G., Miriam Horn e Elizabeth Fishel. "Talkin' 'Bout Their Generation". Women's Review of Books 17, n. 8 (maggio 2000): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4023416.

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47

Stough, Aaron. "How 'bout a Bite?" Science News 159, n. 17 (28 aprile 2001): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3981486.

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Hulatt, Ian, e Catherine Gamble. "Talking ’bout a revolution". Mental Health Practice 15, n. 5 (8 febbraio 2012): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp2012.02.15.5.11.p7483.

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Gravillon, Isabelle. "À bout de souffle". L'école des parents N° 617, n. 6 (2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/epar.617.0019.

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Birch, David. "Talking 'Bout Your Reputation". XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students 20, n. 1 (settembre 2013): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2517998.

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