Tesi sul tema "Déformations multi-Échelles"
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Jomard, Hervé. "Analyse multi-échelles des déformations gravitaires du Massif de l'Argentera Mercantour". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00295597.
Testo completoNous avons tout d'abord cartographié les mouvements gravitaires rocheux dans la partie occidentale du massif de l'Argentera Mercantour et étudié leur relation et leur répartition en fonction des variables géologiques et morphologiques régionales. Puis nous nous sommes focalisés sur l'étude de deux cas représentatifs actuels d'échelles différentes sur lesquels nous avons testé et calibré la méthode de tomographie électrique (2D-3D-4D): le glissement de la Clapière et un glissement secondaire emboîté a son pied.
Notre étude permet d'établir un lien et un contrôle par la structure tectonique des mouvements d'échelles très différentes : Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations (DSGSD), Deep Seated Landslides (DSL) et glissements superficiels. Ce contrôle s'exprime de différentes façons mais il apparaît de manière générale que l'échelle spatiale des déstabilisations gravitaires qui en résulte est directement proportionnelle à l'échelle temporelle des processus géologiques et morphodynamiques.
Allain, Sébastien. "Caractérisation et modélisation thermomécaniques multi-échelles des mécanismes de déformation et d'écrouissage d'aciers austénitiques à haute teneur en manganèse : application à l'effet TWIP". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2004_ALLAIN_S.pdf.
Testo completoThe high manganese austenitic steels have a low stacking fault energy (SFE). Their plastic deformation is achieved by slip, but also by twinning or by [epsilon] martensitic transformation. Our thermochemical modeling including the Néel magnetic transition determines the value of the SFE and the deformation mechanisms activated as a function of the temperature and the composition. Tensile tests performed on Fe22MnO. 6C and 1. OC grades between 77 K and 673 K show that the homogeneous elongation is controlled by the work hardening rate through Considère's criterion. The best compromise between elongation and tensile strength is obtained at 298 K when twinning is activated (TWIP effect). At high temperature, the mere latent hardening leads to a low elongation and tensile strength. At low temperature, twinning is replaced by the [epsilon] martensitic transformation, gliding is thermally activated and the tensile strength is maximal. At 298 K, the TEM study reveals that twinning occurs by formation of microtwins gathered into stacks which are strong obstacles for dislocation gliding. Their thickness is determined by a 2D simulation at the scale of the dislocations. At the scale of the grains, two secant twinning systems are sequentially activated along with strain. Only the second twinning system, which appears at about 15 % strain, contributes efficiently to work hardening by reducing the mean free path of mobile dislocations. A crystal plasticity framework which is based on simple scale transition laws bas been developed. The viscoplastic behavior of each grain depends on the dislocation densities stored on each slip system. The activation of two twinning systems is triggered by a Schmid law and leads to a rapid decrease of the mean free path for the secant slip systems. The model well reproduces the link between the twinning microstructure and the mechanical properties
Brown, Stephen. "Analyse structurale et âge des déformations cassantes à micro- et méso-échelle dans un bassin sédimentaire intracontinental : le cas du Bassin de Paris". Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1325.
Testo completoThe intracontinental domain is located far from tectonic plate margins, where significant stress can accumulate. Deformation of the intraplate domain is a consequence of stress transmission from plate boundaries. It results in lithospheric buckling, regional deformations, and meso to microscale fracture networks. These intraplate deformations reflect the nature of stress regimes at continental plate boundaries. They often have a heterogeneous distribution, and on a regional scale, are frequently impacted by the directions of pre-existing faults or weaknesses. The role of a structural inheritance remains to be shown on a micro and mesoscale.Understanding intraplate deformation is crucial for assessing geological hazards and fluid circulation in the context of subsurface solicitation. This is especially true in densely populated areas with substantial underground infrastructure. In this PhD, we investigate the geometries, distribution, kinematics, and timing of these intraplate deformations within the intracontinental Paris Sedimentary Basin, with the city of Paris at its center.To achieve this and to attempt to link the different scales of structures, we use multiple techniques, combining fieldwork and laboratory work, in order to approach the problem from two different scales: the mesoscale (metric to centimetric) and microscale (centimetric to millimetric). The structural analyses include calculating paleostress fields from microtectonic data collected in the field and in-situ U-Pb absolute dating of synkinematic calcites and calcitic veins. The microscale is investigated through the inversion of magnetic susceptibility and P-wave velocity data to characterize the internal microstructures of rock samples.The data show that an extensive network of multi-directional brittle joints exists and is expressed at different scales. In chalk samples for example, the measured anisotropy of P-wave velocity reflects the directions of mesoscale joints measured in the field. When the applied shear stress exceeds the shear strength of the joint, failure occurs. This can manifest as sliding or fracturing along the joint plane. Thus, some of the joints are reactivated later. Evidences of faulting, while less common than joints, also exist in the Paris Basin. Calculated paleostress tensors indicate mostly strike-slip faulting regimes with maximal principal stress axes (sigma1) roughly N-S. This direction is concordant with the N-S orientation of Pyrenean compression more so than Alpine compression or Tertiary extension at the origin of the European rifted continental basins. Furthermore, through in-situ U-Pb dating of calcite mineralized along fault planes or within veins, we show that the Late Cretaceous to Eocene timing of the fault network is more aligned with the Pyrenean Orogeny than the Alpine Orogeny or the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS)
Amouzou, Eva Kékéli. "Caractérisation et modélisation multi-échelles de l’anisotropie et de l’hétérogénéité de la déformation plastique du α-titane en conditions de traction". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0200/document.
Testo completoThe plasticity of alpha-titanium is strongly anisotropic. It involves slip systems families with various properties and different kinds of twins. In this study, tensile tests on commercially pur alpha-titanium samples are coupled with acoustic emission and high-resolution extensometry measurements. These tests show the presence of a well on the strain dependence of the work hardening. An opposite strain rate effect on the well depth is found whether specimens are elongated along the rolling or the transverse direction of the initially laminated sheet. Slip lines analysis reveals an initial predominance of prismatic slip, particularly pronounced in specimens strained along the rolling direction. The relative activity of prismatic slip is then observed to decrease with the deformation of both kinds of samples. The twin volume fractions are higher in the tests performed in the transverse direction but still remain very low (< 5 %), especially around the well (< 2 %). These results provide grounds for elaboration of a model capable of explaining such peculiar work hardening behavior. The model relies on a self-consistent scheme in elastoviscoplasticity, based on the translated field method and an affine linearization of the viscoplastic flow rule. The model considers crystal plasticity and deals separately with mobile dislocation density and dislocation velocity. It assumes lower strain rate sensitivity as well as higher dislocation multiplication rate for prismatic systems. Based on these assumptions, the model reproduces correctly the stress-strain curves and gives sound estimates of Lankford coefficients, prismatic slip activity and textures evolution. Most importantly, the opposite effect of strain rate on the well depth with regard to the orientation of the tensile axis is qualitatively retrieved, which allows putting forward an explanation of the observed phenomena. Besides, acoustic emission and high-resolution extensometry measurements allow analyzing the intermittent and wave nature of alpha-titanium at a mesoscopic scale. These data are confronted with the predictions of the present model and will be used as grounds for the future development of a more complex model
Abou, Orm Lara. "VMS (Variational MultiScale) stabilization for Stokes-Darcy coupled flows in porous media undergoing finite deformations : application to infusion-based composite processing". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00966922.
Testo completoGu, Tang. "Modélisation multi-échelles du comportement électrique et élasto-plastique de fils composites Cu-Nb nanostructurés et architecturés". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0017/document.
Testo completoNanostructured and architectured copper niobium composite wires are excellent candidates for the generation of intense pulsed magnetic fields (>90T) as they combine both high strength and high electrical conductivity. Multi-scaled Cu-Nb wires are fabricated by accumulative drawing and bundling (a severe plastic deformation technique), leading to a multiscale, architectured and nanostructured microstructure exhibiting a strong fiber crystallographic texture and elongated grain shapes along the wire axis. This thesis presents a comprehensive study of the effective electrical and elasto-plastic behavior of this composite material. It is divided into three parts: electrical, elastic and elasto-plastic multiscale modeling. In order to investigate the link between the effective material behavior and the wire microstructure, several homogenization methods are applied which can be separated into two main types: mean-field and full-field theories. As the specimens exhibit many characteristic scales, several scale transition steps are carried out iteratively from the grain scale to the macro-scale. The general agreement among the model responses allows suggesting the best strategy to estimate reliably the effective electrical and elasto-plastic behavior of Cu-Nb wires and save computational time. The electrical models are demonstrated to predict accurately the anisotropic experimental data. Moreover, the mechanical models are also validated by the available ex-situ and in-situ X-ray/neutron diffraction experimental data with a good agreement
Yao, Wei-Zhen. "Analyses thermomécaniques multi-échelles expérimentale et numérique pour des empilements de couches minces en microélectronique". Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4023.
Testo completoThe aim of this work is to understand and predict the warpage of silicon wafers during the fabrication process of PTIC microelectronic components. The warpages are partially responsible for several productivity problems. This study is done by coupling analytical calculation, finite element modeling and experimentation. The mechanical characterization of thin films constituting the multi-layered stack has been carried out by an experimental method nanoindentation with the help of a finite element model. The intrinsic stress in the thin films has been determined by coupling measurements of the wafer warpage and a finite element model. The obtained Young’s modulus and intrinsic stress are used to feed the database for calculating the wafer warpage by analytical and numerical approaches. The complexity of the structures (thousands of components in the wafer) required the use of homogenized models to calculate the wafer warpage. These results obtained allow the prediction of the wafer-level warpage in order to optimize the fabrication process flow and therefore reduce the risk of the mechanical problem
Agbessi, Komlan. "Approches expérimentales et multi-échelles des processus d'amorçage de fissures en fatigue sous chargements complexes". Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00867947.
Testo completoPortelette, Luc. "Analyse des mécanismes de glissement des dislocations dans l'UO2 à l'aide de la modélisation multi-échelles comparée à l'expérience". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0406/document.
Testo completoThis thesis is part of the study of fuel elements of pressurized water reactors and, more specifically, focus on the understanding and modelling of the viscoplastic behavior of uranium dioxide (UO$_2$) at polycrystalline scale. During the incidental operation of the reactor, the fuel undergoes a strong increase of temperature and thermal gradient between the center and the periphery of the pellet leading to viscoplastic strains due to dislocation movement mechanisms. First, a crystal plasticity model was developed in order to describe the viscoplastic anisotropy of the material considering the temperature and the loading rate. Finite element (FE) simulations on single crystals enabled to highlight that the three slip modes generally observed in UO$_2$ are crucial to describe the anisotropic behavior of the material. Secondly, coefficients of the interaction matrix have been identified specifically for UO$_2$ in order to improve the polycrystal modelling. Indeed, by calculating geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), which are responsible of the great increase of the stored dislocation density in polycrystals, the interactions between dislocations enable to simulate de grain size sensitivity and hardening of the fuel pellet. Finally, the model adapted for polycrystals, have been validated by comparing FE simulations with pellet compression tests and by comparing the simulated intra-granular behavior with EBSD measurements. Thanks to the latter comparison, it is possible to indirectly compare the strain heterogeneities in the grains
Dylewski, Benoît. "Caractérisation expérimentale multi-échelles et multi-techniques du rail prélevé en service : de la déformation plastique sévère et des évolutions de microstructure à l'amorçage de fissures par Fatigue de Contact de Roulement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2324.
Testo completoThis work is dedicated to the characterization of severe plastic deformation and microstructure evolution induced in rails in service, leading to cracks initiation by Rolling Contact Fatigue. Initiation of these surface cracks and in-depth propagation involve several phenomena at the microstructure scale which can lead to surface spalling at the macroscopic scale or even to brutal failure of the rail during its service. To improve understanding of these various phenomena beneath the rail surface, an experimental, multi-scales and multi-techniques methodology has been followed on rails removed from service. In the first part of results, the presence of a three-dimensional gradient of microstructure, of crystallography and of mechanical properties induced by the repeated contacts with wheels has been highlighted in a rail head during its service. Then, by means of a field analysis campaign of rails removed from service at several accumulated loads, the different stages of in-depth gradients development and plastic deformation accumulated in the rail head have been estimated in relation with total accumulated tonnage and cracks initiation. This study contributes to improve the understanding of the damage mechanisms in rolling contact fatigue of rails in service and the modeling of rail plasticity and crack propagation by including anisotropy of the running band and effect of in-depth microstructure evolution
Duval, Thimothée. "Analyse multi-échelles des relations microstructure/propriétés mécaniques sous sollicitation monotone et cyclique des alliages de titane β-métastable". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESMA0033/document.
Testo completoThe improvement of specific performances of metallic materials used for aerospaceapplications needs continuous researches and developments. Titanium alloys are materials ofchoice for aerospace companies thanks to their high mechanical properties and low density.Among them, the β-metastable alloys that retain up to 40% of β phase are more and moreintroduced in aircraft engines (Ti-17) and for structural parts (e.g. landing gears in Ti-5553and Ti-10-2-3).This work aims to analyse the mechanical behaviour and durability of these alloyssubmitted to monotonic or cyclic loadings. Mechanical tests have been developed on differentindustrial microstructures as on academic simplified ones produced by specific thermaltreatments. Deformation mechanisms (slip systems) and damage processes (cracks initiation)were identified and analyzed at different scales using microscopes (optical and SEM) andcrystallographic features were studied by EBSD. Specific in situ tests performed undermicroscopes (optical and SEM) and digital images correlation techniques at scales of interesthave permitted to identify and to quantify the key microstructural parameters and the kineticsof these processes. One major result concerns the influence of the anisotropy of mechanicalproperties associated to the β phase
Roth, Amandine. "Étude multi-échelles de l'hétérogénéïté et de l'anisotropie de la déformation plastique : cas des aciers TWIP et du Ti-[alpha]". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0078/document.
Testo completoDislocation glide and twinning mechanisms occur and interact during plastic deformation of many materials, often leading to diverse behaviors. The role of both mechanisms on heterogeneity and anisotropy of plastic deformation is discussed in this thesis through a multiscale study of two materials with strong industrial potential: an austenitic steel displaying the TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) effect, and commercially pure alpha-titanium. If in both cases, dislocation glide remains the dominating mechanism to accommodate plastic deformation, the role of each mechanism is still not well understood. Materials characterization consists of tensile tests at room temperature (macroscopic scale) associated with high resolution local extensometry and acoustic emission measurements (mesoscopic scales), as well as microstructure analyses. It is shown that plastic instability which takes place in the studied TWIP steel appears progressively, long before the critical strain for the onset of stress serrations on deformation curves. Moreover the role of twinning seems to be essential for the mechanism of plastic instability. Concerning alpha-titanium, a three-stage character of strain hardening in tension conditions is highlighted with an inverse effect of strain-rate regarding the tensile direction in relation with the initial texture (rolling or transverse direction). Twinning seems to play here only a secondary role. To explain these observations it is conjectured that the strain-rate sensitivity of stress is different for prismatic and pyramidal glide. Finally, this hypothesis is compared to the estimation of active slip systems based on the slip lines analysis at different strain levels
Despringre, Nicolas. "Analyse et modélisation des mécanismes d'endommagement et de déformation en fatigue multiaxiale de matériaux composites : polyamide renforcé par des fibres courtes". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0058/document.
Testo completoThe current work focuses on a new micromechanical high cycle fatigue visco-damage model for short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, namely: PA66/GF30. This material, extensively used for automotive applications, has a specific microstructure which is induced by the injection process. The multi-scale developed approach is a modified Mori-Tanaka method that includes coated reinforcements and the evolution of micro-scale damage processes. Their description is based on the experimental investigations of damage mechanisms previously performed by the team. Damage chronologies have been proposed involving three different local degradation processes: fiber-matrix interface debonding/coating degradation, matrix microcracking and fiber breakage. Their occurrence strongly depends on the microstructure. The developed model integrates these damage kinetics and accounts for the complex matrix viscoelasticity and the reinforcement orientation distributions induced by the process. Each damage mechanism is introduced through an evolution law involving local stress fields computed at the microscale. The developed constitutive law at the representative volume element scale is implemented into a C++ scientific library, SMART+, and is designed to work with Finite Element Methods. The model identification is performed via reverse engineering, taking advantage of the multiscale experimental results: in-situ SEM tests as well as quantitative and qualitative μCT investigations
Hassoun, Virginie. "Analyse multi-échelles des déstabilisations sous-marines de la Marge Ligure : implications sur la répartition spatio-temporelle des facteurs déclenchant [sic]". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4069.
Testo completoThe Ligurian margin is a passive margin characterized by high sedimentation rates during the Plio-Quaternary. It is affected by a compressive tectonic deformation leading to the inversion of the margin, together with a salt tectonic. The present-day moderate seismic activity is punctuated by stronger seismic events. Thus, this margin offers a good natural laboratory to study submarine landslides and their triggering factors. Although the Var Turbidite System has been well investigated over the last 20 years, the morphology and tectonics/sedimentary processes affecting the whole margin remained poorly known. This study aims to describe and to characterize the main types of mass movements, their preferential locations along the Ligurian margin during the Plio-Quaternary and their triggering factors to improve geohazards assessment related to landslides. A dataset including bathymetric and geophysical data and cores allowed to realize a multi-scale study of submarine failures and their associated triggering factors. About 1500 landslides were identified on the margin and in the basin. The study of their spatio-temporal distribution revealed that the margin has always been affected by mass-wasting processes and that the main zones of landsliding migrated westward during the Plio-Quaternary. The largest submarine landslides are preferentially associated with the highest deformation rates and their location is controlled by crustal tectonics and/or salt tectonics. The initiation of failures results from the combination of several factors including the margin deformation, earthquakes, salt tectonics and sediment under-consolidation
Ayari, Houssem. "Modélisation micromécanique de l’effet des chargements cycliques et de la vitesse de déformation sur l’endommagement de l’interface fibre-matrice dans les composites SMC". Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE033.
Testo completoThe aim of this study is to model the mechanical behavers of two SMC composite materials subjected to fatigue and dynamic loadings. To achieve this goal, a bibliographic study was carried out on the modeling of the dynamic and cyclic behavior of SMC composite. Fiber-matrix interface decohesion is a main local damage mechanism in SMC composites. This phenomenon is introduced in the Mori and Tanaka approach through a local damage criterion which defines step by step the number of micro-cracks to be introduced in the homogenization scheme of this model during loading until final failure.Indeed, this model allows predicting the monotonic behavior of the studied SMCs. The experimental results, extracted from literature, have allowed the extension of the micromechanical model in the cases of cyclic and dynamic loadings. Four complementary approaches, all based on the consideration of interfacial damage, have been developed as a function of the local normal and tangential stress values, the corresponding strain rate and the number of cycles.Thus, the mechanical response under monotonic loading at different strain rates from quasi-static to dynamic was also predicted. For the fatigue loading, the progressive degradation of the mechanical properties and the fatigue lifetime of the two investigated SMC composites were predicted in good agreement with the experimental results obtained at microscopic and macroscopic scale
Willeman, Héloïse. "Multi-scale characterization of deformation mechanisms of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) under tensile stretching". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0006.
Testo completoThe aim of this PhD work is accessing the microscopic deformation mechanisms of bulk poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) under tensile stretching. Beforehand, the thermal and mechanical properties of two commercial grades of PEEK were characterized. Tensile specimens were then compression-molded to obtain morphologies as isotropic as possible and characterized below and above the glass transition temperature. Deformations at the scales of lamellar stacks and of the crystalline unit cell have been characterized by small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) performed in-situ during tensile tests. Simultaneously, the strain field within the samples was followed by digital image correlation (DIC) in order to compare microscopic and macroscopic strains. At both temperatures, lamellae tend to orient perpendicular to the tensile direction (TD). This orientation mechanism (which we denote as ‘Chain Network model’) is driven by the amorphous chains which transmit the stress between adjacent lamellae. The tensile strain in lamellar stacks perpendicular to TD is lower than the macroscopic tensile strain, which must be compensated by increased shear in inclined stacks. Some differences of behavior have been observed depending on the test temperature, especially at high deformation. A highly oriented morphology is ultimately obtained in all cases. However, the central scattering profiles changes with testing temperatures. Below Tg, the presence of small entities randomly oriented is indicated. Above Tg, the material is fibrillar and contains cavities
Touboul, Marion. "Approche multi-échelles morphologique et directe pour une classe de composites particulaires fortement chargés hyperélastiques et visco-hyperélastiques". Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451829.
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