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Palaiodimou, Lydia. "Molecular insights into Listeria monocytogenes persistence via label-free quantitative proteomics". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04951897.
Testo completoListeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a severe foodborne illness in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Known for its adaptability, Lm persists across varied environments, making it difficult to control. During long-term infection in epithelial cells, such as hepatocytes and trophoblasts, Lm shifts from a replicative to a quiescent state within lysosome-like vacuoles, termed Listeria-containing vacuoles (LisCVs). This transition is associated with the loss of the actin-nucleating protein ActA and the arrest of actin polymerisation at the bacterial surface. Within LisCVs, the majority of bacteria remain intact and enter a slow/non-replicative or a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a dormant form enabling persistence under adverse conditions. Prolonged infection of hepatocytes by Listeria disrupts host immunity, particularly reducing the secretion of acute-phase proteins (APPs), key to the immune response. This process might prevent the complete elimination of Listeria from the liver, thereby favoring the establishment of persistent infection. Lm also displays notable adaptability outside host environments, particularly in water systems, where it can enter a VBNC dormant state. VBNC pathogens pose heightened health risks as they are undetectable by growth-based methods and can reactivate into a virulent form. A recent study shows that when exposed to these nutrient-poor conditions, the bacteria lose their rod shape and become round due to their cell wall loss. These cell wall-deficient (CWD) forms can adapt to physicochemical imbalances by modifying their membrane and producing specific proteins. The first part of this thesis explores host-pathogen interactions during Lm infections, focusing on trophoblast cells. Using comparative proteomics via LC-MS/MS, this study analyses differences in secretome profiles between infected and uninfected cells across replicative (24h p.i.) and persistent (96h p.i.) infection phases. Pathway analysis in the trophoblast model indicates that Lm modulates immune responses through intermediary processes like angiogenesis and signalling pathways, including HIF-1α and MAPK, essential for signal transduction. Similar to the liver, these modulations may be crucial for creating and sustaining a niche in trophoblast cells; however, mechanisms remain to be identified. The second part of this thesis investigates Lm environmental persistence using an in vitro mineral water model and comparative proteomics. Proteomic data identified the downregulation of cell wall-related proteins, consistent with the establishment of CWD form. Functional analysis showed additional stress responses, including decreased signal transduction, virulence, and energy production, all consistent with the VBNC state. These findings provide insight into Lm environmental survival strategies, aiding in the understanding of its persistence mechanisms. This work examines Lm persistence in trophoblast cells and environmental conditions, demonstrating its molecular adaptation to survive in diverse environments. Within host cells, Lm emphasises immune repression, while in nutrient-poor conditions, it focuses on nutrient scavenging and stress resistance. These findings highlight its resilience and could lead to potential applications for detection and treatment of persistent infections
Το Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) είναι ένας προαιρετικά ενδοκυτταρικός παθογόνος μικροοργανισμός, υπεύθυνος για τη λιστερίωση, μια σοβαρή τροφιμογενή λοίμωξη που επηρεάζει κυρίως έγκυες γυναίκες και ανοσοκατασταλμένα άτομα. Γνωστό για την προσαρμοστικότητά του, το Lm επιμένει σε ποικίλα περιβάλλοντα, καθιστώντας τον έλεγχό του δύσκολο. Κατά τη διάρκεια χρόνιων λοιμώξεων σε επιθηλιακά κύτταρα, όπως ηπατοκύτταρα και τροφοβλάστες, το Lm μεταβαίνει από πολλαπλασιασμό σε λανθάνουσα κατάσταση σε Listeria-containing vacuoles (LisCVs). Αυτή η μετάβαση συνδέεται με την απώλεια της ActA και την αναστολή του πολυμερισμού της ακτίνης στην επιφάνειά του. Στα LisCVs, τα βακτήρια εισέρχονται σε μια αργή/μη πολλαπλασιαστική ή βιώσιμη αλλά μη καλλιεργήσιμη (VBNC) κατάσταση, ευνοώντας την επιμονή. Η παρατεταμένη λοίμωξη των ηπατοκυττάρων από τη Listeria διαταράσσει την ανοσία του ξενιστή, μειώνοντας την έκκριση πρωτεϊνών οξείας φάσης (APPs), κρίσιμων για την ανοσοαπόκριση. Αυτό μπορεί να εμποδίσει την πλήρη εξάλειψή της από το ήπαρ, προωθώντας χρόνια λοίμωξη. Το Lm εμφανίζει προσαρμοστικότητα και εκτός ξενιστών, ιδιαίτερα σε υδάτινα συστήματα, όπου εισέρχεται στη VBNC κατάσταση. Οι οργανισμοί VBNC συνιστούν κίνδυνο, καθώς δεν ανιχνεύονται με μεθόδους καλλιέργειας αλλά μπορούν να επανενεργοποιηθούν. Πρόσφατη μελέτη δείχνει ότι σε συνθήκες πτωχών θρεπτικών στοιχείων, τα βακτήρια χάνουν το ραβδοειδές σχήμα τους και γίνονται στρογγυλά λόγω απώλειας κυτταρικού τοιχώματος. Αυτές οι μορφές χωρίς κυτταρικό τοίχωμα (CWD) προσαρμόζονται σε φυσικοχημικές ανισορροπίες μέσω τροποποιήσεων στη μεμβράνη και παραγωγής ειδικών πρωτεϊνών. Το πρώτο μέρος αυτής της διατριβής εξετάζει τις αλληλεπιδράσεις ξενιστή-παθογόνου στις λοιμώξεις Lm, εστιάζοντας στα κύτταρα τροφοβλάστης. Με συγκριτική πρωτεομική (LC-MS/MS), αναλύονται οι διαφορές στο εκκρίτωμα μολυσμένων και μη μολυσμένων κυττάρων στις φάσεις πολλαπλασιασμού (24h) και επιμονής (96h). Η ανάλυση μονοπατιών δείχνει ότι το Lm τροποποιεί τις ανοσολογικές αποκρίσεις μέσω διαδικασιών όπως η αγγειογένεση και τα μονοπάτια σηματοδότησης HIF-1α και MAPK, κρίσιμα για τη μεταβίβαση σήματος. Όπως και στο ήπαρ, αυτές οι τροποποιήσεις μπορεί να συμβάλλουν στη διατήρηση μιας λοίμωξης στα κύτταρα τροφοβλάστης, αν και οι ακριβείς μηχανισμοί παραμένουν άγνωστοι. Το δεύτερο μέρος εξετάζει την περιβαλλοντική επιμονή του Lm χρησιμοποιώντας in vitro μοντέλο μεταλλικού νερού και συγκριτική πρωτεομική. Τα δεδομένα ανέδειξαν μείωση πρωτεϊνών κυτταρικού τοιχώματος, επιβεβαιώνοντας τη μορφή CWD. Επιπλέον, η λειτουργική ανάλυση έδειξε αποκρίσεις στο στρες, όπως μείωση μεταβίβασης σήματος, λοιμογόνου δράσης και παραγωγής ενέργειας, συμβατές με την κατάσταση VBNC. Αυτά τα ευρήματα προσφέρουν νέα δεδομένα για τις στρατηγικές περιβαλλοντικής επιβίωσης του Lm, συμβάλλοντας στην κατανόηση των μηχανισμών επιμονής του. Η εργασία αυτή εξετάζει την επιμονή του Lm σε κύτταρα τροφοβλάστης και περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες, καταδεικνύοντας τη μοριακή του προσαρμογή. Στα κύτταρα ξενιστή, το Lm καταστέλλει το ανοσοποιητικό, ενώ σε συνθήκες πτωχών θρεπτικών στοιχείων εστιάζει στη συλλογή τους και την αντοχή στο στρες. Αυτά τα ευρήματα αναδεικνύουν την ανθεκτικότητά του και θα μπορούσαν να συμβάλουν στην ανίχνευση και θεραπεία επίμονων λοιμώξεων
Davì, Valeria. "Dynamique de la paroi cellulaire dans la régulation de la morphogenèse et de la croissance cellulaire". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS295/document.
Testo completoCells in nature develop in a wide range of forms, following diverse growth patterns. Despite the importance of these fundamental processes, how cells regulate their growth and morphogenesis is still poorly understood. In this thesis, I explored these processes, focusing my investigations on tip growing walled cells and in particular, by exploiting the fission yeast Schyzosaccharomyces pombe, adopting a mainly biomechanical approach. To this aim, I first developed novel methods to measure key cell wall mechanical parameters in vivo and in large scale, which allowed the very first observations of cell wall dynamics. This revealed that the cell wall is softer and highly variable at growing poles, and almost stable and stiffer at non-growing sites. During elongation, there is an interplay between wall mechanics and cell growth, whose active control allows cell expansion while preserving cell integrity. In addition, I observed that there is a strong correlation between cell wall mechanics and cell morphology, and ectopic perturbations of wall properties directly affect shape establishment and maintenance. Together my results show that the regulation of wall mechanics is fundamental in the determination of cell dynamics in tip growing walled cells. Moreover, this suggests that dynamic observation of cell surface mechanics is crucial for a complete understanding of multifactorial and complex processes as growth and morphogenesis
Tesson, benoît. "Mécanismes de formation, structure et composition de la paroi de deux diatomées modèles : Phaeodactylum triconutum (Bohlin) et Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hasle et Heimdal)". Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2004.
Testo completoThe aim of the present work is the structural and biochemical characterization of the walls of diatoms, and the localization of their intracellular silicon. The 3 morphotypes of P. Tricornutum (oval, fusiform and triradiate) were characterized structurally and mechanically, mechanisms of transition from one form to another were studied. The analysis of the wall surface of P. Tricornutum morphotypes reveals the presence of about 1% silicon in the form of silica (SiO2) and a weakly condensed species. Triradiate and fusiform wall contains about 30% proteins, 25% polysaccharides and 45% lipids, the oval form is enriched in lipids (55 %) and polysaccharides (30 %) with 13 % of proteins. Formation of mineral structure and silicon bioavailability has been studied in culture of P. Tricornutum, in relation with medium alkalinization and exopolymer excretion. The mineral and organic components of T. Pseudonana frustule were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The presence of acylglycérol was detected in the wall of T. Pseudonana, carboxylic and phosphates groups seem to be in contact with the silicon inside the wall. A relatively condensed silicon species, probably in the form of a "sol" was found inside the cell, this “silica sol” is probably used by the cell as a precursor for the synthesis of frustule
Christiaen, Daniel. "Structures et fonctions des polyosides matricielles de la paroi de Gracilaria verrucosa". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596731q.
Testo completoPhilippe, Sully. "Mise en place des parois dans l'albumen au cours du développement du grain de blé". Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2120.
Testo completoArabinoxylan (AX) and (1-3)(1-4)-glucan are the major cell wall polysaccharides of wheat endosperm. The time course and pattern of deposition of these components in the endosperm cell walls of wheat during grain development was studied. 7 stages were retained from beginning of endosperm endosperm cellularization upto the maturation period. Immunochemical, Fourier transform-Infrared and Raman methods were used. Three stages of grain development were identified as key stages for cell wall construction. The developing walls contained (1->3)-β-glucans. (1-3)(1-4)-glucan and arabinogalactan-proteins are the main cell wall components of endosperm at the end of cellularization stage. AX appeared only at the cell differentiation stage. At this stage, AX appear more substituted than at the later stages. Feruloylation of AX increases during the grain filling stage. Moreover, a difference in the degree of AX substitution was found across the endosperm
Louvet, Romain. "Approches biochimique et moléculaire du développement de la silique chez Arabidopsis thaliana (L. ) : Régulation et fonctions des Pectine MéthylEstérases". Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0109.
Testo completoPlant cell wall is a complex network which consists of phenolic, proteic and polysaccharadic compounds. The latter comprises notably cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins. Homogalacturonans, which are one of the main pectic compounds, can be demethylesterified by cell wall bases enzymes, pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3. 1. 1. 11), a multigenic family of 66 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we have quantitatively and qualitatively analysed the cell wall polysaccharides composition during silique development in Arabidopsis. The decrease in the degree of methylesterification of homogalacturonan and the increase of total PME activity during silique maturation has lead us to investigate the variation in the expression of the 66 PMEs genes, using RT-qPCR, during this developmental process. Our results showed that PME gene expression can be clustered into five groups, and allowed some gene of interest to be chosen for further analysis. For several candidates, the precise tissue localization was realised using promoter::GUS fusions. This showed that one PME gene, At5g47500, is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and is coexpressed in many tissues with the At5g20740 gene, which encodes a putative PME inhibitor. A functional genomic approach showed that the function of AT5G47500 might be related to the fine tuning of the degree of methylesterification in meristematic tissues, which could play a role in the changes in cell wall structure leading to primordia emergence
Adiwimarta, Kustantinah. "Effets sur la digestion chez le ruminant de modifications de la teneur en azote associée aux parois végétales". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL096N.
Testo completoKuranda, Klaudia. "Functional Networks Involved in Cell Wall Biosynthesis and the Isoprenoid Pathway in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Toulouse, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAT0017.
Testo completoThis work is focused on the fungal response to the chemical compounds, which similarly to antifungal drugs, impair the cell wall or ergosterol biosynthesis. Both examined pathways are essential for survival of fungi. The cell wall protects them from the harmful environment whereas ergosterol ensures correct functioning of the plasma membrane. For investigation of those pathways, we chose the genetically tractable fungus, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and studied its response to the cell wall damaging agents, i. E. Papulacandin B, Congo red, Calcofluor white and caffeine, and to the inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis like lovastatin and zaragozic acid. A novel function of caffeine was discovered to inhibit Tor1p and to cause a rapid but transient decrease in the intracellular level of cAMP. We have identified Rom2p, a component of the cell wall integrity pathway, as a pivotal protein mediating caffeine-derived signaling to Mpk1 kinase as well as to the cAMP signaling pathway. Caffeine induced strengthening of the cell wall but, in contrast to other tested drugs, this effect was not exerted through a direct interaction with the cell wall structure. Moreover, the caffeine-induced remodeling of the cell wall did not occur through the usual Rlm1p-mediated way but it required some other transcription factors like Crz1p, Swi4p and Msn2/4p. Altogether, we report here a number of results that bear on the relationship between the cell wall integrity, the TOR pathway and the cAMP signaling cascade that together control the growth of the fungal cell in response to stressing conditions
Bernard-Cardona, Muriel. "Protéines et paroi chez Aspergillus fumigatus". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005702.
Testo completoHis, Isabelle. "Etudes des réseaux de la paroi épidermique chez Linum usitatissimum et un mutant d'Arabidopsis thaliana : approche microscopique". Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES097.
Testo completoBytebier, Karl. "Etude du comportement mécanique de la paroi cellulaire du bois par Microscopie à Force Atomique". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648700.
Testo completoNavon, Yotam. "Interaction des composants de la paroi cellulaire végétale : vers un système de modèle bio-inspiré". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALV006.
Testo completoThe goal of this work was to develop an in vitro model of the plant primary cell wall. A bottom up approach was chosen for the rational design of 2D and 3D constructs made of a lipid membrane, cellulose nano crystals (CNCs) and xyloglucan (XG). First, the interaction between the building blocks was probed using light scattering, isothermal titration calorimetry, quartz crystal microbalance and electron microscopy, revealing firstly the electrostatic nature of the interaction between CNCs and a lipidic membrane and secondly, specific interaction between CNCs and XG in a precise stoichiometric ratio. Then, the optimal parameters from the interaction studies were used to obtain 2D and 3D structures by depositing alternating layers of CNCs and XG on flat substrates (multilayered films) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). A linear growth of the films was revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments while the response of decorated vesicles to osmotic shocks lead to their buckling due to the rigidification of the lipid membrane. Finally, the mechanical properties of the constructs were characterized using AFM indentation, revealing a Young's modulus of few hundred kPa, similarly to what is observed for real plant cell walls
Giffard, Mathilde. "RMN en phase solide biomoléculaire : application à la paroi cellulaire bactérienne et nouvelles approches méthodologiques". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENV070.
Testo completoSolid-state NMR is a well-suited method for the study of biological samples. Thanks to this technique, we could study the peptidoglycan and the teichoic acids, essential components of the bacterial cell wall. We were especially inte-rested in their organization, their flexibility and their interactions with cations. We also studied the interactions between the teichoic acids and a protein involved in the pneumococcal virulence. This example illustrates perfectly the lack of sensitivity of the NMR experiments and the limits of the existing recoupling sequences. We highlighted a phenomenon allowing the faster acquisition of NMR spectra. We also worked on the improvement of the PAR and PAIN-CP recoupling sequences. Finally, we compared spectral editing methods applied to wood samples, very well studied since the beginning of solid-state NMR
Giffard, Mathilde. "RMN en phase solide biomoléculaire : application à la paroi cellulaire bactérienne et nouvelles approches méthodologiques". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00572605.
Testo completoReca, Ida Barbara. "Identification and characterisation of new members of pectin methylesterase/invertase inhibitor family in tomato (Solanum lypersicum)". Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30007.
Testo completoPectin methylesterase and invertase are key enzymes in plant carbohydrate metabolism. Inhibitors of both enzymes constitute a structural family (INH/PMEI); nevertheless the respective target enzymes are structurally unrelated. In this thesis two new members of this family (SolyCIF & SolyPMEl) have been identified and characterised in tomato. SolyPMEl was found to be mainly expressed in red fruit. All attempts to produce active recombinant SolyPMEl protein for biochemical characterization appear to be unsuccessful. The isolation of both natural SolyPMEl and PME1 by immuno-afBnity, indicate that SolyPMEIs is in vivo engaged in the formation of a complex with endogenous PMEs. SolyCIF was expressed in two heterologous systems and functionally characterized. SolyCIF is a cell-wall proteinaceous invertase inhibitor which interacts in vitro with a vacuolar enzyme, TIV1. TIV1 is a monomer composed of several fragments that have to be tightly associated for enzymatic activity to occur
Cherkaoui, Mehdi. "Identification des protéines de remodelage despolysaccharides pariétaux du grain de blé en développement et caractérisation d’une xyloglucane endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) abondante dans le grain de Brachypodiumdistachyon". Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4078.
Testo completoThe cell wall is an extracellular compartment specific to the plant kingdom. Mainly composed of polysaccharides, it has a major impact on the nutritional quality and the technological properties of cereal grain. Its composition and the chemical structure of its constituents as well as their arrangement within the wall evolve throughout the development of the grain or in response to biotic or abiotic factors. These biological processes are largely controled by cell wall proteins. A quantitative analysis of the cell wall proteome of wheat grain endosperm and outer layers at two early stages of development was carried out in order to identify these protein actors. A total of 693 cell wall proteins has been identified, including many proteins potentially involved in the remodeling of the cell wall polymers. Variations in the cell wall protein abundance were revealed, thus highlighting the differences in cell wall metabolism depending on tissues and stages of grain development. Amongst the polysaccharide remodeling enzymes, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) play an important role in cell wall dynamics. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches have been carried out to characterize an abundant XTH in the grain of the model plant Brachypodium distachyon in order to decipher the enigmatic role of XTHs in the cell walls of cereal, which contain low amount of xyloglucans
Voxeur, Aline. "Le rhamnogalacturonane II, structure et fonction dans la mise en place de la paroi primaire". Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES049.
Testo completoRhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) is a very complex polysaccharide which is present in plant primary cell walls, predominantly as a dimer cross-linked by a borate-diol ester. This dimerisation has been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in the cell wall formation and consequently, in plant growth. Furthermore, in spite of its complexity, the structure of this pectic component is highly conserved in land plants, which presumes a crucial implication of the RGII in key physiological functions. The objectives of the PhD thesis were 1-the study of plants affected in the biosynthesis of constitutive monosaccharides (L-Gal, Kdo) which allowed to get new insight into the function of this polysaccharide, 2- initiate a bioinformatic approach in order to select putative glycosyltransferases involved in RGII biosynthesis
Wattier, Christopher. "Pucerons et paroi végétale : implication directe ou indirecte de pectine méthylestérases dans la résistance d'Arabidopsis thaliana ?" Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0115.
Testo completoAphids are phloem-feeding insects that generally insert their mouthpart (stylets) through the plant cell wall layers to reach the sieve elements and uptake phloem sap. During stylets progression in the apoplasm, most cells are briefly punctured intracellularly for probing. Plant defense responses to an aphid infestation appear to be quantitatively and qualitatively different from responses to other biotic stresses. Plant acceptance by an aphid depends on the level of plant resistance established and on its ability to feed on a more or less restricted range of plants. The study of their feeding behavior, monitored using the electropenetrography technique, showed that a polyphagous aphid (Myzus persicae) might be more adapted to Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae family) than an oligophagous aphid specialist of this family (Brevicoryne brassicae), this latter being able to discriminate variations between natural ecotypes. These variations concern in particular the content of secondary metabolites that could be toxic or repellent, but also the structure of the plant cell wall. Among the genes associated with cell wall modifications, some encoding pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3. 1. 1. 11) are induced during plant-aphid interactions. PMEs belong to a large multigenic family (66 isoforms in A. Thaliana) and control the degree of methylesterification (DM) of the main pectic domain: the homogalacturonan (HG), an unbranched polymer of α-(1-4) linked D-galacturonic acid residues. The control of the DM of HGs determines the rheological properties of the cell wall (elasticity) and controls the accessibility of HG-degrading enzymes (polygalacturonases PGs and pectate lyases) able to change cell wall porosity and produce oligogalacturonides, endogenous defense inducers. PME activity is therefore likely to influence both the plant defense responses and the aphid probing behavior. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrated that an aphid infestation (M. Persicae) differently modifies cell wall structure and sugars composition of A. Thaliana Col and WS ecotypes, activities of HG-modifying enzymes (PMEs and PGs), as well as the expression of some defense genes. The role of two pectin methylesterases (PME17 and PME3) and an inhibitor of PME (PMEI4) in A. Thaliana - Myzus persicae interactions has been demonstrated using this wide range of approaches. Mutant and overexpression lines inversely affect the aphid trophic behavior (electropenetrography during 8 h) but don't affect its physiology (demographic parameters during 21 days). These effects are correlated with significant changes in term of cell wall structure and defense gene expression, underlining a pleiotropic effect specific to each PME and also of PMEI4. This work highlights the potential roles of plant cell wall and PMEs in the plant resistance against aphids and sheds new light on understanding the mechanisms of plant defense
Boyen, Catherine. "Etude de la paroi cellulaire des pheophycees : approche physicochimique et immunocytologique, preparation d'enzymes de degradation specifiques". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066281.
Testo completoBoyen, Catherine. "Etude de la paroi cellulaire des phéophycées approche physicochimique et immunocytologique, préparation d'enzymes de dégradation spécifiques /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603407m.
Testo completoDurand, Fabien. "Etude de la protéine Knr4, élément régulateur de l’intégrité cellulaire chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Toulouse, INSA, 2008. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000224/.
Testo completoThe cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an essential organelle and provides both a preservation of the shape and a protection against environnemental stress to which the cell is permanently subjected. Synthesis and regulation of this dynamic structure, consisting of a network of sugars and proteins, are mainly based on a signaling cascade of MAP kinases: the PKC1 pathway. The Knr4 protein appears to play an important role in this pathway. Indeed, it seems to have a direct effect on the activity of the MAP kinase Slt2p and to coordinate cell wall synthesis with cell cycle. Nevertheless, this protein, encoded by the KNR4/SMI1 gene, initially isolated by complementation of a mutant resistant to the toxin killer K9, is still very intriguing and its function in the assembly and the regulation of the cell wall structure has been the main goal of my thesis. During these three years, various lines of inquiry have been considered. First, we have studied the structure of Knr4p, which has been proved to belong to a specific class of proteins: the intrinsically disordered proteins. By bioinformatic, biochemical and biophysical approaches, we deeply analyzed the structure of this protein and finally succeeded in the crystallization of a globular and structured domain. In the same time, a functional analysis of different fragments of the protein showed that the Cterminal extremity of Knr4p could be eliminated without disrupting its function. This result was evaluated by recovering wild phenotypes of a mutant deleted for KNR4. In contrast, the N-terminal extremity, although not essential for different growth phenotypes or for sensitivity to antifungal drugs, becomes essential in the absence of a functional PKC1 pathway. Significant biochemical, genetic and transcriptomic experiments were undertaken to try to understand the role of the N-terminal part of Knr4p in the cell growth control in absence of a functional PKC1 pathway. Finally, influence of Knr4p on the phosphorylation activity of Slt2p was studied by in vitro biochemical approaches that have enabled us to classify this protein as a tight regulator of this MAP kinase within the PKC1 pathway
Femenia, Marroig Antoni. "Obtention de fibres alimentaires à partir de différents coproduits végétaux : effets de la maturation des tissus et de procédés de séchage sur les polysaccharides des parois cellulaires". Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2039.
Testo completoStalhberger, Thomas. "Etude de la paroi de Malassezia restricta : un résident ubiquitaire de la peau de l'homme". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077289.
Testo completoHuman scalp harbors complex communities composed of yeast and bacteria that form specific niches and/or microenvironments on the skin surface. Now we know that malassezia yeasts are associated with a number of different human diseases. He cell wall of pathogenic fungi represents the initial point of interaction between the host and the pathogen. Cell wall composition and structure are strongly associated with the adherence to and penetration into tissues. The dynamic nature of the fungal cell wall allows the yeast to overcome host defences. Urrently the cell wall has been studied only in three species of malassezia (sympodialis, furfur, pachidermatis). A biochemical study demonstrated that m. Sympodialis cell wall contains a simple mannan, but it lacks ß-(1-3)-glucan. Some data indicate that -(1-6)-glucan is a major component of the m. Sympodialis cell wall. In the case m. Fufur and pachidermatis, the cell wall components have been investigated with antigenic reactions. Live cells of malassezia fureur and malassezia pachydermatis did not react with an anti-a-1-2- mannoside antibody. However, they have showed a strong hydrophobicity and reactivity with an anti-b-1- 3-glucan antibody. . N this project we focus on the specie malassezia restricta the major yeast found on the human skin. We would bring a better understanding on malassezia cell wall with a complete biochemical/optical analysis (gc, rmn, mass spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electronic microscopy)
CAMPARGUE, CHRISTIAN. "Les glycoproteines riches en hydroxyproline de la paroi cellulaire vegetale : etude biochimique, activite biologique et aspects biotechnologiques". Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30048.
Testo completoCuello, Clément. "Vers l'élaboration d'un modèle de construction des parois secondaires des fibres de bois chez le peuplier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. https://theses.univ-orleans.fr/prive/accesESR/2021ORLE3118_va.pdf.
Testo completoTrees are able to grow high et survive many years thanks to their wood properties. Wood delivers three major functions in trees : (i) water conduction, (ii) mechanical support et (iii) nutrient storage. In Angiosperm trees, vessels, fibers et parenchyma rays are respectively assigned to these functions, each of them following their own development scheme. Cell wall composition et structure varies greatly depending on cell type, developmental stage et environmental conditions. This complexity therefore represents a hindrance to study the molecular mechanisms of wood formation. However, this can be circumvented by the development of cell-specific approaches.This work aims at characterizing fiber development, focusing on their secondary cell wall, developing cell-specific methods et integrative analysis at the cell level. Development of ATR-FTIR hyperspectral imaging enabled to finely characterize differences in cell wall composition between cell types in a tree et within cell types in different types of wood. Transcriptomics data obtained by RNA-Seq of microdissected fibers et rays gave rise to major differences in the transcriptome of these two cell types. Combining both kind of result led to the identification of key players in fibers development. Hence, this work opens up new research hypothesis, which could lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying wood fiber development, including from a dynamic perspective
Bilang, Mariyati. "Relation entre la structure des phosphopeptidomannannes et la floculation chez Kluyveromyces lactis (souches haploïdes)". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10100.
Testo completoHarmouch, Naïma. "Variation des structures pariétales et membranaires chez Schizosaccharomyces pombe : souche sauvage, mutant ras1- et mutant ras1vaI17". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10178.
Testo completoBellande, Kévin. "Étude fonctionnelle d'un récepteur lectine kinase, LecRK-I.9 : un contrôle de la dynamique des parois chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30213.
Testo completoCell walls are complex structures of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and proteins secreted by the cell, so setting up a rigid and continuous structure within the tissue of plants. Cell walls are dynamic structures that are continuously modified in the course of development and in response to environmental cues: cell wall proteins play a primarily role by assembling and remodelling polysaccharides, and by participating to cell signalling. In particular, cell walls are designed to handle turgor pressure, the driving force of cell elongation: the loosening of polysaccharide networks, the addition of new components and stiffening should be tightly coordinated to maintain the cell wall structures. A sensory complex to monitor the cell wall status should provide this coordination in an effective manner. We are interested in an Arabidopsis thaliana lectin receptor kinase (LecRK-I.9) with a Legume lectin-type extracellular domain. It is hypothesized that LecRK-I.9 is part of a cell wall surveillance system. The questions asked in this work are: (i) in which developmental processes is LecRK-I.9 involved? (ii) what are the regulations targeted by LecRK-I.9? (iii) what are the ligands for LecRK-I.9? LecRK-I.9 expression was primarily found in root tissues and, LecRK-I.9 was shown to be involved in the processes of adventitious and lateral root initiation and emergence. Both processes require large cell wall remodelling. LecRK-I.9 was defined as a negative regulator of the processes. Indeed, the cell wall peptides CEP are early regulators of lateral root initiation: genes encoding CEP were up-regulated in lecrk-I.9 seedlings. In the same way, genes encoding cell wall remodelling enzymes working together for cell wall loosening are also up-regulated. Finally, lecrk-I.9 seedlings showed modified cell walls in their polysaccharide content. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibition was employed to impair the cell wall structures. In particular, jasmonic acid (JA)- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)- mediated signalling may regulate ectopic lignin deposits in root apices induced by cell wall damage. LecRK-I.9 was shown to control the JA levels during the process of ectopic lignin deposition. Moreover, through JA tuning, LecRK-I.9 regulates the expression of genes encoding cell wall proteins and peptides, but also proteins for detoxifying ROS. Our results suggest that LecRK-I.9 regulates cell wall dynamics in roots by targeting JA levels, ROS homeostasis and remodelling enzymes for polysaccharides. Future prospects include relationships between cell wall composition and mineral nutrition for iron. Indeed, lecrk-I.9 seedlings showed an enhanced accumulation of iron in cell walls. Finally, LecRK-I.9 was found to be associated to Hechtian strands particularly in the cell wall anchor points. Interactions between lectin domains and cell wall polysaccharides are currently searched using glycoarrays for cell wall polysaccharides: LecRK-I.9 could be the linker to establish a physical connection between cell wall and plasma membrane
Sampaio, Guillaume de. "Fonctions glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) et cohésion pariétale chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28784.
Testo completoChateau, Sophie. "Les marqueurs de la compétence cellulaire à la transformation génétique via agrobacterium tumefaciens, chez les plantes modèles petunia hybrida L. Et arabidopsis thaliana L". Amiens, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AMIE0105.
Testo completoChavez, Montes Ricardo Aaron. "Caractérisation de mutants et transformants d'alpha -L-arabinofuranosidase chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/290/.
Testo completoAlpha-L-arabinofuranosidases (arabinofuranosidases) are a group of glycosylhydrolases that participate in the remodelling of plant cell walls. Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase activity is defined as the hydrolysis of terminal, nonreducing alpha-L-arabinofuranoses. However, despite the simplicity of this definition, the in planta substrate(s) for arabinofuranosidases and, therefore, their role in plant physiology, have remained unknown to this day. During this PhD we undertook the charaterization of two family 51 Arabidopsis genes, annotated "alpha-L-abinofuranosidase", At3g10740 (ARAF1) and At5g26120 (ARAF2). ARAF1 and ARAF2 are expressed in particular cell types, including vascular tissues such as phloem, cambium and metaxylem parenchyma. Cell wall analysis from mutant and transformant plants showed that pectic arabinan, and not arabinogalactan proteins arabinan nor arabinoxylan, is an ARAF1 substrate. Finally, the phenotypes observed for ARAF1 and ARAF2 mutants and transformants suggest that arabinofuranosidases participate not only in cell wall remodelling, but also in carbon partition regulation, UDPsugar synthesis regulation and adaptation of plants to their environment
Bahmed, Karim. "Teneur de la chitine des parois, relation avec la résistance des levures à l'amphotéricine B". Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN12505.
Testo completoTurbant, Amélie. "Modification des pectines et développement de la graine d'Arabidopsis thaliana". Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIE0115.
Testo completoRiboulet, Cédric. "Recherche des déterminants biochimiques et moléculaires de la réticulation des parois et de l'ingestibilité du maïs fourrage". Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2346.
Testo completoDelmas, Frédéric. "L'acide 3-Désoxy-D-Manno-2octulosonique 8-Phosphate (KDO-8-P) synthase chez les plantes : caractérisation fonctionnelle d'une enzyme impliquée dans la biosynthèse d'un composé pectinique des parois végétales". Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21104.
Testo completoThe KDSA gene codes for the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate (Kdo-8-P) synthase which synthesizes the phosphorylated precursor of Kdo, an essential and indissociable component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. In plants, the role of Kdo is largely misunderstood ; however it is a constituent of a complex pectic polysaccharide : rhamnogalacturonan II, essential for the structuration of the pectin bnetwork in primary cell wall. The study of the KDSA enzyme has been performed in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) and in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression of KDSA was shown to be preferentially associated with dividing cells. Its function is thought to be of great importance since no null mutant plants, lacking the Kdo-8P synthase activity, could be isolated. A preliminary study of the Kdo transferase has been performed. This enzyme is the last one of the biosynthetic pathway of Kdo and the first results will be discussed
NAJI, BOUKIL. "Action d'agents tensioactifs a reactivite antimousse sur les proprietes physiologiques et l'enveloppe cellulaire de deux levures, saccharomyces uvarum et kluyveromyces bulgaricus". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN12034.
Testo completoAndres-Robin, Amélie. "Rôle d'ETTIN/ARF3 dans le développement du carpelle chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683741.
Testo completoMoïse, Adeline. "Mise en place et évolution de la paroi cellulaire du péricarpe du fruit de tomate au cours de son développement et de sa maturation". Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2008.
Testo completoFruit texture depends on histology and cell wall architecture, both under genetic and developmental controls. If ripening related cell wall modifications have been well documented with regard to softening, little is known about cell wall construction during early fruit development. Identification of key events and their kinetics with regard to tissue architecture and cell wall development can provide new insights on early phases of texture elaboration. Changes in the pericarp cellular structure during fruit development were first characterized. Cell expansion was shown to occur differently to the location within the pericarp. Analysis of cell wall composition and polysaccharide structure revealed that both are continuously modified during fruit development and not only during the ripening stage. During early stages, the relative high rhamnose content in cell walls indicates a high synthesis of rhamnogalacturonan I next to the one of homogalacturonans. Fine tuning of rhamnogalacturonan I side chains appears to occur from the cell expansion phase until prior the mature green stage. Cell wall polysaccharides remodelling also concerns xyloglucans and (galacto)glucomannans, the major hemicelluloses in tomato cell walls. In situ localization of cell wall polysaccharides in pericarp tissue brings new insights on cell wall construction and architecture. Then, the impact of post-harvest storage conditions on fruit texture from different genotypes was investigated in relation with cell wall changes. An effect of post-harvest conditions was found on pectins. Differences in cell wall composition between genotypes decreased on the course of storage
Lamon, Gaëlle. "Structural characterization of fungal cell walls architecture by solid-state NMR". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0314.
Testo completoThere is a broad range of fungal pathogen infecting humans and causing diseases that can be from mild to lethal. Severe fungal infections are due to opportunistic pathogens that infect immunosuppressed individuals and are most of the time associated with other diseases or medical conditions such as asthma, leukemia, organ transplants, AIDS or immunosuppressive corticosteroid therapies. Despite the number of deaths and the increase in severe mycosis, fungal infections remain neglected by public health authorities.Among fungal pathogens, the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the major pathogen of the respiratory system. Aspergillosis displaying both high incidence and mortality rates, is becoming a massive public health issue. The spores of Aspergillus fumigatus are surrounded by a cell wall, essential for their growth and allowing them to resist against host defense mechanisms. The cell wall is composed of a set of polysaccharides covered by the DHN-melanin pigment and a layer of proteins called hydrophobins. In this project, we aimed at investigated the structural architecture of Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall at atomic resolution using MAS ssNMR spectroscopy.In another hand, Cryptococcus neoformans is the etiological agent of cryptococcosis; which consists in mycosis affecting the central nervous system. This fungal disease remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide by leading to severe symptoms such as meningoencephalitis - especially for immunocompromised individuals suffering from AIDS. C. neoformans results in encapsulated particles with a size of 5-7μm with a two-layers external structure composed of a cell wall and a capsule. The cell wall, rigid, is bounded to the plasma membrane and composed of polymers of α-glucan, β-glucan, chitin and chitosan45. Then, the capsule of C. neoformans is mainly composed of carbohydrates such as glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) (up to 90%), glucuronoxylomannogalactan (GXMGal), mannoproteins and lipids. During this thesis project, we aimed at identifying the different components of C.neoformans cell wall and capsule by ssNMR and to investigate the architecture of these two layers. Part of this project was also the exploration of possibilities and limits of 1H detection methods at fast MAS regime (100 kHz) as the tool to analyze intact cell walls.To sum up, as the solid-state NMR is a non-destructive spectroscopy, we applied this method to the study of the molecular architecture of complex systems (cell wall, capsule…) in cellular conditions – as close as possible to the native state. During these three years, we set up a methodology allowing studying the complex composition of fungal external structures as well as their architecture in the cell context. Finally, because in microbial infections, the pathogenesis often relies on the external structures of the pathogen, all these results could give a better comprehension of the A. fumigatus and C. neoformans cell organization that may help to find new therapeutic strategies to fight, more efficiently, against fungal infections
Jafarpour, Moghaddam Golnaz. "Dynamique macromoléculaire dans la paroi végétale et ses polymères pariétaux". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30067.
Testo completoThe wood has become a popular material for several industries. The wood molecular mobility and the one of three principal constitutive polymers, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were studied. Thermal stability and physical structure of materials were respectively obtained by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). In parallel, macromolecular relaxation dynamics were measured by Dynamic Dielectric Spectroscopy (DDS) and Thermo Stimulated Currents (TSC). The combination of two last methods let us study the localised and delocalised molecular mobility on the extended frequency scale. The influence of the hydrogen bonds and the hydration rate on the molecular mobility was also pointed out. The analysis realised on genetically modified wood brought us the information on the inter chain interactions evolution
NICOL, FREDERIC. "Approches genetique et moleculaire du role de la paroi dans l'elongation cellulaire chez arabidopsis thaliana : caracterisation du mutant korrigan". Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA112085.
Testo completoNguema-Ona, Éric. "La matrice extracellulaire végétale : rôle dans le contrôle de la morphogenèse cellulaire". Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES065.
Testo completoPlant cell wall plays a key role during cell morphogenesis. Here, we have investigated the occurrence of galactose-containing polysaccharides, in the reb1-1 Arabidopsis mutant roots. The mutation affects galatose biosynthesis. Our data show that mutant roots are devoided by galactosylated xyloglucan side chains. Interestingly, pectin galactosylation is not affected. These findings suggest that galactose biosynthesis and its incorporation into complex polysaccharides is regulated at the polymer level. In the second part of this work, a potential connexion between cell wall arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) and microtubules was investigated. AGPs disrupting drugs were used to disturb AGPs dynamic at cell surface. A strong alteration of cell morphology and a rapid cortical microtubules organization were observed. These findings demonstrate that AGPs are able ton influence cortical microtubules, placing them as critical molecular linkers between the cytoskeleton and the plant cell wall
Hakkou, Abdelkader. "Mode d'action des antifongiques polyéniques sur l'enveloppe cellulaire de la levure Kluyveromyces lactis : étude du phénomène de résistance". Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN12023.
Testo completoIrshad, Muhammad. "DYNAMIQUE DES PROTÉINES PARIÉTALES AU COURS DE L'ÉLONGATION CELLULAIRE DANS DES HYPOCOTYLES ÉTIOLÉS D'ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA : APPROCHES PROTÉOMIQUE ET TRANSCRIPTOMIQUE". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00323217.
Testo completoGuillaumie, Sabine. "Identification et études d'expression de gènes connus ou putativement impliqués dans l'élaboration et la variabilité de digestibilité des parois du maïs fourrage". Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2258.
Testo completoForage maize serves as a basis of ruminant nutrition. Forage feeding value is essentially related to digestibility of cell wall components. Lignin content and structure, and relations between lignin and other cell wall components are the main characteristics influencing forage cell wall digestibility. To date, only few genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway have been identified and characterised, but their variations in expression are not sufficient to explain differences in digestibility between lines. The aim of my PhD is to identify and to study new candidate genes implicated in variations of cell wall digestibility of forage maize. The strategy used is based on a transcriptomic approach. A maize cell wall specific cDNA macroarray was constructed with maize homologs to Zinnia sequences, derived from a secondary cell wall SSH library, and a bioinformatic search of genes involved in cell wall formation. A "Maize Cell Wall Database" was constructed in order to centralize sequences and results from in depth bioinformatic analyses. 683 Gene Specific Tags, derived from 3'UTR of each gene involved in cell wall formation, were amplified and spotted on our "Maize Cell Wall Macroarray". This chip was hybridized with radiolabelled cDNA coming from different tissues of maize collected at various stages of development in order to highlight the dynamics of expression of parietal genes during the development. The cell wall macroarray was also hybridized with radiolabelled cDNA coming from i) brown midrib mutants, which differ by their lignin content and digestibility, and ii) maize lines previously characterized by different cell wall digestibilities. Results obtained highlight integration of lignification in a whole pattern of regulation far beyond genes of the "lignin pathway". The cell wall macroarray enabled us to start visualizing transcriptional co-regulations in genes of cell wall components and highlighting a transcriptional print of a good digestibility. Thanks to the results obtained during my PhD, with the description of an original set of genes implied in cell wall biogenesis, it will be possible to uderstand the bases of digestibility differences observed between maize lines
Al-Qsous, Suha. "Purification et étude de l’expression d’une pectine méthylestérase de lin : rôle de cette isoforme dans la rigidification de la paroi". Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES050.
Testo completoPectin methylesterases (PME, EC. 3. 1. 1. 11) are enzymes that demethoxylate pectins in the cell wall. Numerous PME isoforms exist in higher plants; these isoforms are known to play different roles in various developmental processes. Three genes (Lupme5, Lupme3 and Lupme1) encoding PME were isolated from flax (Linum usitatissimum) hypocotyls. We purified the mature LuPME5 isoform which was found to have a very basic isoelectric point (pI 9. 5) and a molecular mass of 35 kDa. In order to understand the possible roles of this isoform in the hypocotyls, we first performed a semi-quantitative RT-PCR in order to compare the expression levels of Lupme5 with Lupme3 and Lupme1. The expression of these genes was essayed in the different elongation and maturation zones of the hypocotyls of 4, 6 and 10 days old plants. The result showed that Lupme5 is the most expressed gene and that its expression profile could be correlated with the cell wall stiffening after elongation. A construct, containing a partial specific sequence of Lupme5 (in the antisense orientation) was introduced into flax genome. The antisense transformants displayed reduction in the levels of Lupme5 mRNA expression, crude PME activity and protein content. A slight increase in the degree of methylesterification of the cell wall was observed in the antisense constructs, indicating the functional efficiency of these constructs
Leroux, Christelle. "Implication des pectines méthyl-estérases (PMEs) et de leurs inhibiteurs (PMEIs) au cours de la germination du grain de pollen et de la croissance polarisée du tube pollinique chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES019.
Testo completoDuring sexual plant reproduction, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in the pistil are essential for delivering the sperm cells to the ovule. Pollen grain is composed of two sperm cells and a vegetative cell limited, from the inside to the outside, by a plasma membrane, the intine and the exine. The degradation of the intine, composed of complex polysaccharides including homogalacturonans, is of main importance to insure a proper germination. Homogalacturonan (HG) is assumed to be synthetized under a methylesterified form in the Golgi apparatus before its secretion to the cell wall. De-methylesterification of HGs is catalyzed in the cell wall by Pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Upon block-wise action of PME, the blocks of de-methylesterified HGs can interact with Ca2+, promoting the formation of the so-called "eggs-box" structure and thus rigidifying the cell wall. Upon random action, the partially de-methylesterified HGs may become a target for pectin-degrading enzymes, such as polygalacturonases, affecting the texture and rigidity of the cell wall. Interestingly, 14 of the 66 Arabidopsis PMEs are specifically expressed in pollen grain and pollen tube. We have analyzed the expression of these 14 PMEs by RT-PCR in dry pollen grains, during imbibition and pollen tube growth. The expression is gene- and time-dependent. Based on this, we have studied knock-out mutants PMEs (ppme1, pme48 and pme23) under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. These mutant lines present a strong delay in germination compared to the wild type and a remarkable phenotype with multiple pollen tube tips emerging from the pollen grain and an important bursting pollen tubes rate. The objective of this project was to clarify the role of PMEs and PMEIs during the regulation of dynamic properties during cell traffic and remodeling of the pollen grain cell wall during its germination and during the growing pollen tube cell wall
Denancé, Nicolas. "Rôle de la paroi végétale dans l'interaction entre Arabidopsis thaliana et Ralstonia solanacearum : criblage de mutants « paroi » et caractérisation fine de la résistance accrue du mutant walls are thin 1 (wat1)". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1987/.
Testo completoDue to its location at the interface between the cell and its environment, the plant cell wall plays a key role in interactions with pathogens. During this project, the importance of plant cell walls during infection of Arabidopsis by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum has been studied. First, an immunocytological analysis coupled with a bioinformatic approach allowed us to identify cell wall modifications in response to infection and to correlate them to the cell wall-degrading enzymatic arsenal present in the bacteria. In parallel, the screening of cell wall mutants of Arabidopsis for susceptibility to different pathogens led to the identification of twenty eight mutants with altered sensitivity and, as a result, will open new avenues for understanding the role of the wall in defense responses. Much of my PhD research has focused on the characterization of wat1 (walls are thin 1), an Arabidopsis mutant with increased resistance to R. Solanacearum. Through combined genetic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic approaches, we show that wat1 exhibits vascular immunity, most likely resulting from altered crosstalk between auxin, indole glucosinolate and salicylic acid metabolism in roots rather than in cell wall modifications per se
Wong, Quai Lam Mary Sarah-Jane. "Assemblage et dégradation des parois de maïs : de la plante entière à l'échelle cellulaire". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1406/.
Testo completoMaize is one of the most widely grown crops in the world and is grown for grain for human consumption, feedstock for cattle and more recently biofuel. When used as fuel, the most important agronomic trait is digestibility which is dictated by cell wall composition and structure. Many studies have been undertaken in order to improve cell wall digestibility and have essentially focused on the lignin biosynthetic pathway. During my PhD research, we have shown that a mutation in ZmCCR1 (Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1), key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, modified lignin structure which in turn resulted in an increase in digestibility. Beyond lignification per se, my studies focused on the identification of other potential parameters influencing digestibility at the cellular level. This is especially pertinent in maize since its stem biomass is made up of different several lignified tissues and cell types. By combining cell wall biochemistry on laser microdissected (LMD) lignified tissues, with histological studies, we have been able to show that in highly contrasting lines (Cm484 and F98902) the lignified cell types patterning and in particular, the amount and cell wall composition are critical factors in determining maize digestibility
Paque, Sébastien. "Mise en évidence d’éléments de signalisation en aval du récepteur d’auxine ABP1". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112079/document.
Testo completoAuxin is a key hormone concerning the control of plant physiology and the impact on plant development. Conditional plants for ABP1 allowed the post embryonic studies and have contributed to demonstrate the involvement of ABP1 in a broad range of cellular and developmental responses including the clathrin-dependent endocytosis and the regulation of Aux/IAAs homeostasis. These datas revealed that an ABP1-dependent pathway is acting on transcriptional regulation by modulating the SCFTIR/AFBs signaling pathway. I took advantage of the phenotype of dark grown seedlings to study cell expansion in ABP1 loss of function background. ABP1 knockdown induced modifications of fucosylated form of xyloglucan side chains that are the main hemicellulose in Arabidopsis primary cell wall. All data converge to show that this effect results from alterations of expression of cell wall related genes via the modulation of the SCFTIR/AFBs pathway. In parallel, I used a suppressor approach to discover new signaling components downstream of ABP1. Characterisation of one of the suppressor leads to the identification of a loss of function allele of DCL3. This data demonstrates the involvement of the RNA directed DNA methylation pathway downstream of ABP1