Articoli di riviste: "Damage function"

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Windartik, Emyk, Ima Rahmawati, Ita Ainun Jariyah, Raras Merbawani, Indah Lestari, Ifa Ro’ifah, and Arief Andriyanto. "The Degree of Diabetic Wounds Affects Kidney Function Damage." Nurse Media Journal of Nursing 9, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v9i2.24210.

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Background: The peripheral neuropathy is the cause of hospitalization for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and damages kidney function due to the circulatory system with high sugar levels. High sugar levels in DM patients with diabetic wounds can trigger glomerular damage resulting in the decrease of kidney function.Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the degree of diabetic wounds and kidney functions in patients with DM.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 723 DM patients who experienced diabetic wounds in a hospital in Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit the samples. The data of this study were medical records of diabetic patients. A simple linear regression test was employed to analyze the data.Results: The result showed that the degree of diabetic wound was significantly related to kidney function damage (p=0.000). The relationship between the degree of diabetic wounds and the decline in kidney function was shown by an R-squared value of 0.768, meaning that the degree of diabetic wound affected the decline of kidney function by 76.8%, while the 23.2% was affected by other factors.Conclusion:The degree of diabetic injury affects the decline of kidney function in DM patients by 76.8%. Nurses should do health promotion about controlling blood sugar levels in DM patients with the prevention of four pillars of diabetes, including education, nutrition, physical activity, and stress.

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Kim, Moon-Jeong, and Hee-Chang Eun. "Identification of damage-expected members of truss structures using frequency response function." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 2017): 168781401668791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016687911.

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A damaged member in a truss structure leads to a variation in the initial responses of its adjacent members. A flexibility-based approach extracting from the modal data should be implemented as one of the structural damage detection methods. The frequency response function data as dynamic measurements provide more information on the system characteristics compared with modal data. Proper orthogonal modes from the frequency response functions extracted in the given frequency ranges and their modified forms can be utilized as damage indices to detect damages. This study considers damage detection of a truss structure using a frequency response function–based approach transformed to the proper orthogonal modes and a flexibility-based approach using the first few modal data for undamaged and damaged states. The utilization of these two methods is compared through numerical experiments on truss structures. The methods can rarely detect the damaged member accurately, but a group of damage-expected members is detected despite the existence of external noise. It is shown that the frequency response function–based approach can be utilized more explicitly than the flexibility-based approach.

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Yang, Tian-qun, Yuichi Majima, Yongqing Guo, Teruhiko Harada, Takeshi Shimizu, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi. "Mucociliary Transport Function and Damage of Ciliated Epithelium." American Journal of Rhinology 16, no. 4 (July 2002): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194589240201600407.

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The influence of epithelial damage on mucociliary transport was studied in relation to the amount of mucus. The mucosal epithelium of mucus-depleted frog palate was dissected and mounted on a plastic plate. Mechanical damages were created on the frog mucosa by pressing a different thickness of boards (2, 3, 5, and 8 mm). Two different amounts of frog mucus (7.9 L [small amount of mucus {S-mucus}]) and 51.0 L [large amount of mucus {L-mucus}])were applied on the frog mucosa with and without mucosal damage. There was no difference in mucociliary transport rate (MTR) on undamaged frog mucosa between S-mucus and L-mucus. However, on the damaged mucosa, MTR of S-mucus was significantly decreased compared with that of L-mucus. Moreover, capability of mucus transportation across the mucosal damage was significantly lower in S-mucus than in L-mucus. Results indicate that the larger the mucus amount becomes, the more the mucus travels the damaged epithelium. Moreover, MTR of L-mucus was decreased with increasing the degree of epithelial damage. This study indicates that the degree of loss of cilia is an important factor of mucociliary deceleration. (American Journal of Rhinology 16, 215–219, 2002)

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Zhang, Wei, Limin Sun, and Liye Zhang. "Local damage identification method using finite element model updating based on a new wavelet damage function." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 10 (December 27, 2017): 1482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217746837.

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As the number of unknown parameters in a finite element model updating problem increases, the challenges in finding reliable and meaningful updating result surges. Although traditional damage functions have illustrated an excellent ability in reducing unknown parameters, they are imprecise for identifying local damages. To solve this problem, a new type of damage function termed the wavelet damage function, which specializes in local damage identification, is proposed in this article. It utilizes the properties of the Haar wavelet and wavelet multi-resolution analysis. During the wavelet damage function–based finite element model updating procedure, unknown parameters in finite element models are not directly adjusted. Instead, wavelet coefficients of the parameters are estimated stepwise and then the final updating results are reconstructed through the inverse discrete wavelet transform. Numerical simulations and experimental verifications are conducted, and the corresponding results show that wavelet damage function can offer better accuracy as well as higher computational efficiency in the identification of local damages than the traditional damage functions.

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Boettle, M., J. P. Kropp, L. Reiber, O. Roithmeier, D. Rybski, and C. Walther. "About the influence of elevation model quality and small-scale damage functions on flood damage estimation." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 19, 2011): 3327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3327-2011.

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Abstract. The assessment of coastal flood risks in a particular region requires the estimation of typical damages caused by storm surges of certain characteristics and annualities. Although the damage depends on a multitude of factors, including flow velocity, duration of flood, precaution, etc., the relationship between flood events and the corresponding average damages is usually described by a stage-damage function, which considers the maximum water level as the only damage influencing factor. Starting with different (microscale) building damage functions we elaborate a macroscopic damage function for the entire case study area Kalundborg (Denmark) on the basis of multiple coarse-graining methods and assumptions of the hydrological connectivity. We find that for small events, the macroscopic damage function mostly depends on the properties of the elevation model, while for large events it strongly depends on the assumed building damage function. In general, the damage in the case study increases exponentially up to a certain level and then less steep.

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Matsuoka, Masashi, and Miguel Estrada. "Development of Earthquake-Induced Building Damage Estimation Model Based on ALOS/PALSAR Observing the 2007 Peru Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0346.

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With the aim of developing a model for estimating building damage from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data in the L-band, which is appropriate for Peru, we propose a regression discriminant function based on field survey data in Pisco, which was seriously damaged in the 2007 Peru earthquake. The proposed function discriminates among damage ranks corresponding to the severe damage ratio of buildings using ALOS/PALSAR imagery of the disaster area before and after the earthquake. By calculating differences in and correlations of backscattering coefficients, which were explanatory variables of the regression discriminant function, we determined an optimum window size capable of estimating the degree of damage more accurately. A normalized likelihood function for the severe damage ratio was developed based on discriminant scores of the regression discriminant function. The distribution of the severe damage ratio was accurately estimated, furthermore, from PALSAR imagery using data integration of the likelihood function with fragility functions in terms of the seismic intensity of the earthquake.

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Ruilope, Luis M. "Arterial Function and Cardiorenal Damage." Journal of Clinical Hypertension 16, no. 6 (April 25, 2014): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.12318.

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NINIC, D., and H. STARK. "A multiaxial fatigue damage function." International Journal of Fatigue 29, no. 3 (March 2007): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2006.04.003.

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Dackermann, Ulrike, Wade A. Smith, Mehrisadat Makki Alamdari, Jianchun Li, and Robert B. Randall. "Cepstrum-based damage identification in structures with progressive damage." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718804730.

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This article aims at developing a new framework to identify and assess progressive structural damage. The method relies solely on output measurements to establish the frequency response functions of a structure using cepstrum-based operational modal analysis. Two different damage indicative features are constructed using the established frequency response functions. The first damage feature takes the residual frequency response function, defined as the difference in frequency response function between evolving states of the structure, and then reduces its dimension using principle component analysis; while in the second damage indicator, a new feature based on the area under the residual frequency response function curve is proposed. The rationale behind this feature lies in the fact that damage often affects a number of modes of the system, that is, it affects the frequency response function over a wide range of frequencies; as a result, this quantity has higher sensitivity to any structural change by combining all contributions from different frequencies. The obtained feature vectors serve as inputs to a novel multi-stage neural network ensemble designed to assess the severity of damage in the structure. The proposed method is validated using extensive experimental data from a laboratory four-girder timber bridge structure subjected to gradually progressing damage at various locations with different severities. In total, 13 different states of the structure are considered, and it is demonstrated that the new damage feature outperforms the conventional principle component analysis–based feature. The contribution of the work is threefold: first, the application of cepstrum-based operational modal analysis in structural health monitoring is further validated, which has potential for real-life applications where only limited knowledge of the input is available; second, a new damage feature is proposed and its superior performance is demonstrated; and finally, the comprehensive test framework including extensive progressive damage cases validates the proposed technique.

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Zhao, Jie, Hans DeSmidt, and Meng Peng. "Harmonic Transfer Function Based Damage Identification of Breathing Cracked Jeffcott Rotor." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4056236.

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This paper proposes a vibration-based damage identification method based on 6-dof Jeffcott rotor system, which is based on harmonic balance and Newton-Raphson methods. First, the equations of motion are derived by using energy method and Lagrange principle. The crack model is based on strain energy release rate (SERR) in fracture mechanics and modified to accommodate 6-dof Jeffcott rotor model. Then, Gear’s method is used to solve the vibration responses of nominal and damaged rotor systems. By processing vibration responses, the transfer function shifts between nominal and damaged systems are taken as the input of damage identification algorithm. Finally, damage severity can be correlated with the damage parameter estimated via developed damage identification model. Numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness in identifying the breathing crack in the rotor system.

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Chusilp, Pawat, Weerawut Charubhun, and Pattadon Koanantachai. "Monte Carlo Simulations of Weapon Effectiveness Using Pk Matrix and Carleton Damage Function." International Journal of Applied Physics and Mathematics 4, no. 4 (2014): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijapm.2014.v4.299.

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Tan, D., ZR Lu, and JK Liu. "A two-step method for damage identification in beam structures based on influence line difference and acceleration data." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 7 (July 2018): 168781401878740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018787404.

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This article presents a two-step approach for structural damage identification in beam structure. Damages are located using the influence line difference before and after damage, the calculation of damage severity is accomplished by acceleration data and bird mating optimizer algorithm. Local damages are simulated as the reduction of both the elemental Young’s modulus and mass of the beam. The technique for damage localization based on displacement influence line difference and its derivatives for beam structure has been outlined. An objective function that comprises dynamic acceleration is utilized in bird mating optimizer. All data are originated from only a few measurement points. Two numerical examples, namely, a simply supported beam and a four-span continuous beam, are investigated in this article. Identification results from different objective functions are compared with results from objective function conventional modal assurance criterion, which shows the superiority of the proposed function. In addition, results of dynamic responses under different types of excitation are presented. The effect of measurement noise level on damage identification results is studied. Studies in the article indicate that the proposed method is efficient and robust for identifying damages in beam structures.

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Gerist, Saleheh, and Mahmoud R. Maheri. "Structural damage detection using imperialist competitive algorithm and damage function." Applied Soft Computing 77 (April 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.12.032.

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Hou, Yanfang, Weibing Hu, Xin Wang, Tingting Hou, and Congli Sun. "Damage Identification of Ancient Timber Structure Based on Autocorrelation Function." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (July 5, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683666.

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A damage location method for the autocorrelation peak value change rate based on the vibration response of a random vibration structure is established. To calculate the autocorrelation function of the vibration response of each measurement point, we transformed the maximum values into an autocorrelation peak vector. Under a good condition, the autocorrelation peak vector has a fixed shape; hence, it can be used as a basis for structural damage identification. The two adjacent measurement points with the largest change corresponding to the two nodes of the damage unit and the damage location are determined to calculate the change rate of the autocorrelation peak values between damaged and intact structures. When the degree of damage is 5%, the autocorrelation peak value change rate of the acceleration response on the two nodes of the damage unit is significantly greater than that of the other points, which can accurately determine the damage location, indicating that the damage location index constructed has good damage sensitivity. The damage location index can determine a single damage, as well as a double damage. The antinoise capability of the damage location index gradually improves with an increase in the degree of damage. At 45% degree of damage and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 0 dB, the damage location index can still accurately determine the damage location, which has good antinoise interference capability. The Xi’an Bell Tower is used as a case study, and the feasibility of this method is verified, which provides a new method for the study of damage location of ancient timber structures.

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Chen, Xi, and Ling Yu. "Flexibility-Based Objective Functions for Constrained Optimization Problems on Structural Damage Detection." Advanced Materials Research 186 (January 2011): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.186.383.

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Based on concepts of structural modal flexibility and modal assurance criterion (MAC), a new objective function is defined and studied for constrained optimization problems (COP) on structural damage detection (SDD) in this paper. Compared with traditionally objective function, which is defined based on natural frequencies and MAC, effect of objective functions on robustness of SDD calculation is evaluated through numerical simulation of a 2-storey rigid frame. Structural damages are identified by solving the COP on SDD based on an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm. Weak and multiple damage scenarios are mainly considered in various noise conditions. Some illustrated results show that the newly defined objective function is better than the traditional ones. It can be used to identify the damage locations but also to quantify the severity of weak and multiple damages in measurement noise conditions.

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Niv, Yaron, and Marko Banic. "Gastric Barrier Function and Toxic Damage." Digestive Diseases 32, no. 3 (2014): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000357855.

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Reed, D. A. "Damage Function Results for Glass Cladding." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 11 (November 1986): 2557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:11(2557).

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Bednarski, Jeffrey J. "DNA damage signals inhibit neutrophil function." Blood 126, no. 26 (December 24, 2015): 2773–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-11-678672.

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James, Andrew M., and Michael P. Murphy. "How mitochondrial damage affects cell function." Journal of Biomedical Science 9, no. 6 (September 2002): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02254975.

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Hoyer, Patricia B. "Damage to ovarian development and function." Cell and Tissue Research 322, no. 1 (April 23, 2005): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-1083-y.

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Gallagher, Mark A., and Philip (Bud) Whiteman. "Probability Distribution Function for Damage Expectancy." Military Operations Research 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5711/morj.9.3.5.

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Wagenaar, D. J., K. M. de Bruijn, L. M. Bouwer, and H. de Moel. "Uncertainty in flood damage estimates and its potential effect on investment decisions." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1-2016.

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Abstract. This paper addresses the large differences that are found between damage estimates of different flood damage models. It explains how implicit assumptions in flood damage functions and maximum damages can have large effects on flood damage estimates. This explanation is then used to quantify the uncertainty in the damage estimates with a Monte Carlo analysis. The Monte Carlo analysis uses a damage function library with 272 functions from seven different flood damage models. The paper shows that the resulting uncertainties in estimated damages are in the order of magnitude of a factor of 2 to 5. The uncertainty is typically larger for flood events with small water depths and for smaller flood events. The implications of the uncertainty in damage estimates for flood risk management are illustrated by a case study in which the economic optimal investment strategy for a dike segment in the Netherlands is determined. The case study shows that the uncertainty in flood damage estimates can lead to significant over- or under-investments.

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Zhou, Feng, and Guangxu Cheng. "A Coupled Plastic Damage Model for Concrete considering the Effect of Damage on Plastic Flow." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/867979.

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A coupled plastic damage model with two damage scalars is proposed to describe the nonlinear features of concrete. The constitutive formulations are developed by assuming that damage can be represented effectively in the material compliance tensor. Damage evolution law and plastic damage coupling are described using the framework of irreversible thermodynamics. The plasticity part is developed without using the effective stress concept. A plastic yield function based on the true stress is adopted with two hardening functions, one for tensile loading history and the other for compressive loading history. To couple the damage to the plasticity, the damage parameters are introduced into the plastic yield function by considering a reduction of the plastic hardening rate. The specific reduction factor is then deduced from the compliance tensor of the damaged material. Finally, the proposed model is applied to plain concrete. Comparison between the experimental data and the numerical simulations shows that the proposed model is able to describe the main features of the mechanical performances observed in concrete material under uniaxial, biaxial, and cyclic loadings.

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Hou, Jilin, Sijie Wang, Qingxia Zhang, and Łukasz Jankowski. "An Improved Objective Function for Modal-Based Damage Identification Using Substructural Virtual Distortion Method." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050971.

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Damage identification based on modal parameters is an important approach in structural health monitoring (SHM). Generally, traditional objective functions used for damage identification minimize the mismatch between measured modal parameters and the parameters obtained from the finite element (FE) model. However, during the optimization process, the repetitive calculation of structural modes is usually time-consuming and inefficient, especially for large-scale structures. In this paper, an improved objective function is proposed based on certain characteristics of the peaks of the frequency response function (FRF). Traditional objective functions contain terms that quantify modal shapes and/or natural frequencies. Here, it is proposed to replace them by the FRF of the FE model, which allows the repeated full modal analysis to be avoided and thus increases the computational efficiency. Moreover, the efficiency is further enhanced by employing the substructural virtual distortion method (SVDM), which allows the frequency response of the FE model of the damaged structure to be quickly computed without the costly re-analysis of the entire damaged structure. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using an eight-story frame structure model under several damage cases. The damage location and extent of each substructure can be identified accurately with 5% white Gaussian noise, and the optimization efficiency is greatly improved compared with the method using a traditional objective function.

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Sinden, John D., Helen Hodges, and Jeffrey A. Gray. "Neural transplantation and recovery of cognitive function." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 1 (March 1995): 10–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00037249.

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AbstractCognitive deficits were produced in rats by different methods of damaging the brain: chronic ingestion of alcohol, causing widespread damage to diffuse cholinergic and aminergic projection systems; lesions (by local injection of the excitotoxins, ibotenate, quisqualate, and AMPA) of the nuclei of origin of the forebrain cholinergic projection system (FCPS), which innervates the neocortex and hippocampal formation; transient cerebral ischaemia, producing focal damage especially in the CA1 pyramidal cells of the dorsal hippocampus; and lesions (by local injection of the neurotoxin, colchicine) of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Following chronic alcohol or lesions of the FCPS, transplants of cholinergically rich fetal brain tissue into the terminal areas (neocortex and/or hippocampus) restored performance almost to control levels, with a time course consistent with growth of the transplants and integration with host tissue; transplants of cholinergically poor fetal tissue (hippocampus) were without effect, as were transplants of cholinergically rich tissue into the region containing the nuclei of origin of the FCPS. Grafts of primary cells enriched in glia and cultured neuroblastoma cells into the terminal areas of the FCPS were equally effective, suggesting that there are multiple mechanisms by which neural transplants can restore cognitive function following diffuse cholinergic damage. In contrast, after ischaemia- or neurotoxin-induced damage to CA1 or dentate granule cells respectively, cholinergically rich fetal transplants into the damaged hippocampal formation were ineffective in restoring performance. After ischaemic damage, however, performance was restored by suspension grafts of CA1 cells but not by transplants containing CA3 pyramidal cells or granule cells; and after colchicine damage it was restored by solid grafts containing granule but not CA1 pyramidal cells. Furthermore, electrophysiological evidence has demonstrated functional, graft type-specific host-graft functional neuronal connectivity. Thus, restoration of cognitive function by neural transplants is possible after damage to either diffuse (cholinergic) or point-to-point (intrahippocampal) forebrain systems, but the transplant must be appropriate to the damage to be repaired. Because the different types of brain damage studied provide analogues of human alcoholic dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and heart attack, these results are encouraging with regard to the eventual application of neural transplant surgery to the treatment of cognitive deficits in humans.

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Neigh, Gretchen N., Erica R. Glasper, Staci D. Bilbo, Richard J. Traystman, and A. Courtney DeVries. "Cardiac Arrest/Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Augments Cell-Mediated Immune Function and Transiently Suppresses Humoral Immune Function." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 25, no. 11 (May 4, 2005): 1424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600137.

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Immune system activation has implications for cerebrovascular health, but little is known about the function of the immune system after a major cerebrovascular event, such as cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation damages the hippocampus, an important component of the hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal (HPA) axis, and alterations in HPA axis activity can affect immune function. We tested the hypothesis that CA/CPR (approximately 8mins) would cause HPA axis dysregulation and alter the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to antigenic challenge. We also assessed the primary and secondary antibody response of mice exposed to CA/CPR. Of the mice exposed to CA/CPR, half had brains protected by hypothermia to isolate the effects of the CA/CPR procedure from the effects of CA/CPR-induced neuronal damage. Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation-induced neuronal damage resulted in a persistent elevation of blood corticosterone concentration and a concomitant augmentation of the DTH response to antigenic challenge. Furthermore, immune activation before CA/CPR decreased survival after global ischemia. These data highlight the potential impact of neuronal damage on cell-mediated immune function and the role of humoral immune activation in outcome after global ischemia.

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Xu, Qian. "Damage Identification Investigation of Retaining Wall Structures Based on a Virtual Impulse Response Function." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1346939.

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To eliminate the influence of excitation on the wavelet packet frequency band energy spectrum (ES), ES is acquired via wavelet packet decomposition of a virtual impulse response function. Based on ES, a character frequency band vector spectrum and damage eigenvector spectrum (DES) are created. Additionally, two damage identification indexes, the energy ratio standard deviation and energy ratio variation coefficient, are proposed. Based on the damage index, an updated damage identification method for retaining wall structures is advanced. The damage state of a retaining wall can be diagnosed through DES, the damage location can be detected through the damage index trend surface, and the damage intensity can be identified by establishing a quantitative relationship between the damage intensity and damage index. To verify the feasibility and validity of this damage identification method, a vibration test on a pile plate retaining wall is performed. Test results demonstrate that it can distinguish whether the retaining wall is damaged, and the location of partial damage within the retaining wall can be easily detected; in addition, the damage intensity of the wall can also be identified validly. Consequently, this damage identification theory and method may be used to identify damage within retaining wall structures.

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Pu, Qianhui, Yu Hong, Liangjun Chen, Shili Yang, and Xikun Xu. "Model updating–based damage detection of a concrete beam utilizing experimental damped frequency response functions." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 4 (August 3, 2018): 935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218789556.

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This article evaluates the use of experimental frequency response functions for damage detection and quantification of a concrete beam with the help of model updating theory. The approach is formulated as an optimization problem that intends to adjust the analytical frequency response functions from a benchmark finite element model to match with the experimental frequency response functions from the damaged structure. Neither model expansion nor reduction is needed because the individual analytical frequency response function formulation is derived. Unlike the commonly used approaches that assume zero damping or viscous damping for simplicity, a more realistic hysteretic damping model is considered in the analytical frequency response function formulation. The accuracy and anti-noise ability of the proposed approach are first verified by the numerical simulations. Next, a laboratory reinforced concrete beam with different levels of damage is utilized to investigate the applicability in an actual test. The results show successful damage quantification and damping updating of the beam by matching the analytical frequency response functions with the experimental frequency response functions in each damage scenario.

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Hou, Yan Fang, and Wei Bing Hu. "Damage Detection of Historic Timber Structure Based on Cross Correlation Function Amplitude Vectors." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2442.

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Cross Correlation Function Amplitude Vector(CorV) is a method of damage detection which is based on random vibration .In this paper, CorV is introduced in the damage detection of historic timber structure according to the characteristics of structure and damage.Meanwhile,the research has been done. CorV of structural damage before and after the change has been expressed that is based on Cross Correlation function amplitude Vector Criterion(CVAC) .Results show that there is a remarkable decrease of CVAC among the CorVs between damaged and intact structures.Damage locations can be determined through the relative change of CorVs which is before or after the damage of the structure . A basis can be provided for the damage of buildings and the ancient structure protection through this paper.

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Nyarko, Frank Kwabena Afriyie, Gabriel Takyi, Anthony Agyei Agyemang, and Charles Kofi Kafui Sekyere. "Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Solar Cell Interconnect Damage Prediction Function Based on Effect of Temperature Ramps and Dwells on Creep Damage under Field Thermal Cycling." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060633.

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c-Si solar cell interconnection damages from thermal cycles emanate from cumulative damage contributions from the various load steps in a typical thermal cycle. In general, a typical thermal cycle involves five thermal load steps, namely: 1st cold dwell, ramp-up, hot dwell, ramp-down, and 2nd cold dwell. To predict the contributions of each of these load steps to creep damage in soldered interconnections, each of the respective load steps needs to be profiled to accurately fit a function capable of predicting the damage contributions from a given number of thermal cycles. In this study, a field thermal cycle profile generated from in situ thermal cyclings at a test site in Kumasi, a hot humid region of sub-Saharan Africa, is used to predict damage in solar cell interconnections from accumulated creep energy density using finite element analysis (FEA). The damage was assessed for two different solder formulations, namely: Pb60Sn40 and Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu (lead-free). The results from the FEA simulations show that the cooling (ramp-down) load steps accounted for the highest accumulated creep energy density (ACED) damage in solder interconnections. The ramp-up load steps followed this closely. The cumulative contributions of the two load steps accounted for 78% and 88% of the total damage per cycle in the Pb60Sn40 and Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder interconnections, respectively. Furthermore, a study of the damage profiles from each of the five load steps revealed that each of the damage functions from the various load steps is a step function involving the first two thermal cycles, on one hand, and the remaining 10 thermal cycles on the other hand. The damage from the first two thermal cycles can be predicted from a logarithmic function, whereas the damage from the remaining 10 thermal cycles is predicted using six-order polynomial functions. The ACED results computed from the damage functions are in close agreement with the results from the FEA simulation. The functions generated provide useful relations for the prediction of the life (number of cycles to failure) of solder interconnections in solar cells. The systematic approach used in this study can be repeated for other test sites to generate damage functions for the prediction of the life of c-Si PV cells with SnPb and lead-free solder interconnections.

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31

Diao, Yansong, Xue Men, Zuofeng Sun, Kongzheng Guo, and Yumei Wang. "Structural Damage Identification Based on the Transmissibility Function and Support Vector Machine." Shock and Vibration 2018 (June 11, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4892428.

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Abstract (sommario):

A novel damage identification method based on transmissibility function and support vector machine is proposed and outlined in this paper. Basically, the transmissibility function is calculated with the acceleration responses from damaged structure. Then two damage features, namely, wavelet packet energy vector and the low order principal components, are constructed by analyzing the amplitude of the transmissibility function with wavelet packet decomposition and principal component analysis separately. Finally, the classification algorithm and regression algorithm of support vector machine are employed to identify the damage location and damage severity respectively. The numerical simulation and shaking table model test of an offshore platform under white noise excitation are conducted to verify the proposed damage identification method. The results show that the proposed method does not need the information of excitation and the data from undamaged structure, needs only small size samples, and has certain antinoise ability. The detection accuracy of the proposed method with damage feature constructed by principal component analysis is superior to that constructed by wavelet packet decomposition.

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32

Li, Chaochao, Xiaotao Cheng, Na Li, Zhongmin Liang, Yanyan Wang, and Song Han. "A Three-Parameter S-Shaped Function of Flood Return Period and Damage." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6583906.

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With growing flood risk due to increased urbanization, flood damage assessment and flood risk management must be reconsidered. To demonstrate and assess the new features and trends of flood risk in urbanized areas, a novel S-shaped function of return period and damage(R-D)is proposed. The function contains three parameters, which are defined as the maximum flood damageA, critical return periodRc, and integrated loss coefficientk. A basic framework for flood damage assessment was established to evaluate flood damage in the Taihu Basin under various scenarios. The simulation results were used to construct the floodR-Dfunctions. The study results show that the floodR-Dmodel based on the Gompertz function agrees well with the mutability of flood damage in the highly urbanized basin when the flood scale exceeds the defense capability. TheR-Dfunction can be utilized for timely and effective flood damage assessment and prediction. It can describe the impacts of socioeconomic development, urbanization degree, and flood control capability improvements well. The turning points of the function curve can be used as gradation criteria for rational strategy development associated with flood hazards.

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33

Bai, Yi Long, M. F. Xia, F. J. Ke, and J. Bai. "Dynamic Function of Damage and Its Implications." Key Engineering Materials 145-149 (October 1997): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.145-149.411.

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34

Byrne, Christopher, Craig Twist, and Roger Eston. "Neuromuscular Function After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage." Sports Medicine 34, no. 1 (2004): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434010-00005.

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35

Lemsky, Carolyn M. "Cerebral Reorganization of Function after Brain Damage." Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 16, no. 2 (April 2001): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200104000-00010.

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36

Randolph, M. L. "GENETIC DAMAGE AS A FUNCTION OF LET." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 114, no. 1 (December 16, 2006): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb53564.x.

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37

ghasemkheili, Arash sabzi, MohammadReza Davoodi, and mobin mohamadzade rad. "Structural Damage Detection Using Frequency Response Function." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 11, no. 6S (December 31, 2019): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2019/v11i6/191106088.

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38

Paradiso, Sergio. "Cerebral Reorganization of Function after Brain Damage." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190, no. 8 (August 2002): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200208000-00020.

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39

Finkel⁎, T. "Oxidants, DNA damage and stem cell function." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 53 (September 2012): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.102.

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40

Choi, Cheonkyu, Kyungtak Kim, Gilho Kim, and Hungsoo Kim. "Development of Damage Function for Flood Damage Assessment on Single Family Housing." Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 17, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2017.17.6.421.

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41

Sun, Lejia, Huanhuan Yin, Meixi Liu, Gang Xu, Xiaoxiang Zhou, Penglei Ge, Huayu Yang, and Yilei Mao. "Impaired albumin function: a novel potential indicator for liver function damage?" Annals of Medicine 51, no. 7-8 (November 17, 2019): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2019.1693056.

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42

Ge, Penglei, Huayu Yang, Jingfen Lu, Wenjun Liao, Shunda Du, Yingli Xu, Haifeng Xu, et al. "Albumin Binding Function: The Potential Earliest Indicator for Liver Function Damage." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5120760.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background. Currently there is no indicator that can evaluate actual liver lesion for early stages of viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cirrhosis. Aim of this study was to investigate if albumin binding function could better reflect liver function in these liver diseases.Methods. An observational study was performed on 193 patients with early NAFLD, viral hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis patients were separated according to Child-Pugh score into A, B, and C subgroup. Albumin metal ion binding capacity (Ischemia-modified albumin transformed, IMAT) and fatty acid binding capacity (total binding sites, TBS) were detected.Results. Both IMAT and TBS were significantly decreased in patients with NAFLD and early hepatitis. In hepatitis group, they declined prior to changes of liver enzymes. IMAT was significantly higher in cirrhosis Child-Pugh class A group than hepatitis patients and decreased in Child-Pugh class B and class C patients. Both IMAT/albumin and TBS/albumin decreased significantly in hepatitis and NAFLD group patients.Conclusions. This is the first study to discover changes of albumin metal ion and fatty acid binding capacities prior to conventional biomarkers for liver damage in early stage of liver diseases. They may become potential earliest sensitive indicators for liver function evaluation.

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43

Xiao, Feng, Jin Fan, Gang S. Chen, and J. Leroy Hulsey. "Bridge health monitoring and damage identification of truss bridge using strain measurements." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 2019): 168781401983221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019832216.

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Abstract (sommario):

A novel technique to identify bridge damage using genetic algorithms and simulated annealing is proposed in this article. In the proposed method, the cross-sectional area of the damaged member is set as a variable that can be updated. An objective function was investigated to estimate the current condition of the damaged members. This function is the relationship between the measured strain and the analytical strain at the damage location. To obtain better agreement, the parameters were then identified using a genetic algorithm and simulated annealing to minimize the objective function. The proposed method was verified by a truss bridge and can directly estimate the damage based on strain measurements.

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44

Liu, Wei Feng, Shu Xia Zhang, Wei Liu, and Ling Ling Zhou. "Study of Ecological Environment on Assessment Model of Ecosystem Damage Caused by Oil Spill in Ocean." Advanced Materials Research 908 (March 2014): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.392.

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Abstract (sommario):

An ecosystem damage assessment model is built in the paper based on the features of marine ecosystem service damages caused by oil spill and traits of ecosystem service after restoration. The ecosystem damages caused by oil spill are mainly reflected in the following six services, namely, the fishery resource supply, gas regulation, waste disposal, disaster defense, entertainment and biodiversity conservation as well as the restoration expense of respective damage. The damage degree of oil spill to each service of marine ecosystem differs, and the recovery time and speed of respective service also vary. According to the change of service value after being damaged, the damage amount of each service is expressed as an integral function of original value, damage degree and recovery speed. Based on the natures and features of each assessment indicators, the method of environmental economics which can judge its original value is selected, and the ecological scale which can measure the damage degree and recovery speed is determined. Expense statistics method is adopted to monetize ecological restoration indicators.

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45

Buhari, Rosnawati, and Ac Collop. "Pavement Primary Response Using Influence Function and Peak Influence Function." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 1871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.1871.

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Abstract (sommario):

It was identified in previous research that errors in theoretical damage much associated with the influence function calculation. Thus, this paper present the efficient prediction of primary response due to dynamic vehicle loading using influence function and peak influence function approach. In order to provide the realistic loading condition, dynamic road response model with idealised loads representative by mathematical quarter-truck model with two degree of freedom was excited by a random road surface profile which equally spaced points along the simulated road with various different speeds. Consequently, the simplified computational approach (peak influence function method) was identified only a few points gave a small different compare with the influence function method for along the longitudinal distance. In order to identify the impact of both methods, further implementation was done to calculate fatigue damage (horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of a bound layer) or rutting damage (vertical compressive strain at the top of the subgrade layer) predicted by constant load moving at varies speed. It was found that the differences in response are particularly small and increased steadily as the increasing of the vehicle speed. It was conclude that the simplify calculation was able to predict stresses and strains sufficiently accurately and identified relatively small errors into the pavement damage prediction. Hence the simplification in particular much reduced the computation time sufficiently and minimized the computer resources significantly.

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46

Wang, Meng Hong, and Xiao Nan Cao. "The Researches on Damage Detection Method for Truss Structures." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 03030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183803030.

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This paper presents an effective method to detect damage in truss structures. Numerical simulation and experimental analysis were carried out on a damaged truss structure under instantaneous excitation. The ideal excitation point and appropriate hammering method were determined to extract time domain signals under two working conditions. The frequency response function and principal component analysis were used for data processing, and the angle between the frequency response function vectors was selected as a damage index to ascertain the location of a damaged bar in the truss structure. In the numerical simulation, the time domain signal of all nodes was extracted to determine the location of the damaged bar. In the experimental analysis, the time domain signal of a portion of the nodes was extracted on the basis of an optimal sensor placement method based on the node strain energy coefficient. The results of the numerical simulation and experimental analysis showed that the damage detection method based on the frequency response function and principal component analysis could locate the damaged bar accurately.

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47

Wang, S. S., E. S. M. Chim, and H. Suemasu. "Mechanics of Fatigue Damage and Degradation in Random Short-Fiber Composites, Part II—Analysis of Anisotropic Property Degradation." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171763.

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Abstract (sommario):

Based on the microcrack density and cumulative distribution functions obtained in (Wang et al., 1986), cyclic fatigue degradation and associated damage-induced anisotropy of elastic properties of random short-fiber composites are studied. Constitutive equations of the fatigue-damaged composite are derived on the basis of the well-known self-consistent mechanics scheme in conjunction with a three-dimensional elliptic crack theory and the probabilistic functions of microcrack density and cumulative distribution. The anisotropic stiffness degradation is determined as a function of microcrack evolution and accumulation in the damaged composite. Theoretical predictions and experimental data of effective modulus decay during fatigue are in excellent agreement. A damage parameter is introduced to depict quantitatively the degree of homogeneous fatigue damage. The tensorial nature of anisotropic stiffness degradation and fatigue damage is examined in detail. A power-law relationship is established between the rate of damage development and the fatigue loading cycle. The rate of fatigue damage growth is found to decrease exponentially with the loading cycle — a phenomenon unique to the random short-fiber composite. The fundamental mechanics of composite fatigue damage and associated property degradation is elucidated in this paper.

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48

Hu, Zhixiang, and Peiguan Zhang. "Damage Identification of Structures Based on Smooth Orthogonal Decomposition and Improved Beetle Antennae Search Algorithm." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 27, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8857356.

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Abstract (sommario):

A novel damage identification method that utilizes the smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD) combined with the improved beetle antennae search algorithm (BAS) presented by previous scholars is proposed. Firstly, the damage index which can track the curvature changing of mode shape identified by the SOD method is generated by an adaptive polynomial fit method. The locations of structure damages are determined according to the damage index. Thus, the number of possible damaged elements needed to be taken into account can be reduced when calculating the degree of damage. Then, the reduction in the stiffness at the damage location of the structure is calculated by the improved BAS in which the fitness function is constructed by calculated frequencies of the damaged structure in each iteration and the modal frequencies obtained by SOD. The BAS algorithm is improved through a fusion strategy of simulated annealing theory. Thus, the improved BAS algorithm is efficient and adaptive. The effect of this combined application in damage identification has been verified by numerical examples of a simply supported beam with single damage and a cantilever beam with double damage. The numerical results show that this combined algorithm exhibits high reliability in damage identification of beam-like structures.

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49

Surendran, C. S., and G. Sasikala. "Representation of Damage with Fracture-Strain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1205.

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Abstract (sommario):

Under the influence of stresses and strains damage is progressively accumulated in the material leading to full damage viz. fracture corresponding to a critical damage parameter. The damage parameter varies in between zero and unity inclusive of both the values corresponding to non damaged and fully damaged condition. Also damage is a tensorial quantity with physical meaning. In order to represent this physical quantity, a damage-D plane is suggested. This is like a co-ordinate system to easy representation of damage as a function of fracture strain. The damage-D plane can be merged with engineering stress-strain curve beyond the UTS where the damage leads to fracture occurs in the material.

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50

Arya, Kriti, and Somnath Sarangi. "Effect of damage on the free radial oscillations of an incompressible isotropic tube." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 23, no. 8 (June 20, 2017): 1177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286517712076.

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Abstract (sommario):

The effect of damage on the finite-amplitude, free radial oscillations of an arbitrary incompressible, isotropic, homogeneous cylindrical tube is investigated. Pressure is applied to the inner and outer surfaces of the damaged cylinder and constrained from both ends. A purely radial motion is observed when the pressure is removed. The corresponding equation of motion is obtained, incorporating the effect of damage. A simple exponential front factor damage function is introduced in the tube problem. The damage function is a function of the first invariant of the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor and is dependent on its maximum previous ever value. It is found that the period of oscillation for a thin-walled neo-Hookean membrane varies with the damage function. In contrast, the respective period for an undamaged neo-Hookean membrane is a constant. The described study may help in the surgical procedure of angioplasty, performed during inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. During angioplasty, owing to inflation of the balloon, the arterial wall is damaged; this study may help to gain more insight on the surgical procedure. Both thick- and thin-walled analysis of the damaged cylindrical tube are performed and compared with the undamaged case. Several results are inferred and illustrated graphically for two types of parent material model, namely Gent and neo-Hookean.

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