Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Cyclophorus"

Vietnam with its limestone ranges that are concentrated mainly in northern, north-central and southern parts, and many different limestone islands running along the coastline, has a phylogenetically-diverse land snails fauna dominated by endemic species. The genus Cyclophorus (Cyclophoridae) in Vietnam is studied. Sixty species and subspecies from various habitats of limestone areas throughout Vietnam are confirmed and recorded. New species and subspecies, Cyclophorus implicatus kanhoensis ssp. nov., from Northwestern Vietnam, and Cyclophorus tamdaoensis sp. nov., from Northern Vietnam are described and discussed. In this paper, the Cyclophorus courbeti var. leucostoma Dautzenberg et Fischer, 1905, is elevated to subspecies.

A new combination, Pyrrosia annamensis (Christ) Li Bing Zhang, X.M.Zhou & C.W.Chen, for a Southeast Asian species formerly treated in Niphobolus is made. We also lectotypify Cyclophorus rhomboidalis Bonaparte.

Cyclophoridae is the dominant family of operculated terrestrial snails in East Asia. The group consists of four subfamilies and approximately 300 species that are currently classified into 34 genera. The species occupy various habitatsand show a high morphological diversity. The molecular phylogenetic relationships of this group have not previously been discussed. In order to uncover the relationships within the family, we sequenced parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the 16S rRNA gene from 32 species of 10 genera of cyclophorid and established the phylogenetic tree using neighbor joining, Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses to construct phylogenetic trees. The results based on mtDNA sequences suggest that the genera Cyclophorus, Cyclotus, Leptopoma, and Cyathopoma are monophyletic while the traditional genus Japonia appeared polyphyletic and then J. zebra should be moved to the new genus Pilosphaera. In addition, Pilosphaera yentoensis n. sp. and Japonia boonkioensis n. sp. are described in this paper.

Asosiasi merupakan organisme yang tumbuh dan mempunyai kekariban antara dua spesies dan komunitas, yang tumbuh pada lingkungan yang sama. Antar spesies terkadang saling bergatung satu sama lain dan melakukan simbiosis. Satu pihak menyediakan material fotosintetik sedangkan yang lainnya menyediakan bentuk tubuh dan proteksi organisme. Lichen hidup berasosiasi dengan tumbuhan lain selain asosiasi simbion nya. Organisme yang menjadi asosiasi lichen adalah lumut (Bryophyta) dan paku (Pterydophyta). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Surakarta pada Maret–Juli 2021. Metode penelitian yang diterapkan adalah eksplorasi di beberapa jalan–jalan utama di kota Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia secara purpossive sampling. Hasil penelitian mencacat terdapat 6 spesies asosiasi lichen dengan bryophyta meliputi Barbula novoguineense Broth, Hyophila involuta Hook, Trichostomum brachydontium Bruch, Leucophanes massartii RenCard, Calymperes moluccense Schwaegr, Syrrhopodon tjibodensis Flersch. Dan asosiasi lichen dengan pteridophyta sebanyak 9 spesies meliputi Drynaria quercifolia J.Sm, Platycerium bifurcatum C.Chr, Cyclophorus nummularifolius C.Chr, Drymoglossum pilloides Presl, Cyclophorus lanceolatus Aslt, Nephrolepis exaltata Schott, Davallia divaricata BI, Asplenium nidus L, Lygodium scandens SW.

Through the present manuscript, we are reporting for the first time the presence of Cyclophorus pfeifferi Reeve, 1861 in India. Previously, this species of land snail was reported only from South-East Asian countries Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. The specimens were collected during field sur- veys in Dampa Tiger Reserve in Mizoram state, India. The presence of C. pfeifferi in India reveals the range expansion and long-distance dispersal abilities of the species. Here we discuss the taxonomy, ecology and possible routes of dispersal of the species in India.

Type material of some South American species in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, belonging to different families is documented. It includes 16 species: Bulimus cuneus L. Pfeiffer, 1854, Bulimus proteus Broderip, 1832, Bulimus scalarioides L. Pfeiffer, 1867, Bulimus similaris J. Moricand, 1856, Andinia (Ehrmanniella) dedicata Weyrauch & Zilch, 1954, Helix hettneriana E. von Martens, 1897, Eurycampta hidalgonis Döring, 1877, Helix aequatoris L. Pfeiffer, 1860, Helix bituberculata L. Pfeiffer, 1853, Helix bourcieri L. Pfeiffer, 1853, Helix neogranadensis L. Pfeiffer, 1845, Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus) bourcieri L. Pfeiffer, 1854, and Helix platygyra Albers, 1857. The concept of the “salvation” of type material is explained.

Details are provided on 124 land snail species and varieties from New Zealand, and a further 14 species putatively from New Zealand, all of which were described by European and North American taxonomists between 1830 and 1934, based on specimens collected between 1824 and 1924. Primary type material of 95 of these taxa was located in Northern Hemisphere museums during the present study. Lectotypes are designated for: Helix chimmoi Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix glabriuscula Reeve, 1852, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi Smith, 1880, Nanina ? celinde Gray, 1850, Zonites chiron Gray, 1850 and Zonites coma Gray, 1843. Neotypes are designated for Helix conella Pfeiffer, 1861 and Helix tau Pfeiffer, 1861. Primary type material of the following taxa is figured herein for the first time: Bulimus? (Laoma) leimonias Gray, 1850, Cyclophorus cytora Gray, 1850, Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus?) lignarium Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix chimmoi Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix egesta Gray, 1850, Helix fatua Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix greenwoodi Gray, 1850, Helix guttula Pfeiffer, 1853, Helix kermandeci Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix portia Gray, 1850, Helix sciadium Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix venulata Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi Smith, 1880, Hydrocena (Omphalotropis) vestita Pfeiffer, 1855, Nanina ? celinde Gray, 1850, Nanina erigone Gray, 1850, Nanina mariae Gray, 1843, Patula modicella var. vicinalis Mousson, 1873, Realia egea Gray, 1850, Vitrina kermadecensis Smith, 1873 and Zonites chiron Gray, 1850. New taxonomic combinations introduced herein include: Allodiscus nematophora (Reeve, 1854), Cavellia biconcava (Reeve, 1852), Charopa chimmoi (Pfeiffer, 1857), Coneuplecta regularis (Reeve, 1854), Delos jeffreysiana (Reeve, 1852), Fectola tau (Pfeiffer, 1861), Fectola varicosa (Reeve, 1852), Flammulina crebriflammea (Reeve, 1852), Lyrotropis vestita (Pfeiffer, 1855), ?Neophenacohelix ziczac (Gould, 1846), Parabalea peregrina (Gould, 1847), Phacussa hypopolea (Reeve, 1852), Phenacharopa novoseelandica (Küster, 1852), Phrixgnathus glabriusculus (Reeve, 1852), Phrixgnathus poecilostictus (Reeve, 1852), Thalassohelix obnubila (Reeve, 1852), Tornatellinops novoseelandica (Küster, 1852) and Wainuia urnula (Reeve, 1854). Helix collyrula Reeve, 1852 and Nanina tullia Gray, 1850 are treated as junior synonyms of Phenacohelix (Neophenacohelix) giveni Cumber 1961 nomen protectum and Helix (Huttonella) pseudoleioda Suter, 1890 nomen protectum, respectively. A brief account is given of the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917.

Assam is located in the Indo-Burma global biodiversity hotspot, and contains many animals and plants that have not been investigated scientifically. Increasing urbanization and destruction of forest cover have created threats to the survival of many species, hence scientific investigation is important to support conservation efforts. I undertook this study to evaluate the status of land snails in Guwahati, the capital city of Assam, a fast-growing city 216 km2 in area where shrinkage of natural forest cover has become a matter of great concern. A total of 12 species were recorded: Cyclophorus pearsoni (Benson, 1851), C. zebrinus (Benson, 1836), Pterocyclus parvus (Pearson, 1833), Endothyrella affinis (Gude, 1897), Cryptaustenia silcharensis (Godwin-Austen, 1907), Macrochlamys atricolor (Godwin-Austen, 1875), M. hengdanensis Godwin-Austen, 1899, Sitala rimicola (Benson, 1859), Bradybaena cestus (Benson, 1836), Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), Allopeas gracile (Hutton, 1834), and Rishetia hastula (Benson, 1860). I have provided a detailed discussion of our findings.

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學研究所
96
Cyclophoridae consists of four subfamilies and about 300 species currently arranged in 38 genera, occuping varies habitats, with great morphological diversity allover the world. However, the relationship among Cyclophoridae is thus far not clear. In order to investigate this, I sampled cyclophorid snails around Taiwan and its adjacent areas, and then sequenced part of the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and the 16S rRNA gene from 32 species of 10 cyclophorid genera to establish a phylogenetic tree of Cyclophoridae. Phylogenetic relationships based on mtDNA sequences suggest that Cyclophorus, Cyclotus, Leptopoma, and Platyrhaphe are monophyletic while the traditional genus Japonia is polyphyletic, and the previous J. zebra should be placed into a new genus Pilosphaera. In addition, Pilosphaera yentoensis n. sp. and Japonia boonkioensis n. sp. will also be described as new species. Members of Cyathopoma are tiny white cyclophorid snails occurring in East Asia, Madagascar and the Seychelles. Phylogenetic relationships of Cyathopoma are uncertain. Combined with COI and radular data, I conclude that Cyathopoma and Cyclotus are only distantly related. Cyathopoma iota has been considered to be a controversial member of this group. Through molecular and radular data, I found C. iota to be closer to C. taiwanicum than to C. micron, and concluded that C. micron, C. ogaitoi, C. iota and C. taiwanicum all belong to Cyathopoma. There are 10 genera and 29 cyclophorid species in Taiwan. Among them, the most interesting taxa are Cyclophorus and Cyclotus, both sharing similar ecological niches and representing by a north and south form in morphology. In order to clarify their relationship, I have to find out their sister group as out groups to compare with the members among Cyclophorus and Cyclotus. The gene trees of Cyclophoridae indicate that Japonia and Pterocyclus are sister group of Cyclophorus and Cyclotus, respectively. The former two will be used as the out groups of Cyclophorus and Cyclotus in their phylogenetic studies. Both COI and 16S rRNA gene trees of Taiwan Cyclophorus show prominent geographic structure. The Mantel test showed significant positive correlation between fixation index (FST) and cumulative geographic anti-clockwise distance (origin in the region around Tainan, anti-clockwise pass through south cape, Taidung, Hualian, Iran, Taipei, Taichung and meet the original populations in Jia-yi). There are finite gene flew between adjacent populations. And there are series of clines around the Central Range. Cyclophorus of Taiwan is a proposed “ring species”. In the morphology and environmental variables correlation study, I found the currently shell morphology may be caused by the adaptations of recent long term climate. In traditional classification, Cyclotus taivanus consists of five subspecies, with clear morphological diversity. The molecular phylogenetic relationships of this group have never been discussed before. I sequenced part of the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and the 16S rRNA gene from 27 sampling sites. I also measured 9 shell traits to investigate the relationships between C. taivanus ssp. Even though the morphology PCA revealed a more or less continuous distribution of individuals in morph-space, the two highly divergent haplotype clades in COI and 16S rRNA analysis indicated the presence of two independently evolving lineages. The sequence divergence between two clades was almost as high as between other Cyclophoridae species. Therefore C. adamsi should be a considered valid species. For the environmental analysis, temperature may be a limiting element to the distribution of C. adamsi and C. taivanus group. The ecological divergence probably is the ruling force of speciation in my case. The PLS analysis results indicate, that phenotypic plasticity may be a key element of variable shell in C. taivanus group. The ecological divergence probably appears rule of speciation in C. taivanus ssp. case. The speciation process may be incomplete among C. t. dilatus, C. t. diminutus, C. t. peraffinis, and C. t. taivanus, and the adaptation of climatic pressure continue being a rule of speciation process. This study provides an opportunity to understand that no matter how similar two taxonomic groups are, occupying similar niche, undergoing the same geology history, with morphological adaptation to the same long term climate, they may have different speciation model.

Epibiosis occur frequently on the shells of some marine crustaceans, which often serve as substrate for various species of algae, there is few information on the associations between these. The objective of this study was to determine if the gastropod mollusk Aliger gigas (formerly Lobatus gigas) in larval had some sort of the association with algal. To the above was carried out collecting egg masses in the environment, the larvae were cultivated in seawater filtered 5 μm. The algal material found was observed in electron microscopy, for its identification and quantification. We analyzed 60 larvae aged 2–44 days for analyzing the structure of the shell and its epibionts. Of the larvae analyzed, 50 larvae presented epizoic. The algae community consisted of 28 taxa, and composed of 25 diatoms (Bacillariophyta) and three cyanophytes (Cyanobacteria). The H´ diversity values fluctuated between 0.2 a 1.2. The dominant and frequent species were formed by diatoms: Nitzschia panduriformis var. minor, Halamphora sp. and Cyclophora sp.