Articoli di riviste: "Crossing rates"

1

Kulasekera, K. B. "Crossing points of failure rates". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 28, n. 1 (1999): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610929908832284.

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Bagdonavičius, Vilijandas, Rūta Levulienė e Mikhail Nikulin. "Testing absence of hazard rates crossing". Comptes Rendus Mathematique 347, n. 7-8 (aprile 2009): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crma.2009.02.014.

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Reid, Scott M., Scott Stoklosar, Serge Metikosh e Jim Evans. "Effectiveness of Isolated Pipeline Crossing Techniques to Mitigate Sediment Impacts on Brook Trout Streams". Water Quality Research Journal 37, n. 2 (1 maggio 2002): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.031.

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Abstract Stream populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are sensitive to sediment-caused changes to habitat, i.e., increased embeddedness of bed material. The use of watercourse crossing techniques (dam and pump, and flume methods) that isolate the construction site by diverting flow around the crossing has often been promoted as a means of controlling the amount of sediment released, particularly for those watercourses with sensitive fish species or habitats. However, few case studies have evaluated the effectiveness of isolated crossing construction techniques to mitigate the effects of instream construction activities. We measured suspended sediment concentrations during six isolated pipeline crossings of brook trout streams in Minnesota, Nova Scotia and Ontario. In addition, sediment deposition rates, riffle habitats and fish abundance were monitored upstream and downstream of four of the crossings. Results of our monitoring studies indicate that isolated techniques can be very effective at: (1) minimizing increases to downstream suspended sediment concentrations during instream construction; and, (2) preventing sediment-induced effects on habitat and fish abundance downstream of pipeline water crossings. For sensitive watercourses, isolated crossing techniques are an effective alternative to trenchless crossing techniques (e.g., horizontal directional drilling).

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Cyr, Justin D., John W. Shaw e Peter T. Savolainen. "Motor Vehicle Crashes Involving Railroad Crossing Signal Masts and Guardrails". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, n. 12 (1 luglio 2019): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119857952.

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The installation of “active” warning devices, such as crossing signals and gates, is a principal element of state and federal railroad crossing safety programs, and their effectiveness in preventing vehicle–train collision is well documented. While most active crossings are occupied by trains only a few minutes each day, non-crashworthy items are frequently present at active crossings including crossing signal masts, crossing gate mechanisms, cantilever supports, and signal controller bungalows. Various agencies utilize longitudinal guardrail systems to protect errant motorists from striking non-frangible crossing signal hardware. This study sought to determine whether such guardrails influence the prevalence and severity of motor vehicle strikes involving crossing hardware. A review of 10 years of police crash-report narratives in Iowa, United States (U.S.) indicates an average of 15.6 crashes per year at 1,853 crossings involving signal masts, signal guardrails, or related infrastructure. Over this period, one fatality and five serious injuries occurred as a result of these crashes. The crash-injury severity distributions appeared similar in crashes with and without guardrail, and regression models showed that guardrail presence did not affect the rate of crashes involving railroad apparatus. Although the use of longitudinal guardrail systems did not appear to have a strong effect on crash rates or severity at active grade crossings, other methods for reducing crash prevalence and severity could be explored in future research, such as the development of crashworthy signal assemblies for flashing-signal-only crossings and the redesign of gate and cantilever supports to increase separation from the traveled way.

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Ivanis, Predrag, Dusan Drajic e Branka Vucetic. "Level Crossing Rates in Transmit Beamforming Systems". IEEE Communications Letters 11, n. 3 (marzo 2007): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2007.061758.

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Hall, G. "Level crossing rates in binary counting systems". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 371, n. 3 (marzo 1996): 580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)01436-5.

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7

Goosem, Miriam. "Effects of tropical rainforest roads on small mammals: inhibition of crossing movements". Wildlife Research 28, n. 4 (2001): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99093.

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Along a narrow, unsealed road through rainforest in north-eastern Queensland, movements of small mammals were examined to determine whether the road would inhibit road crossings, thereby causing linear barrier effects. Crossings of a 12- or 20-m-wide road clearing by Melomys cervinipes were severely inhibited, crossing inhibition of Rattus sp. was less severe, while crossings by Uromys caudimaculatus were unaffected. This differential effect was attributed to species differences in size, mobility and behaviour. Baiting on only one side of the road increased crossing rates for all species. During the breeding season, crossings of 20-m clearings by Rattus sp. were almost completely inhibited and were significantly fewer than crossings of 12-m clearings. Clearing width had little effect on crossing rate outside the breeding season. Seasonal dispersal of juvenile and breeding animals appeared to explain this discrepancy in clearing-width effects. Rattus sp. were significantly less likely to cross a road where there was no vegetative cover at the entrance to a road culvert than where there was cover at both culvert entrances. Linear barrier effects for small mammals may be mitigated by narrower road-clearing widths, by replanting of grassy road verges resulting in increased cover at culvert entrances and canopy closure above the road, and by providing more faunal underpasses.

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Zhou, Zhuping, Qizhou Hu e Wei Wang. "Modeling Pedestrian’s Conformity Violation Behavior: A Complex Network Based Approach". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/865750.

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Pedestrian injuries and fatalities present a problem all over the world. Pedestrian conformity violation behaviors, which lead to many pedestrian crashes, are common phenomena at the signalized intersections in China. The concepts and metrics of complex networks are applied to analyze the structural characteristics and evolution rules of pedestrian network about the conformity violation crossings. First, a network of pedestrians crossing the street is established, and the network’s degree distributions are analyzed. Then, by using the basic idea of SI model, a spreading model of pedestrian illegal crossing behavior is proposed. Finally, through simulation analysis, pedestrian’s illegal crossing behavior trends are obtained in different network structures and different spreading rates. Some conclusions are drawn: as the waiting time increases, more pedestrians will join in the violation crossing once a pedestrian crosses on red firstly. And pedestrian’s conformity violation behavior will increase as the spreading rate increases.

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Berezhkovskii, Alexander M., Irina V. Gopich e Attila Szabo. "Diffusive barrier crossing rates from variationally determined eigenvalues". Journal of Chemical Physics 155, n. 3 (21 luglio 2021): 034104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0058066.

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10

Barnett, J. T., e B. Kedem. "Zero-crossing rates of functions of Gaussian processes". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 37, n. 4 (luglio 1991): 1188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.86972.

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11

RUIZ-MONTERO, M. J., D. FRENKEL e J. J. BREY. "Efficient schemes to compute diffusive barrier crossing rates". Molecular Physics 90, n. 6 (20 aprile 1997): 925–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268979709482677.

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RUIZ-MONTERO, M. J., D. FRENKEL e J. J. BREY. "Efficient schemes to compute diffusive barrier crossing rates". Molecular Physics 90, n. 6 (aprile 1997): 925–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002689797171922.

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13

Wang, Jin, Jacek Kubicki, Huolei Peng e Matthew S. Platz. "Influence of Solvent on Carbene Intersystem Crossing Rates". Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, n. 20 (maggio 2008): 6604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja711385t.

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Liu, Yuxiu, Minsong Lin e Yi Zhao. "Intersystem Crossing Rates of Isolated Fullerenes: Theoretical Calculations". Journal of Physical Chemistry A 121, n. 5 (27 gennaio 2017): 1145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12352.

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15

Zhang, Hong, e Ali Abdi. "On the average crossing rates in selection diversity". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 6, n. 2 (febbraio 2007): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2007.05328.

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16

Breitung, Karl. "Asymptotic crossing rates for stationary Gaussian vector processes". Stochastic Processes and their Applications 29, n. 2 (settembre 1988): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4149(88)90037-3.

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17

Hucl, P. "Out-crossing rates for 10 Canadian spring wheat cultivars". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, n. 3 (1 luglio 1996): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-075.

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The genetic purity of pedigreed wheat seed can be compromised by inter-cultivar cross-pollination. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is assumed to be highly self-pollinated, an assumption that has not been verified for more recent western Canadian spring wheat cultivars. This field study was designed to estimate the outcrossing (OC) rate in three market classes of spring wheat in each of 2 yr and to determine whether OC rates were associated with specific spike characteristics. Highest OC rates were detected for the cultivar Oslo (6.05%) followed by Rongotea (2.30%), Roblin (1.43%), Wildcat (1.35%), Biggar (1.05%) and Glenlea (0.95%). In contrast Katepwa and CDC Makwa had OC rates of 0.38 and 0.30%, respectively. The cultivars Oslo, Columbus, Roblin and Glenlea tended to have lower iodine pollen viabilities. Of those four cultivars, three had higher-than-average OC rates. No single spike characteristic was correlated with OC rate. However, the cultivars Oslo, Wildcat and Glenlea had high OC rates, low pollen staining and spikes which tapered at the extremeties. Furthermore, cultivars with higher OC rates tended to have a greater degree of spikelet opening at anthesis. The high levels of OC observed in this study could result in obvious off-types if morphologically diverse cultivars were grown in adjacent pedigreed seed fields. The current 3 to 10 m isolation distance for pedigreed wheat seed production may not be enough to ensure that OC is minimized. Key words: Cross-pollination, spring wheat, market class

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18

DUSSAULT, CHRISTIAN, JEAN-PIERRE OUELLET, CATHERINE LAURIAN, RÉHAUME COURTOIS, MARIUS POULIN e LAURIER BRETON. "Moose Movement Rates Along Highways and Crossing Probability Models". Journal of Wildlife Management 71, n. 7 (2007): 2338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2006-499.

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Fedorov, Dmitry A., Aleksandr O. Lykhin e Sergey A. Varganov. "Predicting Intersystem Crossing Rates with AIMS-DFT Molecular Dynamics". Journal of Physical Chemistry A 122, n. 13 (13 marzo 2018): 3480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00883.

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20

Hanif, Muhammad, e Peter Smith. "Level crossing rates of interference in cognitive radio networks". IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 9, n. 4 (aprile 2010): 1283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2010.04.090749.

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21

Venkatraman, Ravi Kumar, Surajit Kayal, Arvind Barak, Andrew J. Orr-Ewing e Siva Umapathy. "Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Controlled Intersystem Crossing Rates of Benzophenone". Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 9, n. 7 (14 marzo 2018): 1642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00345.

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22

Salas, Jose D., Chen-hua Chung e Antonino Cancelliere. "Correlations and Crossing Rates of Periodic-Stochastic Hydrologic Processes". Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 10, n. 4 (luglio 2005): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2005)10:4(278).

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23

Rista, Emira, e Kay Fitzpatrick. "Comparison of LED-Embedded Pedestrian Crossing Signs with Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons and Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, n. 11 (16 settembre 2020): 856–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120941849.

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To date, the effectiveness of light emitting diode (LED)-embedded pedestrian crossing signs is not understood, despite such signs being installed and used at pedestrian crossings. A recent study by Texas Department of Transportation focused on examining driver yield rates, a surrogate safety measure, for signs installed across the state. A total of 13 sites were sampled and field observations and video footage were recorded at each site for a total of 681 staged crossings. The driver yield rate ranged from 5% to 88%, with an average of 40%, indicating that other factors affect the effectiveness of the signs. Statistical modeling results supported this finding with the main contributors to driver yield rates being vehicle volume, measured at 1 min before the staged pedestrian crossing (converted to an hourly volume for the model), operational speed (85th percentile), deviation from 12-ft lane width, and presence of sidewalk. High hourly volume, speeds 45 mph and greater, lack of sidewalks, and 12-ft lanes (no deviation from baseline 12-ft lane width) were found to affect yield probability adversely. Based on the findings from this study, LED-embedded signs would be a suitable candidate treatment at sites with sidewalks, lower operating speeds and traffic volumes, and narrow lanes. Lastly, a comparison between driver yield rates for rectangular rapid flashing beacons, pedestrian hybrid beacons, and LED-embedded signs for various posted speed limits demonstrated that, of the three treatments, LED-embedded signs have the lowest driver yield rates, especially for higher posted speed limits.

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24

Stephens, Burton W., e Gary Long. "Supplemental Pavement Markings for Improving Safety at Railroad–Highway Grade Crossings". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1844, n. 1 (gennaio 2003): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1844-03.

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An evaluation was performed of special X-box pavement marking configurations at railroad–highway grade crossings, originally used in several European countries. The intent is to provide motorists with supplemental visual cues about whether sufficient space is available for safe storage of a vehicle beyond the track for a motorist to proceed across. It is intended for application where nearby intersections can cause queues to back up to the track. These conspicuous markings, configured as an X in a box, were tested at two Florida locations, one in an urban area and one in a rural area, over a 1 ½-year period. The rates of cars hazardously stopping on or closely adjacent to the railroad tracks at the crossings were compared under pre- and postinstallation conditions. Results at the rural location showed a decline of more than 60% in hazardous stoppage rates over an extended period. No significant differences were found between the pre- and postinstallation tests at the urban location. A control site was utilized near the crossing in the urban location, and it showed no significant differences between the two test periods that were concurrent with the analysis at the treated site. Recommendations are provided for application of these markings at grade crossing sites in rural and urban locations.

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Shaaban, Khaled. "Pedestrian Compliance at Signalized Intersections along Major Arterials". Open Transportation Journal 15, n. 1 (15 ottobre 2021): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802115010210.

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Background: Pedestrian non-compliance at signalized crossings is unsafe and considered one of the causes of pedestrian crashes. The speed limit on most major urban roads is 60 km/hr or less. However, the speed on some urban roads is higher in some countries. In this case, the situation is more unsafe and increases the possibility of fatal injuries or fatalities in the case of a crash. Therefore, it is expected that the pedestrians will be more cautious on these roads. Aim: This study aims to explore pedestrian compliance at signalized intersections on major arterials with 80 km/hr speeds in Qatar. Methods: Video data were collected for pedestrian movements at multiple intersections. Results: The study reported a 68.1 percent compliance rate at the study locations. The results also revealed that 14.6 percent of the pedestrians crossed during the Flashing Don’t Walk interval and 17.3 percent crossed during the Steady Don’t Walk interval. These rates are considered high compared to other countries. Several variables that may influence pedestrians’ behavior were investigated. Binary and ordinal logistic regression models were developed to describe the pedestrian crossing behavior as a function of these variables. Conclusion: Male and middle-age pedestrians were more likely to cross during these two intervals. The analysis showed that female pedestrians, elder pedestrians, pedestrians crossing in groups, pedestrians waiting before crossing, and pedestrians crossing against a flow of other pedestrians are more likely to comply and cross during the Walk interval compared to other groups. Several solutions were proposed in the study to increase compliance rates.

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Pelé, Deneubourg e Sueur. "Decision-Making Processes Underlying Pedestrian Behaviors at Signalized Crossings: Part 2. Do Pedestrians Show Cultural Herding Behavior?" Safety 5, n. 4 (12 novembre 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5040082.

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Followership is generally defined as a strategy that evolved to solve social coordination problems, and particularly those involved in group movement. Followership behavior is particularly interesting in the context of road-crossing behavior because it involves other principles such as risk-taking and evaluating the value of social information. This study sought to identify the cognitive mechanisms underlying decision-making by pedestrians who follow another person across the road at the green or at the red light in two different countries (France and Japan). We used agent-based modelling to simulate the road-crossing behaviors of pedestrians. This study showed that modelling is a reliable means to test different hypotheses and find the processes underlying decision-making when crossing the road. We found that two processes suffice to simulate pedestrian behaviors: personal motivation and imitation. Importantly, the study revealed differences between the two nationalities and between sexes in the decision to follow and cross at the green and at the red light. Japanese pedestrians showed a greater mimetic behavior at the red light but the process takes into account both the number of crossing and waiting pedestrians, contrary to French citizens. Finally, the simulations are revealed to be similar to observations, not only for the departure latencies but also for the number of crossing pedestrians and the rates of illegal crossings. The conclusion suggests new solutions for safety in transportation research.

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Borovkov, K., e A. Novikov. "Explicit Bounds for Approximation Rates of Boundary Crossing Probabilities for the Wiener Process". Journal of Applied Probability 42, n. 1 (marzo 2005): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1110381372.

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We give explicit upper bounds for convergence rates when approximating both one- and two-sided general curvilinear boundary crossing probabilities for the Wiener process by similar probabilities for close boundaries of simpler form, for which computation of the boundary crossing probabilities is feasible. In particular, we partially generalize and improve results obtained by Pötzelberger and Wang in the case when the approximating boundaries are piecewise linear. Applications to barrier option pricing are also discussed.

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Borovkov, K., e A. Novikov. "Explicit Bounds for Approximation Rates of Boundary Crossing Probabilities for the Wiener Process". Journal of Applied Probability 42, n. 01 (marzo 2005): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200000073.

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We give explicit upper bounds for convergence rates when approximating both one- and two-sided general curvilinear boundary crossing probabilities for the Wiener process by similar probabilities for close boundaries of simpler form, for which computation of the boundary crossing probabilities is feasible. In particular, we partially generalize and improve results obtained by Pötzelberger and Wang in the case when the approximating boundaries are piecewise linear. Applications to barrier option pricing are also discussed.

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Tabesh, A. "Zero-crossing rates of wavelet frame representations for texture classification". Electronics Letters 38, n. 22 (2002): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20020887.

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Okuyama, Shoichi, e David W. Oxtoby. "Non‐Markovian dynamics and barrier crossing rates at high viscosity". Journal of Chemical Physics 84, n. 10 (15 maggio 1986): 5830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.449893.

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Barnett, J. T., e B. Kedem. "Zero-crossing rates of mixtures and products of Gaussian processes". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 44, n. 4 (luglio 1998): 1672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.681350.

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Verhart, Nico R., Pedro Navarro, Sanli Faez e Michel Orrit. "Intersystem crossing rates of single perylene molecules in ortho-dichlorobenzene". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, n. 26 (2016): 17655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02678h.

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Etinski, Mihajlo, Jörg Tatchen e Christel M. Marian. "Time-dependent approaches for the calculation of intersystem crossing rates". Journal of Chemical Physics 134, n. 15 (21 aprile 2011): 154105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3575582.

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Liu, Kejian, Peihua Qiu e Jun Sheng. "Comparing two crossing hazard rates by Cox proportional hazards modelling". Statistics in Medicine 26, n. 2 (2006): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.2544.

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Mubarak, Azhar Aras. "PENGARUH KOMPONEN BIAYA PERMESINAN TERHADAP PERHITUNGAN TARIF KAPAL TRADISIONAL RUTE BAUBAU – SIOMPU". Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 7, n. 2 (5 ottobre 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v7i2.3892.

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AbstrakLintasan penyeberangan Bau bau – Siompu merupakan salah satu jalur penyeberangan tradisional pada gugusan kepulauan di Sulawesi Tenggara. Jalur tersebut menghubungkan dua kecamatan yakni Kecamatan Siompu barat dan Kecamatan Siompu. Berdasarkan letak administrasi, kedua wilayah tersebut berada pada kabupaten Buton Selatan. Dengan adanya jalur transportasi laut tersebut, penduduk dapat menyeberang ke Bau bau sehingga mendapatkan kebutuhan dasar masyarakat Kecamatan Siompu dan Kecamatan Siompu Barat. Penelitian ini dibuat untuk mengetahui tarif dasar minimum yang dapat diberlakukan oleh pengelola di jalur penyeberangan tersebut dan mengetahui model persamaan yang sesuai dengan fakta yang terjadi dilapangan. Setelah itu menghitung besaran pengaruh biaya operasional mesin kapal terhadap keseluruhan komponen biaya kapal dalam menentukan tarif. Adapun perhitungan menggunakan biaya operasional kapal sebagai acuan perhitungan dan menggunakan metode RFR (requiered freight rates), untuk menganilisis besaran tarif minimum dengan memperhatikan kapasitas kapal, besaran investasi kapal dan pendapatan rata-rata kapal per tahun. Dari hasil perhitungan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa analisis tarif yang didapatkan adalah Rp 19,000.- sedangkan tarif yang saat ini diberlakukan adalah Rp 25.000.-. Biaya operational mesin menyumbang 66.7 % terhadap keseluruhan biaya operasional kapal. Adapun bentuk rumus pendekatan perhitungan tarif minimal pada setiap laod factor menggunakan trend/regression type exponential yang memiliki persamaan y = 91755e-0.023x dengan memiliki nilai R2 = 0.9057. Kata kunci: Tarif; RFR; Biaya permesinan kapal, Biaya Operasional AbstractBau bau – Sioumpu’s crossing is one of the traditional crossing routes in the islands of Southeast Sulawesi. The route connecting Bau Bau – Siompu’s crossing is one of the traditional crossing routes in the islands of Southeast Sulawesi. The route connecting West Siompu Subdistrict and Siompu Subdistrict. Based on administrative location, both location included in South Buton Regency. The presence of those sea transportation route, local community could crossing to Bau Bau to meet the living needs of the people of Siompu subistrict and West Siompu subdistrict. This study aims to determine the minimum basic rates that could be imposed by managers of these crossings and to know about equation model based by the real information . Then, we calculated of engine operational cost to determine ship’s tariff. The calculation using ship operating costs as a reference of calculation, and was done by RFR method (Requiered Freight Rates) to analyze the minimum rate by capacity of the ship, the amount of investment, and the income average of the ship per year. According to the results of calculation rates analysis was Rp. 19,000, while the currently rates was Rp. 25,000. Cost of engine operational accounted for 66.7 % of the over all ship opertaing cost. The formula for the calculation of the minimum tariff for each load factor uses the trend ‘exponential regression’ tye which has the equation y = 91755e-0.023x with a value of R2 = 0.9057 Keywords: Tariff; RFR; Engine Operational Cost, Operational Cost

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GILL, WONPYONG. "CROSSING TIME THROUGH THE FITNESS BARRIER IN AN ASYMMETRIC MULTIPLICATIVE OR ADDITIVE LANDSCAPE IN THE MUTATION-SELECTION MODEL". International Journal of Modern Physics C 22, n. 11 (novembre 2011): 1293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183111016907.

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This study examines the dependence of crossing time on sequence length for a finite population in an asymmetric multiplicative, or additive, landscape with a positive asymmetric parameter and a fixed extension parameter in three types of mutation-selection model: the coupled discrete-time model, the coupled continuous-time model, and the decoupled continuous-time model. The crossing times for a finite population in the three types of mutation-selection model began to deviate from the crossing times for an infinite population at a critical sequence length. It then increased exponentially as a function of sequence length in the stochastic region where the sequence length was much longer than the critical sequence length. The exponentially increasing rates of the crossing times in the three types of mutation-selection model were similar to each other. These rates were decreased by increasing the asymmetric parameter. Once the asymmetric parameter reached a certain limit the crossing times for the three models in the stochastic region could not be decreased further by increasing the asymmetric parameter past this limit.

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Lamb, W. G. P. "The Calculation of Crossing Collisoion Risk at Sea". Journal of Navigation 40, n. 1 (gennaio 1987): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300000291.

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Mean relative collision risks for marine crossing encounters are derived from calculated encounter rates by the use of a two-part weighting function. The relative importance of the two parts is determined from data concerning the collisions which have taken place during the last few years. The method is applied to the crossing traffic in the English Channel to obtain the optimum crossing angles in both clear and restricted visibility.

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Grigoriu, M., e S. T. Ariaratnam. "Response of Linear Systems to Polynomials of Gaussian Processes". Journal of Applied Mechanics 55, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1988): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173740.

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Moments and mean crossing rates are determined for the response of linear systems subject to polynomial forms in Gauss-Markov processes. Differential equations describing the evolution in time of response moments are developed by the use of Itoˆ’s calculus. Estimators are obtained for mean crossing rates based on higher order moments and approximations of the distribution of the response. The method is applied to the analysis of a simple oscillator subject to the square of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.

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KIM, DOKYOON, e WONPYONG GILL. "CALCULATION OF THE CROSSING TIME THROUGH THE FITNESS BARRIER IN A SYMMETRIC MULTIPLICATIVE LANDSCAPE". International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, n. 01 (gennaio 2005): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105006942.

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The crossing time through fitness barrier in a symmetric multiplicative landscape is systematically calculated for various mutation rates, fitness parameters, and sequence lengths by using a computer simulation. It is found that the crossing time scales as a power law in the mutation rate and the fitness parameter. It is also found that the crossing time increases exponentially as the sequence length increases. We have obtained the approximate formula, which decribes the asymptotic behavior of the crossing time in the long-crossing-time region, and the improved approximate formula with the correction factor, which nicely fit computer simulation results even below the long-crossing-time region. From the comparison between the approximate formula in the multiplicative landscape and the approximate formula in the sharply-peaked landscape, it is found that both landscapes have the same scaling effect of fitness parameter and mutation rate on the crossing time in the long-crossing-time region.

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40

Stephan, W., e S. Cho. "Possible role of natural selection in the formation of tandem-repetitive noncoding DNA." Genetics 136, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1994): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.1.333.

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Abstract A simulation model of sequence-dependent amplification, unequal crossing over and mutation is analyzed. This model predicts the spontaneous formation of tandem-repetitive patterns of noncoding DNA from arbitrary sequences for a wide range of parameter values. Natural selection is found to play an essential role in this self-organizing process. Natural selection which is modeled as a mechanism for controlling the length of a nucleotide string but not the sequence itself favors the formation of tandem-repetitive structures. Two measures of sequence heterogeneity, inter-repeat variability and repeat length, are analyzed in detail. For fixed mutation rate, both inter-repeat variability and repeat length are found to increase with decreasing rates of (unequal) crossing over. The results are compared with data on micro-, mini- and satellite DNAs. The properties of minisatellites and satellite DNAs resemble the simulated structures very closely. This suggests that unequal crossing over is a dominant long-range ordering force which keeps these arrays homogeneous even in regions of very low recombination rates, such as at satellite DNA loci. Our analysis also indicates that in regions of low rates of (unequal) crossing over, inter-repeat variability is maintained at a low level at the expense of much larger repeat units (multimeric repeats), which are characteristic of satellite DNA. In contrast, the microsatellite data do not fit the proposed model well, suggesting that unequal crossing over does not act on these very short tandem arrays.

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41

Walker, Devin Leslie, Louis Harrison e Robert Bennett. "Crossing Goal Lines and Borders". Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 12, n. 1 (9 luglio 2019): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jis.v12i1.11563.

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Many Black male student-athletes suffer from identity foreclosure at rates higher than their white peers as they fail to develop salient aspects of their identity outside of the athlete role (Murphy, Petitpas, & Brewer, 1996; Beamon, 2012). Education abroad offers the opportunity to take advantage of a holistic collegiate experience, which impedes the detrimental effects of the athletic identity foreclosure process. International educational opportunities can positively influence Black male student-athletes’ personal, academic, and professional development as they come to see the world beyond the gym and campus. This article examines the significance and value of creating education abroad opportunities for Black male student-athletes as a means of providing meaningful educational opportunities in the realm of higher education.

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42

Candido, J., S. Santos, G. Fraidenraich e M. D. Yacoub. "Exact crossing rates of dual diversity over unbalanced correlated rayleigh channels". IEEE Communications Letters 10, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2006.1576562.

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43

Sutton, Andrew D., Douglas A. Swartz, Timothy P. Roberts, Matthew J. Middleton, Roberto Soria e Chris Done. "Crossing the Eddington Limit: Examining Disk Spectra at High Accretion Rates". Astrophysical Journal 836, n. 1 (7 febbraio 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/48.

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44

Ivanis, Predrag, Vesna Blagojevic, Dusan Drajic e Branka Vucetic. "Closed-Form Level Crossing Rates Expressions of Orthogonalized Correlated MIMO Channels". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 60, n. 4 (maggio 2011): 1910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2011.2129546.

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45

Bagdonavičius, V., R. Levuliene e M. Nikulin. "Modelling and Testing of Presence of Hazard Rates Crossing Under Censoring". Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 41, n. 7 (agosto 2012): 980–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2012.625758.

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46

Valentine, Andrew J. S., e Xiaosong Li. "Toward the evaluation of intersystem crossing rates with variational relativistic methods". Journal of Chemical Physics 151, n. 8 (28 agosto 2019): 084107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5113815.

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47

Weber, Claudia C., e Laurence D. Hurst. "Protein Rates of Evolution Are Predicted by Double-Strand Break Events, Independent of Crossing-over Rates". Genome Biology and Evolution 1 (1 gennaio 2009): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evp033.

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48

Andolfatto, Peter, e Jeffrey D. Wall. "Linkage Disequilibrium Patterns Across a Recombination Gradient in African Drosophila melanogaster". Genetics 165, n. 3 (1 novembre 2003): 1289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.3.1289.

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Abstract Previous multilocus surveys of nucleotide polymorphism have documented a genome-wide excess of intralocus linkage disequilibrium (LD) in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans relative to expectations based on estimated mutation and recombination rates and observed levels of diversity. These studies examined patterns of variation from predominantly non-African populations that are thought to have recently expanded their ranges from central Africa. Here, we analyze polymorphism data from a Zimbabwean population of D. melanogaster, which is likely to be closer to the standard population model assumptions of a large population with constant size. Unlike previous studies, we find that levels of LD are roughly compatible with expectations based on estimated rates of crossing over. Further, a detailed examination of genes in different recombination environments suggests that markers near the telomere of the X chromosome show considerably less linkage disequilibrium than predicted by rates of crossing over, suggesting appreciable levels of exchange due to gene conversion. Assuming that these populations are near mutation-drift equilibrium, our results are most consistent with a model that posits heterogeneity in levels of exchange due to gene conversion across the X chromosome, with gene conversion being a minor determinant of LD levels in regions of high crossing over. Alternatively, if levels of exchange due to gene conversion are not negligible in regions of high crossing over, our results suggest a marked departure from mutation-drift equilibrium (i.e., toward an excess of LD) in this Zimbabwean population. Our results also have implications for the dynamics of weakly selected mutations in regions of reduced crossing over.

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49

Charlesworth, Brian, Charles H. Langley e Wolfgang Stephan. "THE EVOLUTION OF RESTRICTED RECOMBINATION AND THE ACCUMULATION OF REPEATED DNA SEQUENCES". Genetics 112, n. 4 (1 aprile 1986): 947–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/112.4.947.

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ABSTRACT We suggest hypotheses to account for two major features of chromosomal organization in higher eukaryotes. The first of these is the general restriction of crossing over in the neighborhood of centromeres and telomeres. We propose that this is a consequence of selection for reduced rates of unequal exchange between repeated DNA sequences for which the copy number is subject to stabilizing selection: microtubule binding sites, in the case of centromeres, and the short repeated sequences needed for terminal replication of a linear DNA molecule, in the case of telomeres. An association between proximal crossing over and nondisjunction would also favor the restriction of crossing over near the centromere. The second feature is the association between highly repeated DNA sequences of no obvious functional significance and regions of restricted crossing over. We show that highly repeated sequences are likely to persist longest (over evolutionary time) when crossing over is infrequent. This is because unequal exchange among repeated sequences generates single copy sequences, and a population that becomes fixed for a single copy sequence by drift remains in this state indefinitely (in the absence of gene amplification processes). Increased rates of exchange thus speed up the process of stochastic loss of repeated sequences.

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Pujos, José. "Systèmes de croisement et fécondité chez le Sphagnum". Canadian Journal of Botany 72, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1994): 1528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-188.

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Sexuality is most often preserved in Sphagnum while asexual reproduction remains responsible for the perennity and multiplication of the species. Sexual reproduction success was assessed for two diecious species and four monecious – polyecious species, using fertilization rates, reproduction rates, and success of the reproduction. The effects of different crossing processes on the preceding parameters were emphasized. Accordingly, gynoecium numbers, archegone numbers per gynoecium, and sporogonia occurrences were assessed in more than 3500 capitula. Variable distribution of gametangia within capitula in different species determines the success of sexual reproduction. An evolutionary interpretation of this variation in the distribution of gametangia is proposed. Key words: Sphagnum, crossing processes, polyecious, sexualization rates, reproduction success. [Journal translation]

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