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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cropping systems"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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1

Tanaka, D. L., J. M. Krupinsky, M. A. Liebig, S. D. Merrill, R. E. Ries, J. R. Hendrickson, H. A. Johnson e J. D. Hanson. "Dynamic Cropping Systems". Agronomy Journal 94, n. 5 (settembre 2002): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.9570.

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2

Coulter, Jeffrey A. "Sustainable Cropping Systems". Agronomy 10, n. 4 (1 aprile 2020): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040494.

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Crop production must increase substantially to meet the needs of a rapidly growing human population, but this is constrained by the availability of resources such as nutrients, water, and land. There is also an urgent need to reduce negative environmental impacts from crop production. Collectively, these issues represent one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Sustainable cropping systems based on ecological principles, appropriate use of inputs, and soil improvement are the core for integrated approaches to solve this grand challenge. This special issue includes several review and original research articles on these topics for an array of cropping systems, which can advise implementation of best management practices and lead to advances in agronomics for sustainable intensification of crop production.

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3

Gil, Juliana. "Multiple cropping systems". Nature Food 1, n. 10 (ottobre 2020): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-00177-6.

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Stern, W. R. "Multiple cropping systems". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 19, n. 3 (luglio 1987): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(87)90006-5.

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5

Harris, P. M. "Multiple cropping systems". Agricultural Systems 25, n. 3 (gennaio 1987): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-521x(87)90024-2.

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6

Tanaka, D. L., J. M. Krupinsky, M. A. Liebig, S. D. Merrill, R. E. Ries, J. R. Hendrickson, H. A. Johnson e J. D. Hanson. "Dynamic Cropping Systems". Agronomy Journal 94, n. 5 (2002): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0957.

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7

Shibles, Richard. "Multiple cropping systems". Field Crops Research 18, n. 1 (febbraio 1988): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(88)90061-5.

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Bremer, Eric, Ross McKenzie, Doon Paul, Ben Ellert e Henry Janzen. "Evaluation of cropping systems". Crops & Soils 50, n. 1 (gennaio 2017): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/cs2017.50.0108.

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Hutchinson, Chad M., e Milton E. McGiffen. "640 Sustainable Cropping Systems". HortScience 34, n. 3 (giugno 1999): 558A—558. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.558a.

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The goals of sustainable agriculture include decreased reliance on synthetic nutrients and pesticides and improved environmental quality for the long-term benefit of the land, livelihood of growers, and their communities. Cropping systems that maximize these goals use alternative fertility and pest control options to produce crops with minimal soil erosion and nutrient leaching. Cropping system elements that can help achieve these goals include: reduced tillage, cover crops, and organic soil amendments. Cover crops are grown before the cash crop and used to replenish the soil with nitrogen and organic matter. Cover crops often also influence pest populations and can be selected based on site-specific growing conditions. Cover crops can be mulched on the soil surface to prevent erosion and weed emergence or can be tilled directly into the soil to incorporate nitrogen and organic matter. Green waste mulch is an increasingly used soil amendment. Many municipalities are encouraging farmers to use green waste mulch in farming systems as an alternative to green waste disposal in landfills. Reduced tillage was once restricted to large-seeded field crops but recent technical advances have made it a feasible option for vegetables and other horticultural crops. Alternative farming practices; however, are still only used by a small minority of growers. Increases in price for organic produce and changes in laws governing farming operations may increase adoption of alternatives to conventional agriculture.

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10

Y. J. Tsai, J. W. Jones e J. W. Mishoe. "Optimizing Multiple Cropping Systems: A Systems Approach". Transactions of the ASAE 30, n. 6 (1987): 1554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30601.

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11

Boquet, Donald J., e Gary A. Breitenbeck. "Cropping Systems Trends and Advances". Crop Science 44, n. 6 (novembre 2004): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.2285.

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Klock, John. "Cropping Systems. Trends and Advances". Economic Botany 59, n. 2 (aprile 2005): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0211:cstaa]2.0.co;2.

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Guo, Yufang. "Integrated cropping systems for smallholders". Nature Food 2, n. 10 (ottobre 2021): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00389-4.

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14

S. M., Shilpha. "Energetics in Various Cropping Systems". International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6, n. 4 (30 agosto 2018): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6316.

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15

Lal, R. "Cropping Systems and Soil Quality". Journal of Crop Production 8, n. 1-2 (febbraio 2003): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j144v08n01_03.

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Peterson, G. A. "Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances". Soil Science 170, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200501000-00010.

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17

Hamza, M. A., e W. K. Anderson. "Soil compaction in cropping systems". Soil and Tillage Research 82, n. 2 (giugno 2005): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009.

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18

Timsina, Jagadish. "Cropping Systems: Trends and Advances". Agricultural Systems 83, n. 2 (febbraio 2005): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2004.06.014.

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19

Malézieux, Eric. "Designing cropping systems from nature". Agronomy for Sustainable Development 32, n. 1 (1 giugno 2011): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0027-z.

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20

Parsad, Rajender, V. K. Gupta e R. Srivastava. "Designs for cropping systems research". Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 137, n. 5 (maggio 2007): 1687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspi.2006.09.018.

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21

Jensen, Erik S., Mark B. Peoples e Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen. "Faba bean in cropping systems". Field Crops Research 115, n. 3 (febbraio 2010): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.008.

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22

MILBOURN, GRAHAM. "New technology for cropping systems". Annals of Applied Biology 120, n. 2 (aprile 1992): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1992.tb03416.x.

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23

Baldock, J. A., e B. D. Kay. "Soil aggregation and cropping systems". Soil and Tillage Research 8 (novembre 1986): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(86)90427-7.

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Schafer, R. L., e C. E. Johnson. "Soil dynamics and cropping systems". Soil and Tillage Research 16, n. 1-2 (aprile 1990): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(90)90026-a.

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25

Rashid, M. Harunur, BJ Shirazy, M. Ibrahim e SM Shahidullah. "Cropping Systems and their Diversity in Khulna Region". Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, n. 2 (14 settembre 2018): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38207.

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This study includes the existing cropping pattern, cropping intensity and crop diversity of Khulna region. A pre-designed and pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the information and validated through organizing workshop. Single T. Aman cropping pattern was the most dominant cropping pattern in Khulna region existed in 17 out of 25 upazilas. Boro-Fallow-T. Aman cropping pattern ranked the second position distributed almost in all upazilas. Boro-Fish was the third cropping pattern in the region distributed to 17 upazilas with the major share in Chitalmari, Dumuria, Rupsha, Tala, Kalaroa, Mollahat, Terokhada, Bagerhat sadar, Fakirhat, Rampal and Phultala upazilas. Single Boro rice was recorded as the fourth cropping pattern covered 18 upazilas with the higher share in waterlogged area of Dumuria, Mollahat, Tala, Bagerhat sadar, Fakirhat and Rampal. The highest number of cropping patterns was recorded in Kalaroa (26) followed by Tala (24) and the lowest was reported in Mongla (5). The overall crop diversity index (CDI) for the region was 0.93. The highest CDI was in Tala (0.95) and the lowest in Dacope (0.42). The average cropping intensity (CI) of the Khulna region was 171% with the lowest in Mongla (101%) and the highest in Kalaroa (224%).Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 203-215

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Muttaleb, MA, SM Shahidullah, M. Nasim e A. Saha. "Cropping Systems and Land Use in Sylhet Region". Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, n. 2 (14 settembre 2018): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38211.

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Towards the sustainable food security for a particular area, the policymakers, researchers, extension and development agents need the detailed information of cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity. Sylhet, a potential region of enormous potentiality of growing crops across the haor area lying below the northeastern Himalyan foothills experience the highest rainfall in the world to make the basin prone to flashflood. That is why, a study was conducted in the region considering all the upazillas during 2016 using the pretested semi-structured questionnaire and validated by appropriate informants with a view to documenting the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity in the region. As per the study the region is dominated by the rice based cropping pattern. The non-rice based cropping pattern are either few or the area under those cropping patterns are not enough to satisfy the non-rice food requirement of people of the region. Beside these, the cropping patterns and crop diversity appeared as below the expected level. Therefore, much thrust is needed to initiate research and development activities to diversify the single or double-cropped cropping pattern with the introduction of appropriate crops and crop varieties even other non-crop agricultural commodities.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 273-288

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SAEIDI, Mahmoodreza, Yaghoub RAEI, Rouhollah AMINI, Akbar TAGHIZADEH, Bahman PASBAN-ESLAM e Asal ROHI SARALAN. "Competition Indices of Safflower and Faba Bean Intercrops as Affected by Fertilizers". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, n. 1 (21 marzo 2019): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11110340.

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Cropping systems of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) with faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under different fertility were compared with sole cropping of each crop during 2015 and 2016 at the Research Farm of Tabriz University in Iran. The treatments were cropping systems (safflower and faba bean sole croppings, intercropping systems of safflower and faba bean with ratios of 1:1 and 2:1), and nutrient levels (100% chemical fertilizers, 60%, 30% chemical + biofertilizers and no fertilizer). A factorial set of treatments based on a randomized complete block design replicated three times was used. Cropping system and fertility effects were significant for yield and yield components of each crop. Yield and yield components were increased with the integrated use of 60% chemical plus biofertilizers for both years, while seed yield was reduced by intercropping. Maximum land equivalent ratio (LER), relative value total (RVT), system productivity index (SPI) and monetary advantage index (MAI) were achieved in nutritive level of 60% chemical plus biofertilizers as intercropped plants in ratio of 1:1 for both years. The total actual yield loss (AYL) values were positive and greater than zero in all mixtures, indicating an advantage from intercropping over sole crops. Intercropped safflower had a higher relative crowding coefficient (RCC) than intercropped faba bean, indicating that safflower was more competitive than faba bean in intercropping systems. From this study, it is inferred that intercropping (safflower and faba bean) with integrated use of the reduced chemical and biofertilizers may give better overall yield and income than sole cropping of each crop species.

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Hawes, Young, Banks, Begg, Christie, Iannetta, Karley e Squire. "Whole-Systems Analysis of Environmental and Economic Sustainability in Arable Cropping Systems: A Case Study". Agronomy 9, n. 8 (8 agosto 2019): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080438.

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The long-term sustainability of crop production depends on the complex network of interactions and trade-offs between biotic, abiotic and economic components of agroecosystems. An integrated arable management system was designed to maintain yields, whilst enhancing biodiversity and minimising environmental impact. Management interventions included conservation tillage and organic matter incorporation for soil biophysical health, reduced crop protection inputs and integrated pest management strategies for enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and intercropping, cover cropping and under-sowing to achieve more sustainable nutrient management. This system was compared directly with standard commercial practice in a split-field experimental design over a six-year crop rotation. The effect of the cropping treatment was assessed according to the responses of a suite of indicators, which were used to parameterise a qualitative multi-attribute model. Scenarios were run to test whether the integrated cropping system achieved greater levels of overall sustainability relative to standard commercial practice. Overall sustainability was rated high for both integrated and conventional management of bean, barley and wheat crops. Winter oilseed crops scored medium for both cropping systems and potatoes scored very low under standard management but achieved a medium level of sustainability with integrated management. In general, high scores for environmental sustainability in integrated cropping systems were offset by low scores for economic sustainability relative to standard commercial practice. This case study demonstrates the value of a ‘whole cropping systems’ approach using qualitative multi-attribute modelling for the assessment of existing cropping systems and for predicting the likely impact of new management interventions on arable sustainability.

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Paydar, Zahra, Neil Huth, Anthony Ringrose-Voase, Rick Young, Tony Bernardi, Brian Keating e Hamish Cresswell. "Deep drainage and land use systems. Model verification and systems comparison". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, n. 9 (2005): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04303.

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Deep drainage or drainage below the bottom of the profile usually occurs when rain infiltrates moist soil with insufficient capacity to store the additional water. This drainage is believed to be contributing to watertable rise and salinity in some parts of the Liverpool Plains catchment in northern New South Wales. The effect of land use on deep drainage was investigated by comparing the traditional long fallow system with more intense ‘opportunity cropping’. Long fallowing (2 crops in 3 years) is used to store rainfall in the soil profile but risks substantial deep drainage. Opportunity cropping seeks to lessen this risk by sowing whenever there is sufficient soil moisture. Elements of the water balance and productivity were measured under various farming systems in a field experiment for 4 years in the southern part of the catchment. The experimental results were used to verify APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) by comparing them with predictions of production, water storage, and runoff. The verification procedure also involved local farmers and agronomists who assessed the credibility of the predictions and suggested modifications. APSIM provided a realistic simulation of common farming systems in the region and could capture the main hydrological and biological processes. APSIM was then used for long-term (41 years) simulations to predict deep drainage under different systems and extrapolate experimental results. The results showed large differences between agricultural systems mostly because differences in evapotranspiration contributed to differences in profile moisture when it rained. The model predicted that traditional long fallow farming systems (2 crops in 3 years) are quite ‘leaky’, with average annual deep drainage of 34 mm. However, by planting crops in response to the depth of moist soil (opportunity or response cropping), APSIM predicted a much smaller annual drainage rate of 6 mm. Opportunity cropping resulted in overall greater water use and increased production compared with long fallowing. Furthermore, modelling indicated that average annual deep drainage under continuous sorghum (3 mm) is much less than under either long fallow cropping or continuous wheat (39 mm), demonstrating the importance of including summer cropping, as well as increasing cropping frequency, to reducing deep drainage.

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Zarei, Fatemeh, e Somaye Baniasadi. "A Study on Sustainability of Contemporary Cropping Systems in Bam". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, n. 10 (17 ottobre 2020): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.710.9080.

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The study was conducted in Bam in 2019 to develop an index to quantify sustainability of cropping systems in the region. The studied cropping systems included single-cropping systems (palm trees) and multi-cropping systems (citrus, palm trees and alfalfa). The studied indices included economic, social, agricultural indices, as well as, personal features, market access, features of communication, education-extension activities, sustainable agricultural knowledge, attitude towards sustainable agriculture, and obstacles facing sustainable agriculture. The results indicated that the amount of sustainability index was lower than the mean value in 0.56% of the farms and this index was higher than the mean value in 0.44% of the others. Comparison of the mean value of sustainability indices in the studied cropping systems indicated that the mean indices of the type of cropping system, attitude towards sustainable agriculture and extension training activities in multi-cropping systems were more than single crops. The mean indices in social participation and the obstacles facing sustainable agriculture in single cropping systems was more than the multi-cropping ones. Some indices including social participation, sustainable agricultural knowledge and education-extension activities in multivariate regression model remained in the final model as variables that had the largest contribution in the rate of change in the dependent variable (sustainability) and explained = 60% of the changes in the dependent variable. The study showed that the sustainability of multi-cropping systems was more than the single-cropping ones.

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Shahidullah, SM, M. Nasim, MK Quais e A. Saha. "Diversity of Cropping Systems in Chittagong Region". Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, n. 2 (14 settembre 2018): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38199.

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The study was conducted over all 42 upazilas of Chittagong region during 2016 using pre-tested semistructured questionnaire with a view to document the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity in the region. The most dominant cropping pattern Boro−Fallow−T. Aman occupied about 23% of net cropped area (NCA) of the region with its distribution over 38 upazilas out 42. The second largest area, 19% of NCA, was covered by single T. Aman, which was spread out over 32 upazilas. A total of 93 cropping patterns were identified in the whole region under the present investigation. The highest number of cropping patterns was 28 in Naokhali sadar and the lowest was 4 in Begumganj of the same district. The lowest crop diversity index (CDI) was observed 0.135 in Chatkhil followed by 0.269 in Begumganj. The highest value of CDI was observed in Banshkhali, Chittagong and Noakhali sadar (around 0.95). The range of cropping intensity values was recorded 103−283%. The maximum value was for Kamalnagar upazila of Lakshmipur district and minimum for Chatkhil upazila of Noakhali district. As a whole the CDI of Chittagong region was 0.952 and the average cropping intensity at the regional level was 191%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 109-122

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Shirazy, BJ, ABMJ Islam, MMR Dewan e SM Shahidullah. "Crops and Cropping Systems in Dinajpur Region". Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, n. 2 (14 settembre 2018): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38202.

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The development of agricultural planning largely depends on the reliable and comprehensive statistics of the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of a particular area, which will provide a guideline to the policy makers, researchers, extensionists and development workers. A study was undertaken over all the upazilas of Dinajpur region during 2016 using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire with a view to document of the existing cropping patterns, intensity and diversity for the region. The most important cropping pattern Boro-Fallow-T. Aman occupied about 41% of net cropped area (NCA) of the region with its distribution over all the upazilas. The second largest area, 9% of NCA, was covered by Wheat-Fallow-T. Aman, which was spread over 18 upazilas. A total of 112 cropping patterns were identified in the whole region. The highest number of cropping patterns was identified 30 in Boda upazila of Panchagarh district while the lowest was 11 in Kaharol upazila of Dinajpur district. The lowest crop diversity index (CDI) was reported 0.708 in Birampur followed by 0.753 in Ghoraghat of Dinajpur. The highest CDI was reported 0.955 in Ranisonkail followed by 0.952 in Baliadangi of Thakurgaon. The range of cropping intensity was recorded 206-249% whereas the maximum value was found for Khansama of Dinajpur and minimum for Boda of Panchagarh district. As a whole, CDI and cropping intensity for Dinajpur region were calculated 0.924 and 229% respectively, which indicates that the land use and crop diversification is not quite enough for the national demand.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 143-156

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Kuipers, H. "Tillage machinery systems as related to cropping systems". Journal of Terramechanics 22, n. 3 (gennaio 1985): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4898(85)90087-4.

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Thaddeus Egboka, Nzube, Leonard Chimaobi Agim, Michael Akaninyene Okon, Nnaemeka Henry Okoli, Akaninyene Isaiah Afangide e Philomena Nkem Okonjo. "POPULATION DENSITY OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AS AFFECTED BY CROPPING SYSTEMS". Journal CleanWAS 6, n. 1 (2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jcleanwas.01.2022.27.32.

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Cropping pattern exerts significant impact on the population density of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and on soil properties. The study examined the population of indigenous AMF communities as well as status of soil properties under different cropping systems in Aluu, Rivers state, Nigeria. Two farm sites of mono cropping and mixed cropping systems and a fallow land (which served as control) were sampled at 0 – 20 cm depth of soil. Soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory for their physical and chemical properties as well as for the estimation of AMF spore density and resulting data were analyzed statistically. Result shows that, soils of the mono cropping and mixed cropping systems are moderately acidic with mean pH values of 5.80 and 5.74, respectively, while the fallow land exhibits a strongly acid soil reaction (pH = 5.29). Concentrations of organic C (9.25 g kg-1), total N (0.97 g kg-1), exchangeable Ca2+ (3.63 cmol kg-1), available P (13.31 mg kg-1) and C:N ratio (7.87) as recorded in the mixed cropping system, were generally higher than the corresponding results in the fallow and mono cropping systems. Spore population of the AMF varied significantly (P < 0.05) across the cropping systems and was highest in the mixed cropping (157 spores 100 g-1 soil) followed by the fallow (144 spores 100 g-1 soil) while the mono cropping (123 spores 100 g-1 soil) had the lowest spore density. Significant negative (P < 0.05) correlations occurred between AMF spore population and soil pH in both the fallow (r = 0.689*) and mixed cropping (-0.670*) systems whereas correlation with C:N ratio was positively significant (P < 0.01) across the cropping systems. Adoption of mixed cropping rather than mono cropping practices should be encouraged in the studied area in order to enjoy maximum benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis.

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C, JAYANTHI, RANGASAMY A e CHINNUSAMY C. "COMPONENTS PRODUCTIVITY IN LOWLAND INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS". Madras Agricultural Journal 84, April (1997): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00872.

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Field investigations were carried out under lowland farming at the Department of Agronomy. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for two years (1993-94 and 1994-95) to identify best mix from among poultry, pigeon, fish and mushroom components with cropping as base activity in comparision with cropping alone, Productivity of each component was recorded on their economic products and expressed as rice grain equivalent yield after conversion on the basis of unit price. Results indicated that integration of cropping with components like fish and mushroom as well as poultry and pigeon resulted in higher productivity than cropping alone under lowland integrated farming system

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Rashid, M. Harun Ar, ABMJ Islam, BJ Shirazy e SM Shahidullah. "Cropping Systems and Land Use Pattern in Rajshahi Region". Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, n. 2 (14 settembre 2018): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38209.

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Attempts have been made in this paper to overview the existing cropping patterns, crops diversity and cropping intensity in Rajshahi region. The study was conducted in all the upazilas of four districts of Rajshahi region during 2014-15 using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. The most predominating crop in this area was rice where exclusive rice based patterns occupied 40.48% of NCA. Boro-Fallow-T. Aman was the dominant cropping pattern, occupied 22.83% of NCA in 27 upazilas out of 32. The second dominant cropping pattern in Rajshahi region was Boro-Fallow-Fallow. It occupied 7.23% of NCA of the region and existed in 28 upazilas. Wheat-Fallow-T. Aman was the 3rd dominant pattern and practiced in 4.34% of the NCA in 14 upazilas. The data also revealed that the wheat based patterns stands for 14.7% of NCA. Mustard-Boro-T. Aman was the 4th dominant cropping pattern. A total of 172 cropping patterns were recognized in this region and the maximum (36) numbers of cropping patterns were identified in Paba upazila nearly followed by Durgapur (35) and Chapainawabganj upazila (34) while the lower numbers of cropping patterns were identified in Charghat (11) followed by Bagha (12) upazila of Rajshahi district. The range of cropping intensity values was recorded 171−253%. The maximum value was for Badalgachhi of Naogaon district and minimum for Bagha of Rajshahi district. The overall CDI of Rajshahi region was calculated 0.970 and the average cropping intensity at regional level was 218%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 237-254

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37

González-Cueto, Omar, Fidel Diego-Nava, Elvis López-Bravo, Ruslán Ferreira-Camacho, Diana Estefania Zambrano-Casanova, Luisa Maria Macias-Martinez e Miguel Herrera-Suárez. "Energy Use Efficiency of Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems of Sugarcane". Transactions of the ASABE 63, n. 2 (2020): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13544.

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HighlightsOrganic cropping systems were less efficient in energy use.Sugarcane for seed was the highest energy input due to the consumption of 12 t ha-1 of seed.The second largest part of the energy input was the fuel consumed during mechanized operations.Abstract.Analysis of energy use efficiency provides an assessment of non-renewable energy consumption; it is a useful indicator of environmental and long-term sustainability when comparing cropping systems. This study aimed to estimate the energy use efficiency of organic and conventional cropping systems of sugarcane for sugar production in central Cuba. Estimation of the energy use efficiency included analysis of four cropping systems. The energy input in the field until harvest and transport to the sugar mill was the limit of this analysis. The results showed that organic cropping systems were less efficient in energy use because of the greater number of field operations, mainly for weed control by manual and mechanical cultivation. Organic cropping systems also had lower yield compared with conventional systems due to their use of low doses of organic products, instead of agrochemical fertilizers, for plant nutrition. In all cropping systems evaluated, sugarcane used for seed was the largest part of the energy input due to the consumption of 12 t ha-1 of seed, representing an average of 89% of the total energy input for the sugarcane cropping systems. The second largest part of the energy input was the fuel consumed during mechanized operations. Irrigation was the third largest part of the energy input for organic cropping systems and the second largest part of the energy input for conventional cropping systems. Keywords: Agricultural systems, Energy balance, Energy input, Energy output.

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38

Srivastava, Khusbhoo, H. S. Jat, M. D. Meena, Madhu Choudhary, A. K. Mishra e S. K. Chaudhari. "Long term impact of different cropping systems on soil quality under silty loam soils of Indo-Gangetic plains of India". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, n. 2 (1 giugno 2016): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.841.

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In a multi-enterprise agriculture model, six different cropping systems have been evaluated at research farm of CSSRI Karnal for nutrient availability in surface soil. All the cropping systems left tremendous effect on soil quality. Among the different cropping systems, sorghum-berseem maintained lowest soil pH (8.14) followed by cowpea-cauliflower-potato cropping system (8.35). Sorghum-berseem cropping system was significantly build-up of soil fertility in terms of available nitrogen, (221.1kg/ha) and soil organic carbon (0.59%) as compared to other cropping systems. However, phosphorus (59.80 kg/ha) availability was higher in vegetable system followed by wheat-green gram cropping systems (48.85 kg/ha) than the other cropping systems. Vegetable system of multi-enterprise agriculture model showed more availability of Ca (3.20 me/L), Mg (2.63 me/L) and S (11.71 me/L) than other cropping systems. Higher amount of Fe (8.44 mg/kg) was observed in maize-wheat-green gram cropping system, whereas higher Mn (6.37 mg/kg) was noticed in sorghum-berseem fodder system than the other cropping system. Zn and Cu availability was relatively higher in vegetable system. Under prevailing climatic conditions of Karnal, sorghum-berseem fodder system was found to be the best with respect to soil quality and ready adaptability by the farmers as it was not much changed by climatic variability over the last 6 years. Vegetable system and fruits + vegetable were more or less similar in accelerating the availability of nutrients. Thus, leguminous crop (green gram) in any cropping system helped in improving the soil health, which is a good indicator of soil productivity.

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C, JAYANTHI, RANGASAMY A e CHINNUSAMY C. "Water budgeting for components in lowland integrated farming systems". Madras Agricultural Journal 87, september (2000): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00486.

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Field investigations were carried out to estimate water budgeting for the allied components like cropping, poultry, pigeon, fish and mushroom linked in lowland integrated farming systems at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 1993-96. Water requirement for the allied components was estimated by adopting standard methodology. Results revealed that cultivation of rice-greengram-maize and rice-sunnhemp-maize cropping systems each in 0.50 hectare consumed 182 ha cm of water totally in a year. Whereas 201 ha cm of water was needed for rice-soybean-sunflower and rice-gingelly-maize cropping systems in 0.45 ha each involved in integrated farming systems. Poultry, pigeon, fish and mushroom components utilized 0.02, 0.04, 15.84 and 1.37 ha cm of water for their production in a year. Integration of cropping with pigeon + fish mushroom utilized 218 ha cm as against 182 ha em of water with conventional cropping system alone. Integration of poultry and pigeon required very little quantity of water and total water requirement in integration of improved cropping with fish mushroom + poultry/pigeon was lesser than the water requirement of cropping alone in one hectare land area. Integrating efficient allied components with cropping results in effective water budgeting with better economic returns in lowland farming.

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40

Pelzer, E., C. Bourlet, G. Carlsson, R. J. Lopez-Bellido, E. S. Jensen e M. H. Jeuffroy. "Design, assessment and feasibility of legume-based cropping systems in three European regions". Crop and Pasture Science 68, n. 11 (2017): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17064.

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Grain legumes in cropping systems result in agronomic and environmental benefits. Nevertheless, their areas in Europe have strongly decreased over the past decades. Our aim was to design locally adapted innovative cropping systems including grain legumes for three European local pedoclimatic contexts, to assess their sustainability, and to discuss their feasibility with stakeholders. The methodology included an initial diagnosis of the most frequent cropping systems and local improvement targets in each local context (e.g. improve legume profitability, limit diseases of legumes, reduce intensive use of chemical inputs in cropping systems), the design of innovative legume-based cropping systems during a common workshop, focusing on three aims ((i) decrease pesticide use, (ii) reduce mineral N fertiliser dependency, and (iii) increase yield stability of grain legume crops and other crops of the crop sequence), and their multicriteria sustainability assessment. Stakeholders meetings were organised in each local context to discuss the feasibility of implementing the innovative cropping systems in farmers’ fields (technical implementation of cropping systems and possibility of development of legume sectors). Four to five cropping systems were designed in each local context, with crop sequences longer than references. They included at least two grain legumes (pea, faba bean, chickpea, lentil or lupine), as sole crops or intercropped with cereals. Overall sustainability was similar or improved in 71% of the legume-based cropping systems compared with their corresponding references. Among the designed cropping systems, stakeholders identified feasible ones considering both technical issues and development of legume sectors. The results indicate that reintegrating more grain legumes in the three European local contexts tested will contribute to more sustainable farming systems.

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41

Broersma, K., N. G. Juma e J. A. Robertson. "Plant residue and cropping system effects on N dynamics in a Gray Luvisolic soil". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, n. 2 (1 maggio 2000): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-070.

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Soil samples from differing cropping systems were amended with 15N-labeled plant residues having varying carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios to quantify N dynamics in a Gray Luvisolic soil. For non-amended cropping systems a significantly greater amount of total N was mineralized from the continuous legume (CL) than from the continuous grass (CG), barley/forage (BF) rotations, or continuous barley (CB) cropping systems. The addition of the fababean (Vicia faba L.) plant residue resulted in net N mineralization from most of the cropping systems. After 20 wk, 14.0%, 10.5% and 7.1% of the 15N was mineralized from fababean, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and fescue (Festuca rubra L.) amended residues, respectively, when averaged across cropping systems. Key words: Crop residues, cropping systems, Gray Luvisol, N mineralization, 15N, soil amendments

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42

Hannukkala, Asko O., e Eeva Tapio. "Conventional and organic cropping systems at Suitia V: Cereal diseases". Agricultural and Food Science 62, n. 4 (1 settembre 1990): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72908.

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The occurrence of diseases on barley and winter wheat was surveyed in a field experiment comparing four conventional and four organic cropping systems in 1982—88. On barley, foliar diseases were of minor importance regardless of the cropping system. On winter wheat, powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) and leaf blotch (Septoria nodorum) were more prevalent in conventional than in organic cropping systems. Root and foot rot diseases (Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium spp. and Gaeumannomyces graminis) were frequent on barley and winter wheat in each cropping system. B. sorokiniana infected stem bases and roots of barley more frequently in organic than in conventional cropping systems. During the first years of the study, a serious epidemic of G. graminis was recorded in certain organic cropping systems

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43

Millar, G. D., e W. B. Badgery. "Pasture cropping: a new approach to integrate crop and livestock farming systems". Animal Production Science 49, n. 10 (2009): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09017.

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Pasture cropping is a farmer-initiated concept of sowing a winter active cereal into a summer-active native perennial pasture. Proponents claim that by using pasture cropping they are able to maintain or improve the perennial pasture. Research was carried out on a Bothriochloa macra dominant pasture at Wellington, in the central western slopes of New South Wales, to compare pasture cropping to conventional no-till cropping and pasture only systems under different fertiliser rates and rotations. Key variables for the comparison included forage and crop production, pasture perenniality and ground cover, soil fertility and water use, and profitability. Our results show that pasture cropping can successfully retain perennial grasses and ground cover while still producing profitable cropping and grazing compared with continuous pasture. Crop yields from pasture cropping were less than 65% of those for conventional no-till cropping, which led to conventional no-till cropping having the greatest, but also most volatile, gross margin throughout the experiment. However, the lower input costs associated with pasture cropping reduced the effects of crop failure on farm profit. While soil moisture differences did not occur between treatments during the experiment, soil fertility, especially N, played a major role in determining crop yield. The role of pasture cropping in farming systems is discussed.

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44

Dewan, MMR, M. Harun Ar Rashid, M. Nasim e SM Shahidullah. "Diversity of Crops and Cropping Systems in Jessore Region". Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, n. 2 (14 settembre 2018): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38206.

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Thorough understanding and a reliable database on existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of a particular area are needed for guiding policy makers, researchers, extensionists and development workers for the planning of future research and development. During 2016 a study was accomplished over all 34 upazilas of Jessore region using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire with a view to document the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity in the region. The most dominant cropping pattern Boro−Fallow−T. Aman occupied 32.28% of net cropped area (NCA) of the region with its distribution in all upazilas. The second largest area, 5.29% of NCA, was covered by single Boro, which was spread over 24 upazilas. A total of 176 cropping patterns were identified in the whole region under the current investigation. The highest number of cropping patterns was identified 58 in Kushtia sadar upazila and the lowest was 11 in Damurhuda upazila of Chuadanga district. The lowest crop diversity index (CDI) was reported 0.852 in Narail sadar upazila followed by 0.863 in Jessore sadar upazila. The highest value of CDI was observed 0.981 in Daulatpur followed by 0.978 in Bheramara upazila of Kushtia district. The range of cropping intensity values was recorded 175−286%. The maximum value was for Sreepur of Magura district and minimum for Abhaynagar of Jessore district. As a whole the CDI of Jessore region was calculated 0.955 and the average cropping intensity at regional level was 229%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 185-202

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RATHORE, V. S., N. S. NATHAWAT, B. MEEL, B. M. YADAV e J. P. SINGH. "RELATIVE PRODUCTIVITY, PROFITABILITY AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF CROPPING SYSTEMS IN HOT ARID INDIA". Experimental Agriculture 50, n. 4 (27 marzo 2014): 549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479714000052.

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SUMMARYThe choice of an appropriate cropping system is critical to maintaining or enhancing agricultural sustainability. Yield, profitability and water use efficiency are important factors for determining suitability of cropping systems in hot arid region. In a two-year field experiment (2009/10–2010/11) on loam sandy soils of Bikaner, India, the production potential, profitability and water use efficiency (WUE) of five cropping systems (groundnut–wheat, groundnut–isabgol, groundnut–chickpea, cluster bean–wheat and mung bean–wheat) each at six nutrient application rate (NAR) i.e. 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% recommended dose of N and P (NP) and 100% NP + S were evaluated. The cropping systems varied significantly in terms of productivity, profitability and WUEs. Averaged across nutrient application regimes, groundnut–wheat rotation gave 300–1620 kg ha−1 and 957–3365 kg ha−1 higher grain and biomass yields, respectively, than other cropping systems. The mean annual net returns were highest for the mung bean–wheat system, which returned 32–57% higher net return than other cropping systems. The mung bean–wheat and cluster bean–wheat systems had higher WUE in terms of yields than other cropping systems. The mung bean–wheat system recorded 35–63% higher WUE in monetary terms compared with other systems. Nutrients application improved yields, profit and WUEs of cropping systems. Averaged across years and cropping systems, the application of 100% NP improved grain yields, returns and WUE by 1.7, 3.9 and 1.6 times than no application of nutrients. The results suggest that the profitability and WUEs of crop production in this hot arid environment can be improved, compared with groundnut–wheat cropping, by substituting groundnut by mung bean and nutrients application.

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46

WALIA, S. S., R. S. GILL, TAMANPREET KAUR e C. S. AULAKH. "Bio-intensive complimentary cropping systems for north-west India". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, n. 8 (29 marzo 2022): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i8.89317.

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A field experiment was conducted during 2014–15 and 2015–16 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to evaluate bio-intensive complementary cropping systems as a possible replacement of the prevailing rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The treatments comprised 12 cropping systems and were set in a three-time replicated randomized block design. The results revealed that maize (Zea mays L.) (cobs) + vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] + Sesbania-gram (Cicer arietinum L.) + gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.) cropping system showed maximum rice equivalent yield (229.9 q/ha), production efficiency (79.4 kg/day/ha) and net returns (`30,6066/ha). These systems also ensured saving of 127.5 cm irrigation water over the existing rice-wheat system (247.5 cm) and proved to be a viable option to avail higher profitability for farmers in Punjab. The removal of N, P and K was significantly higher in all the maize based cropping systems over rice-wheat cropping system. In addition, maize (furrow) + turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (bed)-wheat (bed) + linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) (furrow) cropping system gave highest viable counts of actinomycetes and fungi, whereas maize (furrow) + turmeric (bed)-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (bed) + linseed (furrow) gave highest count for bacteria. The fodder based cropping system, viz. sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] + cowpea (fodder)-wheat + gobhi sarson with high energy output showed the highest energy-use efficiency (48.28) and energy output efficiency (6.35×103 MJ/ha/day). Maize (cobs)+vegetable cowpea + Sesbania-gram + gobhi sarson cropping system showed the highest average maximum energy productivity (8.24 kg REY/MJ) and it was mainly due to its higher REY.

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47

Ghimire, Rajan, e Babu Ram Khanal. "Soil organic matter dynamics in semiarid agroecosystems transitioning to dryland". PeerJ 8 (20 ottobre 2020): e10199. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10199.

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Recent interest in improving soil health and agricultural sustainability recognizes the value of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and nutrient cycling. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the response of various SOC and nitrogen (N) components in semiarid cropping systems transitioning from limited-irrigation to dryland and a restored grassland in the Southern High Plains of USA. Cropping systems evaluated include dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)–fallow with conventional tillage (DLCTF) and no-tillage (DLNTF), limited-irrigation winter wheat–sorghum–fallow with no-tillage and cover cropping (LINTC) and no-tillage fallow (LINTF), and an undisturbed grassland (NG). Soil samples were collected from 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depths and analyzed for SOC, total N, inorganic N, and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) contents. The CO2 and N2O release during a eight-weeks long laboratory incubation were also analyzed. Results show 14% and 13% reduction in SOC and total N from 0–30 cm depth with the transition from limited-irrigation to dryland cropping systems while 51% more SOC and 41% more total N with the transition to grassland. The SMBC was 42% less in dryland cropping systems and 100% more in NG than the limited-irrigation cropping systems. However, the grassland was N limited, with 93% less inorganic N in NG compared to only 11% less in dryland cropping systems than in limited-irrigation cropping systems. The microbial respiration measured as CO2-C was highest in NG, followed by limited-irrigation and dryland cropping systems. The N2O-N release showed the lowest rate of N loss from dryland cropping systems, followed by NG and limited-irrigation cropping systems. This study demonstrated loss of SOC and N in agroecosystems transitioned to dryland crop-fallow systems, with greater magnitude of change observed in the biologically active fraction of soil organic matter. Grassland restoration could be an important strategy to increase SOC and nutrients in hot, dry, semiarid agroecosystems transitioning to dryland.

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48

Jensen, Erik S., Iman R. Chongtham, Nawa R. Dhamala, Carolina Rodriguez, Nicolas Carton e Georg Carlsson. "Diversifying European agricultural systems by intercropping". International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 47, n. 3 (dicembre 2020): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2241.

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Cropping system diversification is a key factor in developing more sustainable cropping and food systems. The agroecological practice of intercropping, meaning the simultaneous cultivation of two or more species in the same field, has recently gained renewed interest as a means of ecological intensification in European agricultural research. We discuss some recent research developments regarding 1) intercropping for ecological intensification in agroecological and conventional cropping systems, 2) studies on nitrogen resource use by cereal-grain legume intercropping cultivation, 3) the role of intercropping in the management of biotic stressors, especially weeds, and 4) intercropping as a means of creating cropping systems that are more resilient to the abiotic and biotic stress associated with climate change. Finally, we propose methods for the greater adoption of intercropping in European agriculture by unlocking farming systems from upstream and downstream barriers, with the aim of developing more sustainable agricultural and food systems.

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49

Bettiol, Wagner, Raquel Ghini, José Abrahão Haddad Galvão e Romildo Cássio Siloto. "Organic and conventional tomato cropping systems". Scientia Agricola 61, n. 3 (giugno 2004): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000300002.

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Abstract (sommario):

Among several alternative agricultural systems have been developed, organic agriculture has deserved increasing interest from. The objective of this paper was comparing both organic (OS) and conventional (CS) tomato cropping systems for varieties Débora and Santa Clara, through an interdisciplinary study. The experiment was set up in a randomized blocks design with six replicates, in a dystrophic Ultisol plots measuring 25 ´ 17 m. Cropping procedures followed by either local conventional or organic growers practices recommendations. Fertilization in the OS was done with organic compost, single superphosphate, dolomitic limes (5L, 60 g, and 60 g per pit), and sprayed twice a week with biofertilizer. Fertilization in the CS was done with 200 g 4-14-8 (NPK) per pit and, after planting, 30 g N, 33 g K and 10.5 g P per pit; from 52 days after planting forth, plants were sprayed once a week with foliar fertilizer. In the CS, a blend of insecticides, fungicides and miticides was sprayed twice a week, after planting. In the OS, extracts of black pepper, garlic, and Eucalyptus; Bordeaux mixture, and biofertilizer, were applied twice a week to control diseases and pests. Tomato spotted wilt was the most important disease in the OS, resulting in smaller plant development, number of flower clusters and yield. In the CS, the disease was kept under control, and the population of thrips, the virus vector, occurred at lower levels than in the OS. Variety Santa Clara presented greater incidence of the viral disease, and for this reason had a poorer performance than 'Débora', especially in the OS. Occurrence of Liriomyza spp. was significantly smaller in the OS, possibly because of the greater frequency of Chrysoperla. The CS had smaller incidence of leaf spots caused by Septoria lycopersici and Xanthomonas vesicatoria. However, early blight and fruit rot caused by Alternaria solani occurred in larger numbers. No differences were observed with regard to the communities of fungi and bacteria in the phylloplane, and to the occurrence of weeds.

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50

Butler, Jack D. "Grass Interplanting in Horticulture Cropping Systems". HortScience 21, n. 3 (giugno 1986): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.3.394.

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Abstract Of the 5000 grass species identified worldwide, more than 1400 may be found in the United States (17). The potential benefits of interplantings in horticultural crops justifies the effort to identify the most appropriate grasses for this practice. Grass interplantings are used to reduce erosion, increase water infiltration into the soil, improve traffic-carrying ability, improve soil structure, limit weed invasion, moderate soil temperatures, and reduce soil contamination of crops. Disadvantages in using grasses for interplantings include increased competition for water and nutrients, harborage of pests, and expense of establishment and maintenance.

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