Tesi: "Crop residue management"

1

Myers, Brian. "Variable crop residue management". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35271.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Jeffery R. Williams
Production agriculture is constantly evolving to become more efficient and productive. Crop residue serves as a valuable source of nutrients for the soil, but it is increasingly abundant with today’s enhanced crop genetics. If new technology can effectively provide a way to micro-manage crop residue levels within a field, the benefits will go beyond soil health. Surplus crop residue can be collected for secondary income while leaving the optimum amounts in the field to maintain the environment and soil health as well as promote future crop growth. The main objective of this study is to create a budget model that will determine the economic impact of crop residue removal on a controlled basis. The goals are to determine crop residue removal practices that are sustainable for the long-term, while also enhancing soil quality and increasing grain yield in future years. A sub-objective is to build a business case for producers to invest in variable crop residue management. The hypothesis presented in this study is that the increased complexity and price of a variable rate system is offset by more supplemental profits, increased crop yields, and better management of soil health and nutrients. The negative perceptions of crop residue removal include the fear of soil erosion or loss of soil organic matter. By developing a budget model that is easy to use, takes advantage of existing field data for inputs, and allows producers the ability to look at their operations on a sub-field level, this study aims to provide the necessary motivation to invest in new technology that will increase their productivity. By entering their site-specific crop residue return rate data into a budget model, along with prices and costs related to combine and auxiliary equipment, corn and corn stover, transportation and logistics, and nutrient replacement, they will come up with a return per acre for both constant rate and variable rate collection. The budget model determines whether it is economically viable to harvest crop residue from a continuous corn rotation at a variable rate across a field, rather than at a constant rate, using a producer’s own specific field data. To validate the concept, data from a joint study between John Deere and Iowa State is entered into the model. Prescriptions for corn stover return rates are provided from the study for pre-defined grid areas. Prescriptions are derived from a combination of data including grain yield, soil loss due to wind and water erosion, climate, topography, and soil sample data at time of planting (Nelson, et al. 2004). The average corn stover removal percentage was less for variable rate collection than constant rate collection, 26.05% to 31.85%. However, the assumption that grain yield and corn stover yield are positively correlated did not prove to be true in this case study. The variable rate plots had a lower average grain yield of 158.84 bushel/acre, compared to 160.46 for the constant rate plots, but they had more total corn stover available and therefore a higher return rate of 3.70 tons/acre, compared to 3.05 for the constant rate plots. This case study illustrates that less corn stover can be returned to the field through constant or variable rate collection while sustaining higher grain yields than a conventional harvest that would return all of the corn stover to the field. This case study demonstrates that variable rate collection can be more expensive than constant rate, but not in every situation. Every unique field site will require a specific crop residue management recommendation that is determined by both economic and environmental factors.

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2

Collins, Shane. "Residue composition influences nutrient release from crop residues". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0171.

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[Truncated abstract] A greater adoption of stubble retention, minimum-till and no-till farming practices for the purposes of conserving soil, water and fertility requires a greater understanding of the complexity of physical and chemical interactions between the soil and crop residues. There is currently insufficient knowledge to allow reliable predictions of the effects of different residue types in different environments on soil fertility and crop growth, owing to the many residue characteristics and environmental interactions that have been shown to affect decomposition or nutrient release. The role of fibre and nutrient composition in nutrient release from crop residues, and implications for residue management techniques, were studied. Canola, lupin and field pea residues, obtained from farmland in Meckering and Northam, Western Australia, were separated into upper and basal stems, leaves, and siliques or pods. This was done to provide materials with a wide range of chemical and physical characteristics, and also allowed consideration of differential residue management of plant organs, such as comparing harvested canola siliques and retained canola stubble. Pre-treatment by chopping and/or humidification was applied to residues to provide some information about the processes of nutrient release. Residues were subjected to simulated rainfall to assess nutrient leaching from plant material, and placed on soil in pots in constant-temperature glasshouse conditions to assess decomposition. Amounts and rates of change of residue fibre and nutrients were determined throughout leaching and decomposition. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis was used to assess the location of diffusible ions in air-dried residues and the effects of humidification on nutrient positioning and release. ... However, the release of calcium and magnesium depended on the decomposition of the more recalcitrant components such as cellulose and lignin, as supported by microscopy results showing changes in nutrient distribution following humidification. The proportionality of amounts of calcium and magnesium leached and released during decomposition is likely to suggest a similarity of chemical form more than similarity of function or position of the two elements. Management of crop residues for maximising and optimising the timing of release of different nutrients will need to take into account the placement of different plant types and parts, particle sizes distribution and pre-treatment of material to efficiently manage short- and long-term soil fertility to sustain crops, particularly on degraded soils. Significant nutrient release of potassium, sulphur and magnesium from crop residues can be achieved from surface placement, with the release of potassium and sulphur managed by modifying residue particle size through appropriate harvesting, ploughing or sowing implement selection. High nutrient uptake crops and plant parts where they can be economically viable to grow or separated by the harvesting technique are particularly valuable as sources of nutrients and soil organic matter.

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3

He, Yuxin. "Crop residue management and its impacts on soil properties". Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19043.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Agronomy
DeAnn R. Presley
Crop residue removal for livestock feeding and biofuel production at large scales must be evaluated to assess impacts on soil productivity and properties. Among all the potential negative impacts, wind erosion is a major concern in the central Great Plains. We conducted an on-farm study from 2011 to 2013 by removing crop residue at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) to determine the effects of crop residue removal on soil wind erosion parameters such as dry aggregate size distribution including soil wind erodible fraction (EF <0.84 mm aggregates), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD), dry aggregate stability, and soil surface roughness. The sub-model of Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) developed by the USDA-ARS, Single-event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP) is a stand-alone companion software package that can be applied to simulate soil loss and dust emission from a single windstorm event. We applied measured data (i.e. EF, GMD, GSD, and roughness) to SWEEP for predicting wind velocity that can initiate wind erosion and soil loss under each crop residue removal condition with wind velocity at 13 m sˉ¹. The threshold wind velocity to initiate wind erosion generally decreased with increase in crop residue removal levels, particularly for residue removal >75%. The total amount of soil loss in 3 hours ranged from about 0.2 to 2.5 kg mˉ² and depends on soil condition and crop residue cover. On the other hand, high-yielding crops can produce abundant crop residue, which then raises the question that if a farmer wants to reduce residue, what could they do without removing it? The application of fertilizer on crop residue to stimulate microbial activity and subsequent decomposition of the residue is often debated. We conducted wheat straw decomposition field experiments under different fertilizer rates and combinations at three locations in western Kansas following wheat harvest in 2011 and 2012. A double shear box apparatus instrumented with a load cell measured the shear stress required to cut wheat straw and photomicrography was used to measure the cross-sectional area of wheat straw after shearing. Total C and N were also analyzed. The fertilizer rate and timing of application during summer 2012 and Fall 2013 at the Hays site had impacts on wheat straw shear stress at break point. Across site years, earlier (fall) fertilizer application generally resulted in lower remaining aboveground biomass as compared to a spring application. Multivariate and linear regressions suggested that N and C:N ratio partially explain the results observed with respect to treatment effects on winter wheat residue decomposition.

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4

Gelder, Brian Keith. "Land management database development methods for delineating management units and estimating crop and residue cover /". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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5

Battaglia, Martin. "Crop residue management effects on crop production, greenhouse gases emissions, and soil quality in the Mid-Atlantic USA". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86483.

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Cellulosic biomass-to-bioenergy systems can provide environmental and economic benefits to modern societies, reducing the dependence on fossil-fuels and greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving rural economies. Corn (Zea mays L.) stover and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) residues have particular promise given these crops are widely grown and their cellulosic fractions present a captured resource as a co-product of grain production. Annual systems also offer the ability to change crops rapidly in response to changing market demands. However, concerns exist about residue removal effects on soil health, greenhouse gases emissions and subsequent crop productivity. The carbon footprint and the crop yield productivity and soil health responses resulting from the removal of crop residues has been studied extensively over the last 20 years, but this research has been largely conducted in the Corn Belt. To investigate the impact of crop residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA, combinations of corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) and wheat straw (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Mgha-1) were soil applied in a corn-wheat/soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation in Virginia's Coastal Plain. Corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) was applied in a continuous corn cropping system in the Ridge/Valley province. For each system, residues were applied following grain harvest over two production cycles. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete design with four replications. The highest rates of stover retention resulted in greater greenhouse gas emissions in year 1, but not year 2 of these studies and did not affect overall global warming potentials. Stover application also increased soil carbon but had little effect on other measures of soil quality. Stover K levels were greater with high rates of stover retention. Overall, these studies indicate little effect of residue removal or retention (above typical residue production rates) on subsequent crop production, greenhouse gas emissions, or soil health measures in the short term. This study is one of the first to assess residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA and is the first study to investigate the impacts that managing more than one crop residue in a multi-crop system. Longer-term research of this type may be warranted both to determine the consequences of residue management and to start building a regionally-specific body of knowledge about these practices.
Ph. D.

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6

Zheng, Baojuan. "Broad-scale Assessment of Crop Residue Management Using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Imagery". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19201.

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Tillage practices have changed dramatically during the past several decades as agricultural specialists have recognized the unfavorable environmental effects of mechanized tillage. Alternatively, conservation tillage management can mitigate adverse environmental impacts of tillage, such as soil and water degradation. Adoption of conservation tillage has continued to increase since its first introduction, which raises questions of when and where it is practiced. Spatial and temporal specifics of tillage practices form important dimensions for development of effective crop management practices and policies. Because Landsat has been and will continue to image the Earth globally, it provides opportunities for systematic mapping of crop residue cover (CRC) /tillage practices. Thus, the overall objective of this study is to develop methodologies to improve our ability to monitor crop management across different landscapes in a time-efficient and cost-effective manner using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery, which is addressed in three separate studies. The first study found that previous efforts to estimate CRC along a continuum using Landsat-based tillage indices were unsuccessful because they neglected the key temporal changes in agricultural surfaces caused by tilling, planting, and crop emergence at the start of the growing season. The first study addressed this difficulty by extracting minimum values of multi-temporal NDTI (Normalized Difference Tillage Index) spectral profiles, designated here as the minNDTI method. The minNDTI improves crop residue estimation along a continuum (R2 = 0.87) as well as tillage classification accuracy (overall accuracy > 90%). A second study evaluated effectiveness of the minNDTI approach for assessing CRC at multiple locations over several years, and compared minNDTI to hyperspectral tillage index (CAI), and the ASTER tillage index (SINDRI). The minNDTI is effective across four different locations (R2 of 0.56 ~ 0.93). The third study, built upon the second study, addressed the Landsat ETM+ missing data issue, and devised methodologies for producing field-level tillage data at broad scales (multiple counties). In summary, this research demonstrates that the minNDTI technique is currently the best alternative for monitoring CRC and tillage practices from space, and provides a foundation for monitoring crop residue cover at broad spatial and temporal scales.
Ph. D.

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7

Isaac, Gura. "Crop rotation and crop residue management effects under no till on the soil quality of two ecotopes in the Eastern Cape, South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2934.

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The degradation of soil quality due to undesirable farming practices has reached alarming scales in the Eastern Cape and this has had negative repercussions on soil productivity and the environment in general. There is growing evidence that conservation agriculture (CA) practices involving minimal mechanical disturbance, maintaining permanent surface cover and embracing diverse crop rotations increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and therefore has potential to mitigate soil quality deterioration. A study was carried out at two sites located in two ecotopes to investigate the effects of crop residue retention and crop rotations in a no till system on overall soil quality using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) as the soil quality assessment tool. The CA study trials were laid out in 2012 at two different locations, one at the Phandulwazi Agricultural High school within the Phandulwazi Jozini ecotope and the other one at University of Fort Hare Research Farm within the Alice Jozini ecotope. The experiment was laid out as a split-split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Tillage treatments were applied on the main plots while crop rotation treatments were applied as subplots. Crop residue retention treatments were applied as sub-sub plots. The rotational treatments were maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS), maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). The initial assessment of the overall soil quality of the two ecotopes using the SMAF soil quality index (SQI) revealed that the soils at the Alice site were functioning at 80% while the soils at the Phandulwazi site were functioning at 79 percent of their optimum capacity. The slight difference in the soil quality of the two ecotopes could be attributed to their different soil organic C contents where the Alice Jozini ecotope had significantly higher soil organic C contents than the Phandulwazi Jozini ecotope. After 3 years of continuous treatment application, crop residue retention significantly improved most of the measured soil quality parameters. Generally across the sites, more soil organic C, microbial biomass C (MBC), ß-glucosidase (BG) activity, mineral N, extractable P and K, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, and macro-aggregates were recorded in treatments where crop residues were retained. Crop rotations alone did not have a significant impact on most of the measured soil quality indicators. The crop rotations influenced significantly the availability of mineral N across the two sites, highlighting the importance of using a legume in rotations on available N for the subsequent crops. Most of the measured soil attributes were not significantly influenced after 3 years of continuously applying combined treatment of CA components. Mineral N (NO3 + NH4), K, Zn and Fe were significantly impacted on by the interactions of CA components at the Phandulwazi site, while N, Cu, Zn and Mn were significantly increased at the Alice site. Low response of SOC to combined CA treatments in the short-term prompted the need to examine treatment effects on individual soil carbon fractions. The interaction of crop rotation and residue management techniques were significant on the fine particulate organic matter – C fractions and microbially respired C. These soil C fractions were more sensitive to short-term treatments of combined CA components than SOC and MBC, therefore they can be used as short-term indicators of CA effects on SOM. Soil organic carbon, MBC, extractable P and K, soil pH, EC, b, AGS (aggregate stability) and BG activity were measured and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) used to calculate soil quality index (SQI) values for each treatment. The combination of the crop rotations with crop residue retention showed the potential to significantly improve SQI values in the long term. The highest soil quality improvement at both sites was achieved by the maize-wheat-soybean (MWS) rotation with crop residue retention.

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8

Tao, Hsiao-Hang. "Crop residue management in oil palm plantations : soil quality, soil biota and ecosystem functions". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ebcc3bd9-45c0-4d22-9fef-71dff4abecd3.

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The application of crop residues is one of the most common agricultural practices used to maintain soil ecosystems and crop productivity. This thesis focuses on the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agroecosystem, an important tropical crop that has expanded rapidly over the past four decades. Both land conversion and business-as-usual practices within the plantations have contributed to soil degradation. The application of oil palm residues, such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and oil palm fronds, are thought to have positive effects on the soil ecosystem; yet there is currently a deficit of knowledge on their effectiveness. This thesis aims to examine the effects of oil palm residue application on soil physicochemical properties, soil biota, and ecosystem functions. It reports the results of extensive field trials, sample collection, and statistical analysis of crop residue applications in oil palm plantations in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Four key results emerged from the thesis. First, in this study site land conversion from secondary forest to oil palm does not affect litter decomposition rate, but positively influences soil fauna activity. Second, there is greater soil fauna activity following EFB application than oil palm fronds or chemical fertilizers, and the fauna activity is highly associated with changes in soil chemical properties and soil moisture conditions. Third, EFB application enhances soil ecosystem functions, through the direct provision of organic matter, and by influencing soil biota. Finally, over 15 years of application, EFB appears to be effective in maintaining or increasing annual crop yield in comparison to chemical fertiliser treatment. Temporal changes in crop yield under EFB application appear to be associated with climatic conditions and soil organic carbon. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the potential of oil palm residue applications to increase soil quality, soil biota, and ecosystem functions. They also provide useful information for a wider audience of soil ecologists, agricultural managers, and policy makers to improve sustainable management of the oil palm ecosystem.

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9

Suriadi, Ahmad. "Structural stability and Na-Ca exchange selectivity of soils under sugarcane trash management". Title page, Contents and Abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ASOM/09asoms961.pdf.

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10

Ducamp, Fernando Arriaga Francisco J. "Effect of rye residue on soil properties and nitrogen fertiization of cotton". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1532.

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11

Cogdill, Todd Joseph. "Investigation of management strategies for the production of sweet sorghum as a bioenergy crop and preservation of crop residue by the ensiling process". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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12

Morris, Jennifer L. "Use of herbicides, tillage, and grazing cattle for establishment of corn in rotation with alfalfa and rye". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45050.

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Six combinations of grazing, tillage, and herbicides were studied during 2 yr in a randomized block design to determine alfalfa (Medicago sativa) survival, corn (Zea mays) plant populations and corn growth in an alfalfa-corn rotation. Alfalfa was overseeded with rye (Secale cereale) in autumn prior to planting corn in spring of each year. Treatments were 1) non-grazed control with standard chemical treatments for no-till establishment of corn, 2) grazing alfalfa, then grazing rye until corn planting followed by dicamba application, 3) alfalfa grazing plus glyphosate prior to corn planting, 4) treatment 3 plus grazing prior to rye jointing, and 5) alfalfa grazing plus autumn application of glyphosate, 6) alfalfa grazing plus autumn disking (no herbicides). Grazing until corn planting decreased (P<0.05) alfalfa stands and rye biomass, but increased (P<0.05) corn plant populations and soil bulk density compared to shorter grazing periods. Grazing prior to rye jointing increased (P <0.05) soil bulk density and corn plant populations, and decreased (P<0.05) rye biomass compared to no spring grazing. Autumn disking decreased (P<0.05) bulk density, but generally provided less (P<0.05) control of alfalfa compared to autumn application of glyphosate. Autumn disking and glyphosate application (Trts. 5 and 6) increased (P<0.05) rye biomass compared to no autumn treatment (Trts. 3 and 4). Applying glyphosate prior to corn planting (Trts. 3 and 4) improved (P<0.05) corn populations and growth compared to autumn glyphosate or disking (Trts. 5 and 6) and was similar to conventional no-till establishment (Trt. 1). Herbicides were necessary to completely kill alfalfa, but grazing reduced TNC in alfalfa roots and alfalfa plant persistence.
Master of Science

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13

Kadango, Tendayi Lovemore. "Farmers' perceptions of insect pests in the Eastern Cape maize-based cropping systems and the effects of crop residue management on insect pest populations". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6202.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops in South Africa that is cultivated for food, feed and as a cash crop. Maize in the Eastern Cape is typically grown for consumption and the Province is one of the least producers owing to small landholdings, poor production conditions and pests. This study investigated: (i) the different maize cropping systems smallholder farmers practice in the Eastern Cape (EC), (ii) the major maize insect pests within the identified cropping systems, (iii) the perceptions of Eastern Cape smallholder maize farmers on the effects of insect pests, and (iv) the effects of crop residues on insect pests’ population dynamics. Four major cropping systems namely: maize sole cropping without rotations by government sponsored farmers (GCP) (94 percent), maize intercropping without rotations by independent farmers (IF) (79 percent), maize sole cropping without rotations by IF (67 percent) and maize intercropping without rotations by GCP (61 percent) were identified. The choice of a cropping system by the smallholder farmers was significantly influenced by source of sponsorship, the difference in their district localities, tenure system, availability of inputs and farming equipment, percentage of farmland farmers allocate to maize, maize varieties, farming experience, fallow operations and access to irrigation facilities. The major constraints faced by the farmers in maize production are the attack by insect pests, weeds competition, drought, the lack of fencing around the fields and destruction by mammals. The major insect pests identified were stalk borers (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus), cutworms (Agrotis spp.), aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis), bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera) and weevils (Sitophylus spp.). The most popular control measures employed were the use of GM maize and pesticides. Results from the field trial showed that field crickets were the major ground dwelling insect pests observed followed by bollworms and cutworms. However, there were no significant influence of residue retention on the insects’ diversity indices, richness, and evenness. Above ground insects sampling revealed the domination by four major insects namely, cutworms, maize stalk borer, bollworms, and spotted stalk borer. Residue management significantly influenced the infestation by spotted stalk borer only on maize plots. However, the general trend was that there was less infestation by the insects in plots where residues were retained than the ones with residue removed. Results from the study indicate that government sponsorship is significantly influencing the maize cropping systems of the smallholder farmers of the Eastern Cape.

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14

Nishigaki, Tomohiro. "Improvement of Water- and Nutrient-Use Efficiency with Optimum Agricultural Management Practices in Upland Cropping Systems in Morogoro, Tanzania". Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/228243.

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15

Graham, Michael William. "Evaluating the interactions of crop management, carbon cycling, and climate using Earth system modeling and remote sensing". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102386.

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Crop management practices, such as soil tillage and crop residue management, are land management activities with potentially large impacts on carbon (C) cycling and climate at the global scale. Improvements in crop management practices, such as conservation tillage or 'no-till' (NT), have been proposed as climate change mitigation measures because such practices may alter C cycles through increased sequestration of soil C in agricultural soils. Despite their potential importance, regional to global scale data are lacking for many crop management practices, and few studies have evaluated the potential impact of the full range of crop management practices on C cycling and climate at the global scale. However, monitoring of crop management practices is crucial for assessing spatial variations in management intensity and informing policy decisions. Inclusion of crop management practices in Earth system models used for assessing global climate is a key requirement for evaluating the overall effects of different crop management practices on C cycling and their potential to mitigate climate change. Studies in this dissertation seek to address these issues by: (1) evaluating the efficacy of remote sensing methods for monitoring differences in soil tillage and crop residue management practices in Iowa; (2) incorporating soil tillage practices into an Earth system model and assessing the potential for soil C sequestration and climate change mitigation through adoption of NT practices; (3) assessing the historical impact of including the full range of crop management practices (residue harvest, grain harvest, soil tillage, irrigation, and fertilization) on changes in C cycling associated with land use and land cover change (LULCC) to crops in an Earth system model. The remote sensing study found that performance of the minimum Normalized Difference Tillage Index (minNDTI) method for assessing differences in tillage and residue management was below average compared to previous studies, even when using imagery from both Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A sensors. Accurate assessment of these practices using minNDTI was hindered by issues with image quality and inability to obtain sufficient cloud-free, time series imagery during the critical planting window. Remote sensing research aimed at obtaining regional to global scale data on tillage and residue management practices is likely to continue to face these issues in the future, but further research should incorporate additional sensors and assess the efficacy of the minNDTI method for multiple locations and years. Adoption of NT practices in the Community Land Model, which is the land component of the Community Earth System Model, resulted in a cumulative soil C sequestration of 6.6 – 14.4 Pg C from 2015 – 2100 under a future climate change scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5), and cumulative soil C sequestration was equal to approximately one year of present-day fossil fuel emissions. Adjusting for areas where NT is already practiced had minor impacts on cumulative soil C storage, reducing gains in soil C from NT adoption by 0.4 – 0.9 Pg C globally. These results indicate that soil C sequestration and potential for climate change mitigation through NT may be more limited than has been anticipated elsewhere. Soil C sequestration via NT adoption was highest in temperate regions of developed countries with high initial soil C contents, indicating these areas should be targeted for NT adoption. Simulating the full range of crop management practices in the Community Land Model resulted in an increase in C emissions due to LULCC of 29 – 38 Pg C compared to scenarios with generic crops and model defaults. Individual crop management practices with the largest impact on LULCC emissions were crop residue harvest (18 Pg C), followed by grain harvest (9 Pg C) and soil tillage (5 Pg C). Although implementation of crop residue harvest and soil tillage was extreme in this study, these results imply that Earth system models may underestimate emissions from LULCC by excluding the full range of crop management practices. Studies in this dissertation corroborate the importance of crop management practices for C cycling and climate, but further research on these management practices is needed in terms of data collection, improving process-level understanding, and inclusion of these practices in Earth system models.
Doctor of Philosophy

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16

Nafi, Eeusha [Verfasser]. "Interactive tillage & crop residue management effects on soil properties, crop nutrient uptake & yield in different weathered soils of West Africa : measurements, modelling & scenario simulations / Eeusha Nafi". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1235525945/34.

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17

Dam, Rikke Friis. "Impacts of long term tillage and residue practices on selected soil properties". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78344.

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A two year study was initiated in 2001 on a 2.4 ha site of mostly St. Amable loamy sand and shallow loamy sand at the Macdonald Campus Research Farm. This study sought to assess the effects of long term tillage and residue practices on soil physical properties and to relate these properties to their influence on total carbon, total nitrogen and soil microbial biomass-carbon. The site was set up as a factorial experiment with three tillage practices (no till---NT; reduced till---RT; and conventional till---CT) and two residue practices (with residue (grain corn), +R; without residue (silage corn), -R). Soil physical properties measured were bulk density, macroporosity at -6 kPa, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat ), dry aggregate distribution, soil moisture and soil temperature. Wheel versus non-wheel track bulk density was also determined in the NT plots. Total porosity, soil water characteristic curves and pore volume distribution were derived from field samples. Crop yield was also assessed. Tillage alone had an effect on total porosity, bulk density, pore diameter and macroporosity. No individual physical property was significantly affected by the residue treatments; however, the tillage and residue interaction was significant for Ksat, soil moisture and soil temperature. Dry aggregate distribution was not affected by either tillage, residue or the combination of the two. Tillage affected total carbon and total nitrogen in the 0--0.10 m depth. Soil microbial biomass-carbon was affected by residue inputs. Total carbon and nitrogen were influenced by the bulk density, but none of the other soil physical properties. Soil microbial biomass-carbon was not influenced by any of the physical properties. Tillage and residue practices had no significant effect on crop yield for either year.

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18

Diop, El Hadji Habib Sy. "Biofuel feedstocks: implications for sustainability and ecosystem services". Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16994.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Agronomy
Charles W. Rice
Biofuel feedstocks such as grains and cellulose are gaining increased attention as part of the U.S. portfolio of solutions to address climate change and improve energy security. As the future of biofuels unfolds, major concerns are emerging, including the sustainability of the soil resource in bioenergy cropping system. With a clear understanding of the sustainability risks that exist within the agricultural soil resources, it is now essential to develop metrics that document the soil health as well as the total biomass production of different cropping system. We tested the effectiveness of eight bioenergy plant species grouped between annual and perennial crops. Our main objective was to determine the sustainability of bioenergy cropping systems. There was significantly greater soil structural stability plus greater root biomass under the perennial crops but greater aboveground biomass in the annual crop. Differences in soil carbon measured to 1.2 m were not significant between energy crops after five years. A transparent, unbiased method to identify possible change in soil characteristics under bioenergy cropping practice was offered. Our next metrics were soil aggregate stability and microbial community structure as indicators of soil ecosystem health and environmental stability. The effects 24 years of differing levels of residue and fertilizer inputs on soil aggregate stability, aggregate C and microbial community structure were evaluated. A native, undisturbed prairie site, located nearby was used as a reference in this study. The results showed that greater inputs of inorganic N and increased returns of crop residues did not cause a proportionately greater increase in SOC. The abundance of microbial parameters generally followed their potential carbon pool in cultivated soils but a strong mismatch was observed in the native prairie site. Our results showed for the first time a clear disconnect between decomposers and macroaggregates; highlighting the role of soil structure in protecting organic matter. Soil carbon sequestration is one of the mechanisms that have been proposed as temporary measure to mitigate global climate change. However, there was a particularly large risk of negative effects of mitigation measures related to the increased removal of crop residues from cropping systems for use in bioenergy, if this means that soil carbon is reduced. Effective measurement of soil C at the field scale requires an understanding of the spatial variability of soil C on a landscape scale. Recent technological advances in soil C measurement offer new opportunities in this area. Our surface measurements of soil C by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provided a quick assessment of soil C and, soil C predicted by NIRS and measured by dry combustion laboratory measurements was correlated with and R-squared of 0.84.

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19

Mühlig-Versen, Bernhard. "Effects of crop residue management, phosphorus application and molybdenum supply on yield and nutrient uptake of pearl millet, cowpea and groundnut in Sahelian cropping systems /". Beuren : Grauer, 2001. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=3861863723.

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20

Alfaress, Serine. "Integrated pest management strategies for a terrestrial isopod, Armadillidium vulgare, in no-till soybean production". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13656.

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Master of Science
Department of Entomology
Brian P. McCornack
Robert J. Whitworth
No-till management of soybean benefits producers by lowering input costs and retaining soil moisture, but may also provide optimal conditions for increasing populations of soil-inhabiting pests. For Kansas soybean, damaging populations of soil-inhabiting isopods (Malacostraca: Isopoda) have been observed in fields under no-tillage management. To control damage to soybean stands from feeding isopods, current management strategies need to be evaluated. The objectives of my research were to evaluate the effects of chemical and cultural control combinations (seed treatment and planting date, planting date and seed size, seed treatment and natural crop residue removal, and seeding rate and seed treatment) on soybean stand densities exposed to natural isopod populations, and to evaluate the effects of burning crop residue on isopod populations and emergence rates in soybean under no-tillage management. Field studies were conducted in consecutive years (2009 and 2010) in two separate soybean fields within each year. All fields were under no-till management and had a history of damaging isopod populations. In the second chapter, we demonstrated that seed treatment with an insecticide is not a reliable strategy. Doubling normal seeding rates can potentially reduce the number of trips a grower makes across a field (single, high-density versus multiple, low-density plantings). In doing so, growers may save time and money (e.g., fuel). A high seeding rate (563,380/ha), along with a low rate (50 g a.i. / 100 kg seed) of neonicotinoid seed treatment, appears to improve soybean stands (P < 0.05). No other combinations of control methods appeared to affect stand density. In the third chapter, we show burning to be an effective strategy to directly influence isopod populations but its overall effect on soybean stands needs further investigation.

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21

Landzela, Besule. "Effects of BT Maize (MON810) crop and its residues on selected soil biological properties and N and P release in a sandy loam soil from Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007542.

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There are apprehensions that genetic modification of maize with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) may have negative effects on soil biodiversity, ecosystem processes and functions. This study aimed at determining the effect of Bt maize crop, Bt maize residues and its genetic modification on microbial biomass carbon (MBC), selected enzyme activities, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and N and P release patterns. The study was conducted under field, glasshouse and laboratory conditions. In 2010/2011 season, four maize cultivars; DKC 61-25B (Bt), DKC 61-24 (non-Bt), PAN 6Q-321B (Bt) and PAN6777 (non-Bt) were planted. Determination of MBC, enzyme activities and fungal spore count was done at 42, 70, and 105 days after planting (DAP). A loam soil amended with Bt or non-Bt maize leaf residues from a study of 2009/2010 season was incubated to investigate effects of Bt maize residues on MBC and soil enzyme activities. Leaf residues of Bt and non-Bt maize cultivars (DKC 61-25B, DKC 61-24, PAN 6Q-321B and PAN6777) were used and soil without residues was used as a control. Samples were collected at 7, 28 and 56 days of incubation (DOI). An incubation study was also carried out in the laboratory to determine the effect of Bt maize residues (i.e. leaf, stem and root) and its genetic modification on N and P release patterns. Residues of DKC 61-25B, DKC 61-24, PAN 6Q-321B and PAN6777and soil without residues as a control were incubated in the laboratory. After destructive sampling at 0, 7, 14, 28, and 56 DOI, N in the form of NH4-N and NO3-N and P mineralisation were determined. Amendment of soil with residues enhanced MBC (p < 0.05) at all the sampling dates. For example MBC increased from 95 in the control to 146.3 mg/kg in the DKC 61-25B treatment at the end of the glasshouse trial. In the field DKC 61-25B had 9.1 mg/kg greater MBC than DKC 61-24, while PAN 6Q-321B had 23.9 mg/kg more MBC than PAN6777 at the end of the trial. However, no differences (p < 0.05) were observed in enzyme activities under field and glasshouse conditions except for dehydrogenase that had greater activity where DKC 61-25B and PAN 6777 were grown. There were no differences between the type of residues (Bt and non-Bt) on enzyme activities tested. However, differences were observed among the sampling dates. No effects of Bt maize crop on fungal spore count were observed. Similarly no differences were observed in leaf, stem and root tissues composition between Bt and non-Bt maize cultivars. Net N and P mineralisation from Bt maize cultivars did not differ from that of non-Bt maize cultivars. However, differences were observed among the cultivars. The results of this study suggested that Bt maize with Bt MON810 event can be grown in the central region of the Eastern Cape (EC), South Africa without affecting MBC, soil enzyme activities, VAM, and release of N and P nutrients from its residues.

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22

Choi, Suk-won. "The potential and cost of carbon sequestration in agricultural soil empirical study of dynamic model in the midwestern U.S /". Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1095676113.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 133 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-133).

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23

Martins, Bianca Assis Barbosa. "Biologia e manejo da planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-25072008-122909/.

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A planta daninha vassourinha-de-botão (Borreria densiflora DC.) está apresentando aumento na sua infestação em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar e soja, respectivamente nos estados do Maranhão, Goiás e Tocantins. Observações de campo têm relatado a deficiência de controle químico sobre esta espécie, quando ocorre em estádio de crescimento avançado. Sendo assim, este trabalho objetivou classificar botanicamente B. densiflora DC., analisar a influência da luz e da temperatura na germinação desta espécie, seu crescimento, desenvolvimento e estruturas reprodutivas, sua susceptibilidade a herbicidas em condições de pré e pósemergência, e a influência da interação entre a profundidade de enterrio e a presença de palha em diferentes quantidades sobre a superfície do solo sobre a emergência desta planta daninha. A classificação botânica foi realizada na Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura - UNNE / IBONE, Argentina; o experimento que analisou a germinação sob diferentes condições foi realizado no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da USP / ESALQ, e todos os demais experimentos foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação, do mesmo departamento. Todos os trabalhos foram conduzidos entre 2006 e 2007. Constatou-se que a planta daninha vassourinha-de-botão se trata da espécie Borreria densiflora DC., pertencente à família Rubiaceae. Com relação à germinação, constatou-se que a vassourinha-de-botão é fotoblástica positiva preferencial, uma vez que sua germinação é favorecida na presença de luz, respondendo diferentemente às condições de luz e temperatura estudadas. As maiores taxas de germinação e índices de velocidade de germinação foram alcançados em condição de fotoperíodo (12h) sob as temperaturas constantes de 30ºC e 35ºC e alternada de 20-30ºC. Praticamente, não houve germinação no escuro constante. Sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento, observou-se que a planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC. é uma espécie com desenvolvimento inicial lento, de ciclo de vida perene simples, apresentado grande incremento nas variáveis massa seca total, taxa de crescimento relativo e de assimilação líquida entre os 26 e 36 dias após transplante (DAT). Ao final do experimento, os ramos se mostram como os compartimentos mais participativos na partição de fotoassimilados pela vassourinha-de-botão. Esta espécie é capaz de produzir, em média, 93.090 sementes por planta. Com relação ao manejo químico de Borreria densiflora DC., a maioria dos herbicidas promoveram controles considerados adequados, com exceção ao clomazone e MSMA, em condições de pré e pós-emergência, respectivamente. Sendo assim, várias opções de herbicidas e de misturas destes podem ser recomendadas para o manejo da planta daninha B. densiflora DC., tanto em condições de pré-semeadura quanto pré e pós-emergência. O estudo sobre a influência da interação entre profundidade da semente no solo e presença de palha de cana-de-açúcar na superfície do solo sobre a emergência desta espécie demonstrou haver interação entre os dois fatores testados, sendo que quanto maior a profundidade da semente no solo e a quantidade de palha sobre a superfície, menor é a porcentagem de emergência e biomassa fresca de B. densiflora DC. Tais resultados são importante na medida em que favorecem o entendimento da dinâmica populacional da B. densiflora DC., auxiliando o manejo integrado desta espécie.
The weed vassourinha-de-botao (Borreria densiflora DC.) has been presenting increase in its infestation in areas cultivated with sugarcane and soybean, respectively in Maranhao and Goias states and north of Tocantins state, Brazil. Field observations have reported the control deficiency of this species, when it occurs in advanced growth stage. Thus, this research was conducted with the objective of classify botanically the weed, analyze the light and temperature influence on the germination of this species, its growth, development and reproductive structures, its susceptibility to herbicides in pre and post conditions, as well as the influence of the interaction between seed burial and the presence of crop residue in different amounts in the soil surface on the emergence of this weed. The botanical classification of vassourinha-de-botao was done in the Exact and Natural Sciences College - UNNE / IBONE, Argentina; the experiment that evaluated germination under different conditions was conducted in the Seeds Analyzes Laboratory, of the Crop Science Department of USP / ESALQ, and all the other experiments were carried out in the same department, between 2006 and 2007. It was concluded that the weed vassourinha-de-botao is the species Borreria densiflora DC. and it belongs to Rubiaceae family. Related to germination, it was observed that B. densiflora DC. is preferencial positive photoblastic, since its germination is favored by presence of light, responding differently to the studied light and temperature conditions. The highest germination rates and speeds of germination were reached in presence of photoperiod condition (12h), under the constant temperatures 30ºC and 35ºC and the alternated 20-30ºC. Basically, there was not germination in the constant dark condition. About the growth and development, it was observed that the weed Borreria densiflora DC. is a species with slow initial growth, with a simple perennial life cycle, presenting a big increment in the variables total dry biomass, relative growth and liquid assimilation rates between 26 and 36 days after transplanting (DAT). At the end of the experiment, the stems appear as the most participative compartments in the photosynthate partition by Borreria densiflora DC. This species is able to produce, in average, 93,090 seeds per plant. Related to the chemical management of Borreria densiflora DC., the majority of the herbicides provided controls considered adequate, except clomazone and MSMA, in pre and post-emergence conditions, respectively. Therefore, many herbicide options and mix of herbicides can be recommended to the management of the weed Borreria densiflora DC., since in pre-plant to pre and post-emergence. The study about the influence of the interaction between seed burial and presence of dry sugarcane residue in the soil surface on the emergence of this species demonstrated to exist interaction between those two tested factors, being that the bigger depth in the soil and amount of dry sugarcane residue in the soil surface, the lower is the percentage of emergence and fresh biomass of B. densiflora DC. Those results are important since they favor the understanding of the population dynamics of Borreria densiflora DC., aiding the integrated management of this weed species.

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24

Callum, Ian R. "Long-term effects of tillage and residues on selected soil quality parameters". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31202.

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A two year study was initiated in 1999 at the Macdonald Campus Farm, on a 2.4 ha site consisting mainly of St-Amable sand to shallow loamy sand (Typic Endoaquent; Humic Gleysol). The site was planted to alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) prior to the establishment of the experimental design and has been planted to corn (Zea mays L.) since 1991. The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design and consisted of three tillage levels (NT, no-till; RT, reduced tillage; and CT, conventional tillage) and two residue levels (-R, no residues; +R, with residues). This study was performed in order to ascertain the effect of these management systems on soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic matter carbon (POM-C), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels and soil physical properties. Soil physical properties measured included bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), dry and wet aggregate stability, total porosity, macroporosity at -1 kPa and -6 kPa of matric potential, and moisture content. Crop yield was also measured. Results indicated that lower rates of mineralization of POM-C under NT+R in the surface 0--10 cm led to significantly higher SOC at the same depth. There were no significant differences between treatments at the 10--20 cm depth. The MBC was not a good indicator of the differences in soil organic matter levels between treatments. No-till treatments had higher bulk densities, reduced total porosity and macroporosity, increased moisture content, and increased constant-head measured Ksat. Differences in Ksat as measured with the Guelph permeameter, were not significant between treatments, most likely due to increased earthworm activity in NT. There were no significant differences in crop yield in 1999, but a significantly wetter year in 2000 caused lower grain yields in NT+R compared to NT-R and CT+R.

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25

Morais, Maristela Calvente. "Efeito da remoção de quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar na biomassa e na comunidade microbiana do solo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-15122016-105828/.

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O esforço global em diversificar a matriz mundial de combustíveis líquidos, busca substituir as fontes fósseis por renováveis. A produção de bioenergia derivada da biomassa assume importante papel neste cenário. A biomassa gerada após a colheita da cana-de-açúcar ganha destaque como matéria prima pela grande quantidade de material que pode ser usado para geração direta (queima) e indireta (biocombustíveis) de bioenergia. No entanto, ainda pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos da remoção de quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar voltado à produção de bioenergia sobre os atributos biológicos do solo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da remoção da palha de cana-de-açúcar no carbono e nitrogênio microbiano e na comunidade microbiana do solo. O estudo foi conduzido em duas áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp. L.) nos municípios de Capivari, SP (Usina Bom Retiro) e Valparaíso, SP (Usina Univalem). Em Bom Retiro o experimento foi instalado em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico de textura franco-argilo-arenosa e, em Univalem foi um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico de textura arenosa. Em ambos locais, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados corresponderam a diferentes intensidades de remoção de palha de cana-de-açúcar (i.e., 100%; 75%; 50%; 0 de remoção; e aleiramento da quantidade remanescente na área após colheita), sendo 0; 3,4; 7,8; 16,6; 15,6 Mg ha-1 de palha em massa de matéria seca na Usina Bom Retiro e 0; 4,2; 8,7; 18,9; 23,3 Mg ha-1 na Usina Univalem. Um ano após a instalação do experimento, foram coletadas amostras de palha e de solo na camada 0-10 cm e, passados quatro meses após o segundo manejo de remoção da palha nos tratamentos foram coletadas amostras de palha e de solo nas camadas 0-5 e 5-10 cm. Os atributos avaliados foram: carbono e nitrogênio total da palha e do solo, fração mais oxidável do carbono do solo, carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana da palha e do solo e, quantificação de genes microbianos no solo. Os resultados mostraram que as quantidades de C e N totais no solo não apresentaram resposta em função das quantidades de palha, no entanto, a fração de C mais facilmente oxidável e o C e N microbiano apresentaram tendência de redução em função de maiores níveis de remoções de palha, sendo a resposta da biomassa microbiana mais expressiva no solo de textura arenosa (i.e., Univalem). Da mesma forma, as comunidades microbianas foram mais sensíveis às diferentes remoções de palha, apresentando maior abundância com menor remoção de palha. Desta forma, a remoção de elevadas quantidades da palha de cana-de-açúcar do campo, ao alterar a microbiologia do solo, pode ter consequências nas específicas funções exercidas por este compartimento, que garantem o bom funcionamento do solo e podem prevenir contra a degradação. Estes resultados podem servir de base para avaliações mais amplas que buscam uma estratégia sustentável de manejo da palha de cana-de-açúcar que garanta o bom funcionamento do solo
The global effort to diversify the global matrix of liquid fuels seeks to replace fossil sources by renewable ones. Bioenergy production derived from biomass plays an important role in this scenario. The biomass generated after the harvest of sugarcane stands out by the large amounts of straw that can be used for direct generation (burning) and indirect (biofuels) of bioenergy. However, little is know about the effects of sugarcane straw removal to bioenergy production on biological soil properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the straw removal on soil microbial carbon and nitrogen as well as on soil microbial community. The experiments were conducted in two areas cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) in Capivari, SP (Bom Retiro) and Valparaíso, SP (Univalem). The soils studied were an Oxisoil with clay texture in Bom Retiro and an Ultisoil with sandy texture in Univalem. In both sites, the experimental designer was a randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. The treatments tested were decreasing intensities of sugarcane straw harvest (i.e., 100%; 75%; 50%; 0 removing of the original straw deposition) : i) Bom Retiro: 0; 3,4; 7,8; 16,6; 15,6 Mg ha-1 of dry matter of straw kept on soil surface; ii) Univalem: 0; 4,2; 8,7; 18,9; 23,3 Mg ha-1 of dry matter of straw kept on the soil surface. One year after experiment installation, straw and soil (0-10 cm layer) samples were collected. A new sugarcane straw and soil (0-5 and 5-10 cm) sampling was performed four months from the second deposition of sugarcane straw on the field. The attributes evaluated were: total and microbial C and N of straw and soil, soil easily-oxidizable C, straw and soil microbial genes quantification using qPCR method. Our results showed that soil C and N contents were not impacted by sugarcane straw removal. However, the fraction of easily-oxidizable C and microbial C and N tended to decrease due to increased straw removal, with a more significant microbial biomass response for the sandy soil site (Univalem). Likewise, microbial communities were also sensitive to straw management, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of gene copies with increasing intensities of sugarcane straw harvest. Therefore, we can concluded that the large amounts of sugarcane straw removal from field as affects soil microbiology, may have consequences in specific functions performed by microorganisms, which ensure the soil functioning and can prevent soil degradation. These results can serve as a basis for more comprehensive assessments that seek a sustainable crop residue management strategy for sugarcane, to ensure the proper functioning of the soil

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Vasconcelos, Ana Luisa Soares de. "Emissão de gases de efeito estufa do solo devido à remoção de quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar e à adubação nitrogenada". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-19122016-163327/.

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Abstract (sommario):

A palha de cana-de-açúcar tem sido uma importante matéria prima para aumentar a produção de bioenergia no Brasil. Porém a dinâmica das emissões de gases de efeito estufa no campo devido à prática de remoção de palha ainda não é totalmente compreendida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as emissões de GEE do solo devido à remoção da palha de cana-de-açúcar com e sem adição de nitrogênio. Foram realizados dois experimentos com câmaras amostrais de gás mantidas em condições naturais com quatro tratamentos: sem palha, 3, 6 e 12 Mg ha-1, os quais equivalem as intensidades de 100, 75, 50 e 0% de remoção. O primeiro foi conduzido por 180 dias sem adição de N e o segundo experimento conduzido por 100 dias, foi adicionado 80 kg ha-1 de N no sulfato de amônio e 32 kg ha-1 de N na vinhaça. Conjuntamente ao experimento 1, foi conduzido um ensaio de decomposição com as mesmas quantidades de palha limitadas por caixas plásticas sem fundo (0,3 x 0,5 m). No Experimento 1 a presença de palha aumentou 35 - 45% os fluxos acumulados N2O e CO2 em relação ao solo descoberto. O influxo de CH4 aumentou 40% na presença total de palha (12 Mg ha-1) em relação ao sem palha. O fator de emissão de N2O encontrado para a palha em decomposição foi de 0,02%. No Experimento 2 ocorreu uma intensificação das emissões devido à adubação nitrogenada, com isso as emissões em razão das quantidades de palhas não foram significantes. O fator de emissão médio foi de 0,42%. Os resultados indicam que a palha, sem N, possui um efeito na emissão de GEE e, que para manter o estoque de C do solo, é necessário a manutenção de pelo menos 6 Mg ha-1 para compensar as perdas de CO2 por respiração. Este trabalho contribuirá para os cálculos de pegada de carbono do bioetanol e na decisão da usina sobre a intensidade de remoção de palha de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de energia e etanol 2G
Sugarcane straw has been point out as an important feedstock to increase bioenergy production in Brazil However, the field greenhouse gas (GHG) emission dynamic due straw removing management is not completely understood yet. Two experiments were conducted with gas sampling chambers that was kept under natural conditions with four treatments: bare soil, 3, 6 and 12 Mg ha-1, which is approximately the equivalent of the 100, 75, 50 and 0 % intensities of removing. The first was conducted for 180 days without the N addition and the second experiment was conducted for 100 day and its was added 80 kg ha-1 N in ammonium sulfate and 32 kg ha-1 N in the vinasse. Parallely to the experiment 1, a decomposing trial was conducted with the same straw amounts in a side limited bottomless plastic boxes (0.3 x 0.5 m). In Experiment 1, the presence of straw increased 35-45% the N2O and CO2 accumulated flux compared to the bare soil. While the influx of CH4 increased by 40% in the maximum straw amount (12 Mg ha-1) compared to zero. The N2O emission factor found for the straw decomposition was 0.02%. In Experiment 2 occurred an intensification of emissions due to nitrogen fertilization which raised the average emission factor for 0.42%. Thus emission due straw quantities were not significant. The results indicate that the straw without N has an effect of GHG emissions, and in order to maintain the C stock in soil is need keep at least 6 Mg ha-1 of straw to compensate for the loss of CO2 thru respiration. This work will contribute to the bioethanol carbon footprint calculation and in the grower decision taking of straw removing intensity for energy and 2G ethanol

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Yi, Cuilin. "Management of Fusarium graminearum-inoculated crop residues effects on head blight, grain yield and grain quality of subsequent winter wheat crops /". [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9686268.

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Melapi, Aviwe. "Investigation into the characteristics and possible applications of biomass gasification by-products from a downdraft gasifier system". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020174.

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Biomass gasification has attracted the interest of researchers because it produces zero carbon to the atmosphere. This technology does not only produce syngas but also the byproducts which can be used for various application depending on quality.The study conducted at Melani village in Alice in the Eastern Cape of South Africa was aimed at investigating the possible applications of the gasification byproducts instead of being thrown away. Pine wood was employed as the parent feedstock material for the gasifier. Biomass gasification by-products were then collected for further analysis. The studied by-products included tar(condensate), char, soot and resin. These materials were also blended to produce strong materials.The essence of the blending was to generate ideal material that is strong but light at the same time.The elemental analysis of the samples performed by CHNS analyser revealed that carbon element is in large quantities in all samples. The FTIR spectra showed almost similar results for all the studied samples, since the samples are end products of lignocellulosegasification. SEM gave the sticky images of resin as well as porous char structures. Char showed a higher heating value of 35.37MJ/Kg when compared to other by-products samples.

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Silvertooth, J. C., A. Galadima e E. R. Norton. "Residual Soil Nitrogen Evaluations In Irrigated Desert Soils, 2005". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198203.

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Field experiments aimed at investigating N fertilizer management in irrigated cotton production have been conducted for the past 16 seasons at three Arizona locations on University of Arizona Agricultural Centers (Maricopa, MAC; Marana, MAR; and Safford, SAC). In 2001-2005, residual N studies were conducted at two of these locations (MAC and MAR). The MAC and SAC experiments have been conducted each season since 1989 and the Marana site was initiated in 1994. The original purposes of the experiments were to test nitrogen (N) fertilization strategies and to validate and refine N fertilization recommendations for Upland (G. hirsutum L.) and American Pima (G. barbadense L.) cotton. The experiments have each utilized N management tools such as pre-season soil tests for NO₃⁻-N, in-season plant tissue testing (petioles) for N fertility status, and crop monitoring to ascertain crop fruiting patterns and crop N needs. At each location, treatments varied from a conservative to a more aggressive approach of N management. Results at each location revealed a strong relationship between the crop fruit retention levels and N needs for the crop. This pattern was further reflected in final yield analysis as a response to the N fertilization regimes used. The higher, more aggressive N application regimes did not consistently benefit yields at any location. Generally, the more conservative, feedback approach to N management provided optimum yields at all locations. In 2001, a transition project evaluating the residual N effects associated with each treatment regime was initiated and no N fertilizer was applied. Therefore, all N taken-up by the crop was assumed to be derived from residual soil N. However irrigation water analysis showed that NO₃⁻-N concentration levels added to the crop ranged from about 5-9 ppm. In 2001-2005 there were no significant differences among the original fertilizer N regimes in terms of residual soil NO₃⁻-N concentrations, crop growth, development, lint yield, or fiber properties. The lint yields were very uniform at each location and season. Trends associated with residual fertilizer N effects are not evident at either location for five seasons following N fertilizer applications.

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30

Herman, Tess P. "Optimizing Feedstock Mixtures for Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste, Brewery Waste, and Crop Residues". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564764496107388.

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31

Saini, Monika Van Santen Edzard. "Integration of cover crop residues, conservation tillage and herbicides for weed management in corn, cotton, peanut and tomato". Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1882.

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32

Valizadeh, Reza. "Summer nutrition of sheep based on residues of annual crops and medic pastures". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phv172.pdf.

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33

Walia, Maninder Kaur. "GYPSUM AND CARBON AMENDMENT’S INFLUENCE ON SOIL PROPERTIES, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF RYEGRASS (Lolium perenne)". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437140322.

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34

Pimentel, Laisa Gouveia. "Decomposition dynamics of sugarcane straw in the central-southern Brazil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-21032018-124822/.

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The adoption of mechanical unburned sugarcane harvesting increases the quantity of straw left on the soil. This material has a high potential for 2G ethanol and bioelectricity production. Although the straw maintenance has an essential role in the soil properties and crop performance. The straw decomposition is a key process to investigate and to inform the correct removal management decisions. Diverse factors affect the decomposition rate, such as: quality and quantity of straw; edaphoclimatic conditions; and management practices. Therefore, we conducted a field study at two sites within central-southern Brazil, the largest sugarcane-producing region in the world, encompassing two harvesting seasons (rainy and dry) over two years to evaluate the sugarcane straw decomposition dynamics under different removal rates. The main hypothesis is that the high removal unbalances the soil environment and reduce de C supply for the microorganisms, decreasing the microbial activity and consequently the straw decomposition rate. The straw removal management affected the decomposition rate, which the lowest decomposition was associated with high removal. The C and N loss was two- and threefold greater in the second year than in the first year of experimentation, respectively. Overall, the straw cellulose decreased by 13%, the hemicellulose 7%, and the lignin proportionally enriched by 92% after two years. Throughout the decomposition process, the straw chemical changes were detected using the traditional method, wet chemical extractions, and using the spectroscopy technique, Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform DRIFT. In this sense, in order to trace straw cellulose and hemicellulose changes we suggested the use of 896, 987, 1173, and 1447 cm-1 peaks, whereas to trace lignin changes, the absorbance at 1510 cm-1 seems to be an efficient predictor. The soil bacterial community was most affected by the time of decomposition. The straw quality explained 23.2% of the total bacterial variation, in which hemicellulose accounting for 17.2% of this variation. Moreover, the bacterial structure was subtle affected by the sugarcane straw removal. Overall, our study showed that the straw removal for 2G ethanol and bioelectricity production affect the straw decomposition dynamics in commercial sugarcane areas in Brazil. The time was the main regulator of changes in straw chemical contents and in the soil bacterial structure. The use of crop residues for energy purposes is one of the principal alternatives to increase bioenergy production in the next few years. However, the sugarcane straw removal should be done with prudence, since the straw removal rate affected the straw decomposition dynamics and consequently it should affect the nutrient recycling and C cycle.
A adoção da colheita mecanizada sem queima prévia da cana-de-açúcar aumenta a quantidade de palha sobre o solo. Essa palha tem um alto potencial para produção de etanol 2G e bioeletricidade. No entanto, a manutenção da palha tem papel essencial nas propriedades do solo e no desempenho das culturas. A decomposição da palha é um processo chave para investigar e informar sobre corretas decisões acerca do manejo da remoção. Diversos fatores afetam a taxa de decomposição, tais como: qualidade e quantidade da palha; condições edafoclimáticas; e práticas de manejo. Portanto, realizamos um estudo de campo em dois locais no centro-sul do Brasil, maior região produtora de cana-de-açúcar no mundo, abrangendo duas épocas de colheita (chuvosa e seca) ao longo de dois anos para avaliar a dinâmica de decomposição da palha da cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes taxas de remoção. A principal hipótese é de que a alta remoção de palha desequilibre o ambiente edáfico e reduza o fornecimento de C para os microrganismos, diminuindo a atividade microbiana e consequentemente a taxa de decomposição da palha. O manejo de remoção afetou a taxa de decomposição da palha, a menor taxa de decomposição foi associada a maiores remoções. A perda de C e N foi duas e três vezes maior no segundo ano do que no primeiro ano de condução do experimento, respectivamente. Em geral, a celulose da palha diminuiu em 13%, a hemicelulose em 7% e a lignina proporcionalmente enriqueceu em 92% após dois anos. Mundancas na composição química da palha ao longo do processo de decomposição foram detectadas tanto utilizando o método tradicional, via extrações químicas sequenciais, quanto atravéz de técnica espectroscópica, como o Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform DRIFT. Assim, para verificar alterações da celulose e da hemicelulose da palha suger-se o uso das picos espectrais de 896, 987, 1173 e 1447 cm-1, enquanto que para verificar mudanças na lignina os valores de 1510 cm-1 mostrou-se um eficiente preditor. A comunidade bacteriana do solo foi afetada pelo tempo de decomposição. A qualidade da palha explicou 23,2% da variação bacteriana total, onde a hemicelulose representou 17,2% dessa variação. Além disso, a estrutura bacteriana foi sutilmente afetada pelo manejo de remoção da palha da cana-de-açúcar. No geral, nosso estudo mostrou que a remoção de palha para a produção de etanol 2G e bioeletricidade afetará a dinâmica da decomposição da palha nas áreas comerciais de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil. O tempo foi o principal regulador das mudanças nos conteúdos bioquímicos da palha e na estrutura bacteriana do solo. O uso de resíduos de culturas para fins energéticos é uma das principais alternativas para aumentar a produção de bioenergia nos próximos anos. No entanto, a remoção da palha de cana-de-açúcar deve ser feita com prudência, uma vez que a taxa de remoção afetou a dinâmica da decomposição e conseqüentemente deverá afetar a ciclagem de nutrientes e o ciclo do C.

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35

Pavei, Mariana Addison. "Decomposição de resíduos culturais e emissão de gases do efeito estufa em sistemas de manejo do solo em Ponta Grossa (PR)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-21092007-110006/.

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Dentre os ecossistemas terrestres, o solo constitui um dos principais reservatórios de carbono (C). As práticas de preparo agrícola alteram esse compartimento, acelerando o processo de oxidação da matéria orgânica do solo, o que favorece a emissão de gases do efeito estufa. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em um experimento de longa duração localizado na Fundação ABC em Ponta Grossa (PR) sob diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo: plantio convencional (PC), preparo mínimo (PM), plantio direto (PD) e plantio direto escarificado (PDE), dispostos em blocos ao acaso. Os objetivos foram, determinar: a) os estoques de C e nitrogênio (N) do solo; b) a quantidade e qualidade dos resíduos culturais; e c) quantificar as trocas gasosas de CO2 e N2O entre o solo-atmosfera. As amostragens foram realizadas de outubro de 2003 a novembro de 2004 na sucessão aveia branca/soja/trigo. Os estoques de C e N do solo foram determinados após a colheita das culturas e não apresentaram diferença estatística entre épocas de cultivo e tratamentos. O PD apresentou os maiores estoques médios de C e N, e o PC os menores valores. As taxas de seqüestro de C, na camada 0-20 cm nos tratamentos estudados em comparação ao PC (15 anos de implantação), foram de: 0,55; 0,66 e 0,46 Mg ha-1ano-1 para PM, PD e PDE, respectivamente. As massas secas e os estoques de C e N dos resíduos culturais foram maiores na época da colheita das culturas, e superiores nos tratamentos PD e PDE. Os teores de C dos resíduos não tiveram diferença estatística entre as médias dos tratamentos. Os resíduos de soja apresentaram, em todos os tratamentos, maior teor de N e menor de hemicelulose. As variações no Quociente holocelulose/lignocelulose (QCL), Índices ligno-celulósico (ILC) e de decomponibilidade (ID) foram pequenas, evidenciando pouca variação entre os resíduos da rotação. As médias diárias das emissões de CO2 do solo variaram de 24 a 248 mg m-2 h-1 aumento progressivo, de novembro/03 (semeadura da soja) a fevereiro/04, devido ao crescimento das raízes que incrementou a taxa de respiração do solo. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre as emissões de CO2 e N2O com o ciclo diário da temperatura. As médias anuais de emissão de CO2 e N2O foram iguais nos horários 8:00, 12:00h e 17:00h. Os fluxos de N2O variaram de 3 a 53 µg m-2, e a maior freqüência observada com saturação de água no solo em torno de 60%, após as adubações nitrogenadas em junho/2004 no PC e PM e em julho/2004 no PD e PDE. O revolvimento do solo pela gradagem e incorporação dos resíduos culturais no PC e PM, não alteraram significativamente as emissões de CO2 e N2O. Os tratamentos estudados não apresentaram diferença nas médias anuais de emissão de CO2 e N2O do solo. Dentre todas as variáveis estudadas, comparando os tratamentos PC, PM, PD e PDE, o PD destacou-se por apresentar maior estoques de C e N no solo em relação aos demais tratamentos.
Between the terrestrial ecosystems, the soil is one of the most important pools of carbon (C). Agricultural tillage practices alter the contents of this element, accelerating the process of organic matter oxidation, inducing greenhouse gases emissions. The present research was carried out in a long-term experiment located at Fundação ABC in Ponta Grossa (Paraná State, Brazil) under different soil management systems: conventional (CT), minimum (MT), no-till (NT) and no-till harrowed (NTH), randomly displayed in blocks. The objectives were to determine: a) soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks; b) quantity and quality crop residues; c) quantify the CO2 and N2O gasses fluxes from the soil to the atmosphere. Sampling activities were performed between October 2003 and November 2004 in the succession white oat/soybean/wheat. Soil C and N stocks were determined after the crops were harvested and showed the same distribution of soil C and N for all treatments, no significant statistically difference among cultural seasons and treatments was observed. NT system presented the highest mean soil C and N stock values, and the CT had the smaller values. Soil C sequestration rates in the 0-20 cm, in the treatments in comparison with the CT with 15 years of adoption, were 0,55; 0,66 and 0,46 Mg ha-1year-1 for MT, NT and NTH, respectively. Dry matter and C and N stocks of crop residues were higher in the harvest season, and presented high values for NT and NTH. Carbon contents in crop residues were maintained in the same magnitude and showed no significant statistically difference. Soybean residues just presented, in all treatments, higher N concentration and smaller hemicelulose contents. The holocelulose/lignocelulose quotient (HLQ), ligno-celulosico (LCI) and decomposition (DI) indexes were small, evidencing in this work, little variation between the crop residues analised. The soil CO2 CO2 daily average emissions varied from 24 to 248 mg m-2 h-1 and presented a progressive increase of November/03 (sow of the soy) to February/04, indicating that the soil respiration passed to be constituted of the organism soil and root plants. Correlation was not observed between the emissions of CO2 and N2O with the daily cycle of the temperature. The same annual averages of emission of CO2 and N2O were observed in the schedules 8:00, 12:00 and 17:00 hours. The N2O flow varied from 3 to 53 g m-2, and the largest frequency observed with water filled pore space around 60 %, and after the nitrogen fertilization in June 2004 in CT and MT and in July 2004 in NT and NTH. Soil tillage with plow and incorporation of the cultural residues in CT and MT, didn't alter the emissions of CO2 and N2O significantly. The studied treatments didn\'t present difference in the annual averages of emission of CO2 and N2O of the soil during 2003 and 2004 years. Between the studied variables, comparing the treatments CT, MT, NT and NTH, NT system stranded out from the other treatments by present higher soil C and N stocks.

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36

Basanta, Maria Del Valle. "Dinâmica do nitrogênio na cultura de cana-de-açúcar em diferentes sistemas de manejo de resíduos da colheita". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-08092004-163918/.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar, durante cinco anos, o efeito de dois sistemas de manejo dos resíduos culturais, colheita tradicional com queima prévia (CQ) e colheita sem queima (SQ), sobre a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e a dinâmica do nitrogênio no sistema solo-planta em função do nitrogênio introduzido através do fertilizante e dos resíduos culturais, foi instalado um experimento com adubação no plantio com 63kg.ha-1 de N com os seguintes tratamentos: (T1) 15N-SA (sulfato de amônio) e colheita SQ, recebendo na primeira colheita o total dos resíduos não marcados produzidos no T2; (T2) SA e colheita SQ, recebendo na primeira colheita o total dos resíduos marcados produzidos no T1; e (T3) 15N-SA e colheita CQ. Anualmente, na época da colheita, a planta foi dividida em colmos, ponteiros e palhada; o solo (<2000µm) foi amostrado nas camadas de 0-15, 15-30 e 30-50cm, e foram determinadas as frações granulométricas correspondentes a tamanho de partícula 200-2000µm (Fl, fração orgânica leve e Fp, fração mineral pesada), 53-200µm (Fom, fração organo-mineral) e <53µm (Fsa, fração silte-argila). As variáveis determinadas foram produtividade de colmos (Mg.ha-1); nitrogênio total (Nt, kg.ha-1), nitrogênio derivado do fertilizante (QNddF, kg.ha-1) e nitrogênio derivado dos resíduos (QNddR, kg.ha-1) em solo e planta; e carbono total no solo (C, Mg.ha-1). Em todos os anos, observou-se maior produtividade (p<0,05) e maior absorção de nitrogênio (p<0,05) no tratamento CQ em relação ao SQ. Considerando a quantidade de resíduos que permaneceu no sistema e seu conteúdo de Nt, o potencial estimado de reciclagem de N no sistema SQ foi de 65% do Nt contido na parte aérea da cultura. O potencial de perda de Nt foi estimado em 85% do nitrogênio da parte aérea no sistema CQ. Na colheita da cana-planta, a recuperação do QNddF no sistema solo-planta foi de 46,9kg.ha-1, sendo que 63,0% foi medido na parte aérea. Nos anos seguintes, observou-se uma diminuição exponencial do NddF recuperado na parte aérea da planta. No sistema SQ, o NddF recuperado no sistema solo-planta no segundo ano foi significativamente superior (p<0,05) que no sistema CQ. Aproximadamente 95% do NddR ficou imobilizado no solo, permanecendo no sistema no final da colheita da quarta cana-soca. Os conteúdos de carbono e nitrogênio nas frações do solo apresentaram valores crescentes na seguinte ordem: Fsa>Fom>Fl. A Fsa continha mais de 70% do C e do Nt do solo. O sistema de manejo dos resíduos não influenciou o conteúdo de carbono do solo, nem sua distribuição nas frações granulométricas. Na avaliação da colheita da última cana-soca (2002), o sistema SQ apresentou valores de Nt superiores (p<0,05%) em Fl e Fom na camada 0-15cm, e em Fom na camada 30-50cm. Os conteúdos de NddF e NddR nas frações do solo aumentaram na ordem Fsa>Fom>Fl. No sistema SQ, na colheita da primeira cana-soca em 1999, a ordem no conteúdo de NddF foi Fl>Fom>Fsa. No mesmo ano, a ordem no conteúdo de NddR foi Fl>Fsa>Fom. O enriquecimento em 15N dos resíduos gerados durante o ciclo da cana-planta explica os maiores conteúdos de 15N em Fl.
To evaluate during five years the effects of two trash management systems in a sugarcane crop, the traditional harvest system with trash burning before harvest (CQ) and an alternative system without trash burning (SQ), on stalk yield and nitrogen nutrition of the crop, and on the distribution in the soil-plant system of the nitrogen introduced by fertilizer and trash, an experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, with the following treatments fertilized at planting with 63kg.ha-1 of N: (T1) 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate (AS), harvested with SQ system, and after the first harvest received all the unlabeled trash from T2; (T2) unlabeled AS, harvested with the SQ system, and after the first harvest received all the 15N-labeled trash from T1; and (T3) 15N-AS, and harvested with the CQ system. Annually, at harvest, plants were divided in stalks, tips and residues; and the soil (<2000µm) was sampled in the 0-15, 15-30 and 30-50cm layers, and physically fractionated in particle sizes of 200-2000µm (Fl, light organic fraction, and Fp, heavy mineral fraction), 53-200µm (Fom, organomineral fraction) and <53µm (Fsa, silt-clay fraction). The evaluated variables were: stalk yield (Mg.ha-1); total nitrogen (Nt, kg.ha-1), nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NddF, kg.ha-1), and nitrogen derived from residues (NddR, kg.ha-1) in soil and plant; and total carbon in soil (C, Mg.ha-1). During all years, stalk yield and uptake nitrogen were higher (p<0.05) in the CQ than in the SQ system. Considering the quantity of residues that remained in the system and their Nt content, the estimated potential of N recycling for the system SQ was 65% of the Nt contained in the aboveground parts of the crop. For the CQ harvest system, the potential loss of N was estimated as 85% of N in the aboveground parts of the crop. In the cane-plant harvest, the recovery of NddF in the soil-plant system was of 46,9kg.ha-1 (63,0% were found in the aboveground part of the crop). In the following years, an exponential decrease of NddF recovered in the aboveground part of the plant was observed. In the SQ harvest system, the NddF recovered in the soil-plant system in the second year (first ratoon cane) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the CQ system. Approximately, 95% of NddR were immobilized in the soil, remaining in the system at the end of the crop of the fourth ratoon cane, four years after that it have been added. The contents of total carbon and nitrogen in the soil fractions presented growing values in the following order: Fsa>Fom>Fl. The fraction Fsa contained more than 70% of the total C and total N of the soil. The harvest system did not influence the soil carbon content neither his distribution in the fractions. At the fourth ratoon cane (2002), the SQ system presented values of Nt higher (p<0.05%) in Fl and Fom in the 0-15cm layer, and in Fom in the 30-50cm layer. The 15N-residues from the first crop cycle explain the higher content of 15N in Fl.

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Moura, Juliana Augusta. "Dinâmica da matéria orgânica em solo tratado com resíduos orgânicos nos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Estado de Sergipe". Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6570.

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In the state of Sergipe, more precisely in the center-south region of the Coastal Plains serves as the stage for one of the largest citrus production in the country. The intensive cultivation of these soils reduces the content of organic matter that is the key component to ensure its quality. Thus, the use of alternate layering residues format, can be a viable alternative to the revitalization of citrus orchards. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the labile and stable soil organic matter, carbon management index and microbial activity in soil treated with organic waste and citrus cultivation in the state of Sergipe. Soil samples were collected in the layers 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-15 cm in a citrus (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) orchard treated either with organic residues or mineral fertilizer, or a combination of the two (conventional management, where the projection of the plant canopy was kept clean of weeds, and no mineral fertilization; humus residues; alternate layering residues (in situ made compost); alternate layering residues + NPK; only NPK; humus residues + NPK; and a native forest soil as reference). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability by the software SISVAR. To evaluate the microbial activity was also determined the coefficient of correlation (p . 5) via the computer application SAEG. The study of C in the labile and stable organic matter were more effective than isolated evaluation of total organic carbon (TOC) to check for changes in the dynamics of C in the soil. The C in particulate organic matter (C-POM) was more sensitive than the content of C in complexed organic matter (C-COM). Overall, the treatments that have provided incorporation of organic residues showed carbon management index (CMI) close to the native forest. The fulvic acids fraction (FAF) helped identify the changes in soil for different types of management. The humin fraction (HUMF) showed the highest levels of C relative to FAF and humic acids fraction (HAF). The incorporation of organic waste to the crowning of the orange zone also caused an increase in microbial respiration rates, in total content of organic matter, as well as the elevation of pH, P, Ca and Mg treatments when compared to native forest and conventional management. The ratio stratification was effective to evaluate the influence of different management practices between depths indicating treatments Humus, Humus + NPK and altenate layering residues + NPK as the most effective in increasing the organic matter content in the soil. The benefits caused to soil after the incorporation of organic waste show that the use of practices more conservationist contributes to the improvement of the soil.
No estado de Sergipe, mais precisamente no centro-sul, a regiao de Tabuleiros Costeiros serve de palco para uma das maiores producoes citricolas do pais. O cultivo intensivo feito de forma inadequada nesses solos reduz o teor de materia organica que e o componente fundamental para assegurar a sua qualidade. Dessa forma, o aproveitamento dos residuos organicos no formato de compostagem laminar, pode ser uma alternativa viavel para a revitalizacao de pomares citricolas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliacao das fracoes labeis e estaveis da materia organica do solo, do indice de manejo do carbono e da atividade microbiana em solo tratado com residuos organicos e cultivado com citros no estado de Sergipe. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em tres profundidades (0-5, 5-10 e 10-15 cm) em area cultivada com laranja pera (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) sob diferentes tratamentos (manejo convencional onde a area sob a copa da planta e mantida limpa e sem aplicacao de fertilizantes; humus, aplicado sob a copa da planta; compostagem laminar, com residuos organicos como restos culturais e estercos dispostos em camadas alternadas sob a copa da planta; compostagem laminar + NPK; NPK; humus + NPK; o mesmo solo sob mata nativa foi usado como referencia). Os resultados foram submetidos a analise de variancia e as medias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade por meio do software SISVAR. Para avaliacao da atividade microbiana tambem foi determinado o coeficiente de correlacao de Pearson (p.5) atraves do aplicativo computacional SAEG. O estudo do C nas fracoes labeis e estaveis da materia organica foram mais eficazes do que avaliacao isolada do carbono organico total (COT) para verificar alteracoes na dinamica do C no solo. O C da materia organica particulada (CMOP) se mostrou mais sensivel do que o teor de C na materia organica complexada (CMOC). No geral, os tratamentos que tiveram incorporacao de residuos organicos proporcionaram indices de manejo de carbono (IMC) proximos ao da mata nativa. A fracao acidos fulvicos (FAF) ajudou a identificar as mudancas ocorridas no solo em funcao dos diferentes tipos de manejo. A fracao humina (FHUM) apresentou os maiores teores de C em relacao a FAF e a fracao acidos humicos (FAH). A incorporacao de residuos organicos a zona de coroamento da laranjeira tambem promoveu um aumento das taxas de respiracao microbiana, nos teores totais de materia organica, assim como, a elevacao de pH, P, Ca e Mg dos tratamentos quando comparados a mata nativa e ao manejo convencional. A relacao de estratificacao mostrou-se eficaz ao avaliar a influencia das diferentes praticas de manejo entre as profundidades indicando os tratamentos Humus, Humus + NPK e compostagem laminar + NPK como os mais eficazes em aumentar o teor de materia organica no solo. Os beneficios ocasionados ao solo, apos a incorporacao de residuos organicos demonstram que a utilizacao de praticas mais conservacionistas contribui em muito para a melhoria do solo.

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38

Noack, Sarah Ruth. "Crop residue phosphorus: speciation and release in cropping soils". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/87851.

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Crop residues remaining after grain harvest are an important potential source of nutrients, including phosphorus (P), to the cropping system. Crop residues contain both inorganic and organic forms of P and these forms may take different pathways into soil P pools. The rate and quantity of residue P released depends partly on the specific P compounds in the residues. The most commonly used measure of P in crop residues is total P, followed by separate measurement of inorganic P and organic P. These measures do not speciate residue P into specific compounds and consequently, residue P dynamics in soils remains poorly understood. This thesis characterises P contained in crop residues using solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and compares this technique with conventional chemical fractionation methods. These initial analytical studies provided the basis for subsequent investigations of the effect of plant P status and residue management on release of residue P in a soil-plant system, leading to a better understanding of the potential bioavailability of residue P in soil. Inorganic and organic P forms were quantified using ³¹P NMR spectroscopy in different plant components (stem, chaff and seed) collected from field grown cereal and legume crops. The main forms of P detected in stem and chaff were orthophosphate (35-75%) and the easily degradable organic P forms, phospholipids (10-40%) and RNA (5-30%). The majority (65-90%) of P in stems was water-extractable, and most of this was detected as orthophosphate. This indicated that the majority of residue P in aboveground plant residues has the potential to be delivered to soil in a form readily available to plants and soil microorganisms. An integrated approach combining spectroscopic techniques with chemical extraction assisted with verifying assumptions made when using chemical fractionation methods. The main assumptions investigated were; the selectivity of chemical extractants for a single P species, the ability of the extractant to bring all of the P form into solution, and to examine if other P species were released into solution or if the P speciation was changed with extraction. The results showed that the orthophosphate concentration in water/acid extracts was increased due to the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate and organic P species, but decreased due to incomplete recovery of orthophosphate from the crop residues. These effects largely cancelled each other out. Treatments widely used to extract phospholipid (extraction with ethanol:ether and ethanol:ether:chloroform), were found to be selective for phospholipid P, but were quite ineffective, with only ~10% of the phospholipid P determined by solution ³¹P NMR extracted in each case. These results strongly suggest that speciation of crop residue P using chemical fractionation can be compromised by the incomplete recovery of a given P species and the transformation of other P species during extraction. As plants approach maturity and start to senesce, the primary sink for phosphorus is the seed but it is unclear how plant P status affects the resulting P concentration and speciation in the seed and remaining plant parts, i.e. the residues. Wheat and canola grown in the glasshouse were supplied three different P rates (5, 30 and 60 kg P ha⁻¹ equivalent) designed to represent deficient, adequate and luxury levels of P. The speciation of P in roots, stem, leaves, chaff/pod and grain was examined. Stems and leaves, which contribute the bulk of post-harvest residue P, were dominated by orthophosphate, regardless of plant P status. Minor differences were observed in P speciation across the three P application rates and plant parts. The effect of this on P cycling is likely to be relatively minor in comparison to the overall contribution of these residues to soil P pools. Release of nutrients, including P from crop residues remaining post-harvest is an important potential source of nutrients for subsequent crops. The effect of residue size and placement of field-collected pea residue on subsequent P uptake by wheat, soil hexanol-released P and resin-extractable P was measured in a glasshouse experiment. On average, > 50% of residue P was detected in plant, microbial and resin P pools when incorporated in soil compared to 20% for the two surface-placed residue treatments. When considering how residue management strategies may influence P supply to crops, incorporating residues will increase the rate of release and decomposition and therefore the potential for plant roots (if present) to access this P. The results also indicate that even though residue P takes longer to break down under no-till management, this system will still provide small but agronomically significant amounts of P to subsequent crops.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2014

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39

Qureshi, Maqsood Hassan. "Tall fescue growth and nitrogen uptake as influenced by non-thermal residue management". Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35322.

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40

Graham, Martha Helena. "The effect of various crop residue management practices under sugarcane production on soil quality". Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10163.

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This study examined the influence of different management practices under sugarcane production on soil chemical, biological and physical properties on a long-term (59yr) field experiment in KwaZulu-Natal. These management practices included conventional post-harvest burning of crop residues, with the tops either left on the soil surface or with tops removed, and green cane harvesting with the retention of crop residues on the soil surface as a trash blanket. Each of these treatments were either fertilized or did not receive fertilizer. The data collected was used to evaluate the effect of crop residue management on soil quality under sugarcane production. Soil organic matter content increased from 39 g C kg¯¹ soil, under conventional burning to 55 g C kg¯¹ soil in the surface 10 cm under green cane harvesting where crop residues are returned to the soil. It also resulted in greater recycling of nutrients and increases in exchangeable K and Ca and extractable P. Fertilizer application resulted in a build-up of soil nutrients in combination with trash retention. Fertilizer application induced increases in exchangeable P and also some accumulation in soil organic P. Exchangeable and non-exchangeable K concentrations were also higher in fertilized than non-fertilized treatments. However, nitrogen fertilizer application and, to a lesser degree, organic matter mineralization, resulted in soil acidification to a depth of 30 cm. Acidification in the fertilized treatments resulted in a concomitant increase in exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al, due to the increase in H⁺ ions and solubilized Al species on exchange sites. Base cations moved into soil solution and were leaching to lower soil layers. The decrease in soil pH resulted in the surface charge conferred on the variable charge surfaces on soil colloids becoming less negative and as a result there was a decrease in ECEC. Acidification in fertilized treatment not only increased exchangeable Al but also the buffering reserve of non-exchangeable al; both that complexed with soil organic matter (CuCl₂- extractable) and that present as hydroxy - Al associated with mineral colloids (ammonium acetate - extractable). The increased organic matter content under trash retention resulted in an increase in ECEC. This enabled the soil to retain greater amounts of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ which were returned to the soil in the trash. Both residue retention and fertilizer application had a positive effect on the microbial biomass C and N and the microbial quotient increased from 0.39% to 0.86% as organic C increased from 39 g C kg¯¹ soil under burnt treatments to 55 g C kg¯¹ soil under trashed, fertilized treatments. This increase was associated with increased concentrations of labile organic material (K₂S0₄₋extractable) present as well as increased amounts of nutrients being cycled through the plant-soil system. The light fraction organic matter also increased with increasing returns of organic residues. However, the large active microbial biomass under the trashed, fertilized treatment resulted in an increased turnover rate of this fraction and consequently resulted in lower LF dry matter, C and N than in the unfertilized treatment. Aggregate stability increased with increasing amounts of organic material returned due to trash retention. Nevertheless, fertilized treatments induced a lower aggregate stability than unfertilized ones, despite the tendancy for the latter to have higher organic C and microbial biomass values. This was attributed to an increase in the proportion of exchangeable cations present in monovalent form (due to application of fertilizer K and leaching of Ca and Mg) favouring dispersion and a decline in aggregate stability. Green cane harvesting resulted in an increase in microbial activity (basal respiration, FDA hydrolytic activity, arginine ammonification rate and dehydrogenase activity) and in the activity of specific soil enzymes involved in turnover of C, N, P and S to a depth of 30 cm. Increased activities of these enzymes reflect a higher rate of turnover of C, N, P and S. The metabolic quotient decreased with increasing residue return, indicating a more metabolically efficient microbial community. Fertilizer application resulted in a variable effect on enzyme activity. Long-term fertilizer application resulted in an increase in invertase and acid phosphatase, a decrease in L-histidase and arylsulphatase and had little effect on protease and alkaline phosphatase. These variable effects were explained in terms of an interaction between fertilizer - induced increases in Corg and soil nutrient status and fertilizer - induced soil acidification. The size and activity of the soil microbial biomass was studied in the plant row and in the inter-row of a sugarcane field under burning or green cane harvesting. Soils were sampled to 30 cm depth in (i) the centre of the plant row, (ii) 30 cm out from the row centre and (iii) 60 cm out from the row centre (i.e. the middle of the inter-row area). Under burning, the only substantial input of organic matter to the soil was from root turnover in the row area where the root biomass was concentrated. As a consequence, the size (microbial biomass C) and activity (basal respiration of the soil microbial community were concentrated in the row. However, under green cane harvesting there was a large input of organic matter in the inter-row area in the form of the trash blanket itself and through turnover of crop roots that were concentrated in the surface 10 cm of the soil below the blanket. As a result, soil microbial activity was considerably higher in the interrow area under green cane harvesting than under burning. Phospholipids are essential membrane components of microorganisms and a good correlation was found between the total PLFA's extracted from soils and the microbial biomass C, indicating that phospholipids are an accurate measurement of living biomass. Mutivariate statistical analysis (PCA) was used to separate different PLFA profiles under burning versus trash retention and under different land uses (sugarcane, maize, annual and perennial pasture and undisturbed veld). Soil organic matter content contributed the greatest variance in the data along the first axis. That is increasing soil organic matter return not only increased the size of the microbial biomass, but also affected the composition of the microbial community. There was a shift in the different sub-fractions under different management practices. MUFA's are general biomarkers of Gram negative bacteria and were found to be a sensitive indicator of higher substrate availability (i.e they increased under green cane harvesting). Fungal biomarkers indicated an increased fungal biomass associated with surface application of residues. Soil physical conditions were considered to be a contributing factor to the shift in microbial community structure. Increased organic matter content improved soil physical conditions and preferentially stimulated the growth of aerobic microorganisms. In addition to this, the proportion of SATFA (gram positive bacteria) was found to increase in response to burning. This increase was attributed to the survival mechanisms of these microorganisms (i.e. endospore formation). It was found that the conversion from burning to trash management changes the composition of the soil microbial community. The effect of management practices on soil functional diversity was also evaluated using two methods (i.e. Biolog plates and substrate induced respiration (SIR)). Biolog plates are a selective technique that stimulate growth of a small proportion of the soil microbial community whereas the SIR technique measures the activity of the metabolically active microbial community in situ. As a result the SIR method separated treatments more effectively than Biolog plates (i.e. annually tilled treatments, permanent grassland sites and fertilized and unfertilized treatments). The quantity and the quality of organic C supply influenced the catabolic diversity. Conversion from burning to green cane harvesting greatly increased catabolic evenness and richness and therefore presumably also tended to increase the resilience of the soil to stress and disturbance particularly in relation to decomposition functions. It was concluded that conversion from preharvest burning to green cane harvesting results in an increase in soil organic matter content, an improvement in soil structure and soil nutrient status, an increase in the size, activity, taxonomic and functional diversity of the soil microbial community. The practice should therefore be promoted to the South African sugar industry.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

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41

Schumacher, Derek David. "Residue management and yield characteristics of fine fescue seed crops". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29436.

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Chewings fescue [Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman] is a desired turfgrass with dense sod forming capabilities and superior shade tolerance. Thermal residue management (open-field burning) has traditionally been used to remove post-harvest residue and maintain seed yield over the life of the stand. However, alternative non-thermal residue management practices have been observed to produce adequate seed yields dependent upon cultivar. Strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. subsp. rubra) is desired for its prolific tillering capacity and creeping rhizomatous growth habit. In contrast to Chewings fescue, maintenance of seed yield in strong creeping red fescue has only been profitably produced under thermal residue management. Slender creeping red fescue [F. rubra L. var. littoralis (Vasey)] is a desired turfgrass with a compact, less rhizomatous growth habit, similar to Chewings fescue in desirable turf attributes. However, little is known about the effects of post-harvest residue management in slender creeping red fescue. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate seed yield and yield components among different cultivars to thermal (open-burning), and non-thermal (flail low and flail high) post-harvest residue management; 2) to evaluate harvest index and percent cleanout to thermal and non-thermal residue management in different cultivars; and 3) and to provide an economic analysis of thermal and non-thermal residue management in all cultivars based on partial budgeting. Three post-harvest residue management treatments (burn, flail low and flail high) were applied over the course of two years. Seed yield components measured included: total dry weight, fertile tiller number, spikelets per panicle, florets per spikelet, and panicle length. Final seed yield in each cultivar and residue management treatment method was determined after seed harvest and conditioning. Seed yield component analysis was conducted over three production seasons. Chewings fescue, strong creeping red fescue, and slender creeping red fescue cultivars responded differently to residue management as indicated by a residue management by cultivar interaction. In 2003 and 2004, residue management by cultivar interactions were evident in seed number, seed weight, fertile tiller number, percent cleanout, harvest index, and seed yield. Residue management by cultivar interactions occurred in spikelets per panicle in 2003, whereas in 2004 a residue management by cultivar interaction occurred in panicle length and florets per spikelet. In 2004, non-thermal flail low, and thermal residue management resulted in significantly greater spikelets per panicle in all cultivars. Thermal residue management resulted in the greatest number of spikelets per panicle. Results indicate that thermal residue management best maintained seed yield in most subspecies and cultivars across both years. However, in 2003, non-thermal flail low residue management produced profitable seed yield in only Marker slender creeping red fescue. In contrast, thermal residue management resulted in poor seed yields in Marker slender creeping red fescue and enhanced yields in Seabreeze slender creeping red fescue in 2003. However, following the second year of thermal treatment in 2004, Marker and Seabreeze both had lower seed yields, thus exhibiting the only negative impact of thermal management among the cultivars tested in this study. Moreover, upon review of an economic analysis, Marker slender red fescue was the only cultivar that produced a positive net return of $78 and $4 ha⁻¹ under non-thermal residue management in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Furthermore, in 2003, thermal residue management net return increases ranged from $104 ha⁻¹ to -$996 ha⁻¹ in Barnica and Shademark, respectively. In 2004, thermal residue management net return increases ranged from $115 ha⁻¹ and $1,332 ha⁻¹ in Seabreeze and Shademark, respectively. Poor seed yields were observed in all strong creeping red fescue cultivars under non-thermal residue management across both years of the study. This may be attributed to an observed reduction in fertile tiller number and seed yield. In addition, percent seed cleanout was increased with non-thermal residue management. In 2004, as stand age increased, thermal residue management resulted in greater seed yields in all cultivars and species, except both cultivars of slender creeping red fescue. Thus, this study provided substantial evidence that thermal residue management has the potential to maintain or increase fine fescue seed yield as stands age as well as to maintain stand profitability.
Graduation date: 2005

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42

Meints, Paul David. "Physiological responses of creeping red fescue to stubble management and plant growth regulators". Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33990.

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Legislation to reduce open field burning in grass seed fields within the Willamette valley of western Oregon changed established production practices. In the creeping grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) non-thermal management resulted in reduced yield. Studies were conducted to examine the effects of three stubble height treatments in comparison to open field burning in creeping red fescue seed production. The effects of light quality on characteristics of plant development were investigated in field and controlled environments. Exogenous applications of plant growth regulators (PGR's) were made to elucidate the causes of low seed yields observed without burning. Field plots were prepared in fall of 1994, and 1995 in creeping red fescue commercial production fields as well as at Hyslop research farm in 1995. Three cultivars were included in the trial; Shademaster and Hector, which produce many rhizomes, and Seabreeze which produces few rhizomes. The effects of stubble height, PGRs, and field burning were measured during fall regrowth and flowering. Non-structural carbohydrates available for early regrowth were reduced when stubble was removed below 5.0 cm, particularly in first-year stands. Fall tiller height was increased by stubble remaining and was negatively correlated with flowering. Rhizome development was reduced when stubble was removed mechanically or burned to the crown, whereas yield potential was increased. Fall ethylene application reduced fall tiller height, fall tiller number, and percent fertile tillers the following spring and was similar to control treatment compared with burn. Other PGRs did not produce consistent results in this study. Excess ethylene produced by decaying stubble may impact floral induction and reduce yield potential in creeping red fescue seed crops. Light quality as measured by red:far-red ratio (R:FR) was reduced by canopy closure during regrowth but not by the presence of stubble. In controlled environment studies, red light (R) promoted taller tillers, greater stage of development, and greater tiller number than far-red (FR) light. Sunlight enriched with FR completely inhibited rhizome formation. Results suggest that environments with excess reflected FR may negatively impact early development of creeping red fescue seed crops.
Graduation date: 1998

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43

Azooz, Rahman Hassan. "Influence of crop residue management and tillage on soil thermal and moisture regimes and corn growth". 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/25645876.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1991.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

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44

McKeown, Steven. "Discrimination of Agricultural Land Management Practices using Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture RADAR". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3901.

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This thesis investigates the sensitivity and separability of post-harvest tillage conditions using polarimetric Synthetic Aperture RADAR in southwestern Ontario. Variables examined include: linear polarizations HH, HV, and VV and polarimetric variables: pedestal height, co-polarized complex correlation coefficient magnitude, left and right co-polarized circular polarizations and co-polarized phase difference. Six fine-quad polarimetric, high incidence angle (49°) RADARSAT-2 images acquired over three dates in fall 2010 were used. Over 100 fields were monitored, coincident with satellite overpasses. OMAFRA’s AgRI, a high-resolution polygon network was used to extract average response from fields. Discrimination between tillage practices was best later in the fall season, due to sample size and low soil moisture conditions. Variables most sensitive to tillage activities include HH and VV polarizations and co-polarized complex correlation coefficient magnitude. A supervised support vector machine (SVM) classifier classified no-till and conventional tillage with 91.5% overall accuracy. These results highlight the potential of RADARSAT-2 for monitoring tillage conditions.

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45

Suriadi, Ahmad. "Structural stability and Na-Ca exchange selectivity of soils under sugarcane trash management". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110238.

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46

Rietz, Diana Nicolle. "The effects of compaction and residue management on soil properties and growth of Eucalyptus grandis at two sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/726.

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47

Schuster, Matthew D. "Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) emergence under different residue management practices in perennial ryegrass and determination of resistant and susceptible annual bluegrass germination under controlled temperature and moisture". Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29112.

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With the loss of field burning the amount of crop residue that remains in perennial ryegrass fields has increased. As the amount of crop residue remaining in the field increases so does annual bluegrass. This has resulted in the increased use of herbicides to control annual bluegrass. However, this increased use has also resulted in herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 to investigate residue management options available to growers and their impacts on annual bluegrass emergence. Two sites, Glaser and Wirth, were established with three residue management treatments replicated four times. The treatments included full-straw, bale/flail, and vacuum sweep. Perennial ryegrass seed yield and annual bluegrass seed contamination were evaluated. The vacuum sweep treatment had lower annual bluegrass emergence than the full-straw or the bale/flail treatments during the 1997-98 growing season, for both sites. The fall of 1998 was much drier than the fall of 1997. Annual bluegrass emergence in all plots was lower in 1998 than in 1997 because of the dry conditions. Fall emergence in 1998 was higher in the vacuum sweep treatment than in the other two treatments, which may have been the result of better soil-seed contact in the vacuum sweep treatment. Lower emergence in the spring at the Wirth site compared to the Glaser site may have been due to narrow crop row spacing and cultivar selection, which shaded the annual bluegrass. When growing seasons were combined, there were no treatment differences. However, more emergence was observed in the spring at the Glaser site compared to the Wirth site. Yield was highest for the vacuum sweep treatment at the Glaser site in the 1998-99 growing season. However, competition from volunteer perennial ryegrass in the full-straw and bale/flail treatments could have accounted for this increase. No other differences in yield and no difference in contamination among treatments were observed. However, contamination at the Glaser site was higher in the 1998-99 growing season than in the 1997-98 growing season. Experiments were conducted in growth chambers to determine how differing environmental conditions affect seed germination of diuron-susceptible and diuron-resistant annual bluegrass. Cumulative germination for the susceptible-biotype decreased from 96% to 88% while the resistant-biotype remained above 95% as temperature decreased from 3 0/20 C to 10/2 C. The susceptible-biotype germinated sooner than the resistant-biotype regardless of temperature. The susceptible-biotype had a higher rate of germination than the resistant-biotype at 30/20 C, but not when the temperature decreased to 10/2 C. Germination response to differing matric potentials did not vary much within a biotype for a given soil type and temperature. Therefore, parameters estimated at -1.03 MPa were chosen to contrast susceptible- and resistant biotypes, and soil types, for each temperature. Maximum cumulative germination was greater than 96% for all treatments. When germination on a given soil type was contrasted, differences were only seen for the susceptible biotype vs. resistant biotype on Dayton soil; and the resistant biotype on Dayton soil vs. resistant biotype on Woodburn soil at both temperatures. The lag in onset of germination was shorter for the susceptible biotype on Dayton soil and resistant biotype on Woodburn soil than the resistant biotype on Dayton soil at 30/20 C. At 18/5 C, the lag in onset of germination was shorter for the susceptible biotype on Dayton soil and resistant biotype on Woodburn soil than the resistant biotype on Dayton soil (P = 0.000 1 and 0.0001, respectively). But the rate of germination was faster for the resistant biotype on Dayton soil than both the susceptible biotype on Dayton soil and resistant biotype on Woodburn soil at 18/5 C (P = 0.02 and 0.0004, respectively). The rate of germination did not differ at 3 0/20 C. When just the soils were contrasted, at 18/5 C all annual bluegrass seeds on the Woodburn soil germinated sooner and the rate of germination was higher than on the Dayton soil. These results indicate that the hydraulic properties of the soils may influence germination. However, this was not observed at 30/20 C. The results suggest that the susceptible-biotype was more sensitive to temperature while the resistant-biotype was more sensitive to moisture. Changing crop management in ways that will reduce annual bluegrass emergence and establishment is needed. By altering management strategies, growers may obtain more efficient and effective use of herbicides, while reducing the selection of herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass.
Graduation date: 2000

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48

Christ, Robert A. "Effects of long-term residue management and nitrogen fertilization on availability and profile distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur". Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36465.

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49

Yi, Cuilin [Verfasser]. "Management of Fusarium graminearum inoculated crop residues : effects on head blight, grain yield and grain quality of subsequent winter wheat crops / von Cuilin Yi". 2001. http://d-nb.info/963551434/34.

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50

Zapiola, Maria Luz. "Trinexapac-ethyl and open-field burning in creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) seed production in the Willamette Valley". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29428.

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Open-field burning has been an effective, economical, and widespread method of post-harvest residue management in creeping red fescue seed production in the Willamette Valley since the late 1940s. However, the use of field burning has been legislatively restricted due to air quality and safety issues. The foliar-applied plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (TE), commercialized in the USA as Palisade, has been accepted by producers as a yield enhancing agent and is considered here as an alternative to open-field burning over a four-year period. The effects of open-field burning versus mechanical removal (flailing) of post-harvest residue, and spring versus fall applications of TE on seed yield, dry matter partitioning, and seed yield components were evaluated in a split-plot design. The response to the different treatment combinations differed across years. The young stand responded with a seed yield increase to spring TE applications, regardless of residue management treatment. However, as the stand aged, field burning became critical for maintaining high yields and, in 2003 and 2004, only spring TE applications resulted in seed yield increases in burned plots. The higher potential seed yield achieved in burned plots over flailed plots, as a result of a higher number of panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle, was critical for maintaining high seed yields as the stand aged. Spring applications of TE, further increased seed yield over the untreated check by increasing the number of florets per spikelet, reducing fertile tiller height and lodging and consequently, favoring pollination and fertilization of the florets. Late spring TE applications also increased 1000-seed weight in 2003 and 2004. Although spring applications of TE were a promising alternative to open-field burning early during the life of the stand, as the stand aged they did not increase seed yield on flailed plots. Fall TE applications did not have a consistent effect on seed yield, dry matter partitioning or seed yield components, and were found not to be a viable management practice.
Graduation date: 2005

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