Tesi sul tema "Cracking"
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Acey, S. "Heavy oil cracking". Thesis, Teesside University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371059.
Testo completoCrumpacker, John R. "Distributed password cracking". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FCrumpacker.pdf.
Testo completoThesis Advisor(s): Dinolt, George. Second Reader: Eagle, Chris. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Distributed password cracking, Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC), and John the Ripper. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64). Also available in print.
Schwarzer, Roland. "CRACking the Riddle". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17010.
Testo completoIn recent years, there has been a considerable interest in the molecular organization of biological membranes. It has been hypothesized that self-assembling, freely diffusing, submicroscopic domains consisting of sphingolipids, cholesterol and certain proteins exist and the prevailing view is that those lipid rafts serve as platforms for specific molecular interactions by the preferential exclusion and inclusion of proteins. It was presumed, that in particular viruses make use of plasma membrane lipid rafts to augment the infection process and spread efficiently. However, the exact biological function and physical basis of protein partitioning into microdomains remains an outstanding question in virus biology. In the present study, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy was used to study lipid raft partitioning of the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp41 by detecting Foerster Resonance Energy Transfer between fluorescently labeled viral and raft marker proteins in living cells. Plasma membrane microdomain association of gp41 was demonstrated and by introducing systematic mutations and truncations in different gp41 motifs, the cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus (CRAC) was identified as the crucial determinant of the lateral sorting. Interestingly, we observed a systematic cell-to-cell variability in our raft related data that suggests underlying cell-biological mechanisms of membrane organization. Moreover, fluorescence polarization microscopy revealed a distinct CRAC requirement for gp41 oligomerization whereas other properties, such as intracellular distribution and expression efficiency were clearly demonstrated to be CRAC independent. Our data provide further insight into the molecular basis and biological implications of the cholesterol dependent lateral protein sorting for virus assembly processes at cellular plasma membranes.
Attou, Abdelkader. "Cracking and stress corrosion cracking in glass fibre materials using acoustic emission". Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277702.
Testo completoSayahi, Faez. "Plastic Shrinkage Cracking in Concrete". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-133.
Testo completoMitchell, Michael J. "Terrazzo cracking causes and remedies /". Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/124/.
Testo completoCrump, Timothy. "Modelling dynamic cracking of graphite". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modelling-dynamic-cracking-of-graphite(71e81d6f-e712-458c-aa48-0a256749258a).html.
Testo completoMurray, Ian. "Cracking behaviour of clayey geomaterials". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29273.
Testo completoHopkinson, Andrew Christopher Graham. "Cracking of drying ceramic dispersions". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608101.
Testo completoScetta, Giorgia. "Fatigue cracking of thermoplastic elastomers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS022.
Testo completoSoft thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU) are a class of block copolymers characterised by a low linear modulus (<10MPa), reversible elasticity and excellent abrasion resistance already used in several rubber‐like applications such as soles, wheels, flexible cables, etc. Yet, their fatigue behaviour under cyclic loading has not been fully investigated so far, leaving several open questions about how predicting long‐term durability of TPUs for a safe design. In this work we proposed a reproducible experimental protocol to assess and compare the resistance to crack propagation in cyclic conditions of TPU, with that of classical filled rubbers by using a fracture mechanics approach. Furthermore, we characterized the mechanical response under cyclic loading at large and small strain of three commercial TPUs with similar linear moduli and rheology but different large strain behaviours: extended softening, strain hardening and strain hardening enhanced by SIC. Irrespectively of their composition, all TPUs presented an unconventional strain induced stiffening in step‐cyclic experiment. Using DIC and X‐Ray in situ experiments we showed that, the strain gradient at the crack tip generates a spatial re‐organization of the TPU microstructure consistent with a volume locally stiffer than the bulk. This heterogeneity in the deformability reduces the strain intensification at the crack tip explaining the high fatigue resistance in TPU. The local stiffening was ultimately associated to the fragmentation of original hard domains in smaller but more numerous units increasing the degree of physical crosslinking
Rahbar-Rastegar, Reyhaneh. "Cracking in Asphalt Pavements| Impact of Component Properties and Aging on Fatigue and Thermal Cracking". Thesis, University of New Hampshire, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10622119.
Testo completoCracking in asphalt pavements is one of the most common and critical pavement distresses. Cracks let the water penetrate from the surface to underlying layers resulting in shorter pavement service life and poor riding quality. There are various factors that affect the cracking potential of asphalt mixtures including the properties of asphalt components, mix design factors, loading time and loading mode, temperature, stress state, and aging. While several researchers have conducted studies investigating the cracking of asphalt mixtures, the effective parameters are not all well understood to allow engineers to design and construct more resistant pavements against cracking.
The work presented in this dissertation provides some additional insights into the effects of component properties and aging condition on asphalt cracking. The cracking susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA) is evaluated through the experimental testing and numerical modeling on mixtures produced either in design (laboratory) or production (plant) stage. Various criteria and approaches for the prediction of cracking in asphalt binder and asphalt mixture are assessed and their correlation are discussed. Different levels of aging in laboratory are simulated, and the effects of long term oven aging (LTOA) on linear viscoelastic parameters, fatigue and fracture characteristics of asphalt mixtures are explored. The uniaxial tensile fatigue testing based on simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (SVECD) approach is conducted to characterize fatigue behavior, and semi circular bending (SCB), disc-shaped compact tension (DCT) testing and cohesive zone model are used to evaluate thermal cracking in asphalt mixtures.
This dissertation makes a good contribution in improvement of available approaches for evaluation of cracking potential of asphalt pavements and allows for assessment of different mixtures at early stage of material selection. The results of this study can lead to develop a new parameter to predict fatigue and thermal cracking susceptibility of flexible pavements in performance-based specifications, resulting in a better ride quality and cost saving for contractors and taxpayers.
Whigham, Jared Anthony. "Evaluation of restraint stresses and cracking in early-age concrete with the rigid cracking frame". Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/WHIGHAM_JARED_54.pdf.
Testo completoGamboa, Erwin. "Stress corrosion cracking of rock bolts /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18302.pdf.
Testo completoChan, Simon Hang Chi. "Bond and cracking of reinforced concrete". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/36698/.
Testo completoRead, John. "Fatigue cracking of bituminous paving mixtures". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12605/.
Testo completoLee, Wai Peng. "Cracking during drying of latex films". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434529.
Testo completoVargas, Vidal Velez. "Bridge Deck Cracking Investigation and Repair". UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/401.
Testo completoLiu, Ruofan. "Assessment of Composite Railroad Tie Cracking". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1386688325.
Testo completoAlbahri, Tareq Abduljalil. "Mechanistic modeling of catalytic cracking chemistry /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Testo completoluo, Cheng Hong. "Early age thermal cracking of concrete". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589517.
Testo completoDucousso, Marion. "Gasification biochar reactivity toward methane cracking". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMAC0016/document.
Testo completoThis study is focused on the reactivity of biochar to catalyze the methane cracking reaction. Biochar was produced from steam gasification of poplar wood (750°C, 30 min, 20°C/min, 90%H2O/10%N2, fluidized bed) and then functionalized by an O2 gas-phase treatment and a wet impregnation into nitrate salts solutions to increase oxygen functions and minerals (calcium and potassium) concentrations at the biochar surface respectively. A set of characterization was performed on the raw and functionalized biochars to evaluate their surface physico-chemical properties. The oxygenated functions, the mineral particles, the carbonaceous structures and the textural properties (specific surface area and porosity) were analyzed. Results showed that the two functionalization treatments increased the concentration of the targeted functions and modified the carbon structures and the textural properties as well. Methane cracking tests were then performed on the biochars to compare their activities and correlate with their physico-chemical properties. It has been highlighted the minerals particles of potassium and calcium are the main active sites of the biochar surface. In fact, the reactivity of the impregnated biochars was twice to 4 times higher than the one of the raw biochar. The porosity of the biochar is the second most important criteria to notably obtain a good dispersion of the minerals particles. Basic oxygenated functions and disordered carbonaceous structures (defaults into the graphene sheets) are reactive as well. However, coke deposition progressively deactivated the biochars surface over the reaction in any case. A model at the pore scale has been proposed to better understand the surface deactivation
Kelly, Chrissy Ann. "Cracking the Code: An effectiveness study". Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/615.
Testo completoWysong, Zachary D. "Development and comparison of the asphalt binder cracking device to directly measure thermal cracking potential of asphalts". Ohio : Ohio University, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1177094517.
Testo completoHope, Adam T. Hope. "Development of a High Chromium Ni-Base Filler Metal Resistant to Ductility Dip Cracking and Solidification Cracking". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461175457.
Testo completoJohnson, Luke. "Solidification Cracking and Ductility-Dip Cracking Resistance of Ni-Base Filler Metal 52XL with Tantalum and Molybdenum Additions". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1575462956102374.
Testo completoRaseroka, Mantsaye S. "Controlled chloride cracking of austenitic stainless steel". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07032009-120615/.
Testo completoTheiss, Timothy J. "Preliminary investigation into the cracking of polyurethane". Thesis, This resource online, 1987. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04122010-083619/.
Testo completoMeadows, Jason Lee. "Early-age cracking of mass concrete structures". Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/MEADOWS_JASON_53.pdf.
Testo completoMeadows, Jason Lee Schindler Anton K. "Early-age cracking of mass concrete structures". Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/MEADOWS_JASON_53.pdf.
Testo completoWells, David Brett. "Early stages of intergranular stress corrosion cracking". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256769.
Testo completoMohammed, Farej Ahmed. "Stress corrosion cracking in duplex stainless steels". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488331.
Testo completoFejzo, R. "Dynamic behaviour of concrete structures with cracking". Thesis, Swansea University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636965.
Testo completoEccott, A. R. "Environmental stress cracking resistance of phenolic compounds". Thesis, Swansea University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636763.
Testo completoSetiaji, A. H. B. "The preparation and characterisation of cracking catalysts". Thesis, University of Salford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356190.
Testo completoDeshais, Gerald. "Stress corrosion cracking in Al based alloys". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621509.
Testo completoKruska, Karen. "Understanding the mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:94574eaf-4ae0-4093-bf20-3f4f4c559e7c.
Testo completoMomeni, Amir Farid. "Y-cracking in continuously reinforced concrete pavements". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15642.
Testo completoDepartment of Civil Engineering
Kyle A. Riding
When transverse cracks meander there is a high possibility for transverse cracks to meet at a point and connect to another transverse crack, creating a Y-crack. Y-cracks have been blamed for being the origin of punchouts and spallings in CRCPs. When the direction of maximum principal stress changes, it could cause a change in the crack direction, potentially forming a Y-crack. Finite Element Models (FEMs) were run to model the change in principal stress direction based on design and construction conditions. The finite element model of CRCP using typical Oklahoma CRCP pavement conditions and design was assembled. The model included the concrete pavement, asphalt concrete subbase, and soil subgrade. The effect of areas of changed friction on the direction of principal stress was simulated by considering a patch at the pavement-subbase interaction. Investigated factors related to this patch were location of patch, friction between patch and subbase, and patch size. Patches were placed at two different locations in the pavement: a patch at the corner of the pavement and a patch at the longitudinal edge between pavement ends. A change in the friction at the corner had a large effect on the stress magnitude and direction of principal stress, while a patch in the middle did not significantly change the stress state. Also, patch size had a noticeable effect on stress magnitude when the patch was at the corner. Another model was developed to understand the effect of jointed shoulder on direction of maximum principal stress. Analysis of this model showed that the stresses were not symmetric and changed along the width of the pavement. This meandering pattern shows a high potential for Y-cracking. Also, several finite element models were run to understand the effects of different shrinkage between mainline and shoulder. In order to simulate the effects of the differential drying shrinkage between the hardened mainline concrete and the newly cast shoulder, different temperature changes were applied on the mainline and shoulder. For these models, the orientation of the maximum principal stress was not significantly changed from different amounts of temperature decreases between mainline and shoulder. Also, effect of different longitudinal steel percentages was investigated by comparing two finite element models with different steel percentage. The model with higher steel percentage (0.7%) indicated more variation in stress, potentially leading to more crack direction diverging.
Meisnar, Martina. "High-resolution characterisation of stress corrosion cracking". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6915e56d-d63b-43dc-af29-5257a21d1e4b.
Testo completoRamskill, Thomas Edward. "Effect of Cracking on Lag Bolt Performance". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28643.
Testo completoPh. D.
Bazzo, Jeffrey D. "Analysis of Uncontrolled Concrete Bridge Parapet Cracking". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1351032089.
Testo completoBaah, Prince. "Cracking Behavior of Structural Slab Bridge Decks". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1417539467.
Testo completoGammon, M. A. "Stress corrosion cracking of nuclear grade steels". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21956.
Testo completoEtoumi, Assma S. Abdalla. "Hybrid membrane-distillation separation for ethylene cracking". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hybrid-membranedistillation-separation-for-ethylene-cracking(aee59d9f-61a3-4edf-8d22-0123fb6e942e).html.
Testo completoMohammad, Noor. "Desiccation Cracking Behaviour in Thin Bentonite Layers". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22231.
Testo completoCampet, Robin. "Simulation and optimization of steam-cracking processes". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0009/document.
Testo completoThermal cracking is an industrial process sensitive to both temperature and pressure operating conditions. The use of internally ribbed reactors is a passive method to enhance the chemical selectivity of the process, thanks to a significant increase of heat transfer. However, this method also induces an increase in pressure loss, which is damageable to the chemical yield and must be quantified. Because of the complexity of turbulence and chemical kinetics, and as detailed experimental measurements are difficult to conduct, the real advantage of such geometries in terms of selectivity is however poorly known and difficult to assess. This work aims both at evaluating the real benefits of internally ribbed reactors in terms of chemical yields and at proposing innovative and optimized reactor designs. This is made possible using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach, which allows to study in detail the reactive flow inside several reactor geometries. The AVBP code, which solves the Navier-Stokes compressible equations for turbulent flows, is used in order to simulate thermal cracking thanks to a dedicated numerical methodology. In particular, the effect of pressure loss and heat transfer on chemical conversion is compared for both a smooth and a ribbed reactor in order to conclude about the impact of wall roughness in industrial operating conditions. An optimization methodology, based on series of LES and Gaussian process, is finally developed and an innovative reactor design for thermal cracking applications, which maximizes the chemical yield, is proposed
Giovanniello, Francesca <1992>. "Cracking the luxury code. The Gucci Renaissance". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13002.
Testo completoNevasmaa, P. (Pekka). "Predictive model for the prevention of weld metal hydrogen cracking in high-strength multipass welds". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2003. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514271815.
Testo completoSullivan, William Garrett. "Calibrating triboluminescent light to cracking in concrete structures". Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/2181949.
Testo completoAdvisor: Dr. Okenwa Okoli, Florida State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.
Crusat, Codina Laura. "Numerical modeling of cracking along non-preestablished paths". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671100.
Testo completoL'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi és la descripció numèrica de discontinuïtats discretes i la seva propagació utilitzant els conceptes que ofereix la Mecànica Configuracional, de manera que la seva trajectòria realment correspongui a un mínim d'energia i no estigui predeterminada per les línies de la malla inicial. Com a primer pas, es revisen dues formulacions existents per a fractures amb una orientació predeterminada: els elements junta tradicionals de gruix zero (FEM+z) i el eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) desenvolupat recentment. En primer lloc s’estudia XFEM, es desenvolupa i implementa la seva formulació en un codi Matlab, i es realitzen alguns exemples de validació. S'investiguen aspectes teòrics, com l'equivalència amb els elements junta tradicionals de gruix zero, la qual es demostra per a certes condicions, o la raó dels salts patològics observats en les implementacions tradicionals del mètode mitjançant la "interpolació natural", que pot atribuir-se a la manca de conformitat de les funcions d'interpolació entre els dos costats de l'element original, al llarg de la intersecció amb la línia de discontinuïtat. En comparació amb la literatura existent, la formulació desenvolupada presenta dos aspectes no estàndards: a) la re-interpolació (o "interpolació en dos passos") de les variables dels nodes als punts d'intersecció de la discontinuïtat en primer lloc, i d'aquí als punts interiors dels subdominis (en comptes de la interpolació directa tradicional mitjançant les funcions d'interpolació originals de l'element), i b) l'ús de graus de llibertat addicionals del tipus "voladís" o "cantilever" (valor que tindrien els desplaçaments nodals a l'altre costat de la discontinuïtat en absència de salt) en comptes dels valors tradicionals ("salts"). A més a més, s’han realitzat altres desenvolupaments d’aspecte pràctic en la implementació, com el tractament de nodes molt propers a la discontinuïtat, per tal d'eliminar problemes numèrics aquests es traslladen fent-los coincidir amb la discontinuïtat. La segona part de la tesi es centra en l'ús de la teoria de la Mecànica configuracional per a modificar l'orientació de les fractures per tal de garantir que la trajectòria obtinguda correspongui a un mínim d'energia i es minimitzi la dependència amb la malla original. Les forces configuracionals es defineixen com els gradients d'energia en relació a la posició nodal dels nodes de malla. Per tant, reorientar les fractures en la direcció indicada per aquestes forces ha de minimitzar l'energia global elàstica i les trajectòries de fractura s'han de reproduir de manera més realista. En base a aquesta idea, s’afegeix un llaç "configuracional" addicional a l'esquema estàndard del procés iteratiu-incremental. El canvi de coordenades nodals en cada iteració configuracional s'aplica selectivament; només els nodes de la punta de fractura dels elements junta que comencen a obrir poden canviar la seva posició configuracional. El model no lineal FEM+z incorpora la llei constitutiva no lineal per a fractures discretes, per a millorar l’estratègia d’avanç s'ha desenvolupat una nova estratègia iterativa del tipus Indirect Displacement Control (IDC) basada en la dissipació de la fractura. A més a més, s'han aplicat tècniques de relaxació de malla i transport de variable nodal per a assegurar la qualitat de la malla i obtenir resultats coherents. Finalment, la implementació en el codi de Matlab i els exemples de verificació han donat resultats molt satisfactoris; les línies de malla aconsegueixen reorientar-se durant les iteracions configuracionals, de manera que la fractura propaga progressivament coincidint amb la trajectòria física coneguda en tots els exemples presentats.
Bosnjak, Daniela. "Self-induced cracking problems in hardening concrete structures". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1512.
Testo completoThis thesis deals with prediction of early age cracking caused by restrained temperature dilation and autogenous deformation. Traditonally, prediction of early-age cracking has been based on temperature criteria. The temperature criteria alone are, however, not sufficiently accurate for cracking prediction. Stress-strain criteria are more reliable because they consider all the crucial factors: thermal dilation, autogenous deformaion, mechanical properties and restraint condtions.
The purpose of this dr.ing. project is to extend the general appliicability of stress/srain based curing technology, and to contribute to better understanding and better prediction of stresses during hardeing of concrete structures.
In the first part of the thesis the major features of hardening concrete are described and mathematical descriptions of the phenomena are given. Different models are discussed, and on the basis of such discussion, new models have been implemented in the FE program DIANA. First, the equivalent time was introduced in parallel to the degree of hydration, so that all material properties may be considered equivalent-time dependent. it is shown that the simpler and more common equivelent-time based model for the heat of hydration development can describe temperature development with the same accurancy as the degree of hydration based model. Further, the activation energy is made temperature depentent instead of being constant. A modified CEB equation for E.modulus development is implemented. The temperature influence on creep is modified by introducing a thermal transitonal creep term.
A mathematical decription of stress-and strain development in hardening concrete structures is presented, and special attention given to the viscoelastic behavior of concrete. The influence of creep on Self-induced stresses is examined. The emphasis is put on creep importance in different periods of the hardening process. In externally restrained structures, prone to through cracking, creep in the early period (heating phase) reduces the compressive stresses, and consequently increases the tensile stresses in the subsequent cooling period, thus increasing the cracking risk. For internally restrained structures, prone to surface cracking in the early period, creep obviosly reduces the cracking risk. In the cooling phase creep reduces the tensile stresses. For externally restrained structures, the effects of creep in the cooling and heating phases are counteracting, and in some cases they annul each other. The present results do not diminish the importance of creep on thermal stresses, to the contrary, it emphasises the necessity of correct prediction of creep during the whole period of hardening.
Three creep models for young concrete are compared: Double Power Law, Maxwell chain model and Burgers model. The models are calibrated against the same experimental data and used in calculation of therimal stresses. The temperature dependency of the models is also investigated. A good agreement between the Double Power Law and the Maxwell Chain was obtained, wheras the Burgers model, which consists of one Kelvin unit and one viscous damper, gave different results. Although the major reason for the deviation is due to the simplicity of the Burgers model, the deviation is also coused by differnt descriptions of the temperature dependence, and the nature of the test data used in the calibration. Test methods are also discussed, with special weight on the Temperature Stress Testing Machine tests. Although this type of test is indispensible, and very useful to check the validity of the material models and the calculation methods, the shortcomings by using it to predict the creep model parameters are also shown.
Restraint conditions and their influlence on thermal stresses were also investigated. Different ways of modelling the structure and the interaction with the subgrade were analysed and compared. Influence of the stiffness of the ground and the structural geometry on thermal stresses and cracking risk was investigated by means of 3D analyses.
The last part of the work is numerical simulation of temperature and stress/strain development in real structure, the Maridal culvert in Olso. A comprehensive laboratory test program was performed at NTNU to identify material parameters. Both thermal and mechanical properaties were tested. Material models were checked in the TSTM for three different realistic temperature histories. Within the Brite-Euram project IPACS a large field instrumentation programme has been carried out to measure temperature and strain development in the culvert. 3D analysis of the foundations and walls in two of the instrumented sections of this structure were performed with DIANA and calculated results are compared to measurements. Deviation between calculated and measured temperature is within range of ±50C. Deviation between calculated and measured strains is about ±50x10-6. Possible reasons of disagreement between calculations and measurements are discussed. When all uncertainties in materail modelling and measuring methods are sonsidered it is concluded that results of the simulation are satisfying.