Tesi sul tema "Coût moyen de l'énergie"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-20 saggi (tesi di laurea o di dottorato) per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Coût moyen de l'énergie".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi le tesi di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
Agha, Kassab Fadi. "Co-optimisation of the sizing and control of an urban microgrid". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COMP2822.
Testo completoThe modernization of the electricity grid (EG) through the implementation of microgrids offers significant potential for enhancing energy resilience, sustainability, and efficiency. However, this transition involves navigating a complex web of technical, economic, and environmental challenges. Microgrids require meticulous planning and optimization to balance energygeneration, storage, and consumption while minimizing costs and carbon emissions. Achievingthis balance calls for advanced optimization strategies, which are capable of addressing theintricacies of system components and operational dynamics. The objective of this research is to enhance the decision-making capabilities of microgrid designers by providing a comprehensive approach for microgrid planning. The study offers an in-depth analysis of the project’s lifetime from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives. Implemented in Python and solved using CPLEX, the optimization process aims to minimize both the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the levelized cost of emissions (LCE). The study utilizes real economic and environmental data considering load growth as well as actual solar irradiation, ambient temperature, and wind speed data. The load for the university building is based on data from the Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France with the electric vehicle (EV) load modeled using probabilistic modeling. The study introduces a joint multi-objective optimization strategy usingMixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to ensure globally optimal solutions, thereby that facilitates obtaining more informed and effective design choices. These choices involve evaluating various proposed solutions to balance cost and carbon emissions while addressing the complexities and technical constraints of the energy management (EM) problem. A novel aspect of this work is the integration of EM and component sizing into a unified optimization problem, aiming for an optimality gap of 0% with reduced computation time compared to existing literature. The proposed method evaluates the inherent trade-offs among various solutions by identifying the Pareto front and allowing for an optimal balance between economic and environmental objectives. The results indicate a significant reduction in LCOE and LCE in the GCMG compared to the IMG. The study reveals that Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) capacity increases as the LCE decreases, and the number of Photovoltaic (PV) systems is higher when the LCOE is lower for both operation modes. This occurs because the BESS has a slightly lower LCE compared to PV, and the LCOE of PV is also lower than that of BESS. Furthermore, as the limit of the EG increases, the Pareto fronts become lower and steeper. Additionally, the same MILP algorithm is applied to optimize microgrids from a tertiary university campus across various cities. The study further integrates wind turbines (WT) and EV loads into the microgrid. The study provides a comparative analysis of three scenarios (PV/BESS, WT/BESS, and PV/WT/BESS) across different cities for evaluating the impacts of seasonal fluctuations on LCOE and LCE, and for assessing how microgrid component technologies influence LCOE and LCE outcomes. The results indicate that scenarios including PV/WT/BESS yield the lowest LCOE and LCE values, while the WT/BESS scenario results in the highest LCOE and LCE. It is also observed that the order of cities based on average solar irradiation or wind speed does not necessarily correspond to the order of LCOE and LCE. Monthly and daily fluctuations in solar irradiation and wind speed significantly impact these results. Regarding the technologies, locally produced PV panels contribute positively to the overall LCE of the microgrid, with PV panels incorporating phase changing material showing higher LCE. The research also compares two distinct algorithms
Kortbi, Othmane. "Sur l'estimation d'un vecteur moyen sous symétrie sphérique et sous contrainte". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5158.
Testo completoDobigny, Laure. "Quand l'énergie change de mains : socio-anthropologie de l'autonomie énergétique locale au moyen d'énergies renouvelables en Allemagne, Autriche et France". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H230.
Testo completoThe development of renewable energy (RE) in Europe has been sustained, inter alia, by unconventional players in the energy sector: individuals, fanners, and local communities. As a result, over 50% of renewable energy generation capacity in Germany is citizen-owned. Thus more and more rural communities are achieving local energy independence, producing as much or even more than they consume, whether they are connected to national power grids or not (microgrids). What has led these citizens and local governments to become individually and collectively energy self-sufficient? And what are the implications of this local appropriation of energy on representations of energy and its use, social organization, social cohesion, local economies, and collective identity? These questions have guided this socio-anthropological study of five communities in Germany, Austria, and France. The transnational analysis also compares two levels of energy independence: individual (domestic) and collective (community). Changing the level of analysis makes it possible to question the role of the technical system in energy use, as well as the pioneering and key role farmers play in the choice of renewables - in order to better understand its social meaning. Within the large technical system, the choice of local energy independence, and the alternative it represents, has political, social, environmental, technical, economic, and symbolic dimensions. Because, ultimately, when energy changes hands, power does as well
Chambon, Marc. "Production d'hydrogène au moyen des cycles thermochimiques ZnO/Zn et SnO²/SnO de dissociation de l'eau basés sur l'énergie solaire concentrée". Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP1126.
Testo completoGuerin, Mathieu. "Conception de circuits électroniques au moyen de la technologie CMOS organique imprimée". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4780/document.
Testo completoDuring the past few years, the field of organic electronics has known an important development. The CEA LITEN is able to manufacture N-type and P-type screen-printed transistors on a same plastic sheet, enabling the design of complementary circuits. The performances and limitations of this technology are studied since one of this thesis’ main objectives is to determine the feasibility of a fully-printed organic RFID tag. Such a tag would be flexible and could be manufactured at an extremely low-cost. Some circuits commonly used in the RFID tags, and using up to 50 transistors, are designed and tested, showing some performances equivalent or above the reported latest developments. The organic electronics manufacturing process is not as mature as the one used in the classical silicon industry. Therefore, a study is performed concerning the effects of this process scattering, as well as the ageing, on the circuits’ performances. The main improvements (in terms of reliability, organic semi-conductor mobility, size) that can help the organic electronics in order to compete, one day, with the silicon industry, are discussed
Zimmermann, Paul. "Séries génératrices et analyse automatique d'algorithmes". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00526670.
Testo completoEscobar, Lina. "L'économie de l'énergie nucléaire : coûts de construction et régulation de la sûreté". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0093/document.
Testo completoThis thesis studies the role of construction costs and safety regulation on nuclear power competitiveness. The analysis of the construction costs is based on the use of the actual data coming from the american and french nuclear fleet. In particular, we study different channels from which cost reductions might arise. We show that standardization is a key criterion for the economic competitiveness of nuclear power, first because the positive learning effects are conditional to the technology, this means that cost reductions will arise only if the same type of reactor is built several times, but also because it allows to reduce the cost indirectly through shorter construction lead-times. In the analysis of the role of safety regulation, we first asses the effect of the latest major nuclear accident (i.e Fukushima Dai-ichi) in the probability of occurrence of such an event and then the effects of the uncertainty regarding how safety care reduce the probability of a nuclear accident in setting safety standards under moral hazard and limited liability. We find that the standard will be stricter when the regulator is optimistic in the safety care effectiveness to reduce the risk of an accident, but simultaneously this policy might induce no compliance of the most inefficient operators
Safaf, Salam. "La politique étrangère de l'Iran et la problématique de la prolifération nucléaire au Moyen-Orient". Toulouse 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU10034.
Testo completoThe Iranian State is an exception in the International System : the Iranian system of government is composed of institutions created during the Revolution and built upon the two core mainstays : the Islamic one and the republican one. These mainstays correspond to the dual source of the régime's legitimacy : the Divine sovereignty and the will of the People. Thus, the Iranian nuclear policy is not developed and implemented by a single person but rather takes place through a dialectical argument between the Supreme Leader of the Revolution and the executive branch embodied by the President. Iran's behaviour is hence driven by national interest expressed as power, and independently pursues a rational goal : achieving the national security. That is the "Primary Goal" of Iran, emphasizing the ability to protect the national sovereignty and the territorial integrity in an anarchic world. The nuclear energy and particularly the nuclear armament that Iran tries to acquire are consequently a mere additional attribute of power - an attribute that is supposed to counterbalance the weakness of its military weaponry - in a bid to achieve a balance of power against the nuclear countries in the Middle-East, and particularly Israel
Roy, Thomas. "Rémunérations, travail et niveaux de vie à Dijon à la fin du Moyen-Age". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCH004.
Testo completoThe remuneration of work is a familiar concept in our modern world. It is well known that medieval societies also faced it, but we don’t know under what proportions, what influenced its level and how it participates to living standard. These are the central questions guiding this work, with Dijon at the end of the Middle Ages as a mooring point. The richness of Dijon medieval archives offers high quality material for the study of medieval remunerations. A first point of observation was established during the 1370-1395 period, where the cross-referencing of various documents made possible to systemically observe the importance of remunerations within Dijon society. Two other observation points were placed on the ducal vineyards and the municipal legislation on prices and wages, in a wider diachronic perspective extended to the 15th century.A database was created from more than 12,000 payments covering the 1370-1395 period. It reports a significant income-generating activity in the construction, craft and vineyard areas. The mapping of these remunerations shows their impact on the whole city and beyond. The comparison with the tax accounts made possible to assess the proportion of the population which was paid and its standard of living. Indeed, our documents do not allow us to detect the entire active population : only about 20 % of the city households were retributed. Medieval society had difficulties to give a name to remunerations. This study shows that work is quantified by different means: some are based on precise calculations of daily work or measurement of production, the others mix remuneration sensu stricto and in kind payment of the workers. The levels of remuneration are however calculated on the basis of concrete aspects: the worker's experience, his/her technical mastery and his/her know-how, the task difficulty, the harsh working conditions and the productivity. If these aspects are similar to modern practice of remuneration, it takes place in small working structures, often enshrined in the broad framework of the family.The late-medieval labor remuneration is thus composite and if some of workers get rich, it is difficult to grasp its importance to satisfy the needs of workers. Yet, political interventions constantly seeked to constrain and limit the rise of remunerations in order to reduce the production costs. Throughout the fifteenth century, the city of Dijon and the Duchy of Burgundy promulgated ordinances on the remuneration of winegrowers, and others which aimed to limit the bread price. These interferences show the importance of the remuneration of work at the end of the Middle Ages and also gives the means to approach the concept of real wages
Santos, Manata Joao-Paulo dos. "Approche méthodologique de la conception des lignes de production industrielles intégrant les impératifs de maintenance, de performance et de coût global de possession : application à des équipements sidérurgiques". Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10290.
Testo completoYin, Changjie. "Impact of diesel generator operating modes on standalone DC microgrid and control strategies implying supercapacitor". Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2411/document.
Testo completoThe intermittent and random nature of renewable sources, such as photovoltaic and wind turbine, asks for the complement of storage, such as battery and back-up energy, such as diesel generator, especially in a standalone power system. Concerning the diesel generator, it needs some time to start up and cannot immediately offer the needed power, due to its dynamic behavior. Hence, the power quality is lowered down during this period because of the shortage of power. Therefore, during the period of the diesel generator starting up, a supercapacitor is suggested to compensate the power balance because of its fast response and high power density. A power control strategy is proposed to achieve the coordination between diesel generator and supercapacitor. Both simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy is able to regulate the DC bus voltage within the acceptable limits and supplying the load during the renewable power under generation or load step-increase situations. In addition, the supercapacitor can be also used to overcome the electrochemical storage limits like its state of charge and maximum current. So, this thesis proposes the real time power control for a hybrid photovoltaic-battery-supercapacitor-diesel generator DC microgrid system, aiming to meet the load power demand with reliability and stabilizing the DC bus voltage. Both simulation and experimental results show that the designed control strategy improves the DC microgrid dynamic and static performances under different operating conditions. Furthermore, in order to minimize the diesel generator energy cost, the fuel cost and fuel consumption are analysed through several experimental tests. Therefore, the optimal value of its power generation is deduced and applied in a newly proposed energy management strategy. This strategy can achieve the goal of maximizing the utilization of photovoltaic energy and taking into account the slow start-up characteristic and energy cost of diesel generator. Both simulation and experimental studies are carried out by using the real photovoltaic data to illustrate the performance and the behavior of the hybrid system. The obtained results verify the effectiveness of this strategy. Furthermore, the comparison with the previous energy management strategy, in which the diesel generator energy cost is not considered, demonstrates that the newly proposed energy management strategy can reduce the total cost of the hybrid DC power system
Shirizadeh, Ghezeljeh Behrang. "Reaching carbon neutrality in France by 2050 : optimal choice of energy sources, carriers and storage options". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021EHES0013.
Testo completoTo stay in line with 1.5°C of global warming, the French government has adopted the target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The main greenhouse gas being carbon dioxide, and the majority of its emissions being due to energy combustion, this dissertation focuses on reaching carbon-neutrality in French energy-related CO2 emissions by 2050. This thesis dissertation aims to study the relative role of different low-carbon mitigation options in the energy sector in reaching carbon-neutrality. More precisely, this thesis first studies the French power sector, first in a fully renewable power system, and second in a power system containing other mitigation options i.e. nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage. I study the impact of uncertainties related to cost development of renewables and storage options and address the robustness of a fully renewable power system to cost uncertainties. Later, adding other low-carbon mitigation options in the power sector, I analyze the relative role of different low-carbon options. Similarly, to incentivize the investments in variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, I study the investment risk related to the price and volume volatility of renewable electricity technologies, and the performance of different public policy support schemes. The analysis in this thesis goes beyond the electricity system and it also considers the whole energy system in the presence of sector-coupling. During this thesis, I have developed a family of models optimizing dispatch and investment to answer different questions regarding the French energy transition. These models minimize the cost of the considered system (electricity system or the whole energy system) by satisfying the supply/demand equilibrium at each hour over at least one year, respecting the main technical and operational, resource related and land-use constraints. Thus, both short-term and long-term variability of renewable energy sources are taken into account. Using these models, I address the questions raised above. These models are not used to find a single optimal solution, but several optimal solutions depending on different weather, cost, energy demand and technology availability scenarios. Therefore, the importance of robustness to the uncertainties is at the center of the used methodology beside optimality. The findings of my thesis show that renewable energy supply sources are the main enablers of reaching carbon neutrality in a cost-effective way, no matter the considered energy system; either only electricity or the whole energy system. While the elimination of nuclear power barely increases the cost of a carbon-neutral energy system, the elimination of renewables is associated with high inefficiencies both from the cost and emission points of view. In fact, if renewable gas is not available, even a social cost of carbon of €500/tCO2 will not be enough to reach carbon-neutrality. This is partially due to the negative emissions that it can provide once combined with carbon capture and storage, and partially due to the cost-optimality of renewable gas-fired internal combustion engines in reaching carbon-neutrality in the transport sector. This dissertation has several important policy-related messages; however, the central one is that reaching carbon-neutrality for the lowest cost requires a highly renewable energy system. Therefore, if we are to prioritize investment in low-carbon options, renewable gas and electricity technologies are of the highest importance
Eleutério, Julian. "Flood risk analysis : impact of uncertainty in hazard modelling and vulnerability assessments on damage estimations". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAB014/document.
Testo completoThis thesis aims at exploring different sources of uncertainty related to the economic analysis of the flood risk. It embraces several fields of knowledge in order to determine how the selection of strategies used to model flood hazard and assess the vulnerability of a territory may affect damage potential estimations. We measured the variability of damage estimations as a function of the datasets, methods, models and scales considered to: analyse the probability of floods (hydrology); model and map flood hazard (hydraulics); assess the vulnerability and susceptibility of properties to floods (civil engineering, geography and environmental economics). The methods and analyses developed here should bring support for practitioners in the investigation of uncertainties, determination of evaluation priorities and optimisation of the distribution of resources between the different modules of the evaluation process. In order to explore a second level of complexity of flood risk evaluations, we developed a method for analysing the systemic vulnerability of infrastructure networks, in relation with their resilience
Cottin, Raphael. "Essays on health and poverty in Morocco". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED003/document.
Testo completoThis dissertation exploits a new nationally representative panel survey of household conditions in order to investigate different aspects of the health-social protection-poverty nexus in present-day Morocco. First, we assess the impact of a policy of `free health care' on access to public hospitals and health-related expenditures. Second, we investigate how shocks related to ill health are related to various coping mechanisms, in particular to the reallocation of labor within the household. Third, we analyze the determinants of the feeling of being poor in the Moroccan population, with a focus on comparison effects. We find that the free health care policy had a moderate, but positive, impact on access to health care among rural households, but a limited impact on health expenditures and no impact on consultation rates for urban household. Moroccan families use a variety of coping mechanisms to cover themselves against the financial shocks linked to illness; in particular, we show that in urban areas, female labor supply reacts positively to illness of the household head, which suggests that low female labor force participation is driven by supply-side reasons. Finally, we find that the feelings of being poor is influenced by the income of various comparison groups, albeit in different directions according to the geographical scale: the income of the comparison group at the neighborhood or village level is negatively associated with the feeling of poverty, while the income at the province level is positively correlated with one's own poverty perception
Kern, Alexander. "Perspectives on employee stock ownership in France, Germany, and The United States of America". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1105.
Testo completoFirstly, this research examines shared capitalism, the theoretical and historical development of employee participation, and ownership rights. Secondly, the thesis analyzes empirically perspectives on employee stock ownership. First, the period from the 19th century until the beginning of the 21st century in Germany is researched. We attempt to answer the question: "Did policy makers in Germany want to create a society of owners?" During the research we prove the hypothesis "Employee ownership was a criterion of Germany's founding fathers in order to stabilize Germany socio-economically after the Second World War." We confirm it through a qualitative study of historical archive researches. In Germany, there is clear evidence that founding fathers pursued "Wohlstand für Alle" through citizen's shares. Second, this research examines the relationship between employee stock ownership and the weighted average cost of capital. The thesis analyzes the conflict between internal and external stakeholders, which is represented through a company's stock price assuming an efficient market. We hypothesize: "A higher percentage of shares held by employees causes a lower WACC." This is confirmed through a quantitative fixed effect panel regression model in the case of the Société des Bourses Françaises 120 index and Standard & Poor's 500 index
Eleutério, Julian. "Analyse du risque inondation : l'impact d'incertitudes dans les modélisations de l'aléa et de la vulnérabilité des enjeux sur les estimations de dommages". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821011.
Testo completoLaguzet, Laetitia. "Modélisation mathématique et numérique des comportements sociaux en milieu incertain. Application à l'épidémiologie". Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090058/document.
Testo completoThis thesis propose a mathematical analysis of the vaccination strategies.The first part introduces the mathematical framework, in particular the Susceptible – Infected – Recovered compartmental model.The second part introduces the optimal control tools used to find an optimal vaccination strategy from the societal point of view, which is a minimizer of the societal cost. We show that the associated value function can have a less regularity than what was assumed in the literature. These results are then applied to the vaccination against the whooping cough.The third part defines a model where the cost is defined at the level of the individual. We rephrase this problem as a Nash equilibrium and compare this results with the societal strategy. An application to the Influenza A(H1N1) 2009-10 indicates the presence of inhomogeneous perceptions concerning the vaccination risks.The fourth and last part proposes a direct numerical implementation of the different strategies
Sandoval, reyes Mexitli Eva. "Methodology to identify the key variables driving the techno-economic feasibility of Trigeneration – Thermal Storage systems". Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IMTA0182.
Testo completoTrigeneration systems with thermal storage (CCHP-TS) contribute to the distributed generation of energy and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, it is important to assess their techno-economic feasibility to ensure long-term implementation. Moreover, determining and characterizing the influential variables is essential to identify the most viable application fields. Potentially, this could foster the interest of project managers, investors, and policymakers, therefore encouraging the adoption of this technology. Several authors suggest that energy prices and loads are important variables for the techno-economic feasibility of CCHP-TS systems. Particularly they have explored the Spark Spread rate, a ratio between the cost of electricity from the grid and the CHP fuel. However, just a few studies are assessing the prices and loads together, with some limitations in their model, the technology analyzed, or even the resolution of the loads. As the literature reveals that energy prices and loads size are important variables, this study aims to analyze two hypotheses proposed: 1) There is a combination of energy prices and the size of the annual energy loads that makes techno-economically feasible a CCHP-TS system; 2) The energy prices (electricity and natural gas) should be considered separately instead of consolidating them into the spark spread rate (SS). The analysis is divided into two phases. The first one is an exploratory analysis aiming to demonstrate that the model for CCHP-TS is relevant and sensitive to the variables of analysis (energy prices and loads). The second is a rigorous sensitivity analysis and the comparison of three approaches: Morris, Sobol, and VARS. The results state that energy prices and the annual size of the electric load are the most relevant variables on the feasibility of a CCHP-TS system. The order of relevance between the energy prices relies on the measure used for the economic performance: either absolute (expressed in the amount of savings [in US dollar(s)]) or relative (expressed in the percentage of savings [%]). But in both cases, the price of the fuel is the variable with the largest interaction effects. The methodology of the first phase incorporates tools such as full factorial design of experiments (DoE), DER-CAM simulation and optimization tool, and a novel combination of k-Means clustering and multicriteria decision making (MCDM). For the second phase, it is mainly the use of global sensitivity analysis methods and the adaptation of a CCHP-TS model into the programming language Python, using the optimization library PYOMO and the solver CPLEX. In this second phase, the implementation of the three sensitivity analysis methods allowed identifying their advantages and limitations. Moreover, this complementarity thereby reinforced the techno-economic feasibility analysis
Kern, Alexander. "Perspectives on employee stock ownership in France, Germany, and The United States of America". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1105.
Testo completoFirstly, this research examines shared capitalism, the theoretical and historical development of employee participation, and ownership rights. Secondly, the thesis analyzes empirically perspectives on employee stock ownership. First, the period from the 19th century until the beginning of the 21st century in Germany is researched. We attempt to answer the question: "Did policy makers in Germany want to create a society of owners?" During the research we prove the hypothesis "Employee ownership was a criterion of Germany's founding fathers in order to stabilize Germany socio-economically after the Second World War." We confirm it through a qualitative study of historical archive researches. In Germany, there is clear evidence that founding fathers pursued "Wohlstand für Alle" through citizen's shares. Second, this research examines the relationship between employee stock ownership and the weighted average cost of capital. The thesis analyzes the conflict between internal and external stakeholders, which is represented through a company's stock price assuming an efficient market. We hypothesize: "A higher percentage of shares held by employees causes a lower WACC." This is confirmed through a quantitative fixed effect panel regression model in the case of the Société des Bourses Françaises 120 index and Standard & Poor's 500 index
Shuai, Wenjing. "Management of electric vehicle systems with self-interested actors". Thesis, Télécom Bretagne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TELB0408/document.
Testo completoElectric Vehicles (EVs), as their penetration increases, are not only challenging the sustainability of the power grid, but also stimulating and promoting its upgrading. Indeed, EVs can actively reinforce the development of the Smart Grid if their charging processes are properly coordinated through two-way communications, possibly benefiting all types of actors. Because grid systems involve a large number of actors with nonaligned objectives, we focus on the economic and incentive aspects, where each actor behaves in its own interest. We indeed believe that the market structure will directly impact the actors' behaviors, and as a result the total benefits that the presence of EVs can earn the society, hence the need for a careful design. The thesis first provides an overview of economic models considering unidirectional energy flows, but also bidirectional energy flows, i.e., with EVs temporarily providing energy to the grid. We describe and compare the main approaches, summarize the requirements on the supporting communication systems, and propose a classification to highlight the most important results and lacks. We propose to use the recharging processes of EVs to provide regulation to the grid by varying the instantaneous recharging power. We provide an economic analysis of the incentives at play, including the EV owners point of view (longer recharging durations and impact on battery lifetime versus cheaper energy) and the aggregator point of view (revenues from recharging versus regulation gains). In particular, we analyze the range of regulation rewards such that offering a regulation-oriented recharging benefits both EV owners and the aggregator. After that, we split the monopolistic aggregator into two competing entities. We model a non-cooperative game between them and examine the outcomes at the Nash equilibrium, in terms of user welfare, station revenue and electricity prices. As expected, competing stations offer users with lower prices than the monopolistic revenue-maximizing aggregator do. Furthermore, the amount of regulation service increases significantly than that in the monopolistic case. Considering the possibility of discharging, we propose an approach close to Vehicle-to-Grid, where EVs can give back some energy from their batteries during peak times. But we also use EVs as energy transporters, by taking their energy where it is consumed. A typical example is a shopping mall with energy needs, benefiting from customers coming and going to alleviate its grid-based consumption, while EV owners make profits by reselling energy bought at off-peak periods. Based on a simple model for EV mobility, energy storage, and electricity pricing, we quantify the reduction in energy costs for the EV-supported system, and investigate the conditions for this scenario to be viable