Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Couples mariés"

Cet article analyse la trajectoire d’un couple de pédagogues socialistes réformateurs parisiens, Marie-Thérèse et Fernand Maurette-Dupuy. À Genève entre 1924 et 1937, Fernand travaille au BIT et Marie-Thérèse dirige l’École internationale de Genève, créée par des pédagogues genevois et des couples de fonctionnaires internationaux. Cette école s’inspire des expériences pédagogiques pratiquées au Collège Sévigné à Paris et porte une attention particulière sur l’actualité contemporaine par des cours d’histoire et de géographie. Elle soutient également les organisations internationales dans leur promotion de la paix.

Cet article cherche à montrer la pertinence d’une entrée par le couple pour analyser l’histoire des socialismes au tournant du xix e  et du xx e  siècle. Après avoir proposé une courte mise au point historiographique sur le couple formé par Louise et Jean Jaurès, il analyse les traits communs à divers couples socialistes actifs à peu près à la même période, dont Georges Sorel et Marie David, Lalla et Émile Vandervelde, Albert et Madeleine Thomas, Marie-Thérèse et Fernand Maurette, Madeleine Vernet et Louis Tribier, Jean-Richard et Marguerite Bloch. Ce texte propose enfin une mise en perspective historique de la manière dont les socialistes conçoivent le couple idéal au xix e  et au xx e  siècle, cette question étant loin de faire l’unanimité à gauche et à l’extrême-gauche, entre saint-simoniens ou libertaires partisans d’une profonde réforme de l’institution matrimoniale et proudhoniens ou communistes attachés à maintenir l’ordre du foyer.

Hormis ses origines modestes, peu de choses sont connues de Marie David, la femme qui a accompagné Georges Sorel tout au long de sa vie, depuis leur rencontre en 1875. Pourtant, Sorel lui-même témoigne de son importance dans les développements de son œuvre. Sa place est ici étudiée sur deux plans, fortement liés l’un à l’autre. D’un côté, il s’agit de rassembler les quelques éléments épars donnant à voir un couple asymétrique, qui introduit Sorel aux réalités vécues du monde ouvrier et inspire son œuvre. D’un autre côté, cette inspiration joue sur une réflexion plus élaborée sur la femme et le couple dans la société.

Trying to trace seventeenth-century Florentine family memoirs, I came upon a manuscript journal entirely written by a woman. Its frontispiece bore a date, 1623, and a heading: “In the name of God, the glorious Virgin Mary and all the saints of the Heavenly Court of Paradise, this book is the journal of signora Maddalena Nerli Tornabuoni, and in it she will keep a record of all her daily accounts starting from this very day in March 1623.“As the title specified, it was mainly an account book that covered twenty years of Maddalena's widowed life up to her death in 1641. Going carefully through its pages made me begin to perceive the boundaries of a domestic world organized and governed by a middle-aged urban patrician woman. It shed light on the social world she lived in, one of children, servants, close relatives, and sharecroppers; on the concrete material objects she was surrounded by—linens, foodstuffs, furniture, clothes, devotional items; and on the physical space she occupied—city and country homes, the district of S. Maria Novella and S. Giovanni in Florence.

Abstract Islands are uniquely vulnerable to extreme weather events and food insecurity, and have additional response challenges due to their limited landmasses and economies, isolation, colonial legacies, and high dependence of food imports. Domestic farmers have a key role in producing food for island communities like Puerto Rico, which can safeguard food security when food importation may be challenging. Nevertheless, in the context of disaster, farmers themselves may be vulnerable to food insecurity and unable to contribute to domestic markets. This paper examines Puerto Rican farmers households’ food security in the aftermath of 2017’s Hurricane Maria using a social-ecological lens. Survey data from 405 farmers gathered eight months after Maria, coupled with biophysical data from the hurricane’s impacts (winds, rains, and landslides), were analyzed. Overall, 69% of farmers experienced at least one month of food insecurity in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, and 38% reported persistent food insecurity (three months or more). A multinomial logistic regression suggests that biophysical impacts, but especially social factors, such as age and constraint access to external sources of support, are linked with persistent food insecurity. This suggests that the biophysical impacts of the hurricane interact with existing infrastructure and social resources to affect farmer vulnerability and the food environment in different ways. Thus, strengthening adaptive capacity in multiple domains can help farmers and vulnerable populations better navigate the disruptions faced during disasters to alleviate food insecurity.

Dykes of Paleoproterozoic ultramafic rocks from the Kun-Manie area were studied within the southeastern fringe of the Siberian Platform. At the end of the Paleoproterozoic, the processes of overthrust faulting and folding were widely manifested here, the latest of which were accompanied by the emplacement of mafic-ultramafic dykes and sills that control the location of Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide mineralization. The petrographic structure of ultramafic dykes suggests their emplacement in tectonic settings. The elevated concentrations of LREE relative to HREE, coupled with other data, allow them to be referred to high-Mg ultramafic rocks of the picrite-tholeiite series, the parent magmas of which could be not ultramafic, but picrobasaltic magmas. The level of REE concentrations in ultramafic rocks and the nature of the normalized spectra indicate the involvement of sufficiently enriched sources in the generation of primary melts from which rocks crystallized that radically differed from peridotites of ophiolite associations and typical komatiite melts. In terms of spectral shapes and contents of indicator elements (Nb, Yb and Th), they are close to the «enriched» mantle source of the E-MORB type differing in lower REE concentrations. The Zr/Y – Nb/Y ratio in ultramafic rocks suggests a non-plume source of their primary melts in the upper depleted mantle. Rocks derived from such a melt are characteristically enriched in fluid components (S, Cl, F, As, Te, Se, and H2O), which is evident in the presence of mineral phases rich in hydroxyl, that is, amphiboles and phlogopite of igneous origin. The ore-forming system evolved from Ni-bearing at the early magmatic stage during the formation of disseminated mineralization to Cu-enriched at the postmagmatic stage. The geological data indicate that they formed during the collision between the Paleoproterozoic island arc and the microcontinent. The combination of subduction and intraplate geochemical characteristics in magmatites is characteristic of the transform margin as a result of the oceanic (Verkhnemaya) and continental (Uchur) microplates sliding horizontally past each other.

Abstract Glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) are the most lethal tumors of the brain. Tumoral mesenchymal transformation is a hallmark of GBMs associated with alterations in cellular morphology and dynamic organization. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control this pathological process. Here, we report a comprehensive spatiotemporal study integrating novel intra-tumoral histopathological structures, ‘oncostreams’, with tumor dynamic properties, microenvironment assets and spatial molecular features. Cellular analyses of genetic engineered mouse models of glioma identified that oncostreams are heterogenous structures formed by elongated and aligned neoplastic cells enriched in non-neoplastic cells such as ACTA2+ mesenchymal like cells and CD68+ tumor associated microglia/macrophages (TAM). Deep learning analysis of H&E glioma histological samples from mouse and human gliomas identified that oncostream density correlates with tumor aggressiveness. To determine whether oncostreams fascicles are characterized by a specific gene expression profile, we performed transcriptomic analysis using laser capture microdissection coupled to RNA-sequencing. We found that oncostreams are defined by a transcriptomic signature enriched in mesenchymal genes. Network analyses identified that COL1A1 is a critical gene that regulates oncostream organization and function. Correspondingly, human and mouse high-grade gliomas with high oncostream densities showed prominent alignment of collagen fibers along these fascicles and higher COL1A1 expression compared to low-grade gliomas. To evaluate the functional role of COL1A1 in oncostream formation we generated a COL1A1-deficient GEMM of glioma. We observed that COL1A1 inhibition decreased oncostream formation, impaired tumor cell proliferation and remodeled the tumor microenvironment by diminishing CD68+ TAM cells, CD31+ endothelial vascular proliferation and ACTA2+ perivascular mesenchymal cells, thus increasing animal survival. Further studies, using time lapse confocal imaging in ex vivo glioma explants, and intravital imaging in vivo demonstrated that oncostreams are organized collective dynamic structures present at the tumor core and the invasive tumor border. Oncostreams dynamics increased the intra-tumoral spread of cells within the tumor and foster glioma aggressiveness through collective invasion of the normal brain parenchyma. The analysis of glioma invasion in COL1A1 knockdown tumors exhibited a reduction in collective migration patterns, strongly supporting its importance in tumor progression. We propose that oncostreams represent a novel pathological marker of potential value for diagnosis and COL1A1 depletion within oncostreams is a promising approach and reprogram mesenchymal transformation to reduce the tumor malignancy. Citation Format: Andrea Comba, Syed Faisal, Patrick J. Dunn, Anna E. Argento, Todd C. Hollon, Wajd N. Al-Holou, Maria L. Varela, Daniel B. Zamler, Gunnar L. Quass, Pierre F. Apostolides, Christine E. Brown, Phillip E. E. Kish, Alon Kahana, Celina G. Kleer, Sebastien Motsch, Maria G. Castro, Pedro R. Lowenstein. Spatiotemporal analyses of preclinical glioma models reveal ‘oncostreams’ as dynamic fascicles regulating tumor mesenchymal transformation, invasion, and malignancy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2476.

Abstract. A new system for continuous, highly resolved oceanic and atmospheric measurements of N2O, CO and CO2 is described. The system is based upon off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) and a non-dispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR), both coupled to a Weiss-type equilibrator. Performance of the combined setup was evaluated by testing its precision, accuracy, long-term stability, linearity and response time. Furthermore, the setup was tested during two oceanographic campaigns in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean in order to explore its potential for autonomous deployment onboard voluntary observing ships (VOS). Improved equilibrator response times for N2O (2.5 min) and CO (45 min) were achieved in comparison to response times from similar chamber designs used by previous studies. High stability of the OA-ICOS analyzer was demonstrated by low optimal integration times of 2 and 4 min for N2O and CO respectively, as well as detection limits of < 40 ppt and precision better than 0.3 ppb Hz–1/2. Results from a direct comparison of the method presented here and well-established discrete methods for oceanic N2O and CO2 measurements showed very good consistency. The favorable agreement between underway atmospheric N2O, CO and CO2 measurements and monthly means at Ascension Island (7.96° S 14.4° W) further suggests a reliable operation of the underway setup in the field. The potential of the system as an improved platform for measurements of trace gases was explored by using continuous N2O and CO2 data to characterize the development of the seasonal equatorial upwelling in the Atlantic Ocean during two R/V Maria S. Merian cruises. A similar record of high-resolution CO measurements was simultaneously obtained, offering, for the first time, the possibility of a comprehensive view of the distribution and emissions of these climate-relevant gases in the area studied. The relatively simple underway N2O/CO/CO2 setup is suitable for long-term deployment onboard research and commercial vessels although potential sources of drift, such as cavity temperature, and further technical improvements towards automation, still need to be addressed.

Abstract. A new system for continuous, highly-resolved oceanic and atmospheric measurements of N2O, CO and CO2 is described. The system is based upon off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) and a non-dispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR) both coupled to a Weiss-type equilibrator. Performance of the combined setup was evaluated by testing its precision, accuracy, long-term stability, linearity and response time. Furthermore, the setup was tested during two oceanographic campaigns in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean in order to explore its potential for autonomous deployment onboard voluntary observing ships (VOS). Improved equilibrator response times for N2O (2.5 min) and CO (45 min) were achieved in comparison to response times from similar chamber designs used by previous studies. High stability of the OA-ICOS analyzer was demonstrated by low optimal integration times of 2 and 4 min for N2O and CO respectively, as well as detection limits of < 40 ppt and precision better than 0.3 ppb Hz−1/2. Results from a direct comparison of the method presented here and well-established discrete methods for oceanic N2O and CO2 measurements showed very good consistency. The favorable agreement between underway atmospheric N2O, CO and CO2 measurements and monthly means at Ascension Island (7.96° S 14.4° W) further suggests a reliable operation of the underway setup in the field. The potential of the system as an improved platform for measurements of trace gases was explored by using continuous N2O and CO2 data to characterize the development of the seasonal equatorial upwelling in the Atlantic Ocean during two R/V Maria S. Merian cruises. A similar record of high-resolution CO measurements was simultaneously obtained offering for the first time the possibility of a comprehensive view on the distribution and emissions of these climate relevant gases on the area. The relatively simple underway N2O/CO/CO2 setup is suitable for long-term deployment on board of research and commercial vessels although potential sources of drift such as cavity temperature and further technical improvements towards automation still need to be addressed.

ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE MÉTODOS PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA CURVA DE RETENÇÃO DE ÁGUA EM SOLOS Maria Hermínia Ferreira Tavares1; José Jeremias da Silva Feliciano1; Carlos Manoel Pedro Vaz21Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, mhstavar@certto.com.br 2Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária, São Carlos, SP. 1 RESUMO O tradicional método de obtenção da curva de retenção de água no solo através da Câmara de Pressão de Richards é trabalhoso e demorado. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o emprego de dois diferentes equipamentos TDR, conjugados a tensiômetros, para obter os valores de umidade volumétrica e respectivos valores de tensão, comparando-os aos resultados fornecidos pelo método tradicional. Para as medidas através dos equipamentos TDR, o solo, classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf), foi seco ao ar e passado através de uma peneira2 mm. Os dados de curva de retenção foram ajustados utilizando-se o programa Origin 6.0 Professional através do modelo sugerido por Van Genuchten. A análise dos dados obtidos, realizada através do índice de desempenho c, mostrou que os 2 equipamentos TDR apresentaram performances similares. UNITERMOS: Câmara de Richards, técnica TDR, tensiometria. TAVARES, M. H. F.; FELICIANO, J. J. S.; VAZ, C. M. P. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METHODS TO DETERMINE THE SOIL WATER RETENTION CURVE 2 ABSTRACT The traditional method to obtain the soil water retention curve using Richard’s pressure plate apparatus is laborious and time consuming. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of two different TDR equipments, coupled to tensiometers, to obtain soil volumetric water content and respective tension values compared to those from traditional methods. For TDR measurements, a Rhodic Hapludox soil was air-dried and passed through a2 mm mesh sieve. Data of water retention curve were adjusted using the Origin 6.0 Professional software and the Van Genuchten model. The analysis of data based on the performance index revealed that the two TDR equipments had similar performances. KEY WORDS: Richard’s pressure plate apparatus, TDR technique, tensiometry.

This paper describes several new approaches to the solution of the hydrodynamic design/analysis problem for a wide class of propulsors including ducted, podded, waterjets (and even conventional open propellers). This work builds on the concept of the coupled axisymmetric j/ow/lifting surface representation of the total flow field initially developed in the Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory at MIT starting in the early 1990's.

Abstract The performance of the propeller is crucial to determine the energy-efficiency of a vessel. Fluid-Structure Interactions (FSI) analysis is one of the widely used methods to determine the hydrodynamic performance of marine propellers. This article is about the validation of a design assessment tool known as ComPropApp which is developed by Cooperative Research Ships (CRS) partners. ComPropApp is a specially designed tool for the FSI analysis of isotropic and composite marine propellers by doing explicit two-way coupling of the BEM-FEM solvers. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) solver of ComPropApp gives it an edge over Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations (RANSE) solvers in terms of computation time and cost. Hence, it is suitable for the initial design stage. The propeller used in this study is developed under the French Research Project; FabHeli. The validation is done by performing different types of FSI analysis through commercial RANSE solver (STAR-CCM+) and FEM solver (FEMAP) for only one inflow velocity of the open water case which is 10.3 m/s. The fluid solver of ComPropApp (PROCAL) is a Boundary Element Method (BEM) solver that is based on the potential flow theory while the structural solver (TRIDENT) is a FEM solver. The study is divided into four different cases; BEM-FEM one-way coupled FSI analysis, RANSE-FEM one-way coupled FSI analysis, BEM-FEM explicit two-way coupled FSI analysis with ComPropApp and RANSE-FEM implicit two-way coupled FSI analysis with STAR-CCM+. The calculated values of stresses, displacement, and forces from all the methods are compared and the conclusion is drawn.

Based on good simulation results during storm events in 2009, MIKE21 was used to study the extreme water level, current velocity and wave height in Laizhou Bay, China. 95 extreme weather processes during 1988–2012 were simulated. For each event, coupled hydrodynamic and wave modules of MIKE21 was chosen to calculate the maximum water level and current velocity. The Gumbel distribution method, commonly used for estimating return-period values of marine hydrodynamic variables, is adopted in this study. The extreme high water level of 50-year return period in Laizhou Bay can reach 2.6–3.8 m; and that of 100-year return period can be as high as 2.8–4.6 m. The 50-year and 100-year return-period values of current velocity can reach up to about 2.8 m/s and 3.2 m/s respectively, both around the Yellow River mouth. Wave height strongly depends on water depth, water level rise, wind speed and direction. The results provide parameter reference for structure design in the Laizhou Bay.

Abstract Several recent benchmark studies have demonstrated that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is capable of capturing both nonlinear and viscous effects in marine hydrodynamics and predicts wave- and current-induced offshore platform motions accurately. A CFD-based numerical wave basin developed by Technip Energies, MrNWB [1, 2], has been well-validated against physical model test results for various offshore floating platforms including a floating offshore wind turbine in National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL)’s OC6 CFD JIP [3]. However, the OC6 CFD JIP focused on the motion responses corresponding to hydrodynamic loadings only. In the present study, a new coupled analysis methodology is introduced to accurately predict the motion responses of a floating offshore wind turbine considering wind turbine. In the present coupled analysis, aero-servo-elastic behaviors of the wind turbine blade and tower are simulated by OpenFAST [4], and the hydrodynamic loads on the floating platform and mooring system are simulated by Technip Energies’ CFD-based numerical wave basin tool, MrNWB. For the fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation, the OpenFAST dynamic solver calculates the system responses of floating offshore wind turbine, and the hydrodynamic loads on the floating substructure are integrated into the CFD solver with respect to the 6-DOF platform motions. This new coupled analysis tool is called Wind Turbine Numerical Wave Basin (WTNWB). This paper presents validation of WTNWB for the DeepCWind semisubmersible model tests in irregular waves and a steady wind condition. The validation results are systematically compared with model test results [5, 6] and show good agreement.

Abstract In real ocean environments, offshore structures are exposed to a combination of wave and current loading conditions. This scenario presents the need to study fluid-structure interactions in the presence of both conditions, achievable through experimentation in a recirculating flume coupled with a wavemaker. The Ocean Resources and Renewable Energy (ORRE) group set out to design a recirculating wave-current flume at the University of Massachusetts Amherst to enable the study of technologies such as scale floating platforms and marine energy converters. In this paper, we present the methods used to arrive at an optimal flume design under strict spatial constraints posed by the available lab space. Limitations on the length, width, and height of flume are overcome via innovative flow designs and compact structures. The final design is approximately 11.5 m (37.7 ft) in length and 1.2 m (3.9 ft) wide with a nominal water depth of 1 m (3.3 ft). The 2 m long test section begins 6 m beyond the inlet of the flume to maximize flow uniformity. A 24” thruster driven by 75 hp electric motor maintains a current velocity of 0.5 m/s throughout the section while a wedge-shape plunger is implemented at the inlet to generate 0.6–2.8 s period waves with a maximum height of 0.2 m. During the design process, 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed to maximize flow uniformity over a range of inlet angles and guide vane configurations. In the optimal scenario, a flow nonuniformity of 8.7 % was obtained across a 0.7 m water column measured from the free surface. Results from the 3D simulation around the tight corner section showed significant increase in flow nonuniformity. The implementation of the screens along the flow path might be necessary in the future.

As offshore wind projects move to deeper waters, floating platforms become the most feasible solution for supporting the turbines. The oil and gas industry has gained experience with floating platforms that can be applied to offshore wind projects. This paper focuses on the analysis of second-order wave loading on semisubmersible platforms. Semisubmersibles, which are being chosen for different floating offshore wind concepts, are particularly prone to slow-drift motions. The slack catenary moorings usually result in large natural periods for surge and sway motions (more than 100 s), which are in the range of the second-order difference-frequency excitation force. Modeling these complex structures requires coupled design codes. Codes have been developed that include turbine aerodynamics, hydrodynamic forces on the platform, restoring forces from the mooring lines, flexibility of the turbine, and the influence of the turbine control system. In this paper two different codes are employed: FAST, which was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and aNySIM, which was developed by the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands. The hydrodynamic loads are based on potential-flow theory, up to the second order. Hydrodynamic coefficients for wave excitation, radiation, and hydrostatic forces are obtained with two different panel codes, WAMIT (developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and DIFFRAC (developed by MARIN). The semisubmersible platform, developed for the International Energy Agency Wind Task 30 Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation project is used as a reference platform. Irregular waves are used to compare the behavior of this platform under slow-drift excitation loads. The results from this paper highlight the effects of these loads on semisubmersible-type platforms, which represent a promising solution for the commercial development of the offshore deepwater wind resource.

Abstract Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a solid-state joining technique which is used to weld alloys that has a low weldability such as the 2000 and 7000 series aluminum alloy. The marine, automotive and aerospace industry benefits using this method as the need for weight reduction and fuel economy make the use of aluminum and other light metals necessary. The purpose of this study is to find the optimum parameters and the ultimate failure load for FSSW welded specimens in a basic lap configuration. Two coupons of AA7075-T6 with a dimension of 210 × 30 × 0.8 mm and 210 × 30 × 1.6 mm were welded using a self-made FSSW machine rebuild for the purpose of this project. The experiment was performed using engineering robust design approach to investigate the optimal parameter combinations that provides optimal joint performance. Experiments has been carried out using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal arrays with 4 factors and 3 levels. The factors and levels were chosen as follows: pin length in the interwall 1.2 mm to 1.6 mm, shoulder depth 0 to 0.4 mm, dwell time 1 sec to 2.5 sec and tool rotation speed 1800 rpm to 2600 rpm. The joint performance has been evaluated considering the ultimate tensile load. Tensile testing of weldments was carried out using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. To estimate the error variance for the factor effects and variance of the predicted error analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. The mathematical framework anticipated an ultimate failure load of 3286N, and the verification run confirmed the predicted result by an average of 3215N. The optimum parameters were found to be a pin length of 1.4 mm, shoulder depth of 0.4 mm, dwell time at 2.5 sec and a rotational speed of 2200 RPM. The ANOVA showed that the shoulder depth was the dominant factor influencing 87.9 % of the variation of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N).

Abstract Geomechanics plays an important role in stimulation design especially in complex tight reservoirs with very low matrix permeability. Robust modelling of horizontal stresses along with rock mechanical properties helps to identify the stress barriers which are crucial for optimum stimulation design and proppant allocation. A comprehensive modeling and calibration workflow showcased the value of geomechanical analysis in large stimulation project of Ostracod-Magwa, a compex shallow carbonate reservoir in the Awali onshore field, Bahrain. For the initial Geomechanical model regional average rock properties and minimum stress values from earlier frac campaigns were considered. During campaign progression, advanced cross dipole sonic measurements of the new wells were incorporated in the geomechanical modeling which provided rock properties and stresses with improved confidence. The outputs from wireline-conveyed microfrac tests and the fracturing treatments were also considered for calibration of the minimum horizontal stress and breakdown pressure. The porepressure variability was established with the measured formation pressure data. The geomechanically derived horizontal stresses and elastic properties were used as input for the frac-design. Independent fracture geometry measurements were run to validate the model. The poro-elastic horizontal strain approach was used to model the horizontal stress magnitudes. This approach shows variability of the stress profile depending on the elastic rock properties. The study shows variable depletion in porepressure across the field as well as within different reservoir layers of Magwa and Ostracod. Ostracod is more depleted compared to the Magwa reservoir with porepressure values below hydrostatic (~7 ppg). The B3 shale layer between Magwa and Ostracod reservoirs could be established as a stress barrier with 1200-1500 psi closure pressure. The closure pressure in Ostracod varies in the range of 1000-1500 psi while the range in Magwa is 1100-1600 psi. In the Magwa reservoir a gradual increase of closure pressure with depth is observed, while no such trend is apparent in the shallower Ostracod formation. Geomechanical models served as a key input of the integral frac optimization workflow that resulted in increasing the well productivity by more then double compared to previous stimulation campaigns. The poroelastic horizontal strain model to predict the horizontal stresses from cross-dipole sonic data provides higher stress variability and ultimately yields a high resolution stress profile. This model calibrated with direct closure pressure measuremtns is crucial for successful stimulation design in complex reservoirs with very low matrix permeability. Geology Overview and Problem Statement The Ostracod and Magwa formations are shallow reservoir development targets over the Awali field in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The depth of these reservoir ranges from 1400-1800 ft TVDSS and are represented by shallow marine limestones, which are composed of bioclastic, packstone/wackestone with occasional dolomites, chert, lime mudstone, and scarce pyrite. The reservoirs are represented by a triple porosity system which consists of matrix porosity, secondary natural fractures porosity and bioturbation enhanced porosities that can be associated with dissolution (micro-vugs). The Ostracod reservoir exhibits intense natural fractures towards the base whereas the upper part of the reservoir is associated with a combination of both, vugs and natural fractures. The section is heavily interbedded with numerous shale barriers which gives an average net-to-grows (NTG) ~ 35% with gross thickness ~150-200 ft. On the other hand, Magwa reservoir is represented by thicker limestones where the secondary porosity is mostly represented by bioturbated units resulting in a higher average NTG ~75% with gross thickness up to 150 ft. The reservoirs are heavily faulted, ~140 faults identified by manual seismic interpretation and more than 800 faults observed on the well log data by missing/repeating sections over total of ~2000 wells. Production from the reservoirs started from early 1960's mainly by perforation of watered/gas out wells from the lower producing horizons, followed by active drilling camping in 2011-2015 ~250 wells and minor drilling in 2016-2019. New drilled wells had a so-called "flash" production exhibits a high oil production rates followed by rapid production decline with the long low rate tail production. Long production history and active development drilling however did not provide good recovery factor for the reservoirs – after more than 55 years of development the current recovery factor is ~5%. At the same time, a recent new well drilling campaign provided only marginal economic production results, which opened the area for production enhancement opportunities. Based on historical production analysis and numerous acid stimulations performed on the field it was concluded that acid stimulations demonstrated a good immediate production response however the effect was not lasting more than 3-6 months (AlJanahi et al. 2020). And one of the key contributors to this effect on top of the natural depletion was the geological structure of target reservoirs – the reservoirs are not clean carbonates – they are heavily intercalated with shales. The effect of increased connected reservoir volume to the wellbore was not lasting for long due to possible fine migration and did not provide enough vertical connectivity and good lateral extension. Based on above observations, hydraulic fracturing was considered as an option for the production enhancement which could potentially provide good lateral and vertical reservoir connectivity with the wellbore and would not be heavily affected by time, or at least the effect of operation will last longer than observed historically. However, a hydraulic fracturing campaign was performed on the field in the period 2010-2011, despite good production results the incremental production after hydraulic fracturing was insignificant comparing with the wells without the fracturing. After analyzing observed results coupled with post fracturing evaluation it was concluded that the actual achieved hydraulic fracture geometry was not enough to outpace non fractured wells in these reservoirs. Based on numerical simulation studies it was concluded that the higher effective half-length and higher conductivity of a hydraulic fracture could provide better production results with much longer effect in time. Therefore, the question of achievable fracture geometry, its distribution laterally and vertically was pushed into the forefront.

Channel Islands National Park includes the five northern islands off the coast of southern California (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands) and the surrounding waters out one nautical mile. There are approximately 176 miles of coastline around the islands, about 80% of which is composed of rock. The diversity and undisturbed nature of the tidepools of this rocky coastline were recognized as special features of the islands in the enabling legislation. To conserve these communities unimpaired for future generations, the National Park Service has been monitoring the rocky intertidal communities at the islands since 1982. Sites were established between 1982 and 1998. Site selection considered visitation, accessibility, presence of representative organisms, wildlife disturbance, and safety. This report summarizes the 2018–2019 sampling year efforts (from November 2018 to April 2019) and findings of the Channel Islands National Park Rocky Intertidal Community Monitoring Program. Specific monitoring objectives are 1) to determine the long-term trends in percent cover of key sessile organisms in the rocky intertidal ecosystem, and 2) to determine population dynamics of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), owl limpets (Lottia gigantea), and ochre sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus). Objectives were met by monitoring percent cover of core species in target intertidal zones using photoplots and transects, and by measuring size frequency and abundance of black abalone, owl limpets, and sea stars using fixed plots or timed searches. Twelve key species or assemblages, as well as the substrate, tar, have been monitored twice per year at 21 sites on the five park islands as part of the rocky intertidal community monitoring program. Fixed photoplots were used to monitor the percent cover of thatched and acorn barnacles (Tetraclita rubescens, Balanus glandula/Chthamalus spp., respectively), mussels (Mytilus californianus), rockweeds (Silvetia compressa, and Pelvetiopsis californica (formerly Hesperophycus californicus), turfweed (Endocladia muricata), goose barnacles (Pollicipes polymerus) and tar. Point-intercept transects were used to determine the percent cover of surfgrass (Phyllospadix spp.). Information about size distribution (i.e., “size frequency” data) was collected for owl limpets in circular plots. Size distribution and relative abundance of black abalone and ochre sea stars were determined using timed searches. The maximum number of shorebirds and pinnipeds seen at one time were counted at each site. The number of concession boat visitors to the Anacapa tidepools was collected and reported. All sites were monitored in 2018–2019. This was the third year that we officially reduced our sampling interval from twice per year (spring and fall) to once in order to streamline the program and allow for the implementation of additional protocols. Weather conditions during the site visits were satisfactory, but high wind coupled with strong swell and surge limited or prevented the completion of some of the abalone and sea star searches. The percent cover for most key species or assemblages targeted in the photoplots was highly variable among sites. Mussel (Mytilus californianus) cover remained below average at Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands. Record or near record low abundances for Mytilus were measured at Middle West Anacapa (Anacapa Island), Harris Point (San Miguel Island), Prisoner’s Harbor (Santa Cruz Island), and Sea Lion Rookery (Santa Barbara Island) sites. The only site that appeared to have above average Mytilus cover was Scorpion Rock on Santa Cruz Island. All other sites had mussel cover near or below the long-term mean. Qualitatively, Mytilus recruitment appeared low at most sites. Both rockweed species, Silvetia compressa and Pelvetiopsis californica (formerly Hesperophycus californicus), continued to decrease markedly in abundance this year at the majority of sites compared to combined averages for previous years. Fossil Reef and Northwest-Talcott on Santa Rosa Island, Sea Lion Rookery on Santa Barbara Island, and South Frenchy’s Cove on Anacapa Island were the only sites that supported Silvetia cover that was near the long-term mean. No sites exhibited above average cover of rockweed. Extremely high levels of recruitment for Silvetia and Pelvetiopsis were documented at many sites. Most sites exhibited marked declines in S. compressa abundances beginning in the early 2000s, with little recovery observed for the rockweed through this year. Barnacle (Chthamalus/Balanus spp.) cover fell below the long-term means at all islands except Anacapa, where barnacle cover was slightly above average. Endocladia muricata abundances remained comparable to the grand mean calculated for previous years at Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa Islands, while cover of the alga decreased slightly below the long-term means at Anacapa and San Miguel Islands. Black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) abundances at the islands remain less than one percent of 1985 population levels. Zero abalone were found throughout the entire site at Landing Cove on Santa Barbara Island and South Frenchy’s Cove on Anacapa Island. Above average abundances relative to the long-term mean generated from post-1995 data were observed at all but five sites. Juvenile black abalone were seen at all islands except Santa Barbara. Ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus) populations crashed in 2014 at all monitoring sites due to Sea Star Wasting Syndrome, an illness characterized by a suite of symptoms that generally result in death. The mortality event was widely considered to be the largest mortality event for marine diseases ever seen. Beginning in June 2013, the disease swiftly and significantly impacted P. ochraceus (among other species of sea stars) populations along the North American Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. By the beginning of 2014, P. ochraceus abundances had declined by >95% at nearly all Channel Islands long-term intertidal monitoring sites, in addition to numerous other locations along the West Coast. At various times during the past decade, extremely high abundances (~ 500 P. ochraceus) have been observed at multiple sites, and most locations have supported >100 sea stars counted during 30-minute site-wide searches. This year, abundances ranged 0–13 individuals per site with all but one site having fewer than 10 P. ochraceus seen during routine searches. Insufficient numbers of sea stars were seen to accurately estimate the size structure of P. ochraceus populations. Only two juveniles (i.e., <50 mm) were observed at all sites combined. Giant owl limpet densities in 2018–2019 were comparable or slightly above the long-term mean at seven sites. Exceptionally high densities were measured at Northwest-Talcott on Santa Rosa Island, Otter Harbor on San Miguel Island, and Willows Anchorage on Santa Cruz Island. The sizes of L. gigantea this year varied among sites and islands. The smallest L. gigantea were observed at Otter Harbor followed closely by Willows Anchorage and Anacapa Middle West, and the largest were seen at Northwest-Talcott. Temporally, the mean sizes of L. gigantea in 2018–2019 decreased below the long-term mean at each island except Anacapa. Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) are typically monitored biannually at two sites each on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands. Beginning in 2015, all transects at each of the monitoring sites were only sampled once per year. At East Point on Santa Rosa Island, the conditions were not conducive to sampling the surfgrass transects, but qualitatively, percent cover of surfgrass appeared to be near 100% on all three transects. Relative to past years, cover of surfgrass increased above the long-term mean at Fraser Cove on Santa Cruz Island, fell slightly below the mean at Trailer on Santa Cruz Island, and remained approximately equivalent to the mean at the two Santa Rosa Island sites. Overall, the abundance and diversity of shorebirds in 2018–2019 at all sites appeared similar to observations made in recent years, with the exception of elevated numbers of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) observed at East Point on Santa Rosa Island. Black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) were the most ubiquitous shorebird seen at all sites. Black turnstones (Arenaria melanocephala) were not common relative to past years. Pinniped abundances remained comparable in 2018–2019 to historical counts for all three species that are commonly seen at the islands. Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were seen in the vicinity of eight sites this year. As in past years, harbor seals were most abundant at Otter Harbor and Harris Point on San Miguel Island. Elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) were seen at six sites during the year, where abundances ranged 1–5 individuals per location. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were common at Santa Barbara Island; 117 individuals were observed at Sea Lion Rookery. Sea lion abundances were higher than usual at Harris Point (N = 160) and Otter Harbor (N = 82) on San Miguel Island. Relative to past years, abundances this year were considered average at other locations.