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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cosmology"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 23 novembre 2024

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1

Szalay, Alexander, John Peacock, Y. Chu L. da Costa, J. Einasto, G. Ellis, D. Koo, S. Lilly et al. "Commission 47: Cosmology: (Cosmologie)". Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, n. 1 (2000): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00003242.

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Cosmology is one of the most dynamically evolving areas of astrophysics today. Twenty years ago the estimates of the amplitude of the primordial fluctuations were about 10-3, almost a factor of 100 off of today’s measurements. Ten years ago we could only hope for high precision measurements of large scale structure, there were less than 5000 redshifts measured, and only a handful of normal galaxies with z > 1 were known. Computer models of structure formation had just begun to consider non-power-law spectra based on physical models like hot/cold dark matter. As a consequence there was considerable freedom in adjusting parameters in the various galaxy formation scenarios. In contrast, many of today’s debates are about factors of 2 and soon we will be arguing about 10% differences. The Harrison-Zeldovich shape of the primordial fluctuation spectrum, first derived from philosophical arguments can now be quantified from detections of fluctuations by COBE. The number of available redshifts is beyond 50,000, and soon we will have redshift surveys surpassing 1 million galaxies. N-body simulations are becoming more sophisticated, of higher resolution, and incorporating complex gas dynamics.

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2

Setti, G., K. Satco, J. Audouze, G. de Vaucouleurs, J. E. Gunn, S. Hayakawa, L. Zhi Fang et al. "Commission 47: Cosmology (Cosmologie)". Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 20, n. 1 (1988): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00007483.

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The number of pages allocated to the commission report has been very limited and certainly not sufficient to cover in any exhaustive manner the wide range of topics relevant to cosmology and to provide also extensive bibliographies. Because of the vast amount of material to be covered, the report is based on a number of contributions from different colleagues who have been asked to highlight the main trends in the triennium (mid 1984 - mid 1987), together with a list of references sufficiently comprehensive to serve as a guideline for further reading. Unfortunately, two of the expected contributions did not reach me in time for inclusion in the report, and consequently topics such as the large scale structure and streaming motions, the clusters of galaxies and the counts of extragalactic radio sources are not included. However, it is my understanding that a large portion, if not all, of these topics will be covered in the reports of Commissions 28 and 40, and if true, this will at least avoid unnecessary overlaps. It should also be mentioned here that several proceedings of very recent IAU conferences provide excellent, updated and exhaustive reviews of the research work relevant to cosmology.

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3

Partridge, R. B., V. Trimble, Bernard Fort, Matthew Colless, G. F. Smoot, J. C. Mather e Bernard Sadoulet. "Commission 47: Cosmology (Cosmologie)". Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 22, n. 1 (1994): 539–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00008312.

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4

Peacock, J. A., S. J. Lilly, G. Bruzual, L. Campusano, Y. Chu, L. DaCosta, J. Einasto et al. "Commission 47: Cosmology: (Cosmologie)". Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 25, n. 1 (2002): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00001632.

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5

Desmet, Ronny. "La cosmologie de Whitehead [Whitehead’s Cosmology]". Process Studies 37, n. 2 (2008): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/process200837234.

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6

Verde, Licia. "Precision cosmology, Accuracy cosmology and Statistical cosmology". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, S306 (maggio 2014): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314013593.

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AbstractThe avalanche of data over the past 10-20 years has propelled cosmology into the “precision era”. The next challenge cosmology has to meet is to enter the era of accuracy. Because of the intrinsic nature of studying the Cosmos and the sheer amount of data available now and coming soon, the only way to meet this challenge is by developing suitable and specific statistical techniques. The road from precision Cosmology to accurate Cosmology goes through statistical Cosmology. I will outline some open challenges and discuss some specific examples.

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7

Steele, Craig. "Cosmology". Journal of Humanistic Mathematics 9, n. 1 (gennaio 2019): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.201901.26.

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8

Silk, Joseph. "Cosmology". Classical and Quantum Gravity 25, n. 22 (4 novembre 2008): 229003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/25/22/229003.

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9

Börner, G. "Cosmology". European Physical Journal Special Topics 152, n. 1 (dicembre 2007): 139–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2007-00380-7.

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10

Spyridon, Melas. "A Selection of Gemstones: Elements of Akbarian Cosmology". Islamovedenie 14, n. 1 (1 giugno 2023): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2077-8155-2023-14-1-86-98.

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The author notes that the Sufi theological tradition of Akbariya was formed on the basis of the works by Muhyiddin ibn Arabi. Part of this tradition is the doctrine of the nature of the world and its creation, i.e. cosmology. The purpose of the article is to reveal some elements of Akbarian cosmology. The semantic content of the concepts of Akbarian cosmology, creation and approved incarnations is determined. The author maintains that, although things exist eternally, from time immemorial and without beginning in divine knowledge precisely in the form of approved incarnations, at the same time they do not exist. The shortcomings of the (neo)platonic interpretation of the approved incarnations are demonstrated. The difference between Akbariya and the Academy of Plato lies in the fact that the teaching of the first concerns a person and his heart as an organ of self-integrity and connection with God, while the teaching of the second concerns the rational part of the soul. Also, several aspects of the cosmological concept of the Divine Names are revealed, the problem of the pantheistic interpretation of this theory is discussed and it is proved that it is not justified by the texts of Ibn Arabi. The cosmologi-cal meaning of the image of the mirror and the epistemological meaning of the image of “the silence of those who know” are also revealed. The last “gem” – the Perfect Man – is the beginning, the end and the preservation of creation. Various aspects of the concept of the Perfect Man (ethical and cosmologi-cal), its identification with Adam, with humanity in general and with Muhammad (the reality of Mu-hammad) are considered, the question of the “hypostasy” of the Perfect Man is identified and discussed

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11

Rhee, Jee Sun. "Cosmos, Cosmology and Philosophy of Cosmology: An Essay on Archeology of Cosmology". Journal of The Society of philosophical studies 130 (30 settembre 2020): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23908/jsps.2020.9.130.69.

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12

Gasperini, M. "String cosmology versus standard and inflationary cosmology". Classical and Quantum Gravity 17, n. 11 (19 maggio 2000): R1—R18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/17/11/201.

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13

Apt, Adam J. "Book Review: Keplerian Cosmology, Kepler's Geometrical Cosmology". Journal for the History of Astronomy 20, n. 3 (ottobre 1989): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182868902000305.

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14

Thompson, Rodger I. "Testing bound dark energy with cosmological parameter and fundamental constant evolution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, n. 4 (18 ottobre 2019): 4778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2921.

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ABSTRACT A new bound dark energy (BDE) cosmology has been proposed where the dark energy is the binding energy between light meson fields that condense a few tens of years after the big bang. It is reported that the correct dark energy density emerges using particle physics without fine-tuning. This alone makes the BDE cosmology worthy of further investigation. This work looks at the late-time BDE predictions of the evolution of cosmological parameters and the values of fundamental constants to determine whether the cosmology’s predictions are consistent with observation. The work considers the time period between a scale factor of 0.1 and 1.0. A model BDE cosmology is considered with current-day values of the cosmological parameters well within the observational limits. The calculations use three different values of the current-day dark energy equation of state close to −1. All three cases produce evolutions of the cosmological parameters and fundamental constants consistent with the observational constraints. Analytic relations between the BDE and cosmological parameters are developed to insure a consistent set of parameters.

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15

Mohammed Sajid Iqbal, Mohammed Sajid Iqbal. "Seven Puzzles for LCDM Cosmology". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2011): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/jan2013/66.

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16

Noble, Forrest warrem. "A Clear and Certain Path Replacing the Lambda Cold Dark Matter Model with a More Observationally Verifiable, and Much Less-Problematic Cosmology". European Journal of Applied Physics 5, n. 4 (24 agosto 2023): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2023.5.4.263.

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At the greatest distances, what James Webb has already observed, and probably will continue to observe based upon our research, is believed by many to be contrary to mainstream cosmology’s predictions concerning the most distant universe. One of the defining differences between the Big Bang model (BB) and prior steady state models (SS) in general was that SS models proposed that the observable universe was unchanging in its general appearance. But an unchanged appearance is what many now believe the James Webb is presently observing. In the decade of the 1960’s, observations were believed to contradict a steady-state universe in that quasars and radio galaxies were only observed at great distances, none close by, and that the universe of galaxies, according to mainstream theory then, first began roughly 11.6 billion years ago. But in time, some of the believed advantages of Big Bang cosmology have become questionable based upon more recent observations. What was predicted before the James Webb went up seems to be continuously contradicted by James Webb observations. Instead, some believe that what we are observing with James Webb at the greatest distances appears to be very similar to the Hubble Deep field photos, and also similar to pictures looking inside local galaxy clusters, as would be expected if the observable universe were in a generally unchanging condition. This research study will explain the dozens of continuing problems of Big Bang cosmology, while it’s claimed advantages are no longer as clear. On the other hand, the alternative cosmology being presented has never experienced contradictions or added ad hoc hypothesis after many decades. Readers will decide whether Big Bang cosmology is being contradicted by the newest observations, whether the alternative cosmology being offered is much less problematic, and whether the many predictions of each cosmology is being confirmed or contradicted by the James Webb and other distant universe observations.

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17

Moyes, Holley. "Xibalba, the Place of Fear: Caves and the Ancient Maya Underworld". ARYS: Antigüedad, Religiones y Sociedades, n. 14 (16 maggio 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/arys.2017.3990.

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Resumen: Las cuevas eran un elemento destacado de la cosmología maya que encarnaban el inframundo de Xibalba. Como describe el mito, su propio nombre significa “lugar del miedo o el terror”. Aun así, los antiguos mayas se adentraban en la obscuridad de las cavernas para celebrar rituales destinados a divinidades asociadas con la lluvia, la fertilidad, y los ominosos Señores del Inframundo. Aunque se ha escrito poco sobre las prácticas rituales del período maya clásico, los artefactos encontrados en las cuevas documentan que los antiguos mayas dejaron ofrendas de cerámicas, objetos domésticos, incienso, joyería, y en ocasiones también víctimas sacrificiales, para los poderosos seres que habitaban los espacios subterráneos. De hecho, estas cuevas poseen todavía una consideración sagrada entre las actuales comunidades mayas, lo que atestigua la resiliencia de la religión y la cosmología mayas, así como el poder del mito.Abstract: Caves were a salient feature of Maya cosmology that instantiated the underworld of Xibalba. Described in myth, its very name meant the place of fear or fright. Yet, ancient people journeyed deep into the darkness to conduct rituals for deities associated with rain, fertility, and the ominous Lords of the Underworld. Although little was written about ritual practices in the Classic period, the artifact record attests that ancient people left offerings of ceramics, household items, incense, jewelry and sometimes sacrificial victims for the powerful beings that inhabited caves. These sites are still considered sacred in Maya communities today, a testament to the resilience of Maya religion and cosmology and the power of myth.Palabras clave: Xibalba, religión maya, topografía del miedo, cueva, inframundo, ritual, cosmología maya, mito, ofrendas.Key words: Xibalba, Maya Religion, Fearscape, Cave, Underworld, Ritual, Maya Cosmology, Myth, offerings.

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18

Zain, Shaharir Bin Mohd. "The Malayonesian Cosmological Doctrines in Some Past Scientific Writings in Malay". Andalas International Journal of Socio-Humanities 2, n. 1 (25 luglio 2020): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijosh.2.1.30-49.2020.

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The Malayonesian cosmological doctrines highlighted here are based on the study of the five Malay inscriptions dated 5th century to 14th century A.D, a traditional Malay folklore on cosmology compiled by Abdullah (1984), and a well known best seller Malay manuscript entitled Taj al-Muluk edited by Syaikh Ismail al-Asyi (1893). We find that the Malayonesian cosmology changes as the people change their religion successively from Hindu to Buddha and to Islam as such that their cosmology became a syncretism of Hindu-Buddha cosmology and Islamic cosmology (after 13th century A.D). But in the second part of the 20th century, the Muslims through out the world began to rediscover their cosmology in relation to a much more pure Islamic cosmology. As a result, a substantial portion of Malayonesians become dualistic or syncretic in their cosmology. Then toward the end of the 20th century came a very powerfull Western cosmology invaded the Muslims thought through economics and malitarism as such that their belief in Islamic cosmology has to accommodate the Western cosmology as well and hence the syncretic Hindu-Buddha-Islamic cosmology became less prominent. A new relativistic dualism, namely a parallel recognition in both the Islamic and the Western cosmologies appeared in Malayonesian cosmology.

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19

Zain, Shaharir bin Mohd. "The Malayonesian Cosmological Doctrines in Some Past Scientific Writings in Malay". Andalas International Journal of Socio-Humanities 2, n. 1 (27 luglio 2020): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijosh.v2i1.13.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Malayonesian cosmological doctrines highlighted here are based on the study of the five Malay inscriptions dated 5th century to 14th century A.D, a traditional Malay folklore on cosmology compiled by Abdullah (1984), and a well known best seller Malay manuscript entitled Taj al-Muluk edited by Syaikh Ismail al-Asyi (1893). We find that the Malayonesian cosmology changes as the people change their religion successively from Hindu to Buddha and to Islam as such that their cosmology became a syncretism of Hindu-Buddha cosmology and Islamic cosmology (after 13th century A.D). But in the second part of the 20th century, the Muslims through out the world began to rediscover their cosmology in relation to a much more pure Islamic cosmology. As a result, a substantial portion of Malayonesians become dualistic or syncretic in their cosmology. Then toward the end of the 20th century came a very powerfull Western cosmology invaded the Muslims thought through economics and malitarism as such that their belief in Islamic cosmology has to accommodate the Western cosmology as well and hence the syncretic Hindu-Buddha-Islamic cosmology became less prominent. A new relativistic dualism, namely a parallel recognition in both the Islamic and the Western cosmologies appeared in Malayonesian cosmology.

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20

Zain, Shaharir bin Mohd. "The Malayonesian Cosmological Doctrines in Some Past Scientific Writings in Malay". Andalas International Journal of Socio-Humanities 2, n. 1 (27 luglio 2020): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijosh.v2i1.13.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Malayonesian cosmological doctrines highlighted here are based on the study of the five Malay inscriptions dated 5th century to 14th century A.D, a traditional Malay folklore on cosmology compiled by Abdullah (1984), and a well known best seller Malay manuscript entitled Taj al-Muluk edited by Syaikh Ismail al-Asyi (1893). We find that the Malayonesian cosmology changes as the people change their religion successively from Hindu to Buddha and to Islam as such that their cosmology became a syncretism of Hindu-Buddha cosmology and Islamic cosmology (after 13th century A.D). But in the second part of the 20th century, the Muslims through out the world began to rediscover their cosmology in relation to a much more pure Islamic cosmology. As a result, a substantial portion of Malayonesians become dualistic or syncretic in their cosmology. Then toward the end of the 20th century came a very powerfull Western cosmology invaded the Muslims thought through economics and malitarism as such that their belief in Islamic cosmology has to accommodate the Western cosmology as well and hence the syncretic Hindu-Buddha-Islamic cosmology became less prominent. A new relativistic dualism, namely a parallel recognition in both the Islamic and the Western cosmologies appeared in Malayonesian cosmology.

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21

Kanno, Takakazu. "Shinran's Cosmology". JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 38, n. 1 (1989): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.38.66.

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22

Pavel, Thomas G., e Vincent Descombes. "Proustian Cosmology". Poetics Today 11, n. 4 (1990): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1773083.

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23

D'Amico, Guido, e Nemanja Kaloper. "Rollercoaster cosmology". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2021, n. 08 (1 agosto 2021): 058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/08/058.

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24

McDonald, Michael E. "Scriptural Cosmology". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 40, n. 2 (1 luglio 2007): vii—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/dialjmormthou.40.2.0vii.

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25

Weinstein, Steven. "Romantic cosmology". Physics Today 75, n. 3 (1 marzo 2022): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.4964.

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26

Farris, James. "Revisiting Cosmology". Toronto Journal of Theology 18, n. 1 (marzo 2002): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tjt.18.1.101.

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27

Casey, Terence W. "Quantum Cosmology." Physics Essays 3, n. 1 (1 marzo 1990): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/1.3036494.

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28

Blain, A. W., e M. S. Longair. "Submillimetre cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 264, n. 2 (settembre 1993): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/264.2.509.

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29

FABRIS, JÚLIO C., OLIVER F. PIATTELLA, DAVI C. RODRIGUES, CARLOS E. M. BATISTA e MAHAMADOU H. DAOUDA. "RASTALL COSMOLOGY". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 18 (gennaio 2012): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512008227.

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We review the difficulties of the generalized Chaplygin gas model to fit observational data, due to the tension between background and perturbative tests. We argue that such issues may be circumvented by means of a self-interacting scalar field representation of the model. However, this proposal seems to be successful only if the self-interacting scalar field has a non-canonical form. The latter can be implemented in Rastall's theory of gravity, which is based on a modification of the usual matter conservation law. We show that, besides its application to the generalized Chaplygin gas model, other cosmological models based on Rastall's theory have many interesting and unexpected new features.

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30

Coley, A. A., e G. F. R. Ellis. "Theoretical cosmology". Classical and Quantum Gravity 37, n. 1 (29 novembre 2019): 013001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ab49b6.

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31

Bassett, Bruce A., David Parkinson e Robert C. Nichol. "Designer Cosmology". Astrophysical Journal 626, n. 1 (20 maggio 2005): L1—L4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/431650.

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32

Zimdahl, Winfried, e Diego Pavón. "Scaling Cosmology". General Relativity and Gravitation 35, n. 3 (marzo 2003): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022369800053.

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33

Stornaiolo, Cosimo. "Tomographic cosmology". Physica Scripta 90, n. 7 (1 giugno 2015): 074032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/90/7/074032.

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34

Langlois, David. "Brane Cosmology". Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 148 (2002): 181–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.148.181.

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35

Powell, Corey S. "Goldilocks Cosmology". Scientific American 269, n. 5 (novembre 1993): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1193-20.

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36

Vidotto, Francesca. "Spinfoam Cosmology". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 314 (22 settembre 2011): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/314/1/012049.

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37

Alvarez, Enrique. "Superstring cosmology". Physical Review D 31, n. 2 (15 gennaio 1985): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.31.418.

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Silk, J. "Holistic Cosmology". Science 277, n. 5326 (1 agosto 1997): 644a—644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5326.644a.

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Karczmarek, Joanna L., e Andrew Strominger. "Matrix Cosmology". Journal of High Energy Physics 2004, n. 04 (23 aprile 2004): 055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2004/04/055.

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40

Wallerstein, George. "Aquinas's Cosmology". Physics Today 40, n. 2 (febbraio 1987): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2819935.

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41

Zhang, Yuan-Zhong. "Modern Cosmology". Classical and Quantum Gravity 19, n. 12 (6 giugno 2002): 3387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/19/12/702.

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42

Rajantie, Arttu. "Higgs cosmology". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, n. 2114 (22 gennaio 2018): 20170128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0128.

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The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 and other results from the Large Hadron Collider have confirmed the standard model of particle physics as the correct theory of elementary particles and their interactions up to energies of several TeV. Remarkably, the theory may even remain valid all the way to the Planck scale of quantum gravity, and therefore it provides a solid theoretical basis for describing the early Universe. Furthermore, the Higgs field itself has unique properties that may have allowed it to play a central role in the evolution of the Universe, from inflation to cosmological phase transitions and the origin of both baryonic and dark matter, and possibly to determine its ultimate fate through the electroweak vacuum instability. These connections between particle physics and cosmology have given rise to a new and growing field of Higgs cosmology, which promises to shed new light on some of the most puzzling questions about the Universe as new data from particle physics experiments and cosmological observations become available. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Higgs cosmology’.

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43

Chen, P. "Laser cosmology". European Physical Journal Special Topics 223, n. 6 (maggio 2014): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2014-02163-5.

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Kehagias, Alexandros A., e Elias Kiritsis. "Mirage cosmology". Journal of High Energy Physics 1999, n. 11 (16 novembre 1999): 022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/1999/11/022.

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45

Hughes, David W. "Considering cosmology". Nature 353, n. 6347 (ottobre 1991): 804–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353804b0.

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46

Park, Youngsoo, e Eduardo Rozo. "Concordance cosmology?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, n. 4 (1 settembre 2020): 4638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2647.

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ABSTRACT We propose a new intuitive metric for evaluating the tension between two experiments, and apply it to several data sets. While our metric is non-optimal, if evidence of tension is detected, this evidence is robust and easy to interpret. Assuming a flat Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model, we find that there is a modest 2.2σ tension between the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 1 results and the Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background. This tension is driven by the difference between the amount of structure observed in the late-time Universe and that predicted from fitting the Planck data, and appears to be unrelated to the tension between Planck and local estimates of the Hubble rate. In particular, combining DES, baryon acoustic oscillations, big bang nucleosynthesis, and supernovae measurements recover a Hubble constant and sound horizon consistent with Planck, and in tension with local distance–ladder measurements. If the tension between these various data sets persists, it is likely that reconciling all current data will require breaking the flat ΛCDM model in at least two different ways: one involving new physics in the early Universe, and one involving new late-time Universe physics.

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47

KRANIOTIS, G. V. "STRING COSMOLOGY". International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, n. 12 (10 maggio 2000): 1707–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00000768.

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In this work, we review recent work on string cosmology. The need for an inflationary era is well known. Problems of Standard Cosmology such as horizon, flatness, monopole and entropy find an elegant solution in the inflationary scenario. On the other hand no adequate inflationary model has been constructed so far. In this review we discuss the attempts that have been made in the field of string theory for obtaining an adequate Cosmological Inflationary Epoch. In particular, orbifold compactifications of string theory which are constrained by target-space duality symmetry offer as natural candidates for the role of inflatons the orbifold moduli. Orbifold moduli dynamics is very constrained by duality symmetry and offers a concrete framework for discussing Cosmological Inflation. We discuss the resulting cosmology assuming that nonperturbative dynamics generates a moduli potential which respects target-space modular invariance. Various modular forms for the nonperturbative superpotential and Kähler potential which include the absolute modular invariant j(T) besides the Dedekind eta function η(T) are discussed. We also review scale-factor duality and pre-Big-Bang scenarios in which inflation is driven by the kinetic terms of the dilaton modulus. In this context we discuss the problem of graceful exit and review recent attempts for solving the problem of exiting from inflation. The possibility of obtaining inflation through the D-terms in string models with anomalous UA(1) and other Abelian factors is reviewed. In this context we discuss how the slow-roll problem in supergravity models with F-term inflation can be solved by D-term inflation. We also briefly review the consequences of duality for a generalized Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the structure of space–time at short scales. The problem of the Cosmological Constant is also briefly discussed.

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48

Wong, Jane. "A Cosmology". Massachusetts Review 59, n. 4 (2018): 843–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mar.2018.0148.

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49

Tzvi Langermann, Y. "Arabic Cosmology". Early Science and Medicine 2, n. 2 (1997): 185–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338297x00113.

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AbstractRepresentations of the heavens in various levels of detail can be found in a number of branches of Arabic literature. One particular genre, the hay'a texts, has as its purpose a full though non-mathematical discussion of the arrangement of the celestial orbs; hay'a writers are particularly sensitive to the philosophical requirements which all systems must meet. The pivotal work in this genre, On the Configuration, was written by Ibn al-Haytham. Later writers continued to produce works in the spirit of On the Configuration. In the east, al-Tusi and his followers developed new models; in the west, a group of thinkers tried to rediscover the models which, so they thought, were the ones endorsed by Aristotle himself.

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50

Audouze, J., G. Setti, J. Gunn, S. Hayakawa, M. S. Longair, I. Novikov, G. A. Tammann, V. Trimble e G. de Vaucouleurs. "47. Cosmology". Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 19, n. 1 (1985): 655–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00006726.

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The preparation of a report dealing with such a large domain is almost an impossible task. Because so many different questions, problems and expertises are assembled under the word “Cosmology”, my approach has been the following: first to divide this field in a somewhat arbitrary fashion into the following sections: very early universe – elementary particle and cosmology – early nucleosynthesiscosmological parameters (Hubble constant, deceleration parameter, cosmological constant) – large scale structures, intergalactic gas, missing mass – clusters of galaxies and intercluster gas – anisotropy of the black body radiation – formation of galaxies – quasars and their evolution – cosmological evolution of radiosources. I have then asked to the most knowledgeable specialists to review briefly each of these most important questions on which many excitinq and very new results have been obtained not only by the astrophysicists themselves but also by particle physicists, nuclear physicists, theoretical physicists, … This is why the reader will read in section 1 the report on primordial nucleosynthesis written by G. Steigman, in section 2 Anisotropy of the black body radiation by D.T. Wilkinson and E. Meichiorri, in section 3 Clusters of galaxies by 3. Einasto, in section 4 Galaxy formation by B.J.T. Jones, in section 5 Quasars and their evolution by M. Schmidt and in section 6 the Cosmological evolution of radio sources by R.A. Windhorst. Let me thank these colleagues for their excellent work in writing these various reviews.

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