Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Corpus of History English Texts (Online database)"

This academic article offers a model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO (hereinafter referred to as the EUS) as a supplement to the Ukrainian National Corpus (hereinafter referred to as the UNC), where texts are presented as a hierarchical structure. In an effort to provide a more comprehensive view of NATO, UN, and WTO official and business documents, a mechanism of use of our model envisages determination of the exact position of a text in all UNC corporas, what essentially simplifies the practical process of search and automated translation of texts and special terminology in particular. In consequence, the author offers to increase the number of unique texts that will ensure the representativeness of the EUS in the Ukrainian National Corpus, and to divide the whole process of the EUS formation into elementary tasks that will increase the UNC efficiency. The practical value of the research lies in a possibility to use the EUS for texts parallel translation and terminological phrases separation on the basis of such texts. The methodological potential of our research is based on the works of well-known Ukrainian and foreign scholars (V. Bohorodytskyi, I. Baudouin de Courtenay, K. Brugman, W. Wundt, B. Delbruck, G. Paul, O. Potebnia, P. Fortunatov, W. Scherer, H. Steinthal, A. Schleicher et al.), who strengthened the scientific interest to the problem of translation and corpus of texts in particular. The object of the research is a model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO. The purpose of the research is to prove that the model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts can become a full-fledged informational foundation for the formation of texts parallel corpus within the Ukrainian National Corpus. The methods of observation and experiment were applied to analyze empirical, review, conceptual analytical tools that specify the meaning of described objects and phenomena given their qualitative affiliation to the UNC. The study focuses on a number of tasks, in particular: - to determine a theoretical and linguistic basis of the concept “English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO”; - to determine the mechanism of updating of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, WTO within the UNC; - to find out the specifics of formation and filling-in of the EUS; - to substantiate the relevant methodology of examination of official and business texts of NATO, UN, and WTO in the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents; - to single out and itemize the advantages of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO within the UNC. Analysis of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO as a construct of the parallel corpus of texts of the UNC was carried out in several stages. The first stage envisaged description and inventory. Theoretical works on the history of the Ukrainian National Corpus were reviewed and generalized, and the concept of “English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO” was determined. It was found out that the UNC is the object of research in such areas of linguistic studies as the applied and corpus linguistics that construe the corpus of texts as a translator’s tool. This encourages us to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the UNC and justify the expediency of our proposal to develop the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO. Definition of the UNC as a national corpus of texts that contains only Ukrainian texts and does not envisage a parallel translation evidenced the need to create a proposal of a parallel corpus of texts with an updated English-language database. The selection of lexical items with the official and business semantics is based on documents of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, and WTO. At the same stage, we determine the purpose of the research, in particular, the formation of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents, which envisages a parallel translation of NATO, UN, WTO texts. This sequence of procedures allowed us to carry out consideration and interpretation of existing theoretical provisions and inventory of factual research materials. Theoretical and corpus analysis methods were used in the research. The second stage envisaged analysis and differentiation. Special aspects of filling-up of the EUS with official and business texts of NATO, UN, and WTO were characterized. Theoretical analysis of the EUS was carried out in order to establish a clear hierarchy of the UNC structure. The main types of participants of the EUS formation (students, teaching staff) were differentiated and the behavioral model of every participant in the process was developed. The specifics of presentation of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents of NATO, UN, and WTO in the UNC was established. This final stage, where methods of observation and experiment were used, evidenced determination of an exact place of a text in the EUS (belonging to a certain category of homogeneous texts) that becomes a crucial factor in choosing a translation option. Numerous terminological phrases and expressions in the analyzed official and business documents of UN, NATO, WTO, which act as identifiers in the EUS, were systematized. An increase in the number of unique texts (official and business texts) was noted, which ensures the representativeness of not only the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts, but of the UNC in general. The final stage of the research confirmed the expediency of the division of the whole process of sub-corpus formation into elementary tasks. We generalized the statement that the EUS is a dynamic, context-dependent sub-corpus (only official and business texts of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, WTO) and an optimal algorithm designed to be easily downloaded and used. Conclusion. The analysis conducted in the present paper is meant to illustrate a new approach to forming a modern model of the sub-corpus of texts of official and business documents. The model of the English-Ukrainian sub-corpus of official and business documents texts of NATO, UN, and WTO provides for a clear division into categories of homogeneous texts and a quick search for special terminology of international organizations, such as NATO, UN, and WTO, in the EUS. In the context of the texts analyzed in the current paper numerous separated words and expressions-identifiers can help to carry out search and refer to a relevant text in the sub-corpus. Compilation of terminological nominations glossary, their functional and stylistic labeling and assimilation into the commonly used vocabulary of the EUS and later on in the UNC are currently at the stage of formation and approval. To this end, the current research manifests the concept of the EUS as a sub-corpus of the UNC that allows the prompt presentation of relevant texts of the official business style and coverage of the broadest range of interested readers.

Many undergraduate students find the production of an extended piece of academic writing challenging. This challenge is more acute in the sciences where production of extended texts is infrequent throughout undergraduate studies. This paper reports the development of a new English for Academic Purposes (EAP) workshop and associated resources for third year undergraduate chemists to support their dissertation module. The workshop is designed to utilise a searchable database of student texts (a corpus) developed as part of the FOCUS project at Durham University. This novel use of data-driven learning (DDL), common in second language pedagogy, transfers well to the chemistry classroom as the processes of research and discovery (of words rather than chemicals) involved in DDL parallel similar processes in chemistry research. Our workshop and online consolidation activities have been positively evaluated by both staff and our current cohort of students. The project is being rolled out across other departments at Durham as well as the corpus tool being utilised at other UK HEIs. This corpus-based approach to academic writing in chemistry offers a unique perspective on the interplay between language and scientific literacy.

Abstract The aim of the present study is to thoroughly analyse the prepositions and adverbs meaning ‘between’ in the works of a Late Middle English poet John Lydgate. As regards their quality, aspects such as the etymology, syntax, dialect, temporal and textual distribution of the analysed lexemes will be presented. In terms of the quantity, the actual number of tokens of the prepositions and adverbs meaning ‘between’ employed in John Lydgate’s works will be provided and compared to the parallel statistics concerning Middle English texts collected by the Middle English Dictionary online and the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. The most spectacular finding is that John Lydgate regularly uses atwēn, twēn(e) and atwix(t)(en), which are recorded in hardly any other Middle English texts. Moreover, the former two lexemes, and sporadically also atwix(t)(en), produce the highest number of tokens of all lexemes meaning ‘between’ in each analysed Lydgate’s text, which is unique in the whole history of the English language.

In this article, Michael Ullyot explores the possible implications for literary reading of a vast textual database of sonnets. Ullyot argues that a growing library of texts and tools will help us to read the sonnet in less linear and more “scalable” ways. Although not fully developed yet, Ullyot’s prototype already has produced useful results by focusing on Milton’s admittedly small corpus of English sonnets. Ullyot suggests that if textual analysis techniques can confirm critical insights about Milton’s sonnets, then more confidence can be placed in these tools and techniques when, later, they are scaled up to larger bodies of texts. While displaying a healthy pragmatic realism about the challenges ahead, Ullyot’s article tantalizingly suggests the scholarly advantages of building the world’s largest sonnet anthology.

With the development of corpus linguistic and the inter-disciplinary application of deep learning, the quantitative research on the cross-cultural communication of city image is becoming more and more popular recently. The purpose of this study is to reveal the current communicative situation of Xi’an City on English online news medias and overseas audiences. This paper uses the real-time English online news Corpus NOW and public opinion texts drawn from Twitter as the research data. Firstly, this study analyzes the text data from the perspective of Word Frequency, Keywords, Key Word In Context (KWIC) and Collocation. Then sentiment analysis based on a pre-trained Natural Language Processing (NLP) model Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) is used to analyze overseas audiences’ attitude toward Xi’an City. The results find that Xi’an City is less reported by overseas online new medias than other 14 new first-tier cities in China. Southeast and Central Asian countries are the main reporters of Xi’an City. International society mainly concentrates on Xi’an City’s national defense industry (especially military aircraft), followed by its long history and economy. Besides, 46.2% of overseas audiences keeps neutral toward Xi’an, 30.4% have a negative attitude, and another 23.4% have a positive attitude. According to the research result, this study proposes three practical suggestions to help enhance Xi’an City’s international influence effectively.

The article discusses the linguistic means of implementing comic in order to convey negative evaluativeness in the English-language online movie reviews. The various comic techniques are a rich linguistic arsenal for showing authors criticism. The pragmatic motivation of satirical and ironic texts is the introduction of new, different from the existing information on the object of humor. By incorporating humorous elements into the online movie reviews, the author creates a communicative situation characterized by a semi-serious tone. The purpose of this article is to consider in the film review linguistic means of transmitting the comic, bearing a negative modal-evaluative value. The empirical material for the description, classification and analysis in this study was the corpus of 45 film reviews of 20202022, taken from the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. The humorization of online movie reviews occurs due to a wide range of traditional comic techniques, the main ones of which include comic extended metaphor, irony, sarcasm, hyperbolization, oxymoron, pun. Among the situational stylistic techniques of comic, allusion, comparison, antithesis, colloquialisms, slang should be distinguished. The cases of internal deformation of phraseological units are noticeable, the transformation of the structure occurs due to the implementation of a lexico-semantic unit associated with the conceptual field cinema, which leads to a comic rethinking of a fixed expression.

The article addresses a vital issue of nominations of human emotional state of sadness in English. As a part and parcel of daily life and communication, emotions are intrinsically connected to human linguistic behaviour. The research adheres to the anthropocentric paradigm that governs multiple research areas currently, thus making it relevant. Moreover, a combination of the methods used, namely, semantic, lexical, contextual, distributional analysis, combined with online tools and corpora, contributes to the research relevance. Given many triggers of the emotional state people face with on daily basis, the problem of nomination of emotions and finding reasons that lie behind them is a one of the ways to deal with it. The article aims at revealing the semantic and lexical peculiarities of the emotives, nominating sadness in English with reference to their contexts. 40 linguistic units, nominating sadness in English were collected from the dictionaries. About 1000 example sentences were elicited from corpora. The research was implemented in four stages. The structural classification reveled prevalence of verbal emotives with preposition of KV+prep+A type. Further, we focused on the combinatorial features of the emotives based on the British National Corpus texts and Google NGram viewer tool. The verbs be, feel, get are more common to collocate with the emotives under study. The semantics of the emotives is extended by the introduction of the semes increase, decrease and absence of a wide range of sadness triggers. Google NGram newspaper texts tend to resort to the emotives for the nomination of economic and political bodies rather than individuals.

According to the two editors, it has been a long time since the entire history of Welsh literature was treated in one volume, so the new effort by Geraint Evans and Helen Fulton must be certainly welcomed. But for a little housekeeping, so to speak, they only refer to the volume Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg hyd 1900, published by Thomas Parry in 1953, translated into English in 1955. A simple search in any online catalog, however, unearths other valuable studies, such as Bobi Jones’s The Dragon’s Pen: A Brief History of Welsh Literature (1986), Mathias Roland’s Anglo-Welsh Literature: An Illustrated History (1986), The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales, ed. Meic Stephens (1986), and Dafydd Johnston, The Literature of Wales (1994), none of which are included in the final cumulative bibliography. Of course, this does not mean at all that new efforts in that regard could be dismissed, on the contrary. In fact, as Evans and Fulton correctly emphasize, both with respect to the use of English and the use of Welsh, the time has come to approach the entire corpus of literary texts as produced in Wales from the early Middle Ages until today in a holistic fashion, although this work was here divvied up among a larger number of scholars responsible for individual literary-historical periods. It would have been helpful, however, if the editors had reviewed critically the previous efforts to write a literary history of Wales in order to highlight better the new approaches and methodologies, which are explained subsequently, but not clearly enough in contrast to previous publications.

The article analyzes the development of applied linguistics within the framework of Bashkir linguistics, as well as the formation of this field. Most researchers working in the field of applied linguistics consider it to be a multidisciplinary field that encompasses all existing research. However, there is still no clear definition of what constitutes this term. In the article, applied linguistics is defined as referring to areas that involve the use of mathematical methods, computer-aided text processing, and the creation and analysis of linguistic databases. These areas have been active fields of research at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for over 30 years. The first steps towards this goal in the Bashkir linguistics were taken by the group “Automation of Lexicography”, which was founded in 1991. During its 11-year existence, the team developed frequency dictionaries for the language in the works of classical Bashkir literature by D. Yulty, as well as frequency dictionaries on different styles of Bashkir, primary school textbooks, and other materials. Due to the widespread adoption of computer technologies, which required the creation of standards for software, localization, support for operating systems, and promotion of the Bashkir language online, a laboratory for linguistics and information technology has been established on the basis of this group. The laboratory successfully completed these tasks: they presented standards for keyboard layouts and code tables; they participated in the localization of Lexicon, FineReader, Mozilla, Disco Commander and Chameleon programs; and they created national fonts and implemented language support for Windows and Linux operating systems. These works were the foundation for the full functionality of the language in the digital world. On their basis, the laboratory developed a terminological database operating on the internet, an information system for the Machine Fund of the Bashkir language, and corpus projects on prose, journalist and folklore texts in the Bashkir language. Based on these latter projects, certain issues regarding the syntactic structures of proverbs and sayings in the national language have been investigated. In order to continue dialectological research and to create a database of dialects of the national language, the laboratory was transformed into the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology in 2022. Today, the department continues to work on corpus projects of the Bashkir language and collects expedition materials for a geographic information database on regional dialects. Based on these materials, a great deal of scientific work is carried out to clarify problems of the function of oral Bashkir speech within the media, as well as to determine phonetic and lexico-grammatical characteristics of the Northwest dialect.

In this paper, I briefly review the examples of ambiguity problem in Korean and Bulgarian, and examine methods for solving the ambiguity problem, focusing on previous studies. Resolving the ambiguity of the word stage has progressed to some extent through the dictionary work (off-line work) so far, and it is also true that the importance of understanding the meaning of the ambiguity of a word alone in the actual dialogue act process is relatively low. Therefore, solving the problem of ambiguity in the units of phrases, sentences, and texts is the central part of this thesis. Since there are quantitative and temporal limitations in the database that researchers collect and create, the method of computerizing this and the method of solving(processing) when a phrase or sentence to be identified appears in the main study from the point of view of artificial intelligence processing. The first step in the research for resolving ambiguity in Bulgarian is to continuously discover ambiguous expressions that appear in words, vocabulary, sentences, and texts, and create a data base. Theoretical research on such matters should proceed. Collection of examples (DB) at individual stages can be continuously performed off-line and on-line. Off-line, it will be individual dictionaries such as homonyms and Bulgarian dictionary, and on-line, it will be a web crawling collection of data from Bulgarian Wikipedia, Wordnet, and online portals. WordNet, an English-centered thesaurus, is not just a digitized dictionary, but is organized into a Synset in which nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are a set of analogous words. WordNet also provides antonyms, metonymy, pertainymy, homonymy, and entailment. It can also be an efficient and good way to secure additional data in Bulgarian by using an artificial intelligence automatic translation technique for WordNet, which is mainly provided in English. In particular, considering that the linguistic characteristics of Bulgarian are syntactically similar to English and the role of function words including prepositions is strong due to the analytic language structure, this method is very meaningful. To add one more thing, this method is very meaningful because English is the language resource that currently holds the most ambiguity data in the world. This paper is a theoretical focus on how to solve the ambiguity problem through data and model development. Accuracy analysis and parameter adjustment through actual data processing remain as future tasks to be attempted by introducing an engineering methodology.

Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French chronicles the current status of French Anglicisms, a hot topic in the history of the French language and a compelling example of the influence of global English. The abundant data come from primary sources—a large online newspaper corpus (for unofficial Anglicisms) and the dictionary (for official Anglicisms)—and secondary sources. This book examines the appearance and behavior of English items in the lexicon and morphology of French, and explains them in the context of French neology and lexical activity. The first phase of the latest contact period (1990–2015) has its own complex linguistic characterization, including a significant influx of nonce borrowings and very low-frequency Anglicisms, heterogeneous and creative borrowing outcomes, and direct phraseological borrowing. This book is a counterargument to the well-known criticism that Anglicisms are lexical polluters. On the contrary, the use of Anglicisms requires the inventive application of complex linguistic rules, and the borrowing of Anglicisms into the French lexicon is convincing proof that language change is systematic. The findings bring novel interdisciplinary insights to the domains of borrowing in a non-bilingual contact setting; global English as a source of lexical creativity in the French lexicon; the phases, patterns and processes of integration of English loanwords; the morphology of borrowing; and computational corpus linguistics. The appended database is a snapshot of a synchronic period of linguistic contact and a useful lexicographic resource.