Tesi sul tema "Copper induatry and trade"

The production and trade in copper and bronze was one of the major features of the complex societies in the Near East and Mediterranean during the third to first millennia B.C. While finished metal objects are common finds from the period, ancient metal ingots and hoards of scrap metal, as well as archaeological evidence of metallurgical activities, are often more important sources of information for how ancient technology and trade functioned. Shipwrecks, particularly those found off the coast of Turkey at Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya, as well as mining and smelting sites in the Mediterranean region, provide invaluable information on the production and trade of copper and tin, the main ingredients of bronze. In this thesis, I examine the evolution of the copper trade in the eastern and central Mediterranean, particularly during the Late Bronze Age, when ‘oxhide’ ingots were widely exported. Finds of oxhide ingots have increased dramatically in recent years, and no synthesis of all of this newly available evidence is currently available. I attempt to analyze this new evidence in relation to older finds and research, with a particular focus on the cargo of the Uluburun shipwreck, the largest collection of Bronze Age metal ingots from a single site in the Mediterranean. The history of oxhide ingot production is complex, but by the Late Bronze Age Cyprus was supplying much of the copper used to neighboring regions, with revolutionary effects on societies in Cyprus and elsewhere. The archaeological evidence shows that oxhide ingots are early examples of a standardized industrial product made for export by emerging state-level societies during the second millennium B.C. and fueled the development of international trade, metallurgical technology, and complex social institutions in a variety of Mediterranean societies from Egypt and the Levant, Greece, Cyprus, to Sardinia in the central Mediterranean.

The study of ancient Eurasian metallurgy has been suffering from (or preoccupied by) two conventional perspectives. One is that of the diffusion model emphasising the importance of the settled empires of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, of south-eastern Europe and of China (Shennan 1986, 1993; Kristiansen 1984). The supremacy of these 'cradles' of early civilisation is marked not only by social hierarchies, but also by technological inventions such as metal production. This view sees the mobile populations of the Eurasian steppe as occupying the "hinterland" of these early settled states in the south, believing that the emergence of metal technologies in the Steppe was the result of the expansions of "advanced" civilisations. The second perspective is rooted in the provenance study which traces metal objects back to their geological sources (Pernicka 2014). It assumes that chemical and isotopic composition of metal is static and only reflects a simple linear relationship between artefacts and specific ore deposits. Drawing from a legacy database of approximately 9,000 chemical analyses of copper-based artefacts, this thesis rejects the simplicity of both the diffusion and the provenance models. While admitting that the use of metal might have originated from western Asia, the development of metallurgy in the Eurasian steppe should be understood on its own terms. It is constantly re-shaped by vigorous circulation of metal artefacts across mobile communities on a regional or inter-regional scale. This observation is based on the application of a new innovative framework to interpret the patterns of compositional data (Bray et al. 2015). This novel method argues that metal can flow, quite literally, from one object to another as it is re-melted, re-mixed and re-cast in different shapes and colours, depending on different social contexts. Thermodynamic modelling and modern experiments have shown that during the copper melt, some volatile elements in copper alloys (e.g. arsenic, antimony, and zinc) are preferentially removed through oxidative loss. Instead, some elements, such as silver, nickel, and gold, tend to be preserved in metals. These predictable patterns of elemental losses provide valuable information to trace the directional flow of metal units between regions/cultures, if we combine chemical data of metal artefacts properly with archaeological context, landscape and chronology. By using this new methodology, several routes of copper supplies have been identified in the Steppe during different periods. They feature the exchange of metals within regional networks, fuelled by local copper sources. The Urals, central Kazakhstan, the Altai, and the Minusinsk-Tuva regions were the primary copper production centres that developed distinct trace-element chemistry and artefact typology. By contrast, alloying techniques employed by steppe peoples, generally demonstrate the long-distance connections based on two major metallurgical practices: arsenical copper in the western steppe and tin-bronze in the eastern steppe. Copper-arsenic production was concentrated in the Caucasus but the recycling of its arsenical copper became more apparent further away towards the Urals. On the other hand, the invention of tin-bronze metallurgy was triggered by the formation of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon (c. 2100- 1800/1700 BC) in the Altai, and this alloying tradition was amplified by the emergence of the Andronovo culture (c. 1700-1400 BC) in the Ural-Kazakh steppe. Tin-bronze ornaments, in particular, were exchanged between eastern and western mobile communities over a considerable distance, through the mechanism of pastoral seasonal movements. In conclusion, traditional views of diffusion and provenance theories cannot be uncritically applied to the inception of ancient metallurgy in the Eurasian steppe. Mobile pastoralists developed multi-regional production hubs based on the accessibility of ore resources and the variations in subsistence strategies. Although steppe metalwork revealed some technological borrowings from settled communities, steppe peoples had transformed them into locally adapted products that could fit into their socio-economic systems. That is, when dealing with the issues of Eurasian metallurgy, we should acknowledge the complexity of human engagement with metal and look into subtler differences in cultural context, landscape, and ideology.

La Alianza del Pacífico es un bloque regional fundado en el 2011 y conformado por Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Este bloque ha tenido un gran éxito a nivel internacional no solo por su cooperación, sino por saber sobrellevar sus diferencias políticas e ideológicas. Su meta es la creación de un área de integración profunda por medio de la libre circulación de bienes, servicios, capitales y personas, exonerando las barreras arancelarias, así como el impulso al crecimiento, desarrollo y competitividad. Estos mismos factores son los que han ayudado a mejorar sus métodos de comercio tanto intrarregional como extrarregional, siendo de la larga lista de productos beneficiados el Cobre, commodity mineral que ha crecido en exportaciones, y cuyos principales países productores se encuentran en este acuerdo. Para esta investigación se tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de la influencia del volumen exportado del cobre en el comercio intrarregional y extrarregional del bloque regional Alianza del Pacífico. Es por ello que se ha realizado una investigación mixta, la cual se divide por un lado en el estudio cuantitativo, con datos del comercio intrarregional y extrarregional de este bloque y el volumen del cobre exportado, y por otro lado la investigación cualitativa la cual se encuentra conformada por entrevistas a expertos en el tema, recopilando sus opiniones y realizando una comparación entre ellas. Como resultado de los datos recopilados se concluye que las exportaciones en volumen de este commodity si generan una influencia en el comercio intrarregional, más no en el extrarregional.
The Pacific Alliance is a regional block founded in 2011 and formed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. This agreement has been highly successful at the international level not only for its cooperation, but for knowing how to cope with its political and ideological differences. Its goal is to create an area of ​​deep integration through the free movement of goods, services, capital and people, exonerating tariff barriers, as well as promoting growth, development and competitiveness. These same factors are the ones that have helped to improve its trading methods both intraregional and extraregional, being from the long list of beneficiary products Copper, a mineral commodity that has grown in exports, and whose main producing countries are in this agreement. The objective of this research is to carry out an analysis of the influence of the exported volume of copper on the intraregional and extraregional trade of the Pacific Alliance regional block. That is why a mixed investigation has been carried out, which is divided on one hand into the quantitative study, with data on the intraregional and extraregional trade of this block and the volume of copper exported, and on the other hand the qualitative research which includes interviews with experts on the subject, compiling their opinions and making a comparison among them. As a result of the data collected, it is concluded that the volume exported of this commodity do influence the intraregional trade, but not extraregional trade.
Tesis

La producción chilena de cobre procede de la hidrometalurgia y la concentración; el concentrado de cobre es tratado tradicionalmente mediante pirometalurgia. De acuerdo a Cochilco, el cobre producido en el año 2019, vía hidrometalurgia, fue un 27.3% del cobre chileno producido. Sin embargo, se prevé que esta aporte baje a un 11.6% para el año 2029, debido al agotamiento de los óxidos de cobre y la aparición de los sulfuros, principalmente calcopirita, siendo este mineral refractario a condiciones convencionales de lixiviación. Una opción para mejorar la eficiencia de lixiviación es el pretratamiento, especialmente el efecto del tiempo de curado. Esta variable mejora la cinética de disolución, principalmente en minerales sulfurados de cobre, sin embargo, existe escasa investigación al respecto. Estudios sobre el pretratamiento evalúan el efecto en la eficiencia de lixiviación pero no antes. Además, las reacciones que gobiernan estos fenómenos no han sido identificadas. Así, el objetivo de esta tesis es la evaluación del efecto del curado ácido en la extracción de cobre desde minerales sulfurados en condiciones oxidantes y en la presencia de cloruro. Muestras puras de calcopirita, calcosina y un mineral industrial de mina han sido utilizadas. Se desarrollaron pruebas evaluando el efecto del tiempo de curado y la concentración de KNO3, NaCl y H2SO4 y analizadas por ANOVA (calcopirita). Los productos formados en el pretratamiento (aglomerados) se caracterizaron utilizando diversas técnicas, tales como: Difracción de rayos X, Microscopio electrónico de barrido y Microscopia de luz reflejada. Además, el efecto del pretratamiento ha sido evaluado en la eficiencia de lixiviación a varias temperaturas, los residuos de lixiviación también han sido caracterizados. En el pretratamiento, el mineral de calcopirita y de mina, bajo las condiciones utilizadas en este estudio (15 kg/t of H2SO4, 25 kg/t of NaCl y 15 días de tiempo de curado), los siguientes productos fueron identificados: CuSO4, NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, Cu2Cl(OH) y S. Sobre la calcosina, bajo las condiciones utilizadas en este estudio, con 30 kg/t of H2SO4, 40 kg/t of NaCl y 7 días de tiempo de curado, los productos identificados fueron: Cu1.75S, Cu(OH)Cl, Na2SO4 and CuSO4. Finalmente, el pretratamiento mejora la eficiencia de lixiviación, entre 4 y 6%, alcanzando una extracción de cobre de 94% desde la calcopirita a 90 °C, fortaleciendo la hidrometalurgia como alternativa de tratamiento para minerales sulfurados de cobre.
Copper production in Chile is developed by hydrometallurgical and concentration; copper concentrates are traditionally treated by the pyrometallurgical route. According to Cochilco, copper produced in 2019 by hydrometallurgical process represent a 27.3% of Chilean total copper production. However, this contribution is estimated to decrease to 11.6% by 2029, due to the depletion of copper oxides and the appearance of copper sulphides, mainly chalcopyrite, being this mineral refractory to conventional leaching conditions. An alternative to improve leaching efficiency is pretreatment prior to leaching, especially the effect of curing time. This variable can increases the kinetics of copper extraction, especially in sulphides ores, however, there is limited research about it. Studies on pretreatment evaluate the effect on leaching efficiency but not previous leaching. Furthermore, the reactions that govern this phenomenon have not been clearly identified. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is the evaluation of the effect of acid curing on the copper extraction from sulphides minerals in oxidizing media and in presence of chloride. A pure sample of chalcopyrite, chalcocite and a mine ore were used. Tests evaluating the effect of curing time, KNO3, NaCl and H2SO4 concentration have been carried out. The chalcopyrite sample effect was evaluated by ANOVA. The product generated in the pretreatment (agglomerates) has been characterized using different characterization techniques, such as: X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Reflection Optical Microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of pretreatment has been evaluated on the leaching efficiency at different temperatures, leaching residues have also been characterized. In the pretreatment of the chalcopyrite sample and mine ore, under the conditions of 15 kg/t of H2SO4, 25 kg/t of NaCl and 15 days of curing time, the following products were identified: CuSO4, NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6, Cu2Cl(OH) and S0. Regarding the chalcocite sample, under the conditions of with 30 kg/t of H2SO4, 40 kg/t of NaCl and 7 days of curing time, the following products were identified: Cu1.75S, Cu(OH)Cl, Na2SO4 and CuSO4. Finally, copper sulphides ore pretreatment improved leaching efficiency, between 4 and 6%, reaching a copper dissolution of 94% from chalcopyrite at 90 °C, strengthening the hydrometallurgy as an alternative treatment for copper sulphides ores.

Anthropology
Ph.D.
Native Americans in the Eastern Woodlands participated in extensive trade networks with their surrounding neighbors, beginning over 4,500 years ago. Lithics, perishable goods, exotics, and knowledge have crisscrossed the landscape throughout prehistory. By determining a general region from which copper artifacts originated and linking it with the location of their use and eventual discard, this research reveals "trade" patterns and thus advances our understanding of culture change in the Eastern Woodlands. This project focuses on evaluating the nature and extent of this interaction using copper artifacts from Early to Middle Woodland period sites within the Middle Atlantic region. These sites include Abbott Farm and Rosenkrans Ferry in New Jersey and Nassawango in Maryland. This study uses laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to examine trace-element concentrations of copper in artifacts and thus tests existing regional models of prehistoric exchange. By examining the elemental composition of copper this study was able to determine whether the artifacts from these sites were made on raw material from single or multiple geological sources, and where those sources might be located. The elemental study showed that geologic sources of copper represented by the artifacts found on a site could have come from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina and Canada. These geological sources are all located within the eastern United States. This helped to clarify how native peoples in the Middle Atlantic Region acquired copper and whether current reconstructions of ancient patterns of trade could account for the regional distribution of copper artifacts. A series of expectations based on interpretations of the chemical data were constructed to evaluate existing exchange models. Certain aspects of the exchange models did hold up in light of this study. A broad-based (down the line) exchange network was identified for the Early Woodland site examined in this study. Similarly, broad-based exchange networks were seen at Middle Woodland sites; with the addition of a more complex focused exchange network with copper coming from within the region. This means that prehistoric groups in this region, while they appear to exhibit signs of increased socio-cultural complexity, provide stronger evidence of a reciprocally shared ideology based on probable kin relations. Similarly, these results agree with previous copper sourcing studies carried out in the mid-continent. Identifying the provenance of artifacts used in exchange networks is important for understanding interactions among prehistoric groups and the impact of these networks on social organization. Furthermore, by combining geological, archaeological, and anthropological data this research elucidates processes of material resource acquisition and determines if they change through time. Research into the identification of raw material sources, the archaeological context of exotic artifacts, the movement of those artifacts between groups, and the significance or value attached to those artifacts through the act of exchange all contribute to an understanding of prehistoric behavioral and social processes.
Temple University--Theses

O fornecimento e o acesso à água potável é um dos grandes desafios deste século. Nesta perspectiva, o rápido avanço da Nanotecnologia tem contribuído significativamente para o desenvolvimento e a produção de nanomateriais, objetivando melhorar o desempenho e a eficiência dos processos de descontaminação da água. Desse modo, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo preparar e caracterizar filmes automontados de poli(hidrocloreto de alilamina) (PAH) e poli(ácido acrílico) (PAA) contendo nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) e de cobre (CuNPs), visando sua posterior aplicação no tratamento terciário de efluentes industriais para reuso. As AgNPs e CuNPs foram sintetizadas por meio da (i) redução de sais de prata e de cobre (II) em meio aquoso, com posterior incorporação das mesmas nos filmes finos de PAH/PAA, e (ii) pela irradiação direta dos filmes finos de PAH/PAA com luz ultravioleta (UV), após a imersão dos mesmos em soluções salinas de prata e cobre (II). Após a automontagem, os filmes foram caracterizados por meio de diferentes técnicas instrumentais, incluindo a espectroscopia de absorção molecular na região do ultravioleta e visível (UV-Vis), a espectroscopia de emissão óptica por descarga luminescente (GD-OES), a microscopia de força atômica (AFM), a microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (MEV-FEG), a espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X (XPS), a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma de argônio indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES) e a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). De maneira geral, os espectros de UV-Vis e GD-OES comprovaram a incorporação/formação de AgNPs e de CuNPs/óxido de cobre (II) nos filmes finos desse trabalho. Os testes realizados com o efluente industrial evidenciaram que todos os filmes desenvolvidos apresentaram atividade bactericida frente a coliformes totais, com variação de 14 a 100% em termos de inibição. Os filmes contendo AgNPs, por sua vez, apresentaram atividade bactericida 5% superior, quando comparados aos filmes contendo CuNPs. Além disso, os filmes preparados a partir da irradiação direta com luz UV apresentaram a maior eficiência inibitória (superior a 90%) e, dessa forma, foram avaliados em função da variação da concentração do sal precursor. De maneira geral, observou-se através da caracterização por MEV-FEG e MET que a alteração na concentração do sal promoveu uma variação em termos de tamanho das nanopartículas incorporadas aos filmes (10-250 nm para as AgNPs e 10-170 nm para as CuNPs). O tratamento do efluente industrial para reuso com os filmes obtidos pelo método (ii), por sua vez, reduziu de 91 a 100% a contagem total de coliformes presentes no efluente industrial bruto (sem tratamento), sendo que o filme obtido na concentração 0,1098 mmol/L de Ag+ foi o material com maior eficácia. Finalmente, considerando-se a facilidade de aplicação, o baixo impacto ambiental, e a ação inibidora satisfatória, os filmes desenvolvidos neste trabalho apresentam um grande potencial para serem utilizados como auxiliares no tratamento terciário de efluentes industriais.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
The supply and access to drinking water is one of the great challenges of this century. In this perspective, the rapid advancement of Nanotechnology has contributed significantly to the development and production of nanomaterials, aiming to improve the performance and efficiency of water decontamination processes. Thus, the main goal of this work was to prepare and characterize self-assembled thin films of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and copper (CuNPs) for their subsequent application in the tertiary treatment of industrial effluents for reuse. The AgNPs and CuNPs were synthesized by (i) reducing silver and copper (II) salts in aqueous medium, with subsequent incorporation in PAH/PAA thin films, and (ii) by direct irradiation of the PAH/PAA thin films with ultraviolet (UV) light after immersion in silver and copper (II) salt solutions. After self-assembling, the thin films were characterized by different instrumental techniques, including ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) molecular absorption spectroscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In general, the UV-Vis and GD-OES spectra confirmed the incorporation/formation of AgNPs and CuNPs/copper (II) oxide in the thin films. The tests carried out with the industrial effluent showed that all the films developed presented bactericidal activity against total coliforms, ranging from 14 to 100% in terms of inhibition. The films containing AgNPs, by other hand, presented bactericidal activity 5% higher when compared to the films containing CuNPs. In addition, the films prepared from direct irradiation with UV light showed the highest inhibitory efficiency (greater than 90%) and, therefore, were evaluated as a function of the variation of the precursor salt concentration. In general, it was observed through the characterization by FESEM and TEM that the change in salt concentration promoted a variation in terms of size incorporated into the films (10-250 nm for AgNPs and 10-170 nm for CuNPs). The treatment of the industrial effluent for reuse with the films obtained by method (ii), in turn, reduced the total count of coliforms present in the raw industrial effluent (untreated) from 91 to 100%, being that the film obtained at the concentration 0.1098 mmol/L Ag+ was the most efficient material. Finally, considering the ease of application, the low environmental impact, and the satisfactory inhibitory action, the films developed in this work present a great potential to be used as auxiliaries in the tertiary treatment of industrial effluents.

Even though the West, or Global North, initiates extensive development policymaking and project activity on the African continent, this study argues that one source of major frustration between different parties entrusted to do the work arises from cognitive differences in their worldviews. These differences affect people's actions and have theological ramifications involving how we all understand meaning and reality. The study employs a case method analyzed through the lens of Alfred Schutz's sociology of knowledge theories and augmented by insights from African scholars to look at basic perceptual differences between Zambians and expatriates working on the Copperbelt Province's mines. After exploring how participants in the study interpreted various experiences, this study concludes that Zambians and expatriates were essentially living in "parallel universes" of meaning regardless of their apparently shared activities and objectives. The study further argues that viewpoints expressed by Zambian participants can be extrapolated into powerful lessons for members of civil society who are concerned about international development and the environment. Such teaching elements could especially help reshape how Americans and other Westerners understand ourselves in relation to physical creation and the cosmos as well as to those from radically different cultures. Lessons learned from the Zambian perspective could also help reinvigorate Western theological thinking, providing much needed critiques of discourses that currently dominate international development policymaking and planning and that determine value principally according to economic strategies and fulfillment of efficient, measurable objectives.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.

Le cuivre occupe une place importante en Afrique centrale tout au long du second millénaire, notamment dans les échanges. Les gisements du bassin du Niari au sud de la République du Congo, mentionnés dès le 16e siècle dans les sources européennes, ont ainsi joué un rôle économique d’envergure. Ils auraient contribué au développement de plusieurs entités politiques de la zone dont, notamment, le royaume Kongo.Les données directes sur la métallurgie primaire du cuivre dans cette zone restaient cependant limitées à cause du laconisme des sources historiques et de l’insuffisance des données archéologiques. Cette thèse avait donc pour but d’identifier, de dater et de caractériser les différentes productions de cuivre que le bassin du Niari a pu connaître, d’en comprendre le contexte technique, mais aussi sociétal et d’appréhender le rôle que ces productions ont pu jouer à l’échelle régionale, dans les échanges et au niveau sociopolitique. L’étude du matériel céramique et métallurgique récolté lors de trois campagnes de fouilles et de prospections a permis d’identifier plusieurs types de productions métallurgiques différentes rattachées à quatre grandes périodes d’activité entre le 9e et le 19e siècle. La diversité des pratiques métallurgiques et des assemblages céramiques associés suggère une occupation de la zone par des groupes distincts au cours du second millénaire. Ces groupes entretiennent des liens avec d’autres entités culturelles et politiques régionales et leurs productions s’insèrent dans des réseaux d’échanges dont les ramifications sont complexes et multiples. Si l’insertion des zones cuprifères dans ces réseaux varie au cours du temps, certains axes de commerce interrégionaux bien documentés au 19e siècle semblent déjà être bien établis au 14e siècle, attestant ainsi l’ancienneté des échanges sur de longues distances à l’ouest de l’Afrique centrale.
Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis surveys Sino-Japanese relations in the early Tokugawa period with a specific focus on transactions in the major commodity--copper--between the two countries. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the bilateral contact in the early Tokugawa, the evolution of the copper trade, the political events involved with the trade, and to reexamine the significance of sakoku (seclusion) policy of Japan from a Chinese perspective. This thesis first explores the efforts of the shogunate from 1600 to 1625 towards reopening the kango or tally trade with China which had been suspended in the previous Muromachi period. Based on research of the archives of the Ming imperial court, this study for the first time demonstrates the Chinese response to their efforts. The thesis goes on to survey the copper problem in China, the Qing court copper policy, and the copper trade between Japan and the Qing. The discussion includes concern with China's internal economic and monetary situation and its external trade with Japan, the Kangxi Emperor's direct involvement with the copper trade, particularly from 1684 to 1715, and the control over the trade by the bakufu. Finally, the thesis presents a thorough examination of the case of shinpai (trade credentials) in China triggered by the "Shotoku New Regulations" issued by the bakufu in 1715, and takes the shinpai case and the imperial edict of the Kangxi Emperor on the case as a touchstone and clue to the understanding of Sino- Japanese relations in the whole Tokugawa period. The study concludes that the sakoku policy had a positive impact on Sino- Japanese relations in the Tokugawa (Qing) period.

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities of the University of the Witwatersrand Department of Sociology/ Global Labour University, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MA Labour and Development, Labour Policy &Globalization, 2015
This study investigates the environmental costs of copper mining in a mining Township of Kankoyo in Mufulira, Zambia. It investigates the ways in which the mine workers in this community experience, assess and respond to the pervasive environmental degradation caused by mining operations. The study indicates that the people of Kankoyo have an implied understanding (physical experiences e.g. smoke, dust etc.) of the risks in their environment but lack explicit knowledge (long term effects). Second, the working class are now in an awkward position between participating in activism against the company that pollutes their environment and the need to keep their jobs. Third, experiences with a polluted environment have divided the Kankoyo between those who engage in community mobilisation (the unemployed) and those who don’t because they want to protect their jobs (the mine workers). As experiences take a gender dimension, women tend to suffer more due to the gender roles they play. Fourth, given their helplessness, the people of Kankoyo now plead for social services not in social justice terms but as a compensation for the pollution suffered. The core conclusion is that workers understand environmental threats but: (a) they have little awareness of the long-term effects and (b) they tend to minimise them. For these workers their economic security i.e. employment, is primary and they prioritise the immediate over the longer term, thus (c) they have not responded to this issue in an organised way, rather their unions tend to focus on traditional workplace/pay issues. In addition, state and environmental organisations’ responses are inadequate. Consequently, the community is forced to accept the negative environmental impacts on their lives and the environment. Therefore, the study makes the following arguments: (a) Mineral resource led development in Zambia has failed. Instead, it has led to devastating environmental and health impacts on the nearby communities; (b) that the provision of social services and housing to the mine workers, and revenue to the government only served to divert attention from the long term and ongoing environmental degradation that has taken place overtime. The slug dams, the accumulated dust heaps, leach plants and long term environmental degradation on the copperbelt attest to this; (c) that the corporate policy on housing only served the interests of the mining companies by stabilising the workforce without regard for the arising health impacts; and; (d) privatisation has increased the vulnerability of the working class to environmental costs of mining. In the end, from the shattered hopes of a good life ‘modernisation’ emerges in the words of one respondent a ‘development’ of ‘environmental suffering’, as Kankoyo remains a ‘bomb waiting to explode’.
XL2018

Antipredator defenses are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems. In the widely studied Chaoborus-Daphnia predator-prey system, Daphnia elicit a variety of phenotypically plastic responses to Chaoborus including: morphological, life history, and behavioral responses. While these inducible defenses benefit the prey, metal contaminants have been shown to interfere with chemosensory functions, thereby inhibiting antipredator defenses and decreasing survivorship. However, in lakes with a history of metal contamination, such as Kelly Lake in Sudbury, Ontario, there is evidence to suggest that Daphnia may have adapted to high, ambient copper concentrations. Using seven distinct Daphnia clones that were hatched from resting eggs from Kelly Lake, we examined morphological and life history traits when clones were exposed to either a nominal concentration of copper, kairomone, or a combination of both. As expected, clones displayed a variety of inducible responses in both kairomone-control and kairomone-copper treatments, which was attributed to genetic variability. Expected trade-offs in life history traits were not always observed, suggesting that inducible traits may be coupled. Furthermore, in contradiction to life history theory, one clone exhibited both increased somatic growth and increased reproductive output, indicating that clones likely adopted adaptive strategies to stressors rather than elicitng trade-offs in traditional traits. Our results indicate that environmentally relevant copper concentrations do not inhibit the induction of antipredator defenses in Daphnia from Kelly Lake, and we conclude that Kelly Lake Daphnia have developed an adaptive tolerance to copper. Adaptation to copper contamination may have implications for resilience in natural Kelly Lake populations.
Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2012-04-03 19:33:59.137

This thesis explores the 1670 to 1683 trading relationship between the English East India Company and the Zheng family, a Ming loyalist organisation that controlled Taiwan in the late seventeenth century. It draws on the available sources of data for the Zheng family’s trading network to create an analysis of how the network functioned and developed, and then applies the available information from the East India Company’s records to understand how the company’s trade to Taiwan developed. The Zheng family’s trade was altered by their participation in the Sanfan Rebellion during the 1670s. The rebellion commercially isolated the Zheng family from mainland China, which in turn gave the East India Company an opportunity to supply substitute goods for the Zheng family’s trade elsewhere. However, the rebellion also weakened the Zheng family and brought about their surrender of Taiwan to Qing China, which ended the company’s trade there as well.
History