Bibliografie tematiche / Coordinates

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Coordinates"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Coordinates"

1

Funahashi, Shintaro. "Coordinate Transformation from Retinotopic Coordinates to Craniotopic Coordinates." Equilibrium Research 57, n. 4 (1998): 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.57.353.

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2

Shrestha, Kalyan Gopal. "An Approach to Determine Coordinate Transformation Parameter for Nepal GPS Network". Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 10 (30 giugno 2011): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v10i0.23187.

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Abstract (sommario):
The Surveying and Mapping community now has the benefit of 3-dimensional coordinates at the centimeter level, through the Global Positioning System (GPS). The reference frame for GPS, World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84), within which a user ascertains these coordinates is essentially geocentric. All coordinated data and mapping in Nepal are based on a non-geocentric coordinate system known as the Everest Datum of 1830. This paper tries to present a practical approach to define transformation parameters between the two coordinate systems for Nepal.
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Eckermann, Stephen. "Hybrid σ–p Coordinate Choices for a Global Model". Monthly Weather Review 137, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2009): 224–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2537.1.

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Abstract A methodology for choosing a hybrid σ–p (sigma–pressure) vertical coordinate of the Simmons–Strüfing form for a global model is presented. The method focuses on properties of the vertical derivative of the terrain-following coefficient, which affect the smoothness and shape of layer thickness profiles and determines the coordinate’s monotonicity over variable terrain. The method is applied to characterize and interrelate existing hybrid coordinate choices in NWP and climate models, then to design new coordinates with specific properties. Offline tests indicate that the new coordinates reduce stratospheric errors in models due to vertical truncation effects in the computation of the pressure gradient force over steep terrain. When implemented in a global model, the new coordinates significantly reduce vorticity and divergence errors at all altitudes in idealized simulations. In forecasting experiments with a global model, the new coordinates slightly reduce the stability of the semi-implicit time scheme. Resetting the reference pressure in the scheme to ∼800 hPa solves the problem for every coordinate except the Sangster–Arakawa–Lamb hybrid, which remains intrinsically less stable than the others. Impacts of different coordinates on forecast skill are neutral or weakly positive, with the new hybrid coordinates yielding slight improvements relative to earlier hybrid choices. This essentially neutral impact indirectly endorses the wide variety of hybrid coordinate choices currently used in NWP and climate models, with the proviso that these tests do not address the impact over longer time scales or on data assimilation.
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Zhang, Xian Min, Ya Liu, Gang Li e Fei Xia. "Study and Application on Airport Clearance Based on Secant Method in Gauss Projection Algorithm for Inverse Solution". Advanced Materials Research 790 (settembre 2013): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.790.669.

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This article adopts WGS-84 Coordinate, applying the Secant Method successive approximation to solve geographic coordinates according to the Gauss-Krueger formula, realizing the transformation from plane rectangular coordinates to geographic coordinates, using the coordinate translation and rotation formula to achieve the transformation between the airport coordinate and Gauss plane rectangular coordinates, thus geographic coordinate, gauss plane rectangular coordinates and the airport coordinate can change into each other.
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Shanurov, G. A., e A. D. Manilova. "Mobile scanning complex positioning accuracy depending on the coordinate systems used". Geodesy and Cartography 919, n. 1 (20 febbraio 2017): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-919-1-13-17.

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Inertial coordinate system and geodetic (terrestrial) coordinate system are used in processing of results of topographic survey, carried out with a mobile scanning complex. Mobile scanning complex geodetic coordinates, in turn, are presented in geodetic three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system form, in geodetic ellipsoidal coordinate system form and in the form of coordinates on a geodetic projection plane. The results of research, carried out earlier [4–7], suggest that the coordinate transformation on large areas distorts geodetic points coordinates. The article presents the results of similar investigations, but applied to a local area, limited by a mobile scanning complex surveying area. The accuracy of the mobile scanning complex coordinates is characterized by the mobile scanning complex coordinates errors cofactor matrix. It turned out that the local site sequential coordinate transformation procedure from one coordinate system to another coordinate system does not introduce any distortion into the mobile scanning complex coordinates.
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Tian, Haoxin, Xipeng Fang, Yubin Lan, Chenyang Ma, Huasheng Huang, Xiaoyang Lu, Dehua Zhao, Hanchao Liu e Yali Zhang. "Extraction of Citrus Trees from UAV Remote Sensing Imagery Using YOLOv5s and Coordinate Transformation". Remote Sensing 14, n. 17 (26 agosto 2022): 4208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174208.

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Obtaining the geographic coordinates of single fruit trees enables the variable rate application of agricultural production materials according to the growth differences of trees, which is of great significance to the precision management of citrus orchards. The traditional method of detecting and positioning fruit trees manually is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and inefficient. In order to obtain high-precision geographic coordinates of trees in a citrus orchard, this study proposes a method for citrus tree identification and coordinate extraction based on UAV remote sensing imagery and coordinate transformation. A high-precision orthophoto map of a citrus orchard was drawn from UAV remote sensing images. The YOLOv5 model was subsequently used to train the remote sensing dataset to efficiently identify the fruit trees and extract tree pixel coordinates from the orchard orthophoto map. According to the geographic information contained in the orthophoto map, the pixel coordinates were converted to UTM coordinates and the WGS84 coordinates of citrus trees were obtained using Gauss–Krüger inverse calculation. To simplify the coordinate conversion process and to improve the coordinate conversion efficiency, a coordinate conversion app was also developed to automatically implement the batch conversion of pixel coordinates to UTM coordinates and WGS84 coordinates. Results show that the Precision, Recall, and F1 Score for Scene 1 (after weeding) reach 0.89, 0.97, and 0.92, respectively; the Precision, Recall, and F1 Score for Scene 2 (before weeding) reach 0.91, 0.90 and 0.91, respectively. The accuracy of the orthophoto map generated using UAV remote sensing images is 0.15 m. The accuracy of converting pixel coordinates to UTM coordinates by the coordinate conversion app is reliable, and the accuracy of converting UTM coordinates to WGS84 coordinates is 0.01 m. The proposed method is capable of automatically obtaining the WGS84 coordinates of citrus trees with high precision.
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Jin, Li Xin, Lian Jun Wang e Song Lin Yang. "Movement and Deformation Rules of Gauss Coordinates Based on Ellipsoid Expanded Modal". Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (ottobre 2011): 2211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2211.

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This paper studies on deducing the analytic formulae on Gauss coordinates displacement before or after the increase of major radius of ellipsoid expanded modals, which is based on the partial derivatives of geodetic coordinates in Gauss coordinates deducing from direct solution formulae of the Gauss projection coordinates in conjunction with differential coefficient formulae and variable of geodetic coordinates. On this theoretical foundation, analyzing the relationships between Gauss coordinates displacement and other mathematical parameter . The relationship of graphics between point displacement components of latitudinal coordinate dy and longitudes is similar to the straight lines. The relationship of graphics between point displacement components of longitudinal coordinate dx and latitudinal coordinate dy, and the geodetic height is similar to the straight lines.
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Jin, Li Xin, Lian Jun Wang e Song Lin Yang. "Displace Regulation of Gauss Coordinates Based on Ellipsoid Expanded Modal". Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (settembre 2011): 1333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1333.

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Abstract (sommario):
This paper studies on deducing the analytic formulae on Gauss coordinates displacement before or after the increase of major radius of ellipsoid expanded modals, which is based on the partial derivatives of geodetic coordinates in Gauss coordinates deducing from direct solution formulae of the Gauss projection coordinates in conjunction with differential coefficient formulae and variable of geodetic coordinates. On this theoretical foundation, analyzing the relationships between Gauss coordinates displacement and other mathematical parameter . The relationship of graphics between point displacement components of latitudinal coordinate dy and longitudes is similar to the straight lines. The relationship of graphics between point displacement components of longitudinal coordinate dx and latitudinal coordinate dy, and the geodetic height is similar to the straight lines.
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9

Mellace, C., A. P. Lai, A. Gugliotta, N. Bosso, T. Sinokrot e A. A. Shabana. "Experimental and numerical investigation of railroad vehicle braking dynamics". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 223, n. 3 (2 giugno 2009): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14644193jmbd129.

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One of the important issues associated with the use of trajectory coordinates in railroad vehicle dynamic algorithms is the ability of such coordinates to deal with braking and traction scenarios. In these algorithms, track coordinate systems that travel with constant speeds are introduced. As a result of using a prescribed motion for these track coordinate systems, the simulation of braking and/or traction scenarios becomes difficult or even impossible. The assumption of the prescribed motion of the track coordinate systems can be relaxed, thereby allowing the trajectory coordinates to be effectively used in modelling braking and traction dynamics. One of the objectives of this investigation is to demonstrate that by using track coordinate systems that can have an arbitrary motion, the trajectory coordinates can be used as the basis for developing computer algorithms for modelling braking and traction conditions. To this end, a set of six generalized trajectory coordinates is used to define the configuration of each rigid body in the railroad vehicle system. This set of coordinates consists of an arc length that represents the distance travelled by the body, and five relative coordinates that define the configuration of the body with respect to its track coordinate system. The independent non-linear state equations of motion associated with the trajectory coordinates are identified and integrated forward in time in order to determine the trajectory coordinates and velocities. The results obtained in this study show that when the track coordinate systems are allowed to have an arbitrary motion, the resulting set of trajectory coordinates can be used effectively in the study of braking and traction conditions. The results obtained using the trajectory coordinates are compared with the results obtained using the absolute Cartesian-coordinate-based formulations, which allow modelling braking and traction dynamics. In addition to this numerical validation of the trajectory coordinate formulation in braking scenarios, an experimental validation is also conducted using a roller test rig. The comparison presented in this study shows a good agreement between the obtained experimental and numerical results.
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Romanenko, A. "Theoretical foundations of point cloud coordinate system transformation". Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 74 (settembre 2023): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/74.046.

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Purpose. To provide theoretical foundations and develop mathematical models for the efficient transformation of coordinate systems for point clouds in geophysical research; the scientific analysis is aimed at developing algorithms and establishing necessary dependencies for the reliable integration of data obtained at different time points into a unified coordinate system, opening up prospects for further study and analysis of processes in geophysical research. The methods.The calculation is carried out using the following steps. Determination of known coordinates of four points (x1', y1', z1'; x2', y2', z2'; x3', y3', z3'; x4', y4', z4') in a hypothetical coordinate system (X', Y', Z') and the coordinates of the same points (x1, y1, z1; x2, y2, z2; x3, y3, z3; x4, y4, z4) in the coordinate system (X, Y, Z) to which the point clouds need to be transformed. Determination of constants a1, a2, a3, d, b1, b2, b3, e, c1, c2, c3, f through a system of equations. After determining the constants, the coordinates of points (x', y', z') in the hypothetical coordinate system (X', Y', Z') are calculated using equations where each equation expresses the coordinates of points (x', y', z') in terms of coordinates of points (x, y, z) in the coordinate system (X, Y, Z) and the determined constants. After performing the calculations, point clouds can be merged into a single coordinate system using the computed coordinates (x', y', z'). This methodology allows for the successful transformation of coordinate systems for point clouds in geophysical research. Findings. Analytical regularities have been established based on known coordinates of four points in both coordinate systems, allowing for the efficient transformation of a point cloud from one coordinate system to another. The originality. For the first time, precise analytical dependencies have been established that enable the efficient transformation of point clouds from one coordinate system to another using known coordinates of four points in both systems. Practical implementation. The obtained dependencies enable the efficient transformation of point clouds from one coordinate system to another using known coordinates of four points in both systems.
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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Coordinates"

1

Troia, Emily M. "Mental Coordinates". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1494167936224508.

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2

Lidberg, Petter. "Barycentric and harmonic coordinates". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Algebra och geometri, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179487.

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3

Kaafar, Mohamed Ali. "Securiting Internet coordinates systems". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4023.

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Dans ce type de systèmes, l’idée principale est que si les distances réseau entre différents nœuds Internet peuvent être plongées dans un espace approprié, alors les distances non mesurées peuvent être estimées en utilisant une simple opération de calcul de distance géométrique dans cet espace. Récemment, on a pu prouver que ces systèmes `a base de coordonnées étaient précis, avec une faible erreur de prédiction. Cependant, ces systèmes se basent souvent sur une coordination entre les nœuds, et font l’ hypothèse que les informations reportées par les nœuds sont correctes. Dans cette thèse, nous avons identifie plusieurs attaques, exploitant cette hypothèse d’honnêteté des nœuds, et pouvant être lancées contre des systèmes de positionnement Internet `a base de coordonnées. Nous avons en l’occurrence étudié l’impact qu’ avaient de telles attaques sur deux systèmes représentatifs des systèmes de positionnement actuels : NPS et Vivaldi. Nous avons entre autres montre que ces attaques, pouvaient dangereusement mettre en péril le bon fonctionnement de ces systèmes de coordonnées, et par la même les applications se basant sur ce système pour les estimations de distances. `A travers les simulations de plusieurs attaques, menées par des nœuds malhonnêtes, fournissant des coordonnées biaisées ou retardant les mesures, nous avons expérimenté plusieurs stratégies d’attaques qui ont pour objectifs: (i) d’introduire du désordre dans le système, (ii) de tromper les nœuds honnêtes afin qu’ils se positionnent loin de leurs coordonnées correctes et (iii) d’isoler certains nœuds cibles `a travers des collusions. Nos résultats confirment la vulnérabilité de tels systèmes à ces attaques. Notre contribution majeure a été par la suite de proposer un modèle de détection des comportements malicieux au sein de ces systèmes de positionnement durant le calcul des cordonnées. Nous avons montré en premier lieu que la dynamique d’un nœud, dans un système de coordonnées, exempt de comportements anormaux ou malhonnêtes, peut être modélisée par un modèle d’états linéaire, et traqué par un filtre de Kalman. De plus, les paramètres d’un filtre calibre au niveau d’un nœud donne, peuvent être utilises pour modéliser et prédire le comportement dynamique d’un autre nœud, tant que ces deux nœuds sont proches l’un de l’autre dans le réseau. Nous avons d`es lors propose une infrastructure de nœuds experts : des nœuds de confiance, se positionnant dans l’espace des coordonnées, en utilisant exclusivement d’autres nœuds experts. Ils sont alors immunisés contre n’importe quel comportement malicieux dans le système. Pendant le calcul de leurs propres coordonnées, les autres nœuds utilisent les paramètres du filtre d’un nœud expert proche, comme étant une représentation d’un comportement normal, pour détecter et filtrer toute activité malicieuse ou anormale. Une combinaison de simulations et d’expérimentations PlanetLab a été utilisée pour démontrer la validité, la généralité et l’efficacité de l’approche proposée pour chacun des deux systèmes Vivaldi et NPS. Enfin, nous nous sommes penchés sur le problème de la validité des coordonnées Internet telles qu’ annoncées par les nœuds d’un système de coordonnées durant la phase d’estimation des distances. En effet, certains nœuds peuvent délibérément mentir quant `a la valeur exacte de leurs coordonnées afin de lancer diverses attaques contre les applications et les réseaux de couverture. La méthode proposée se divise en deux étapes : 1)établir l’exactitude des coordonnées annoncées en utilisant l’infrastructure des nœuds experts et la méthode de détection des nœuds malicieux, et 2) délivrer un certificat `a validité limitée pour chaque coordonnée vérifiée. Les périodes de validité sont calculées `a partir d’une analyse des temps d’inter changement observés par les nœuds experts. En faisant cela, chaque nœud expert, peut estimer le temps jusqu’au prochain changement de coordonnées, et ainsi, peut limiter le temps de validité du certificat qu’il délivrerait aux nœuds normaux. Notre méthode est illustrée en utilisant une trace recueillie a partir d’un système Vivaldi déployé sur PlanetLab, ou les distributions de temps d’inter changements suivent des distributions longue traîne (distribution log-normale dans la plupart des cas, et distribution Weilbull sinon). Nous montrons l’efficacité de notre méthode en mesurant l’impact de plusieurs attaques sur les estimations de distance, expérimentées sur PlanetLab
Idea is that if network distances between Internet nodes can be embedded in an appropriate space, unmeasured distances can be estimated using a simple distance computation in that space. Recently, these coordinates-based systems have been shown to be accurate, with very low distance prediction error. However, most, if not all, of current proposals for coordinate systems assume that the nodes partaking in the system cooperate fully and honestly with each other – that is that the information reported by probed nodes is correct – this could also make them quite vulnerable to malicious attacks. In particular, insider attacks executed by potentially colluding) legitimate users or nodes infiltrating the system could prove very effective. As the use of overlays and applications relying on coordinates increases, one could imagine the release of worms and other malware, exploiting such cooperation, which could seriously disrupt the operations of these systems and therefore the virtual networks and applications relying on them for distance measurements. In this thesis, we first identify such attacks, and through a simulation study, we observed their impact on two recently proposed positioning systems, namely Vivaldi and NPS. We experimented with attack strategies, carried out by malicious nodes that provide biased coordinates information and delay measurement probes, and that aim to (i) introduce disorder in the system, (ii) fool honest nodes to move far away from their correct positions and (iii) isolate particular target nodes in the system through collusion. Our findings confirm the susceptibility of the coordinate systems to such attacks. Our major contribution is therefore a model for malicious behavior detection during coordinates embedding. We first show that the dynamics of a node, in a coordinate system without abnormal or malicious behavior, can be modeled by a Linear State Space model and tracked by a Kalman filter. Then we show, that the obtained model can be generalized in the sense that the parameters of a filter calibrated at a node can be used effectively to model and predict the dynamic behavior at another node, as long as the two nodes are not too far apart in the network. This leads to the proposal of a Surveyor infrastructure: Surveyor nodes are trusted, honest nodes that use each other exclusively to position themselves in the coordinate space, and are therefore immune to malicious behavior in the system. During their own coordinate embedding, other nodes can then use the filter parameters of a nearby Surveyor as a representation of normal, clean system behavior to detect and filter out abnormal or malicious activity. A combination of simulations and PlanetLab experiments are used to demonstrate the validity, generality, and effectiveness of the proposed approach for both Vivaldi and NPS. Finally, we address the issue of asserting the accuracy of Internet coordinates advertised by nodes of Internet coordinate systems during distance estimations. Indeed, some nodes may even lie deliberately about their coordinates to mount various attacks against applications and overlays. Our proposed method consists in two steps: 1) establish the correctness of a node’s claimed coordinate by using the Surveyor infrastructure and malicious embedding neighbor detection; and 2) issue a time limited validity certificate for each verified coordinate. Validity periods are computed based on an analysis of coordinate inter-shift times observed by Surveyors. By doing this, each surveyor can estimate the time until the next shift and thus, can limit the validity of the certificate it issues to regular nodes for their calculated coordinates. Our method is illustrated using a trace collected from a Vivaldi system deployed on PlanetLab, where intershift times are shown to follow long-tail distribution (log-normal distribution in most cases, or Weibull distribution otherwise). We show the effectiveness of our method by measuring the impact of a variety of attacks, experimented on PlanetLab, on distance estimates
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4

Myers, Colin. "Reducing clutter in parallel coordinates /". Leeds : University of Leeds, School of Computer Studies, 2008. http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/fyproj/reports/0708/Myers.pdf.

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5

Skelton, George. "Variation of Fenchel Nielsen coordinates". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247640.

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6

Mohan, Srividya. "Reaction coordinates for RNA conformational changes". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33815.

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This work investigates pathways of conformational transitions in ubiquitous RNA structural motifs. In our lab, we have developed multi-scale structural datamining techniques for identification of three-dimensional structural patterns in high-resolution crystal structures of globular RNA. I have applied these techniques to identify variations in the conformations of RNA double-helices and tetraloops. The datamined structural information is used to propose reaction coordinates for conformational transitions involved in double-strand helix propagation and tetraloop folding in RNA. I have also presented an algorithm to identify stacked RNA bases. In this work, experimentally derived thermodynamic evaluation of the conformations has been used to as an additional parameter to add detail to RNA structural transitions. RNA conformational transitions help control processes in small systems such as riboswitches and in large systems such as ribosomes. Adopting functional conformations by globular RNA during a folding process also involves structural transitions. RNA double-helices and tetraloops are common, ubiquitous structural motifs in globular RNA that independently fold in to a thermodynamically stable conformation. Folding models for these motifs are proposed in this work with probable intermediates ordered along the reaction coordinates. We hypothesize that frequently observed structural states in crystals structures are analogous in conformation to stable thermodynamic â on-pathwayâ folded states. Conversely, we hypothesize that conformations that are rarely observed are improbable folding intermediates, i.e., these conformational states are â off-pathwayâ states. In general on-pathway states are assumed to be thermodynamically more stable than off-pathway states, with the exception of kinetic traps. Structural datamining shows that double helices in RNA may propagate by the â stack-ratchetâ mechanism proposed here instead of the commonly accepted zipper mechanism. Mechanistic models for RNA tetraloop folding have been proposed and validated with experimentally derived thermodynamic data. The extent of stacking between bases in RNA is variable, indicating that stacking may not be a two-state phenomenon. A novel algorithm to define and identify stacked bases at atomic resolution has also been presented in this work.
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Sharples, Jason, e n/a. "Spacetime initial data and quasispherical coordinates". University of Canberra. Mathematics &Statistics, 2001. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061108.151839.

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In General Relativity, the Einstein field equations allow us to study the evolution of a spacelike 3-manifold, provided that its metric and extrinsic curvature satisfy a system of geometric constraint equations. The so-called Einstein constraint equations, arise as a consequence of the fact that the 3-manifold in question is necessarily a submanifold of the spacetime its evolution defines. This thesis is devoted to a study of the structure of the Einstein constraint system in the special case when the spacelike 3-manifold also satisfies the quasispherical ansatz of Bartnik [B93]. We make no mention of the generality of this gauge; the extent to which the quasispherical ansatz applies remains an open problem. After imposing the quasispherical gauge, we give an argument to show that the resulting Einstein constraint system may be viewed as a coupled system of partial differential equations for the parameters describing the metric and second fundamental form. The hencenamed quasisperical Einstein constraint system, consists of a parabolic equation, a first order elliptic system and (essentially) a system of ordinary differential equations. The question of existence of solutions to this system naturally arises and we provide a partial answer to this question. We give conditions on the initial data and prescribable fields under which we may conclude that the quasispherical Einstein constraint system is uniquley solvable, at least in a region surrounding the unit sphere. The proof of this fact is centred on a linear iterative system of partial differential equations, which also consist of a parabolic equation, a first order elliptic system and a system of ordinary differential equations. We prove that this linear system consistently defines a sequence, and show via a contraction mapping argument, that this sequence must converge to a fixed point of the iteration. The iteration, however, has been specifically designed so that any fixed point of the iteration coincides with a solution of the quasispherical Einstein constraints. The contraction mapping argument mentioned above, relies heavily on a priori estimates for the solutions of linear parabolic equations. We generalise and extend known results 111 concerning parabolic equations to establish special a priori estimates which relate a useful property: the L2-Sobolev regularity of the solution of a parabolic equation is greater than that of the coefficients of the elliptic operator, provided that the initial data is sufficiently regular. This 'smoothing' property of linear parabolic equations along with several estimates from elliptic and ordinary differential equation theory form the crucial ingredients needed in the proof of the existence of a fixed point of the iteration. We begin in chapter one by giving a brief review of the extensive literature concerning the initial value problem in General Relativity. We go on, after mentioning two of the traditional methods for constructing spacetime initial data, to introduce the notion of a quasispherical foliation of a 3-manifold and present the Einstein constraint system written in terms of this gauge. In chapter two we introduce the various inequalities and tracts of analysis we will make use of in subsequent chapters. In particular we define the, perhaps not so familiar, complex differential operator 9 (edth) of Newman and Penrose. In chapter three we develop the appropriate Sobolev-regularity theory for linear parabolic equations required to deal with the quasispherical initial data constraint equations. We include a result due to Polden [P] here, with a corrected proof. This result was essential for deriving the results contained in the later chapters of [P], and it is for this reason we include the result. We don't make use of it explicitly when considering the quasispherical Einstein constraints, but the ideas employed are similar to those we use to tackle the problem of existence for the quasispherical constraints. Chapter four is concerned with the local existence of quasispherical initial data. We firstly consider the question of existence and uniqueness when the mean curvature of the 3-manifold is prescribed, then after introducing the notion of polar curvature, we also present another quasispherical constraint system in which we consider the polar curvature as prescribed. We prove local existence and uniqueness results for both of these alternate formulations of the quasispherical constraints. This thesis was typeset using LATEXwith the package amssymb.
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Sharp, J. R. "Reactive scattering calculations in hyperspherical coordinates". Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234214.

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Yurttas, Saadet Öykü. "Dynnikov coordinates and pseudo-Anosov braids". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569517.

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The aim of this thesis is to study dynamical properties of pseudo -Anosov braids on the n-times punctured disk Dn making use of a particular coordinate system called the Dynnikov coordinate system. The Dynnikov coordinate system gives a homeomorphism from the space of measured foliations MFn on Dn (up to a certain equivalence relation) to Sn = R2n-4\ {O}, and restricts to a bijection from the set of integral laminations (disjoint unions of finitely many essential simple closed curves) on Dn to Cn = Z2n-4 \ {O}. In the first part of the thesis, we introduce a new method for computing the topological entropy of each member of an infinite family of pseudo -Anosov braids making use of Dynnikov's coordinates. The method is developed using the results in Thurston's seminal paper on the geometry and dynamics of surface automorphisms and builds on, more recent work of Moussafir. To be more spe- cific, the method gives a so-called Dynnikov matrix which describes the action of a given pseudo-Anosov braid B near its invariant unstable measured foliation [F, u] on the projective space PSn, and the eigenvalue \ > 1 of this matrix gives the topological entropy of B. In the second part of the thesis, we compare the spectra of Dynnikov matrices with the spectra of the train track transition matrices of a given pseudo-Anosov braid, and show that these matrices are isospectral up to roots of unity and zeros under some particular conditions.
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Silva, Francisco Allan Quintela. "Geometric coordinates parametric functions in winplot". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12408.

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nÃo hÃ
Desde o princÃpio, as sequÃncias e sÃries numÃricas geraram interesse entre os matemÃticos. Sua aplicabilidade atual à extensa e inclui o cÃlculo refinado da Ãrea da superfÃcie e do volume de uma variedade de sÃlidos. Neste trabalho usaremos as diferenÃas entre os elementos de uma sequÃncia finita a fim de encontrar leis que expressem as tendÃncias nela contidas. Veremos tambÃm como um estudo simples sobre progressÃes aritmÃticas de ordens diversas à capaz de fornecer funÃÃes paramÃtricas de curvas passando por pontos prÃ-definidos, de superfÃcies contendo curvas prÃ-definidas ou, atà mesmo, de regiÃes do R situadas entre duas superfÃcies dadas. AlÃm disso, poderemos, com o auxÃlio do programa computacional Winplot, visualizar as curvas, superfÃcies ou regiÃes obtidas em cada exemplo de nosso estudo, alÃm de, eventualmente, verificar pontos de mÃximo e mÃnimo relativos de uma curva ou calcular a Ãrea de uma superfÃcie e o volume de uma regiÃo limitada do RÂ, tudo isto com um devido e prÃvio embasamento teÃrico.
From the beginning, the numeric sequences and series generated interest among mathematicians. Your present applicability is extensive and includes the refined calculation of the surface area and volume of a variety of solids. In this work we will use the differences between the elements of a finite sequence in order to find laws that express the trends contained therein. We will also see how a simple study about arithmetic progressions of various orders is able to provide curves's parametric functions through predefined points, of surfaces containing predefined curves or even regions of the RÂ localized between two given surfaces. Moreover, we will can, with the aid of the computational program Winplot, visualize the curves, surfaces, or regions obtained in each example of our study, in addition to eventually check points of relative maximum and minimum of a curve or calculate the area of a surface and the volume of a limited region of RÂ, all of this with a necessary and previous theoretical background.
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Libri sul tema "Coordinates"

1

Kirk, Andy. Parallel Coordinates. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529776348.

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Inselberg, Alfred. Parallel Coordinates. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68628-8.

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Chambers, Llewelyn Gwyn. Generalised coordinates. Bromley, Kent, England: Chartwell-Bratt, 1985.

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4

Heitz, Siegfried. Coordinates in Geodesy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73939-2.

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Sickle, Jan Van. Basic GIS coordinates. 2a ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010.

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6

National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), a cura di. REGTET: A program for computing regular tetrahedralizations. Gaithersburg, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001.

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National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), a cura di. REGTET: A program for computing regular tetrahedralizations. Gaithersburg, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001.

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8

Antoni, Markus. Calculus with Curvilinear Coordinates. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00416-3.

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Ferrara, Joseph A. G.P.S. coordinates: Waypoints & routes. [United States]: Joseph A. Ferrara, 2001.

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Maher, Miranda. 1000 coordinates of violence. Brooklyn, N.Y: House in a Storm Press, 2001.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Coordinates"

1

Shapiro, Ilya L. "Curvilinear Coordinates, Local Coordinate Transformations". In Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, 45–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26895-4_4.

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Stillwell, John. "Coordinates". In Numbers and Geometry, 69–109. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0687-3_3.

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Lang, Serge, e Gene Murrow. "Coordinates". In Geometry, 65–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2022-8_2.

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Grafarend, Erik W., Rey-Jer You e Rainer Syffus. "Coordinates". In Map Projections, 129–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36494-5_3.

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Coxeter, H. S. M. "Coordinates". In Projective Geometry, 111–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6385-2_12.

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Wilkinson, Leland. "Coordinates". In Statistics and Computing, 231–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3100-2_10.

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Buckwell, Geoff. "Coordinates". In Mastering Advanced Pure Mathematics, 65–88. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13551-6_4.

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Carlson, Philip. "Coordinates". In Solutions Manual for Geometry: A High School Course, 21–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0861-7_2.

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Stillwell, John. "Coordinates". In The Four Pillars of Geometry, 46–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29052-4_3.

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Pebesma, Edzer, e Roger Bivand. "Coordinates". In Spatial Data Science, 17–28. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429459016-2.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Coordinates"

1

Gao, Zehua, Mingjing Zhu e Yuxi Tan. "Zone coordinates: A new coordinate system". In 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icct.2017.8359934.

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Mellace, Claudio, Antonio Gugliotta, Tariq Sinokrot e Ahmed A. Shabana. "Simulations of Dynamic Braking of Railroad Vehicles Using Trajectory Coordinates". In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34016.

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One of the important issues associated with the use of the trajectory coordinates in railroad vehicle simulations is the ability of such coordinates in dealing with braking and traction scenarios. In existing specialized railroad computer algorithms, the trajectory coordinates instead of the absolute Cartesian coordinates are often used. In these algorithms, track coordinate systems that travel with constant speeds are employed to define the configuration of the components in railroad vehicle systems. As the result of using a prescribed motion for these track coordinate systems, the simulation of braking and/or traction scenarios becomes difficult or even impossible, as reported in recent investigations [2]. The assumption of the prescribed motion of the track coordinate systems can be relaxed, thereby allowing the trajectory coordinate systems to be effectively used in modeling braking and traction scenarios. It is the objective of this investigation to demonstrate that by using track coordinate systems that can have an arbitrary motion, the trajectory coordinates can be used as the basis for developing computer algorithms for modeling braking and traction scenarios. To this end, a set of six generalized trajectory coordinates is used to define the configuration of each rigid body in the railroad vehicle system. This set of coordinates consists of one absolute coordinate, which is an arc length that represents the distance traveled by the body, and five relative coordinates. The arc length parameter defines the location of the origin and the orientation of a track coordinate system that follows the motion of the body. The other five relative coordinates are two translations that define the position of the origin of body coordinate system with respect to the track coordinate system in directions lateral and normal to the track, and three Euler angles that define the orientation of the body coordinate system with respect to its track coordinate system. The independent state equations of motion associated with the trajectory coordinates are identified and integrated forward in time in order to determine the trajectory coordinates and velocities. The results obtained in this study show that when the track coordinates systems are allowed to have an arbitrary motion, the resulting set of trajectory coordinates can be used effectively in the study of braking and traction conditions. The numerical examples presented in this paper include two different vehicle models subjected to several braking conditions. The results obtained are compared with the results obtained using the absolute Cartesian coordinate based formulations which allow modeling braking and traction scenarios.
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Wang, J. Y., H. J. Yeh, T. C. Lin e J. K. Wu. "Mathematical Model for Kinematic Analysis of Working Coordinates of General Mechanisms". In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0094.

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Abstract Mathematical models have been derived for the kinematic analysis of working coordinates, which contain the formulation of the working coordinates constraint equations in terms of the relative joint coordinates, the transformation of the Jacobian matrix of the associated constraint equations from the Cartesian coordinate space to the relative joint coordinate space, and formulation for velocity and acceleration calculation. Such models lay out a solid foundation for the computational inverse kinematic analysis. In addition, moveable working coordinates are derived for both local and global coordinate systems. Application of this can be the working path design of general manipulators.
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McPhee, John J. "A Unified Formulation of Multibody Kinematic Equations in Terms of Absolute, Joint, and Indirect Coordinates". In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21333.

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Abstract This paper reviews some of the coordinate sets employed in multibody dynamic formulations, including absolute, joint, absolute angular, and indirect coordinates. Linear graph theory is then combined with the concept of a “virtual joint” to develop a unified modelling methodology that is capable of representing any of these coordinate sets. An algorithm is proposed and demonstrated for generating the kinematic constraint equations for dependent coordinates, plus kinematic transformations between coordinates (e.g. velocity transformations). The effects of different coordinates on the dynamic equations for a simple manipulator are shown.
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Hirokawa, Keishun, Kosuke Hayashi, Akira Sou, Akio Tomiyama e Naoki Takada. "Numerical Simulation of Single Drops in a Vertical Pipe Using Various Coordinate Systems". In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37491.

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The effects of the diameter ratio λ (= d/D, where d and D are the diameters of a drop and a pipe, respectively), the Morton number M and the viscosity ratio κ (= μd/μc, where μ is the viscosity and the subscripts d and c are the dispersed fluid particle and the continuous phase, respectively) on terminal velocities and shapes of single drops rising through stagnant liquids in a vertical pipe are investigated experimentally. Then, the drops in the pipe are simulated using a volume tracking method with various coordinate systems, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) cylindrical coordinates, 3D general curvilinear coordinates and 3D Cartesian coordinates. Predicted velocities and shapes of the drops using three coordinate systems are compared with the measured data to examine the effects of coordinate systems on the accuracy of prediction. As a result, (1) The velocity ratio VT/VT0 (VT and VT0 are the terminal velocity in a pipe and infinite liquid, respectively) decreases as λ increases, and it depends not only on λ but also on M and κ, (2) Good predictions for the terminal velocities and shapes of drops are obtained not only with cylindrical coordinates and curvilinear coordinates but also with Cartesian coordinates, provided that the spatial resolution is high, (3) When the spatial resolution is low, effects of coordinate systems on a drop shape are larger for Cartesian coordinate systems than for cylindrical coordinate and general curvilinear coordinate systems, and (4) Errors in predicted drop velocities are not so large even with very low spatial resolution.
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Garci´a-Vallejo, D., J. L. Escalona, J. Mayo, J. Domi´nguez e A. A´lvarez. "Describing Rigid-Flexible Multibody Systems Using Natural and Absolute Nodal Coordinates". In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48328.

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This paper deals with the dynamic description of interconnected rigid and flexible bodies. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used to describe the motion of flexible bodies and natural coordinates are used to describe the motion of the rigid bodies. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation is a non-incremental finite element procedure specially suitable for the dynamic analysis of flexible bodies exhibiting rigid body motion and large deformations. Nodal coordinates, that include global position vectors and global slopes, are all defined in a global inertial coordinate system. The advantages of using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation include constancy in the mass matrix, and the need for only a minimal set of non-linear constraint equations when connecting different flexible bodies with kinematic joints. When bodies within the system can be considered rigid, the above-mentioned advantages of the equations of motion can be preserved provided natural coordinates are used. In the natural coordinates method, the coordinates used to describe rigid bodies include global position vectors of basic points and global unit vectors. As in the absolute nodal coordinate formulation, rotational coordinates are avoided and the mass matrix is also constant. This paper provides computer implementation of this formulation that only uses absolute coordinates for general two-dimensional multibody systems. The constraint equations needed to define kinematic joints between different bodies can be linear or non-linear. The linear constraint equations, that include those needed to define rigid connections and revolute joints, are used to define constant connectivity matrices that reduce the size of the system coordinates. These constant connectivity matrices are also used to obtain the system mass matrix and the system generalized forces. However, the non-linear constraint equations that account for sliding joints, require the use of the Lagrange multipliers technique. Numerical examples are provided and compared to the results of other existing formulations.
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Honda, Ryo, Hiroki Yamashita e Hiroyuki Sugiyama. "Sliding Joint Constraints for the Analysis of Flexible Multibody Systems Using Intermediate Coordinates". In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65108.

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In this investigation, formulations of sliding joint constraints for flexible bodies modeled using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation are developed using intermediate coordinates. Since modeling of prismatic and cylindrical joints for flexible bodies requires solutions to moving boundary problems in which joint definition points are moving on flexible bodies, arc-length coordinates are introduced for defining time-variant constraint definition points on flexible bodies. While this leads to a systematic modeling procedure for sliding joints, specialized formulations and implementations are required in general multibody dynamics computer algorithms. For this reason, intermediate coordinates are introduced to derive a mapping between the generalized gradient coordinates used in the absolute nodal coordinate formulation and the intermediate rotational coordinates used for defining the orientation constraints with rigid bodies. With this mapping, existing joint constraint libraries formulated for rigid bodies can be employed for the absolute nodal coordinate formulation without significant modifications. It is also demonstrated that the intermediate coordinates and arc-length coordinates introduced for modeling sliding joint constraints can be systematically eliminated from the equations of motion and standard differential algebraic equations used in general multibody dynamics computer algorithms can be obtained. Several numerical examples are presented in order to demonstrate the use of the formulation developed in this investigation.
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Yakoub, R. Y., e A. A. Shabana. "A Numerical Approach to Solving Flexible Multibody Systems Using the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation". In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/vib-8204.

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Abstract By utilizing the fact that the absolute nodal coordinate formulation leads to a constant mass matrix, a Cholesky decomposition of the mass matrix can be used to obtain a constant velocity transformation matrix. This velocity transformation can be used to express the absolute nodal coordinates in terms of the generalized Cholesky coordinates. In this case, the inertia matrix associated with the Cholesky coordinates is the identity matrix, and therefore, an optimum sparse matrix structure can be obtained for the augmented multibody equations of motions. The implementation of a computer procedure based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation and Cholesky coordinates is discussed in this paper. A flexible four-bar linkage is presented in this paper in order to demonstrate the use of Cholesky coordinates in the simulation of the small and large deformations in flexible multibody applications. The results obtained from the absolute nodal coordinate formulation are compared to those obtained from the floating frame of reference formulation.
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Lipman, Yaron, David Levin e Daniel Cohen-Or. "Green Coordinates". In ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1399504.1360677.

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Savoye, Yann. "Stokes coordinates". In SCCG '17: Spring Conference on Computer Graphics 2017. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3154353.3154354.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Coordinates"

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Parsa, Z., e F. Dell. Booster Coordinates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150385.

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Parsa, Z., e F. Dell. Booster Coordinates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1151149.

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Parsa, Z. Booster Coordinates Update. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150388.

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Parsa, Z. Booster Coordinates Update. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1151150.

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Zund, J. D. Coordinates in Differential Geodesy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada254951.

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Cleveland, Mathew Allen, Robert Byron Lowrie, Gabriel M. Rockefeller, Kelly Glen Thompson e Allan Benton Wollaber. Momentum Deposition in Curvilinear Coordinates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1207750.

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Park, Jong-kyu, Allen H. Boozer e Jonathan E. Menard. Spectral Asymmetry Due to Magnetic Coordinates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/959387.

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Tropp, Debbie, a cura di. Geographic Coordinates Spreadsheet for U.S. Farmers Markets. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, gennaio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9752/ms058.01-2012.

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Splitter, Gary A., Menachem Banai e Jerome S. Harms. Brucella second messenger coordinates stages of infection. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699864.bard.

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Aim 1: To determine levels of this second messenger in: a) B. melitensiscyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate-regulating mutants (BMEI1448, BMEI1453, and BMEI1520), and b) B. melitensis16M (wild type) and mutant infections of macrophages and immune competent mice. (US lab primary) Aim 2: To determine proteomic differences between Brucelladeletion mutants BMEI1453 (high cyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate, chronic persistent state) and BMEI1520 (low cyclicdimericguanosinemonophosphate, acute virulent state) compared to wild type B. melitensisto identify the role of this second messenger in establishing the two polar states of brucellosis. (US lab primary with synergistic assistance from the Israel lab Aim 3: Determine the level of Brucellacyclic-dimericguanosinemonophosphate and transcriptional expression from naturally infected placenta. (Israel lab primary with synergistic assistance from the US lab). B. Background Brucellaspecies are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause brucellosis, the most prevalent zoonosis worldwide. Brucellosis is characterized by increased abortion, weak offspring, and decreased milk production in animals. Humans are infected with Brucellaby consuming contaminated milk products or via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria from occupational hazards. Chronic human infections can result in complications such as liver damage, orchitis, endocarditis, and arthritis. Brucellaspp. have the ability to infect both professional and non-professional phagocytes. Because of this, Brucellaencounter varied environments both throughout the body and within a cell and must adapt accordingly. To date, few virulence factors have been identified in B. melitensisand even less is known about how these virulence factors are regulated. Subsequently, little is known about how Brucellaadapt to its rapidly changing environments, and how it alternates between acute and chronic virulence. Our studies suggest that decreased concentrations of cyclic dimericguanosinemonophosphate (c-di-GMP) lead to an acute virulent state and increased concentrations of c-di-GMP lead to persistent, chronic state of B. melitensisin a mouse model of infection. We hypothesize that B. melitensisuses c-di-GMP to transition from the chronic state of an infected host to the acute, virulent stage of infection in the placenta where the bacteria prepare to infect a new host. Studies on environmental pathogens such as Vibrio choleraeand Pseudomonas aeruginosasupport a mechanism where changes in c-di-GMP levels cause the bacterium to alternate between virulent and chronic states. Little work exists on understanding the role of c-di-GMP in dangerous intracellular pathogens, like Brucellathat is a frequent pathogen in Israeli domestic animals and U.S. elk and bison. Brucellamust carefully regulate virulence factors during infection of a host to ensure proper expression at appropriate times in response to host cues. Recently, the novel secondary signaling molecule c-di-GMP has been identified as a major component of bacterial regulation and we have identified c-di-GMP as an important signaling factor in B. melitensishost adaptation. C. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. The B. melitensis1453 deletion mutant has increased c-di-GMP, while the 1520 deletion mutant has decreased c-di-GMP. 2. Both mutants grow similarly in in vitro cultures; however, the 1453 mutant has a microcolony phenotype both in vitro and in vivo 3. The 1453 mutant has increased crystal violet staining suggesting biofilm formation. 4. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an abnormal coccus appearance with in increased cell area. 5. Proteomic analysis revealed the 1453 mutant possessed increased production of proteins involved in cell wall processes, cell division, and the Type IV secretion system, and a decrease in proteins involved in amino acid transport/metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid production, and iron acquisition suggesting less preparedness for intracellular survival. 6. RNAseq analysis of bone marrow derived macrophages infected with the mutants revealed the host immune response is greatly reduced with the 1453 mutant infection. These findings support that microlocalization of proteins involved in c-di-GMP homeostasis serve a second messenger to B. melitensisregulating functions of the bacteria during infection of the host.
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Lee, Michael S., Freddie R. Salsbury, Brooks III Jr e Charles L. Constant-pH Molecular Dynamics using Continuous Titration Coordinates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada426290.

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