Tesi sul tema "Convict labor"

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 1, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 540-570).

In the past two decades, the prison population has increased considerably in many industrialized countries. In the United States, for example, the prison population has more than quadrupled since 1980. As a response to the considerable incarceration costs, the number of private prisons and the number of prisoners working for private corporations have increased significantly. Proponents of private sector involvement in prison industries argue that inmate labour can reduce the incarceration costs and contribute to rehabilitation of prisoners.
The question of private sector involvement in prison facilities raises significant concerns as regards to international labour standards. Opponents of private sector involvement argue that private hiring of prison labour can involve exploitation. They also argue that the authority for punishment is a core governmental function that cannot be delegated to the private sector. Furthermore, in most cases, labour and social security laws are not applied to inmates. Therefore, prison labour can constitute unfair competition with free labour or even go as far as to replace free labour.

Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.
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This thesis devises and tests an approach to understanding archaeological sites of convict labour in an Australian context. It is centred upon a seemingly simple question: was convict labour motivated more by punishment or profit? Focussing on those places where the government retained direct control of convict labour, this thesis proposes an analytical framework that can form the foundation of discussions into the role and residues of convict labour in Australia. Such a framework is required, with research into the convict past marked by a growing disconnect between the archaeological and historical disciplines. The model presented for discussion posits that there are two main analytical elements that should be discussed when engaging with landscapes of convict labour: the setting and process. The latter, in particular, presents a multi-faceted way of examining these landscapes, encouraging their analysis through a tripartite filter: organisation (how the convict labour was managed and deployed), supervision (how the labour was directed and controlled) and production (the economic basis of the convict labour). This thesis tests the model by applying it to five case study sites. These were established by the government to exploit Van Diemen's Land's (Tasmania) coal resource through the deployment of convict labour between ca.1822 and 1848. By drawing upon the archaeological and historical record, this research analytically deconstructs these places using the devised model. Focus is placed upon the role of penological aims in their formation and development, in particular the tension engendered between the motives of punishment and profit. It finds that these places were formed and developed in response to complex multi-scalar influences and the transformative effects of the power dynamics which were played out within them. Importantly, this thesis observes that these places of convict labour are marked by an ambiguity that resulted in a melded landscape where the formative motivators of punishment and profit co-existed, the disentanglement of which requires the application of archaeological and historical methodology.

This thesis is a study of assigned male convict labour in rural Van Diemen’s Land in the period 1820-40. Throughout this period agriculture and pastoralism were centxal to the colonial economy, and this sector was the largest private employer of convict labour, yet there has been no prior sustained investigation of the nature and experience of rural convict employment in Van Diemen’s Land. Research has involved use of records of convict transportation, the records of the convict department, colonial court records, and the correspondence of the colonial secretary’s office. Extensive use has also been made of the colonial press, published contemporary accounts, and unpublished journals of colonists. The thesis begins with a discussion of two oppositional representations of rural convict labour: John Glover’s painting ‘My Harvest Home’, and the ballad ‘Van Diemen’s Land’. These representations demonstrate the polarised debate on the nature of convict labour. Rural convicts have been largely neglected in the recent historiography of convict transportation; this thesis argues that this neglect is unwarranted, and that rural convict labour resists reductionist understanding of convict labour. Chapter 1 examines farming in the colony, demonstrating the importance and vitality of this sector of the economy. Chapters 2-4 discuss convict assignment, management, and convict responses. It is argued that assignment effectively placed those with experience of farm work with rural employers. Convicts’ skills are seen to have been relevant and useful to the rural economy. The management of convict servants operated both formally at the level of the Convict Department regulations and the magistrates bench, and informally on individual properties. Informal management best utilised incentives rather than force. Thus convicts were able to negotiate the authority of their employers through various means, including resistance. Chapters 5-7 discuss the convict experience of rural labour. Material conditions of diet, housing and clothing are examined in chapter 5. Convict recreational culture is investigated in chapter 6; it is argued that convicts created an important site of autonomy in this form. The intimate lives of convict men are discussed in chapter 7. Often seen as brutal and brutalising, it is argued that these relationships were important and meaningful sites in male convict experience.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research problem of this study is "The use of prison labour in die Western Cape agriculture". The aim of this qualitative-historical study was to determine how this system of labour was established, functioned and eventually came to an end. To research this topic was not easy. Most of the documentary sources have been destroyed. Therefore, the main source of information were interviews with the relevant prison wardens and guards, as well as farmers who used prison labour in the past. Prison labour played only a small part in the penal system of the Cape Colony before the nineteenth century. The focus of punishment was on the body of the criminal - inflicting physical pain. Since the early 1800's prisoners were used for the maintenance of roads and on work in Governmental gardens. Prisoners were rented ' . out to farmers, on an informal basis, since 1806. A formal system of prison labour, based on the principle of rehabilitating punishment, was introduced by the Governor John Montagu in 1843. For example, prisoners were classified according to their behavior, rather than their crimes. In 1888 free prison labour was abolished and a standard wage was introduced. The use of prison labour by private persons increased systematically after the Second World War. The reason for this was a growing labour shortage in especially agriculture. The system of farm prisons or so-called "outposts" was established to address this problem. In 194 7 the Landsdown Commission accepted the principle of farm prisons. The first farm prison was opened in 1953. The establishment of these outposts had a twofold aim: firstly, it supplied farmers with a constant source of labour. Secondly, it served as a deliverance for the state, as this would relieve the overcrowding in prisons and reduce costs. Between 1953 and 1988 a_total of thirteen outposts were established in the Western Cape. Farmers' unions carried the costs of building the prisons and were also responsible for their maintenance. The Department of Prisons was responsible for the appointment of prisonguards and their remuneration. A Central Outpost Committee was established that served as a link between the various farmers' unions and the Department. South Africa's policy on prison labour was in line with the United Nations' "Standard Minimum Rules" for the treatment of prisoners, having rehabilitation as main objective. However, this system of farm prisons clashed with the international trade ethos of the time. It was seen as "slave labour" that gave South African farmers an unfair competitive advantage. In 1988 prison labour was terminated and outposts were closed, due to the threat of sanctions and boycotts of South African agricultural products. The empirical evidence of this study largely supports the Marxist interpretation of punishment in society. According to Ma.rXism, punishment systems and prison labour serve the economic interests of the dominant classes. At the same time it also gives credence to the Weberian interpretation, in which the systematic monitoring and treatment of prisoners are a manifestation of the tendency towards increasing rationalisation in Western society.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsingsprobleem van hierdie studie is "Die gebruik van gevangene arbeid in die Wes-Kaapse landbou". Die doel van hierdie kwalitatief-historiese ondersoek was om vas te stel hoe hierdie sisteem van arbeid ontstaan, gefunksioneer en tot 'n einde gekom het. Navorsing van hierdie onderwerp was nie maklik nie. Die meeste dokumentere bronne was reeds vemietig. Gevolglik moes hoofsaaklik staatgemaak word op onderhoude met hoofde en bewaarders van gevangenisse, asook boere wat destyds van gevangene arbeid gebruik gemaak het. Gevangene arbeid het 'n relatief klein rol gespeel in die strafstelsel van die Kaapkolonie voor die negentiende eeu. Die klem van straf was op die liggaam van die beskuldigde - die toepassing van fisiese pyn. Vanaf die vroee 1800's 1s gevangenes egter gebruik vir die instandhouding van strate en vir werk m Regeringstuine. V anaf 1806 is gevangenes ook op informele basis aan boere uitgehuur. 'n Formele stelsel van gevangene arbeid, gebasseer op die beginsel van rehabiliterende straf, is in 1843 deur die destydse Goeweneur John Montagu ingestel. Gevangenes is byvoorbeeld geklassifiseer volgens hul optrede, eerder as hul misdaad. In 1888 is gratis gevangene arbeid afgeskaf en voorsiening is gemaak vir 'n standaard loon. Na die Tweede Wereldoorlog het die gebruik van gevangene arbeid deur privaat persone sistematies toegeneem. Die rede hiervoor was 'n groeiende arbeidstekort in veral die landbou. Laasgenoemde is hoofsaaklik aangespreek deur die stelsel van plaastronke of sogenaamde "buiteposte". In 194 7 het die Landsdown Kommissie plaastronke in beginsel goedgekeur. Die eerste plaastronk, of "buitepos" soos daarna verwys is, is in 1953 geopen. Die oprigting van buiteposte het 'n tweeledige doel gehad: eerstens, het dit vir boere'n konstante voorraad van arbeid te verskaf. Tweedens was dit vir die staat 'n uitkoms, aangesien dit die oorbevolking in stedelike tronke sou verlig en kostes sou besnoei. Daarbenewens sou hierdie nuwe stelsel hydra tot die rehabilitasie van korter-termyn gevangenes. Tussen 1953 en 1988 het daar altesame dertien buiteposte in die Wes-Kaap bestaan. Boereverenigings het die oprigtingskoste van die onderskeie tronke gedra. Hierbenewens moes hulle ook ondemeem om die tronke te onderhou, terwyl die Departement van Gevangenisse verantwoordelik was vir die beskikbaarstelling van bewaarders en hul vergoeding. 'n Sentrale Buiteposkomitee is gestig wat as skakel gedien het tussen die betrokke boereverenigings en die Departement. Suid-Afrika se beleid rakende gevangene arbeid was in pas met die Verenigde Nasies se "Standaard Minimum Reels" vir die behandeling van gevangenes, met rehabilitasie as sentrale motief. Die stelsel van plaastronke het egter ingedruis teen die intemasionale handels-etos van die tyd en is as "slawe arbeid" gesien wat vir SuidAfrikaanse boere 'n onregverdige mededingende voordeel gegee het. Uit vrese vir sanksies en boikotte van Suid-Afrikaanse landbou produkte, is gevangene arbeid gestaak en buiteposte teen die einde van 1988 gesluit. Die empiriese getuienis van hierdie ondersoek staaf in 'n groot mate die Marxistiese interpretasie van straf in die samelewing. Hiervolgens dien strafstelsels en gevangene arbeid die ekonomiese belange van die dominante klasse. Terselfdertyd steun dit die Weberiaanse interpretasie waarvolgens die sistematiese monitering en behandeling van gevangenes in tronke 'n manifestasie 1s van die tendens tot toenemende rasionalisasie in die Westerse samelewing.

La tesis versa sobre la implementación del trabajo productivo en el ámbito de la reclusión penal, en un contexto de cambio de paradigma, tanto en lo penológico (de la “rehabilita-ción” a la “incapacitación”, en cuanto finalidad asignada a la pena), como en lo estruc-tural (del “fordismo” al “postfordismo”, en cuanto a estructura económico-política). La investigación se enfoca en la gestión del trabajo penitenciario en Cataluña, España, por la singular modalidad mixta (público-privada) que lleva a cabo la empresa pública CIRE. Se analizan los conflictos y desafíos que plantea la aplicación del modelo penitenciario consagrado normativamente por el Estado español, por los posibles roles añadidos y significaciones económicas de aquel modelo de gestión. Al postular la hipótesis de su posible funcionalidad económica, la tesis apunta a una desviación de la normativa, que deriva en una opción “economicista” contraria al plexo normativo español, ya que éste le asigna al trabajo penitenciario una función clave en la finalidad de reinserción social y repele, en forma taxativa, que se supedite al aprovechamiento institucional. Siguiendo la plataforma epistemológica de la sociología jurídico penal, la tesis aborda dos niveles de análisis: uno específico, referido a la normativa que regula el trabajo productivo recluso y su contraste con la aplicación concreta de tal objetivo penitenciario, y otro general, referido al modelo penológico como respuesta adaptada a la estructura económica, política y social que lo sustenta. Para ello, se vale del modelo teórico propuesto por Georg Rusche y Otto Kirchheimer en su obra clásica “Pena y Estructura Social”, a partir del cual se revisan tres arquetipos penitenciarios (correccionalista, progresivo y de incapacitación) que marcaron la historia de la prisión, condicionada y modelada según los ciclos del capitalismo. Al analizar, en concreto, el modelo del CIRE, se contrasta con el sistema de California, a modo de referencia, por constituir uno de los ejemplos más representativos de aprove-chamiento de la mano de obra reclusa en los Estados Unidos de América (cuya adminis-tración privada de su sistema productivo carcelario es realizada por el CALPIA). El estudio no elude la consideración del inédito crecimiento del encarcelamiento en el mundo entre 1980 y 2010 (cuyo ejemplo más extremo está dado, precisamente, en los EE.UU.), como posible factor de incidencia que alienta el usufructo de una mano de obra en reclusión de gran magnitud y libre disposición. La confrontación entre el funcionamiento de ambos modelos de gestión productiva del trabajo penitenciario permite observar la gravitación que ejercen las condiciones econó-micas estructurales sobre los sistemas penitenciarios, ya que, cuando éstos asimilan la lógica de mercado y relativizan el objetivo de la resocialización, parecen asimilarse sus prácticas, independientemente del contexto en que cada modelo se ubique e, incluso, por encima de la normativa que lo sustente. El estudio del trabajo intramuros toma también en consideración la situación del trabajo extramuros y las condicionantes macro-económicas que, en las últimas décadas, han ve-nido socavando en Europa las bases sociales del llamado “Estado de Bienestar”. El cambio radical de paradigmas (tecnológicos, económicos, sociopolíticos, culturales, etc.) trajo aparejada la afectación de objetivos sociales como el del “pleno empleo” o la caducidad de concepciones como la del “trabajo estable”. En este contexto, el trabajo intramuros no puede escapar a la lógica del mercado laboral extramuros. Las conclusiones apuntan, en síntesis, la idea de que “la cuestión del trabajo penitenciario frente al cambio de paradigma” puede leerse como el desajuste entre un modelo norma-tivo/institucional y las condiciones estructurales en las que se inscribe. En este sentido, se explican las razones por las que la búsqueda del objetivo de reinserción social puede cons-tituir, o bien una utopía (o “retro-topía”), o bien una aporía.
This thesis deals with the issue of productive work in prison, in a context of paradigm shift, both criminal (of "rehabilitation" to the "incapacitation", on the purpose assigned to the punishment) and structural (from "Fordism" to "post-Fordism", as political economic structure).The research focuses on the management of CIRE in Catalonia, Spain, because of its singu-lar mixed system (public-private), and postulated the hypothesis of a possible economic functionality that contradicts the Spanish law, since it assigns to prison labour purpose of social reintegration and repels institutional profitability.According to the epistemology of legal sociology, the analysis covers two levels: the nor-mative, contrasted with the concrete implementation, and the structural, referred to the penal model as a response adapted to the social, political and economic system that sus-tains it. The research relies on the theoretical model proposed by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer (in its classic "Punishment and Social structure"), in order to review, from there, the prison archetypes that marked the history of this institution.In economic terms, CIRE model is contrasted with the system applied by the CALPIA in California, as one of the most representative examples of exploitation of prison labor in the United States of America. This confrontation shows common characteristics that de-monstrate the gravity exerted structural conditions on the prison systems, regardless of their particular context and, even, above the norm that informs them.The conclusions pointed out the idea that "the question of prison labour in a context of the paradigm shift" can be read as the disconnect between a legal and institutional model and the structural conditions in which it is inscribed. In this regard, are there explained the reasons why the pursuit of the goal of resocialization may constitute, or a utopia (or "re-tro-topia"), either an aporia.

Nuteistasis, išėjęs į laisvę iš įkalinimo įstaigos, dėl subjektyvių ir objektyvių priežasčių, susiduria su įvairiais sunkumais: neturi darbo, būsto, jo išsilavinimas dažniausiai būna menkas, prarasti kai kurie socialiniai įgūdžiai, artimieji, vengdami naštos bei visuomenės pasmerkimo, nutraukia socialinius ryšius su nuteistaisiais. Nuteistieji jaučia socialinę atskirtį bei visuomenės pasmerkimą, kuris pasireiškia kaip stigma. Tikėtina, jog praradę viltį bei pasitikėjimą nuteistieji yra linkę nusikalsti pakartotinai. Įsidarbinimas ir parama padeda formuotis teigiamam nuteistųjų požiūriui į save ir nepasiduoti stigmos įtakai, taip padidinant savo įsidarbinimo galimybes. Tyrimo objektas - asmenų grįžusių iš įkalinimo įstaigų įsidarbinimo galimybės. Tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti prieštaravimus tarp formaliai apibūdinamos nuteistųjų grįžimo į darbo rinką situacijos ir realios nuteistųjų padėties. Rengiant darbą atliktas kokybinis tyrimas. Tyrimo rezultatai Buvusių kalinių integracija į visuomenę – aktuali Lietuvos socialinė problema. Laisvėje kaliniai susiduria su daugeliu problemų, kurių sprendimas susijęs su psichosocialiniais aspektais, pasireiškiančiais kaip nuteistųjų stigma, trikdanti jų saviidentifikaciją ir integraciją į visuomenę. Išejus į laisvę nuteistieji dažnai stigmatizuojami, priskiriant jiems išankstinius stereotipinius vaidmenis ir savybes. Visuomenės reakcija daugeliu atvejų priklauso nuo ankstesnio nuteistojo gyvenimo būdo, patirties ir paties nuteistojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The convicted, released rom prison, because of the subjective and objective reasons, is facing with various challenges: out of work, home, his education is often poor, he loose the social skills and relationships. There is a social exclusion and condemnation of the convict in the society, which manifests as a stigma. It is likely that the loss of hope and confidence makes the prisoners to commit crimes again. Employment and support helps to shape a positive attitude towards prisoners themselves and to resist the influence of stigma, thereby increasing their employability. The object of research – the possibilities of the convicts employment. The aim of research – to disclose the contradictions between the formal description of convicts return to the labor market situation and the actual situation. The ground of the work is qualitative research. The results of research: the integration of former prisoners into society – is the actual problem in the Lithuania. The former prisoners are facing many problems, which relates with the psychosocial aspects of the expression of condemnation stigma disturbing their self-identification and integration into society. After his release inmates are often stigmatized as through pre-stereotypical roles and features. Public reaction in most cases depends on the previous convict lifestyle, experience and the personal position of the convicts. The successful integration depends on the convicts autonomy, initiative and motivation. Family is... [to full text]

Av de före detta kriminella som avtjänat sitt straff återfaller hela 40 % i brottslighet inom tre år. Organisationen Krami arbetar för att minska antalet återfall genom att hjälpa målgruppen till sysselsättning. Med avstamp i detta är syftet med vår studie att undersöka hur anställda i Krami ser på sina arbeten med att värna om före detta kriminellas respekt och integritet i individernas process in på arbetsmarknaden och i att undvika återfall. Detta gör vi genom att undersöka hur åtta intervjupersoner A) ser på de före detta kriminellas möjligheter kontra begränsningar på arbetsmarknaden och B) hur dessa intervjupersoner ser på sina möjligheter att arbeta med de tidigare kriminellas värderingar för att motverka återfall i brott. De teorier som används i vår studie är: Värderingsbaserad teori med begreppet värderingar; Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) med begreppen självuppfattning, förväntade resultat och personliga mål; Känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) med begreppen begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Utöver ovanstående teorier har begreppen cooling down och pushing up använts. Studiens resultat visar att intervjupersonerna använder sig av cooling down och pushing up med avsikten att öka målgruppens möjligheter på arbetsmarknaden. Intervjupersonerna upplever att de behöver stötta målgruppen i att öka sin känsla av hanterbarhet för att kunna förändra vissa värderingar, vilka intervjupersonerna anser nödvändiga för att öka sina möjligheter på arbetsmarknaden och för att motverka återfall. Samtliga intervjupersoner upplever att det är viktigt att tro på varje enskild individ, och att alla förtjänar en andra chans.
40 % of convicted criminals relapse to criminal behavior within three years. Krami is an organization working towards dwindling/reducing recoil numbers by providing alternative occupation. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Krami employees perceive their task in shielding ex-convicts’ respect and well being through their journey towards employment as well as dodging any form of criminal relapse. This will be examined by analyzing how eight interviewees A) experience ex-convicts’ opportunities counter the limitation through the labor market, and B) how they evaluate the prospect to work with ex-convict valuation to diminish criminal relapse. The theories used in this study is: Value based theory based on the concept of valuation; Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) with the conceptions of self-efficacy, outcome expectations and personal goals; Sense of coherence (SOC) in the concept of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. In addition to aforementioned concepts, we have cooling down and pushing up. The results show that the interviewees make use of cooling down and pushing up with the intention to amplify the target audiences prospective as employees. The interviewees experience support requirements from the target audience to gain coping to handle and change certain values i.e. what the interviewees consider to be necessary to enhance employment opportunities and reduce criminal recoil. All interviewees feel that it is important to believe in every solitary individual and that everyone deserves a second chance.

This thesis analyses the lives of the 332 Swing rioters from the southern counties of England who were transported to Van Diemen's Land in 1831 for crimes of machine breaking. Along with the much smaller number of rioters transported to New South Wales, they represented one of the largest groups transported to the Australian colonies for a common crime and were certainly the largest group ever transported from England to the Australian colonies for a crime of social or political protest. This thesis explores a number of themes. First, it considers the causes of the Swing riots and the significant impact that the disturbances had on the newly elected Whig Government. In particular, it considers the impetus those considerations gave to the development of a colonial policy that would encourage the assisted emigration of many of the unemployed rural workers of southern England to the colonies. Second, despite their involvement in the Swing riots, the machine breakers (as they were commonly called) were not driven by a political agenda. They were overwhelmingly conservative by nature and poverty was the primary driver behind their actions. Their collective actions in the machine breaking episodes owed more to custom and tradition than to social revolution. 'Although this non-political conservatism was demonstrated by their post - emancipation lack of interest in political issues, their willingness to engage in collective action and other means of protest during their time as convicts demonstrated a continuation of the attitudes and values that they developed as rural workers in traditional England. Third, it analyses the impact of Transportation and Assignment on a group of men who ordinarily would never have been subject to those systems and concludes that the process did not brutalise them. This finding is subject to a proviso that the machine breakers were such valuable workers in the colony that they were probably better treated than the typical convict who would have been assigned to a rural master at that time. Fourth, it analyses the impact that the injection of this relatively large group of skilled agricultural workers and tradesmen had on the colony of Van Diemen's Land itself, and in particular on relations between the Van Diemen's Land Company and Lieutenant Governor Arthur. Fifth, where possible, it traces the subsequent lives of the machine breakers after they received their freedom from 1836 onwards. The accepted orthodoxy is that most of the machine breakers remained in the colony as farm workers and small tenant farmers. In fact, possibly up to fifty returned to England, and possibly as many as another hundred and fifty left the island colony, many of whom started new lives in the recently established colony of Port Phillip. Some became quite wealthy by the standards of the time, and many others became small landowners or successful business operators. Another interesting thread is that many of the machine breakers were eventually joined in the colonies by members of their family or by close relatives or fellow villagers. This is primarily due to the machine breakers sending back written reports about life in the colonies and as a phenomenon is known as chain migration. Finally, the thesis analyses the place of the machine breakers in convict history. During the nineteenth century, they unwittingly played a part in the debate about the merits of Transportation, and their experiences were relied upon heavily by Arthur in his support of the system. During the twentieth century, they were held up as evidence that many transported convicts were not petty criminals but in fact were social protesters. This view was common until more rigorous historical work established otherwise, and it is now clear that the machine breakers form a discrete group. They now appear as a relatively conservative, law abiding group of men whose offences nevertheless were a form of social protest.

The approach to the bicentennial of the British settlement of Australia in 1988 generated renewed interest in a broad spectrum of Australian history. One genre that was heavily revised was that of convict studies. Convicts and convictism and their role in the early development of white settlement have been much re-examined. A significant body of work has been focussed on convicts as unfree labour and unwilling emigrants. Because of this focus emphasis has been placed on convict agency and their ability to resist the system. As a body they have been dissected into micro groups to explain how the system then impacted on the individual. Few works have looked the other way and seen how the individual impacted on the system. By both their presence and their agency, convicts forced changes to the way in which the Empire conducted transportation. This thesis examines these aspects to see how this took place. That examination is then taken further to look at how changes to the system of transportation impacted not only on the obvious relationship between the various Australian colonies, but also those colonies relations with others within the British Empire, and ultimately on how it impacted on relations between the colonies and the metropolis. While writers such as Hirst, Sturma, Neal, and Atkinson have examined aspects of convict impact on colonial society and its development, their work has been largely introspective with their focus on New South Wales prior to 1840. This thesis aims to broaden the examination to include the effects created by continued transportation to Van Diemen's Land and, later, Western Australia.

The overarching question under investigation in this thesis is the extent to which the ideals of penal management as espoused by both British and Colonial authorities were implemented in the day to day administration and management of a convict work force. The focus of the examination is the construction of Major Thomas Mitchell’s line of road between Mt. Victoria and Bathurst in the 1830’s. Specifically the thesis documents the various sites on the line of road with a particular emphasis on the administrative centre and principal facility, No. 2 Stockade Cox’s River, to explain the dynamic interaction of the network and its role in the penal repertoire of New South Wales. In bringing together a large range of sources the thesis has enabled the first thorough reading of the convict sites associated with the Western road. This has led to a multi-dimensional understanding of the place, its people, and the process of its construction. It provides a basis for future scholarship on this neglected network, located almost at the doorstep of greater Sydney, on the western fringe of the Blue Mountains.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The overarching question under investigation in this thesis is the extent to which the ideals of penal management as espoused by both British and Colonial authorities were implemented in the day to day administration and management of a convict work force. The focus of the examination is the construction of Major Thomas Mitchell’s line of road between Mt. Victoria and Bathurst in the 1830’s. Specifically the thesis documents the various sites on the line of road with a particular emphasis on the administrative centre and principal facility, No. 2 Stockade Cox’s River, to explain the dynamic interaction of the network and its role in the penal repertoire of New South Wales. In bringing together a large range of sources the thesis has enabled the first thorough reading of the convict sites associated with the Western road. This has led to a multi-dimensional understanding of the place, its people, and the process of its construction. It provides a basis for future scholarship on this neglected network, located almost at the doorstep of greater Sydney, on the western fringe of the Blue Mountains.

The Archer family, of Longford Tasmania, hold a privileged position in the story of colonial Van Diemen's Land. Not only were they one of the largest landholders but, between the various strains of the family, they controlled an enviable amount of land and capital - both human and fiscal. William Archer Senior was born in 1754, and is described as a 'pious man, level headed, demanding the best from himself, and expecting that others would act in the same manner as himself, with integrity and consideration' .2 In a social sense, William Snr' s position as mill owner and miller placed him squarely amongst the newly ascendant middling sort. At the age of seventy-three, William Snr emigrated to Van Diemen's Land. He arrived fifteen years after his son Thomas had disembarked in Sydney. He was also following in the footsteps of two other sons, Joseph who had arrived in 1821 and William Jnr who had arrived in 1824.3 Given the length of the passage to Van Diemen's Land and the many discomforts and dangers this entailed one is entitled to inquire into the factors that might entice or compel a septuagenarian member of the English middle-class to emigrate.

This thesis examines the lives of the convict workers who constituted the primary work force in the Campbell Town district in Van Diemen’s Land during the assignment period but focuses particularly on the 1830s. Over 1000 assigned men and women, ganged government convicts, convict police and ticket holders became the district’s unfree working class. Although studies have been completed on each of the groups separately, especially female convicts and ganged convicts, no holistic studies have investigated how convicts were integrated into a district as its multi-layered working class and the ways this affected their working and leisure lives and their interactions with their employers. Research has paid particular attention to the Lower Court records for 1835 to extract both quantitative data about the management of different groups of convicts, and also to provide more specific narratives about aspects of their work and leisure. Local administrative records from the Convict Department, the Colonial Secretary’s Office and the Engineers Department as well as the diaries and letters of colonists, accounts of travellers, almanacks and newspapers have also been used. Some key results proposed in the thesis include the following: Local magistrates had more varied and liberal middle class backgrounds than their contemporaries in New South Wales. They willingly became the governor’s agents of control over the convict work force, accepting his political authority, and remained primarily interested in increasing their wealth. The duties undertaken by convict police were more complex than the literature acknowledges and the claims of corruption and inefficiency made against police by the contemporary press are challenged. Ganged men maintained interactions with the general community outside their gangs, including complex trading and commercial transactions.

This thesis examines the lives of the convict workers who constituted the primary work force in the Campbell Town district in Van Diemen’s Land during the assignment period but focuses particularly on the 1830s. Over 1000 assigned men and women, ganged government convicts, convict police and ticket holders became the district’s unfree working class. Although studies have been completed on each of the groups separately, especially female convicts and ganged convicts, no holistic studies have investigated how convicts were integrated into a district as its multi-layered working class and the ways this affected their working and leisure lives and their interactions with their employers. Research has paid particular attention to the Lower Court records for 1835 to extract both quantitative data about the management of different groups of convicts, and also to provide more specific narratives about aspects of their work and leisure. Local administrative records from the Convict Department, the Colonial Secretary’s Office and the Engineers Department as well as the diaries and letters of colonists, accounts of travelers, almanacs and newspapers have also been used. Some key results proposed in the thesis include the following: Local magistrates had more varied and liberal middle class backgrounds than their contemporaries in New South Wales. They willingly became the governor’s agents of control over the convict work force, accepting his political authority, and remained primarily interested in increasing their wealth. The duties undertaken by convict police were more complex than the literature acknowledges and the claims of corruption and inefficiency made against police by the contemporary press are challenged. Ganged men maintained interactions with the general community outside their gangs, including complex trading and commercial transactions.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Recently efforts have been made to bring to the public's attention the Point Puer Boys Establishment, as an annex of the Port Arthur penal establishment in Van Diemen's Land. The Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority wish to secure its position in Australian history very firmly. Point Puer however, was not the only, nor the first juvenile establishment in the British Empire as the have claimed. Chapter two of this thesis will draw particular attention to the colony's first juvenile prison and industrial reformatory, Carters' House of Correction, in Sydney, commonly known as Carters' Barracks. Until now, very little has been written about its establishment, role or presence in the colony. However, as this thesis will argue, it was a highly significant child-saving institution of a pioneering nature. The nature of Carters' Barracks, as an institution, highlights significant questions surrounding child welfare, re-education policies and their social ramifications as well as the problems faced by imperialist administrators who had never before experienced such a situation. Carters' Barracks can be arguably viewed as an unconscious precedent for future child reform ideologies in nineteenth and early twentieth century Australia. While convict boys and their experiences have been substantially neglected, numerous recent studies have contributed to the knowledge of adult male and female convict experienced within the development of Australian colonial society. Academic, popular and public historians' alike, more than ever before, revel in the debates of new interpretations of the convict experience. However, as it will be concluded it is erroneous to continue in the belief that the colony seemingly operated without the presence of convict child labour. From the arrival of the first fleet, children were present and active in the colony forming a vital part of its convict labour economic structure. It is the aim of this thesis to examine the experiences of these younger convicts, in particular their confinement experiences within the boundaries of Carters' Barracks and Point Puer.

Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree: Master of Arts in the field of Industrial & Economic Sociology School of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa July 2016
This research study seeks to examine the South African labour market, using the case of ex-offenders and their difficulties in entering the formal labour market and securing full-time employment after they have been released from correctional facilities. The „Scarlet letter‟ in the title refers to a euphemism used to describe the effects of the criminal record on the prospect of employment. As part of the research, I also examine the perspectives of employers about their willingness to employ ex-offenders as well as some of the reservations they may have, as representatives of the labour market. Although there is extensive research on reintegration as well as barriers to reintegration, especially in Europe and the United States, none of these have married the labour market experiences and reintegration experiences of ex-offenders, especially in the South African context. This study employed qualitative research methods and techniques to explore the meaning ex-offenders attach to their social experiences. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences of these ex-offenders and a vivid picture from the key informants. In this regard, participants in the study consisted of thirteen Black male ex-offenders, three representatives from the National Institute for Crime Prevention and Reintegration of Offenders (NICRO), one representative from a Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) called We Can Change Our World (WCCOW), five Human resource managers at a property management firm as part of a focus group discussion and one executive at a recruitment company. All interviewed ex-offenders shared similar experiences of their challenges and limited social and economic reintegration, especially related to finding a job in South Africa. The study reveals that discrimination in the workplace continues in contemporary South Africa, but such experiences are even worse for ex-offenders. The study concludes that a lot still needs to be done to transform the South African labour market and correctional facilities, linked policies and practice for the majority, especially ex-offenders who have “paid their debt to society”.
GR2017