Tesi sul tema "Conventional standards"
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1
Toot, Tiffany. "A Comparison Study: The Impacts of Montessori and Conventional Elementary Standards-Based Language Arts Curricula on Preschool Students’ Phonemic Awareness and Reading Readiness Skills". University of Findlay / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=findlay1565215112222622.
2
Donnette-Boissière, Anaëlle. "La contractualisation en droit du travail". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10032.
Abstract (sommario):
La contractualisation est une tendance qui traverse de nombreuses branches du droit et cette thèse a pour objet d'en vérifier la pertinence et d'en déterminer la portée en droit du travail. Traduction d'une dynamique de normativité contractuelle, la contractualisation recouvre, en droit du travail, deux réalités. Elle est d'abord une contractualisation du rapport de travail. Principalement sous l'impulsion de la jurisprudence, la place normative du contrat individuel de travail doit être réévaluée parce que la norme contractuelle est valorisée par rapport à la norme statutaire et au pouvoir de l'employeur. Cette dynamique semble cependant parvenue à maturité et, plus encore, il importe d'accepter ses limites et son contrôle en raison de la finalité protectrice du droit du travail qu'il faut préserver. La contractualisation est aussi celle du droit du travail. C'est alors le rôle normatif du contrat collectif du travail qui subit une profonde transformation. On assiste en effet à une valorisation de la norme conventionnelle face à la norme étatique. Réelle et puissante, cette dynamique doit faire l'objet d'une meilleure compréhension et d'un vrai accompagnement. Il en va de sa légitimité et de sa pérennitéContracting is an often met trend in several fields of law and this PhD work aims at checking its relevance and making its impact clear in labour law. Contracting is the expression of a dynamics of creating a standard by contract and covers two facts in labour law. First of all it means contracting in individual relationships at work. The standard position of individual employment contract has to be reevaluated, especially under the spur of legal precedents. It has to be done because contractual standard has been developed compared with statutory standard and the employer's power. However, it seems that this dynamics has reached its maturity and besides, it is important to accept its limitations and supervision, considering that the first aim in labour law is protection, which must be guaranteed. Yet, contracting also means contracting of labour law. So, the standard function of collective agreement goes through a deep change. There is actually an increase of conventional standard facing state standard. This real and powerful dynamics should benefit from a better understanding and a proper control. Its legitimacy and pereenniality depend on it
3
Jacquemot, Florence. "Le standard européen de société démocratique /". Montpellier : Université Montpellier I, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41026365w.
4
Las, Heras Horacio Raúl. "International Labor Law Standards and Argentine Domestic Law". Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117309.
Abstract (sommario):
The following article attempts to address the problem, from the point of view of the labour law, which arises on the interpretation of standards on the basis of an analysis of sources, both internal sources such as international. Whereupon, the author advocates maintain the essence of the protective principle of labour law which will lead to combining rules from different sources to protect both the worker as the structure institutional and legal of the domestic law of each country.El presente artículo intenta abordar la problemática, desde el punto de vista del derecho laboral, que se presenta en torno a la interpretación de normas laborales partiendo de un análisis de fuentes, ya sea tanto fuente interna como internacional. Con lo cual, el autor aboga por mantener la esencia del principio protector del derecho laboral lo cual llevará a conjugar normas de las diferentes fuentes para proteger tanto al trabajador como a la estructura institucional y legal del derecho interno de cada país.
5
Jacquemot, Florence. "Le standard européen de société démocratique". Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON10039.
Abstract (sommario):
Sous des appellations diverses, "notion à contenu variable" (J. Carbonnier), "directive" (P. Roubier), "mesure moyenne de conduite sociale correcte" (R. Pound) ou encore "solution d'un problème de conduite" (L. Duguit), le standard juridique est compris comme un "critère" du "normal ou de l'acceptable" voire un "critère de normativité", applicable à l'aune d'un modèle culturel, moral ou éthique donné. Partant du postulat que la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme pose la notion de "société démocratique" comme un standard, notre étude vise à démontrer que, comblant l'indéterminisme de cette notion, la Cour européenne utilise le standard comme un critère évolutif de conventionnalité du comportement des autorités étatiques auquel elle a donné un contenu. La notion floue est devenue, ainsi, un instrument de coordination des ordres juridiques européens. Forte de ses applications, la société démocratique s'est, en outre, mutée en un "milieu de référence" qui s'est précisé à mesure qu'il a été invoqué. Le standard est donc désormais porteur d'un modèle prétorien de société démocratique. Cependant, le juge étant confronté aux contraintes liées à la prescription juridique du standard dans la Convention, son contenu jurisprudentiel semble relever, infine, d'un certain déterminisme. La mesure de ce déterminisme transparaît très clairement de la lecture systémique de la jurisprudence européenne construisant le modèle européen de société démocratique en application du standard. InstrumentaIisé par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, le standard reste, cependant, un facteur de lecture extensive de la Convention tant d'un point de vu matériel que procédural.
6
Hellstadius, Åsa. "A Quest for Clarity : Reconstructing Standards for the Patent Law Morality Exclusion". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116261.
Abstract (sommario):
The accumulated importance of the patent law morality exclusion over the recent decades has been prompted by the increased protection sought for biotechnological inventions. This raises specific ethical concerns such as the respect for human dignity. The morality exclusion is regarded as an indispensable safeguard in the patent system of the 21st century, but its application and scope remains unclear, not least due to a division of competence between the European Union (EU), the European Patent Organisation and national Member States. In addition, the international Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) sets minimum standards for the operation of the morality exclusion. In this study the scope, interpretation and application of the morality exclusion in European and international patent law is described and analysed by applying the legal dogmatic method. The object of study is the European patent law morality exclusion in terms of Article 53(a) and Rule 28 of the European Patent Convention and Article 6 of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. A connected purpose of this study is to describe, problematize and analyse the compliance by the regional rules (EU, European Patent Organisation) with the international framework provided by Article 27.2 of the TRIPS Agreement. Although this study is not limited to specific technologies, the majority of issues raised are done so in relation to the morality exclusion concerning biotechnological inventions, which is reflected in this work. Furthermore, the theoretical framework is dependent on the functioning of the morality exclusion in the respective systems, both regional (EU, European Patent Organisation) and international (WTO). This approach necessitates a consideration of the characteristics of each legal system. This thesis uncovers the differences in the interpretation of the morality exclusion (both within as well as between the legal systems), which causes legal uncertainty in this particularly complex field where patent law and ethics interact. The effects of such variations on the scope and application of the morality exclusion are clarified and critically reviewed. According to the wording of the morality exclusion, the commercial exploitation of an invention with regard to morality or ordre public is a central prerequisite in the assessment of excluded subject matter. Consequently, the interpretation of this particular requirement is subject to critical review, since its implications are decisive for the scope of application of the morality exclusion. It is furthermore questioned whether the European morality exclusions are TRIPS-compliant, and the possible effects (and available remedies) of non-compliance for the EU legal order are analysed. This in turn involves issues of norm conflicts in international and EU law. The author presents a critical analysis, investigates the interaction between legal systems and suggests clarifications in order to attain the optimal functioning of the morality exclusion.
7
Olsson, Linda. "The Unacceptance of a Sinful Protagonist's Moral Standards : The Cause and Effect of Censoring Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-35013.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this essay is to show the significant effect censoring Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray had on the protagonist’s moral standing. I compare the original uncensored version of The Picture of Dorian Gray with the censored version. The uncensored version, published by the Belknap Press and edited by Nicholas Frankel, has only been available to the public for three years. My comparison proves that a great deal has been changed in terms of content between the two versions of the novel. This essay will outline and discusses the changes made in order to make the text acceptable in terms of late Victorian moral conventions. It also illustrates the changes by comparing quotes. The function of the censorship applied to the novel is to make Dorian seem more callous and immoral in the 1891 book version, since only then can Oscar Wilde’s story approach the standards of late Victorian morality. Indeed, a significant change has been effected in the character Dorian Gray’s morality between the two versions of the novel.Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att visa vilken betydande effekt censureringen av Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray hade på huvudkaraktärens moraliska ståndpunkter. Jag jämför den ocensurerade versionen av The Picture of Dorian Gray med den censurerade versionen. Den ocensurerade versionen som publicerades av Belknap Press och redigeradesav Nicholas Frankel, har bara varit tillgänglig för allmänheten i tre år. Min jämförelse visar att en stor del av innehållet har förändrats mellan de båda versionerna av romanen. Den här uppsatsen visar samt diskuterar förändringarna som har gjorts för att texten ska bli mer acceptabel i förhållande till senviktorianska moraliska konventioner. Uppsatsen illustrerar förändringarna genom att jämföra citat. Poängen med att censurera den här romanen var att få Dorian att verka mer hjärtlös och omoralisk i bokversionen från 1891. Bara då kunde Oscar Wildes berättelse närma sig den viktorianska moralen. Man kan se en tydlig förändring av karaktären Dorian Grays moral mellan de två versionerna.
8
Ngoya, Patrick Sitati. "Pulmonary embolism diagnosis : a clinical comparison between conventional planar and SPECT V/Q imaging using Krypton 81m – with CTPA as the gold standard". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4358.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MScMedSC (Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology. Nuclear Medicine))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with a superior contrast resolution has been shown to be more sensitive and specific with a lower nondiagnostic rate than planar imaging in many nuclear medicine studies but it is still not being routinely implemented in V/Q studies at many centres including Tygerberg Hospital. There are many studies on V/Q SPECT using Technegas as a ventilation agent but very limited studies available on 81m Kr gas. Aim: To clinically compare conventional planar and SPECT V/Q imaging using 81mKr gas in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, with CTPA as the gold standard. Patients and Methods: All patients referred with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism were assessed. The inclusion criteria were normal chest radiograph, normal renal function and no contrast allergy. Exclusion criteria were age below 18 years old, pregnancy, abnormal chest radiograph, abnormal serum creatinine/urea levels and unstable patients. A Well’s score was assigned to each enrolled patient. Perfusion scintigraphy was performed after intravenous injection 125 MBq of 99mTc MAA. Ventilation scintigraphy was performed with 81mKr gas. On a dual head camera, SPECT was done before planar acquisition, while perfusion was done before ventilation imaging in the same position. Planar V/Q images consisted of 6 standard views. All V/Q SPECT images were reconstructed using ordered-subset expectation-maximization (OSEM) algorithm and a post-reconstruction 3D Butterworth filters were applied. V/Q Planar and V/Q SPECT images were later evaluated and reviewed separately and reported based on recent EANM guidelines blinded to the CTPA results. All patients underwent multi-slice CTPA examinations on a 40-detector row scanner. The images were later assessed and reported blinded to the V/Q results. Statistical analysis was done using the Fisher exact test for comparison of categorical variables and the one-way ANOVA for continuous variables (p<0.05 was significant). Results: A total of 104 consecutive patients were referred with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism. Seventy-nine patients were excluded from this study mostly due to abnormal serum creatinine/urea levels. Only 25 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 48 ± 19 years, and 64% being females. When compared to CTPA as gold standard, the prevalence of PE was 16% [5% – 37% at 95% CI], sensitivity 75% [21% – 99% at 95% CI], specificity 90% [68% – 98% at 95% CI], positive predictive value 60% [17% – 93% at 95% CI], negative predictive value 95% [73% – 100% at 95% CI] and diagnostic accuracy 88% [69% – 97%at 95% CI] for both V/Q Planar and SPECT. V/Q Planar showed a lower reader confidence i.e. could only clearly resolve 72% of cases compared to V/Q SPECT, which could precisely interpret all cases, showed more and better delineated mismatch vs match and segmental vs non-segmental defects. All patients who were scored as PE unlikely on Wells’ score (4) had PE ruled out on CTPA (p=0.04581) as well as 89% of patients on V/Q SPECT and V/Q Planar. Conclusion: Based on this study, V/Q Planar and V/Q SPECT have a similar diagnostic performance in patients with a normal or near normal chest X-rays.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Enkelfoton emissie rekenaartomografie (EFERT) met beter kontrasresolusie is bewys om meer sensitief en spesifiek met ‘n laer nie-diagnostiese opbrengs as planare beelding in verskeie kerngeneeskunde ondersoeke te wees. In Tygerberg Hospitaal, soos in verskeie ander sentra, word dit egter steeds nie roetineweg vir ventilasie-perfusiestudies (V/Q) geïmplementeer nie. Daar is verskeie EFERT V/Q studies met Technegas as ventilasie agens, maar beperkte studies met 81m Kr gas beskikbaar. Doel: Om konvensionele planare en EFERT V/Q beelding vir die diagnose van pulmonale embolisme met mekaar te vergelyk, met rekenaartomografie pulmonale angiografie (RTPA) as goue standaard. Pasiënte en Metodes: Alle pasiënte wat met ‘n kliniese vermoede van pulmonale embolisme verwys is, is geevalueer. Die insluitingskriteria was ’n normale borskas Xstraal, normale nierfunksie en geen kontrasallergie nie. Uitsluitingskriteria was pasiënte jonger as 18 jaar, swanger pasiënte, abnormale borskas X-straal, abnormale serum kreatinien / ureumvlakke en onstabiele pasiënte. ’n Wells telling is vir elke pasiënt wat in die studie ingesluit is, bepaal. Perfusiebeelding is uitgevoer na die intraveneuse toediening van 125 MBq 99mTc MAA. Ventilasiestudies is gedoen met 81mKr gas. Die V/Q EFERT studies is voor die planare beelding met ’n dubbelkop gammakamera uitgevoer. Perfusiebeelding is voor die ventilasie in dieselfde posisie verkry. V/Q planare beelding het bestaan uit 6 standaard beelde. Alle V/Q EFERT is met “ordered-subset expectationmaximization” (OSEM) algoritmes verwerk, en post-rekonstruksie 3D Butterworth filters is toegepas. V/Q planare en V/Q EFERT beelding is later afsonderlik en sonder RTPA inligting volgens onlangse EANM riglyne evalueer en gerapporteer. ‘n Veelsnit RTPA met ‘n 40 snit skandeerder is op alle pasiënte uitgevoer. Die beelde is later beoordeel en gerapporteer sonder inagneming van die V/Q beeldingsresultate Statistiese verwerking is gedoen met die Fisher presisietoets vir vergelyking van kategoriese veranderlikes en die eenrigting ANOVA vir kontinue veranderlikes (p<0.05 is statisties betekenisvol). Resultate: ‘n Totaal van 104 opeenvolgende pasiënte met ‘n kliniese vermoede van pulmonale embolisme is verwys. Nege-en-sewentig pasiënte is uitgesluit, in die meeste gevalle as gevolg van abnormale serum kreatinienvlakke. Slegs 25 pasiënte is ingesluit, met ’n gemiddelde ouderdom van 48 ± 19 jaar, en 64% vroue. In vergelyking met RTPA as goudstandaard, was die prevalensie van PE 16% [5% – 37% met 95% VI], sensitiwiteit 75% [21% – 99% met 95% VI], spesifisiteit 90% [68% – 98% met 95% VI], positiewe voorspellingswaarde 60% [17% – 93% met 95% VI], negatiewe voorspellingswaarde 95% [73% – 100% met 95% VI] en diagnostiese akkuraatheid van 88% [69% – 97% met 95% VI] vir beide planare en EFERT V/Q beelde. V/Q planare beelde het ‘n laer lesersvertroue getoon, nl. dat slegs 72% van gevalle opgelos kon word relatief tot V/Q EFERT beelde, wat in alle gevalle presies geïnterpreteer kon word, met meer en beter omskrewe nie-ooreenstemmende teenoor ooreenstemmende en segmentele teenoor nie-segmentele defekte. In alle pasiënte met ‘n Wells puntetelling van 4 is PE met die RTPA uitgeskakel (p=0.04581), terwyl dit in 89% van pasiënte met V/Q EFERT en planare beelde uitgeskakel is. Gevolgtrekking: Gebaseer op hierdie studie het V/Q planare en EFERT beelding ‘n ooreenstemmende diagnostiese prestasie in pasiënte met ’n normale of naby normale borskas X-straal.
9
Hablot, Cécile. "De la norme privée à la norme publique en droit du travail". Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020087.
Abstract (sommario):
Parmi les normes qui alimentent le droit du travail, la convention collective revêt une nature particulière. Norme privée, elle emporte à l’égard des salariés, les effets d’un règlement. Au-delà, l’intervention d’une autorité publique peut provoquer sa métamorphose. L’extension et l’élargissement conduisent déjà à une métamorphose : un arrêté ministériel déploie les effets de la convention évinçant définitivement son effet relatif. Mais celle-ci ne devient pas pour autant une norme réglementaire. Le glissement de la norme privée vers la norme publique n’est pas complet. Une situation hybride est créée. Mais qu’en est-il alors de l’équilibre entre la liberté des partenaires sociaux et le pouvoir du ministre du Travail ? Quels liens entretiennent le régime de la convention et celui de l’arrêté, le juge judiciaire et le juge administratif ? De la norme privée à la norme publique, la métamorphose est complète lorsque la substance d’un accord collectif est reprise dans le texte d’une loi ou d’un règlement. Les partenaires sociaux sont par là-même associés à la confection de la norme publique. Née d’une pratique, cette participation a reçu consécration législative avant son éventuelle constitutionnalisation. Au-delà du constat de l’interdépendance des partenaires sociaux et du législateur et de la mesure de ses avantages et ses inconvénients, la conception de l’intérêt général, la place du Parlement et le rôle du Conseil constitutionnel sont au coeur de l’étudeAmong all the standards that shape French Labor Law, the Collective Agreement is of a special nature. As a private standard, it has the same effects, towards the employees, as a regulation. Besides, the intervention of a public authority may cause its transformation. Its extension and its enlargement have already lead to a transformation: a ministerial order has widened the effects of the Agreement, thus suppressing definitively its privity. Yet the Collective Agreement has not become a regulatory standard. The mutation of the private standard to a public standard is not yet complete. A hybrid situation has emerged. But what about the liberty of the Social Partners and the powers of the French Minister of Labor? How to articulate the legal effects of the Collective Agreement and the legal effects of the ministerial ordinance? How to articulate the relationships between the ordinary courts and the administrative courts? From a private standard to a public standard, the transformation is complete when the content of a Collective agreement is adopted in a statute or a regulation, thus associating the Social Partners to the creation of a public standard. While their participation has received legislative backing, it might even be constitutionalized. Beyond the observation of the interdependence between the Social Partners and the legislative power, and beyond the assessment of the pros and cons of this interdependence, the conception of the general interest, the place of the Parliament and the role of the Conseil constitutionnel are at the heart of the present study
10
Leturcq, Shirley. "Standards et droits fondamentaux devant le Conseil Constitutionnel français et la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme". Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32060.
Abstract (sommario):
Les standards constituent un angle d'étude particulièrement opportun du travail du juge du point de vue des modes d'appréciation comme des valeurs véhiculées à travers le contentieux. Devant le Conseil constitutionnel français et la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, ils expriment ces exigences finalistes de légalité, légitimité et proportionnalité qui président à la réglementation des droits fondamentaux. Standards et droits fondamentaux sont en effet liés dans une relation complexe par essence conflictuelle et conjoncturelle. Tantôt ils définissent des titres de limitation des droits fondamentaux admis par le juge au bénéfice de l'interêt public. Tantôt ils permettent l'évolution de ces droits en les adaptant aux réalités économiques et sociales dans les contentieux étudiés. Les communes consécration et utilisation des standards par le Conseil constitutionnel français et la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme participent, en conséquence, d'une unification des contentieux des droits fondamentaux en EuropeThe notion of standard constitutes an especially opportune angle of study of both the work of the judge and the evolution of law, considering the appreciation modes and the values brought trough the case law. Faced with the French Constitutional Court and the European Court of human rights, it conveys the finalist requirements of legality, legitimity and proportionality which preside over the regulation of fundamental rights. Standards and fundamental rights are positively linked in a complex relation, conflictual and conjonctural by essence. Sometimes they define limitation titles of fundamental rights, admitted by the judge, for public interest profit. Sometimes they allow an evolution of these rights, confronting then conforming them to social and economic realities in the studied case law. The common consecration and use of standards by the French Constitutional Court and the European Court of human rights consequently contributes to unify human rights related case law in Europe
11
Wengerd, Lauren Rachel. "Advancing Rehabilitation Research Through Characterization of Conventional Occupational Therapy for Adult Stroke Survivors with Upper Extremity Hemiparesis". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574743933864793.
12
Deshayes, Olivier. "L'amélioration de l'application et de l'interprétation uniformes des conventions internationales relatives au contrat de transport : le cas de la faute qualifiée". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR034.
Abstract (sommario):
Les conventions internationales de droit uniforme du commerce international ont pour but d'adopter un ensemble de règles qui soient communes et directement applicables aux rapports juridiques existant entre les différentes parties à un contrat commercial international. L'uniformité de ces conventions peut cependant être rompue en raison d'interprétations divergentes dont certaines de leurs dispositions font l'objet de la part des différents juges nationaux. C'est en particulier le cas des dispositions relatives à la faute qualifiée dans les conventions internationales de droit uniforme relatives au contrat de transport. Pour réduire les divergences d'interprétation en ce domaine, il a été proposé de changer la formulation de cette faute qualifiée qui après avoir été formulée au moyen d'un standard, l'a donc été au moyen d'une définition. Cette thèse s'est dans un premier temps intéressée à l'étude des résultats obtenus en matière d'uniformité d'interprétation de cette faute qualifiée sous l'empire du standard, puis sous celui de la définition. Cela a permis de mettre en évidence le fait qu'au-delà de la rédaction de la faute qualifiée au moyen d'un standard ou d'une définition, les divergences d'interprétation apparaissaient ou pouvaient apparaître à cause notamment de divers éléments perturbateurs qui ont été identifiés et au sujet desquels un premier niveau de propositions de solutions a été fait. Cependant, ces propositions de solutions, qui consistent globalement à adopter une interprétation en tenant compte des divers éléments perturbateurs de l'uniformité de l'interprétation qui ont été identifiés, doivent être mise en œuvre au moyen de mécanismes dont la création est nécessaire. C'est ce que cette thèse a proposé dans un deuxième temps.En effet, ces mécanismes ont pour objet la délivrance de recommandations interprétatives aux sujet des dispositions conventionnelles faisant l'objet, au moins potentiellement, de divergences d'interprétation. Ces recommandations sont à destination des juridictions des Etats parties aux conventions concernées et bénéficient d'un statut sui generis qui justifie qu'elles soient prises en compte par le juge. Si c'est la faute qualifiée dans les conventions internationales de droit uniforme relatives au contrat de transport qui a servi de support et de fil conducteur pour cette étude, les éléments de solution proposés ont toutefois vocation à s'appliquer, selon le même schéma, dans d'autres domaines que celui du droit des transports, régis par des conventions internationales de droit uniforme du commerce internationalThe purpose of international conventions of uniform international trade law is to adopt a set of rules that are common and directly applicable to the legal relationship between the parties to an international commercial contract. The uniformity of these conventions can, however, be broken by divergent interpretations of which some of their provisions are the subject of the various national judges. This is particularly the case of the provisions relating to misconduct described in the international conventions of uniform law relating to the contract of carriage. In order to reduce differences of interpretation in this area, it has been proposed to change the wording of this qualified fault which, after having been formulated by means of a standard, has thus been made by means of a definition. This thesis was at first interested in the study of the results obtained in terms of uniformity of interpretation of this qualified fault under the influence of the standard, then under that of the definition. This made it possible to highlight the fact that beyond the drafting of the qualified fault by means of a standard or a definition, the divergences of interpretation appeared or could appear because of various disruptive elements which have been identified and for which a first level of proposals for solutions has been made. However, these proposals for solutions, which generally consist in adopting an interpretation taking into account the various disruptive elements of uniformity of interpretation that have been identified, must be implemented through mechanisms that are necessary to create. This is what this thesis proposed in a second step. The purpose of these mechanisms is to issue interpretative recommendations on conventional provisions that are the subject of at least potentially divergent interpretations. These recommendations are addressed to the courts of the States Parties to the conventions concerned and enjoy a sui generis status which justifies them being taken into account by the judge.If it is the misconduct described in the international agreements of uniform law relating to the contract of carriage which served as support and guideline for this study, the proposed elements of solution are however intended to apply, according to the same scheme, in other fields than transport law, governed by international conventions of uniform international trade law
13
Yahyaoui, Emna. "Use of standard and setup of non conventional techniques for the elimination of viruses associated with Fig Mosaic Disease (FMD) in fig germplasm (Ficus carica L.)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/79876.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract
Ficus carica L. is considered one of the oldest fruit trees in the Mediterranean basin and is widely grown and harvested for the consumption of its fruits dry and fresh. This species is affected by different virus diseases, especially by Fig mosaic disease (FMD), for which Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), Fig mild mottling-associated virus (FMMaV), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), Fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1), Fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1) and Fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV) are associated. FMD is the most widespread disorder of this species, which represents a threat and a constraint for healthy fig production and germplasm exchange.
Thus, the objective of the present doctoral research was the establishment of an efficient and rapid in vitro F. carica propagation, sanitation and conservation of free-FMD plant material for future large-scale commercialization.
Initially, FMD-related viruses distribution was screened within the different fig plant organs (buds, leaves, syconia and seeds) of 14 Mediterranean genotypes (Palazzo, Severoni precoce, Bianca, Pilusedda, Dottato bianco, Bifera, Zidi, Baiyadi, Biancu, Brogiotto nero, Catalanisca, Houmairi, Triboiti and Turca 'Serilop') which were utilized afterward as in vitro plant source material. RT-PCR assays revealed that all the aforementioned viruses were present without any exception in seeds, whereas only 4 viruses (FBV, FFkaV, FLMaV-1 and FMV) were detected in buds, leaves and syconia with highly variable infection rates.
Moreover, encapsulation technology proved to be a powerful multiplication technique to sustain standard fig tissue culture protocol for three cultivars (Catalanisca, Palazzo and Bifera) and it gave high, almost similar, viability, regrowth and conversion rates. Microcutting rooting in one-step was achieved and conversion rate was comparable for the three cultivars.
Furthermore, in order to eliminate FMD associated viruses, with the exception of FBV-1 which resisted to all the sanitation attempts, Caulogenesis and Meristem Tip Culture Protected by the Synthetic Seeds technique (MTC-SS) gave the best sanitation rates.
Finally, F. carica (cv. Houmairi) artificial seeds conservation, for final delivery, was achieved. A high viability and moderate regrowth rates were registered with a lesser conversion rate strictly related to the plant growth regulators (PGRs) used.
Keywords: Fig, mosaic, RT-PCR, virus distribution, cytokinins, encapsulation, micropropagation, synthetic seed.Resumen La higuera (Ficus carica L.) es considerada como uno de de los árboles frutales más antiguos de la cuenca mediterránea y es ampliamente cultivado y cosechado para el consumo de sus frutos tanto secos como en fresco. Esta especie se ve afectada por diversas enfermedades virales, especialmente por la denominada "Fig mosaic disease" (FMD) asociada actualemnte a los virus: Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), Fig mild mottling-associated virus (FMMaV), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), Fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1), Fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1) y Fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV). Esta enfermedad representa una amenaza y un obstáculo para la producción de higos y el intercambio de germoplasma. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer un método de propagación de higuera in vitro para el saneamiento y la conservación de material vegetal libre de FMD para su posterior comercialización. Inicialmente, se estudió la distribución de los virus implicados en la enfermedad en diversos órganos de 14 genotipos de F. carica (Palazzo, Severoni precoce, Bianca, Pilusedda, Dottato bianco, Bifera, Zidi, Baiyadi, Biancu, Brogiotto nero, Catalanisca, Houmairi, Triboiti y Turca 'Serilop'), los cuales fueron utilizados posteriormente como fuente material vegetal in vitro. Los resultados obtenidos mediante RT-PCR revelaron que todos los virus mencionados estaban presentes sin excepción en las semillas, mientras que sólo cuatro de ellos (FBV, FFkaV, FLMaV-1 y FMV) fueron en brotes, hojas y siconios con tasas de infección variables. Además, la tecnología de encapsulación demostró ser una técnica de multiplicación eficaz para poder aplicar el protocolo estándar de cultivo de tejidos de higo para tres cultivares (Catalanisca, Palazzo y Bifera) dando altas tasas de viabilidad, rebrote y conversión. Se logró el enraizamiento de microcortes en un solo paso y el índice de conversión fue comparable para los tres cultivares. La callogénesis y el culñtivo de meristemos con la técnica de la semilla sintética (MTC-SS) fueron las técnicas que proporcionaron mayores tasas de desinfección para los virus estudiados a excepción de con FBV-1, entidad viral que no fue eliminada con ninguna de las técnicas ensayadas. Por último, se logró la conservación de las semillas artificiales de higuera (cv Houmairi), registrándose una alta viabilidad y tasas de rebrote moderadas con un menor grado de conversión estrictamente relacionado con hormonas utilizadas. Palabras clave: Higuera, mosaico, RT-PCR, la distribución de los virus, hormonas, encapsulación, micropropagación, y la semilla sintética.
Resum La figuera (Ficus carica L.) és considerada un dels arbres fruiters més antics de la conca mediterrània i és àmpliament conreat i collit per al seu consum fresc i sec. Les malalties virals, especialment "Fig mosaic disease" (FMD), associada amb els viruses: Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 2 (FLMaV-2), Fig mild mottling-associated virus (FMMaV), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), Fig latent virus 1 (FLV-1), Fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1) i Fig fleck-associated virus (FFkaV). Esta malaltia representa una amenaça per a la producció de figues i l'intercanvi de germoplasma. El principal objectiu d'aquest treball va ser estableixerun mètode de propagació de figuera in vitro per al sanejament i la conservació de material lliure de FMD per a su posterior commercialització. Inicialment, es va estudiar la distribució dels virus associats a FMD en diversos òrgans en 14 genotips de F. carica (Palazzo, Severoni Precoce, Bianca, Pilusedda, Dottato bianco, Bifera, Zidi, Baiyadi, Biancu, Brogiotto diners, Catalanisca, Houmairi, Triboiti i Turca 'Serilop'), els quals van ser utilitzats posteriorment com a font de material vegetal in vitro. Els resultats obtinguts del anàlisis realitzats per RT-PCR van revelar que tots els virus eren presents sense excepció en les llavors, mentre que només quatre virus (FBV, FFkaV, FLMaV-1 i FMV) van ser detectats en brots, fulles i siconis amb taxes d'infecció variables. A més, la tecnologia d'encapsulació va demostrar ser una tècnica de multiplicació eficaç per poder aplicar el protocol estàndard de cultiu de teixits de figa per a tres cultivars (Catalanisca, Palazzo i Bifera) donant taxesadequades de viabilitat, rebrot i conversió. Es va aconseguir l'arrelament de microtalls en un sol pas i l'índex de conversió va ser comparable per als tres cultivars. La calogènesi i el cultiu de meristems protegits per llavors sintètiques (MTC-SS)van ser les tècniques que proporcionarem millores tases de desinfecció per als virus estudiats amb l'excepció de FBV-1 que es va resistir a tots els mètodes de sanejament. Finalment, es va aconseguir la conservació de la llavors artificials de figuera (cv. Houmairi), registrant-ne una alta viabilitat i taxes de rebrot moderades amb un menor grau de conversió estrictament relacionat amb hormones utilitzades. Paraules clau: Figuera, mosaic, RT-PCR, la distribució dels virus, hormones, encapsulació, micropropagació, i la llavor sintètica.
Yahyaoui, E. (2017). Use of standard and setup of non conventional techniques for the elimination of viruses associated with Fig Mosaic Disease (FMD) in fig germplasm (Ficus carica L.) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79876
TESIS
14
Bedirhanoǧlu, Mesut. "La conception turque de la laïcité à l'épreuve du standard européen de société démocratique". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAA002.
Abstract (sommario):
Initialement adoptée en tant que moyen permettant à la nation turque d' accéder au club des nations européennes civilisées, la laïcité, telle qu'elle est interprétée et appliquée en Turquie, est aujourd'hui devenue l'un des obstacles majeurs à l'adhésion de ce pays à l'Union européenne. Alors que le respect des droits de l'homme est une condition préalable à l'adhésion, la laïcité est perçue et souvent invoquée comme l'un des fondements de la restriction d'une partie importante des libertés fondamentales en Turquie. Certes, en enfermant la religion dans un cadre bien établi et en diminuant ainsi l'influence de celle-ci sur les affaires étatiques et la vie sociale, une conception autoritaire de la laïcité a permis à l'État et à la nation turcs d'accéder à la modernité et de s'approcher de la civilisation européenne. En même temps, une telle application de la laïcité a ralenti le développement de la démocratie et des droits de l'homme en Turquie. Devenue un véritable dogme, la sauvegarde de la laïcité a été invoquée par les forces années turques comme l'un des motifs principaux justifiant leurs interventions dans la vie politique. Elle a constitué également le fondement de la dissolution de plusieurs partis politiques et la répression de l'expression pacifique des opinions par les juges turcs. Cet activisme militaro-judiciaire nuit gravement à l'évolution de la démocratie et de la situation des droits de l'homme en Turquie. Pourtant, il existe d'autres moyens qui permettent à la fois de protéger le caractère laïc de l'État contre le danger d'islamisation et de garantir les droits et libertés fondamentaux, facilitant ainsi l'adhésion de ce pays à l'UE : la protection et la promotion du pluralisme religieux existant au sein de la société turque. C'est dans le développement de la tolérance par rapport aux différentes identités religieuses dans la société turque que l'État trouvera le meilleur rempart face au danger defondamentalismeSecularism was originally adopted by the Turkish nation in order to join the club of civilized European nations. In our present times, however, secularism, as interpreted and applied in Turkey, has become one of the major obstacles to its accession to the European Union. While respect for human rights is a precondition for accession, secularism is often perceived and used as a basis to restrict many fundamental freedoms in Turkey. Indeed, by confining religion within well established bounds and thus reducing its influence on state affairs and social life, an authoritarian conception of secularism enabled the state and the Turkish nation to modernize and consequently become closer to European civilization. At the same time, such an application of secularism has slowed the development of democracy and human rights in Turkey. Having become a dogma, safeguarding secularism has been invoked by the Turkish armed forces as one of the main reasons justifying their intervention in poli tics. It has also served as the basis for the dissolution of several political parties and the repression of peaceful expression of opinions by the Turkish courts. This judicial and military activism impairs the development of democracy and the situation of human rights in Turkey. Yet there are other ways to protect the secular nature of the state against the danger of islamization and to guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms, thus facilitating the country's accession to the EU: the protection and promotion of the religious pluralism existing within Turkish society. It is through the development of tolerance with regard to different religious identities in Turkish society that the state will find the best defence against the danger of fundamentalism
15
Odongo, Godfrey Odhiambo. "The domestication of international law standards on the rights of the child with specific reference to juvenile justice in the African context". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Abstract (sommario):
The thesis focused on how the advent of children's rights, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), has impacted on the subject of juvenile justice and embarked on a practical examination of law reform in this regard in an African context. The focus was placed on a number of African countries that have embarked on or completed child law reform in the aftermath of ratification of the CRC. The case studies in this thesis were Ghana (1998-2003), Kenya (1993-2001), Namibia (1994 to date), Lesotho (2003 to date), South Africa (1997 to date) and Uganda (1992-1996).
16
Bernzen, Amely [Verfasser], Boris [Akademischer Betreuer] Braun, Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Kulke e Paul [Akademischer Betreuer] Kristiansen. "Global Food Trade Beyond the 'Standards' Debate. Conventions, Institutions and Uncertainties in Organic Food Imports to Germany and Australia / Amely Bernzen. Gutachter: Boris Braun ; Elmar Kulke ; Paul Kristiansen". Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1047666545/34.
17
Bernzen, Amelie [Verfasser], Boris [Akademischer Betreuer] Braun, Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Kulke e Paul [Akademischer Betreuer] Kristiansen. "Global Food Trade Beyond the 'Standards' Debate. Conventions, Institutions and Uncertainties in Organic Food Imports to Germany and Australia / Amely Bernzen. Gutachter: Boris Braun ; Elmar Kulke ; Paul Kristiansen". Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1047666545/34.
18
Mustaffa, Aminuddin. "Rights of children in criminal proceedings : a comparative analysis on the compatibility of the Malaysian juvenile justice system with the standards of the Convention on Rights of Children (CRC)". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/86691/.
Abstract (sommario):
The rights of children in conflict with the law has always been a central subject of juvenile justice which attracts an intense academic, political and media interest and debate. In this respect, the United Nations Convention on Rights of Children (CRC), which was adopted on 20th November 1989, has laid down international standards and legal framework on rights of children under juvenile justice. The CRC’s standards on this matter have served as a useful guideline and benchmark to state parties in determining and assessing the rights of children in criminal proceedings. As a country that has ratified the CRC in 1995, Malaysia is duty-bound to strive towards full implementation of the requirements of the CRC. This study will specifically focus on examining the legal rights of children in criminal proceedings under both the CRC’s standards and the Malaysian juvenile justice system. Using the CRC’s standards as a guideline and a benchmark, the study aims to assess the rights of children in criminal proceedings under the current Malaysian juvenile justice system. The study will attempt to critically and comparatively analyze to what extent the Malaysian juvenile justice system on the rights of children in criminal proceedings measure up with the CRC’s standards. The study concludes that legal reform of current legal framework and policy is necessary to improve and strengthen rights of children in criminal proceedings under Malaysian juvenile justice system. Aiming towards full implementation of the CRC’s standards on this aspect, the study provides recommendations and suggestions to be considered in respect of certain imprecision and loopholes in laws as well as policy under the existing Malaysian juvenile justice system.
19
Al-Eshaikh, Hesham A. A. "Human rights and the trial of the accused : a legal comparative study between the judicial system in Saudi Arabia and the standards required by the European Convention on Human Rights". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/754.
Abstract (sommario):
Irrespective of its Western origin, the idea of human rights is widely acknowledged. Following the establishment of the United Nations, the movement of human rights has been dramatically extended from its local boundaries to a more global domain by means of international treaties, declarations, conferences etc by which a universal standard of human rights has been established. However, a sharp contrast has occurred between advocates of relativism of human rights and supporters of the universalism of human rights as a result of attempts to impose a single interpretation to human rights instruments that is the western liberal tradition. After the collapse of the communist regimes, the conflict about the universalism of human rights takes place between developed and less developed Countries, or between Islam, and the West. Therefore, this thesis explores the extent to which human rights jurisprudence can accommodate different cultures. The thesis concerns particular aspects of the subject of human rights. It compares rights provided for the accused person during trial in the judicial system in Saudi Arabia with those embodied in the European Convention on Human Rights. It examines in particular; the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, legal assistance, an interpreter, adequatg time and facilities, a speedy trial, prompt information of the accusation, trial in the presence of the accused, the accused's right to defend himself in person, equality of arms, the calling and cross-examination of witnesses, the right not to be compelled to confess guilt, an independent and an impartial trial, an open court, a reasoned judgment, an appeal against conviction or punishment, double jeopardy, and compensation for miscarriage of justice. The thesis shows that (a) generally speaking, the judicial system in Saudi Arabia provides the accused during the trial stage with similar rights to those called upon by the European Convention although it sometimes uses different terminology. (b) Suggestions to readdress deficiencies in the Saudi judicial system can be adopted without violating Islamic law. (c) The Saudi judicial system in certain areas provides the same rights with a higher standard of application. (d) Due to the fact that it is based on the religion of Islam, the Saudi judicial system provides the accused with rights totally unknown to the European Convention.
20
Nikonova, Maria. "L'interprétation du droit uniforme du commerce international en Russie : l'exemple de la Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0020.
Abstract (sommario):
Les opérations du commerce international ont besoin de sécurité juridique. Le droit matériel uniforme se présente comme une réponse à ce besoin, offrant aux opérateurs du commerce international des règles uniformisées et adaptées aux transactions internationales. Toutefois, l'efficacité de cette réponse dépend fortement de la façon dont le droit uniforme est mis en œuvre par les juges nationaux et par les arbitres du commerce international. L'objectif de cette étude est donc de proposer une analyse critique de la pratique de l'interprétation des règles de droit uniforme en Russie en prenant comme exemple le droit uniforme de la vente internationale de marchandises établi par la Convention de Vienne de 1980. Au terme de cette analyse, il apparaît que les particularités du système juridique et judiciaire russe ont des implications non négligeables sur l'interprétation du droit conventionnel uniforme. Si l'intégration des conventions internationales dans le système juridique russe est censée garantir leur application par les juges étatiques, elle se trouve également à l'origine de la confusion opérée entre les règles du droit uniforme et celles du droit national. Confusion, qui amène les juges russes à interpréter les règles du droit uniforme à la lumière du droit national, mettant ainsi en danger l'uniformité de l'application du droit matériel international. En l'absence du principe de "stare decisis" transnational, l'uniformité de l'interprétation des règles du droit uniforme ne peut être assurée que grâce à une coopération et un dialogue entre les interprètes [...]The international trade operations need legal certainty. The uniform substantive law comes as a response to this need, providing parties with uniform legal basis adapted to international transactions. However, the effectiveness of this response will largely depend on how the uniform law is implemented by domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. The objective of this study is to provide a critical analysis of the practice of interpretation of uniform legal texts in Russia by taking as an example the uniform law of the international sale of goods created by the Vienna Convention of 1980. This analysis reveals that the particular characteristics of the Russian legal and judicial systems have significant implications on the interpretation of uniform substantive law. The integration of international conventions in the Russian legal system is supposed to ensure their implementation by state judges, but it can also create confusion between the rules of uniform law and those of domestic law. This confusion brings Russian judges to interpretation of the uniform law on the basis of their national law, thus threatening the goal of international uniformity in interpretation of the uniform substantive law. Since there is no existing transnational precedent rule, the uniform interpretation of international substantive rules can only be achieved by co-operation and discussion between different national courts and arbitral tribunals [...]
21
Takeuchi, Toru. "The Role of a Political Body in Disseminating the European Convention on Human Rights Standards into the State Parties : With Particular Focus on Follow-up Activity of the Committee of Ministers". 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20938.
22
Abu, Sharkh Miriam. "History and results of labor standard initiatives an event history and panel analysis of the ratification patterns, and effects, of the International Labor Organization's first Child Labor Convention /". [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2002/227/index.html.
23
Pecho, Trigueros Miguel Eduardo. "Automatic exchange of information: towards a new global standard of tax transparency". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115364.
Abstract (sommario):
Tax authorities are increasingly relying on mutual cooperation with their foreign peers to enforce more effectively their internal tax laws. After the banking scandals of 2008 and the subsequent global financial crisis, the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for TaxPurposes has proposed the exchange of information upon request as the fiscal transparency standard. However, some measures adopted by the European Union, previous initiatives from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and, above all, the introduction of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (Fatca) by the United States in 2010 have promoted the need to adopt the automatic exchange of information as the new fiscal transparency standard. Automatic exchange of information allows home countries to verify whether their taxpayers have correctly included foreign income, allowing tax authorities to have early warning of possible noncompliance cases. In February 2014, the OECD published its proposal for a new global model of automatic exchange of financial account information. The new global model contains the necessary legal instruments and due diligence and reporting procedures, mainly for financial institutions.Las autoridades tributarias dependen cada vez más de la cooperación con sus contrapartes extranjeras para administrar más eficazmente sus leyes tributarias nacionales. Luego de los escándalos bancarios de 2008y la crisis financiera global posterior, el Foro Global sobre Transparencia e Intercambio de Información Tributaria ha impulsado el intercambio de información a requerimiento como el estándar internacional en materia de transparencia fiscal. Sin embargo, algunas medidas adoptadas por la UniónEuropea, iniciativas previas de la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y, sobre todo, la introducción en 2010 del«Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act» (Fatca) de los Estados Unidos han promovido la necesidad de adoptar el intercambio automático de informacióncomo nuevo estándar de transparencia fiscal internacional. El intercambio automático de información le permite a las jurisdicciones de la residencia verificar si sus contribuyentes han incluido correctamente las rentas obtenidas en el exterior, permitiéndole a las autoridades tributarias contar con alertas tempranas de posibles casos de incumplimiento. En febrero de 2014, la OCDE publicó su propuesta para un nuevo modelo global de intercambio automático de información aplicable a las cuentas mantenidas en entidades financieras. El nuevo modelo global contiene los instrumentos legales necesarios y los procedimientos de debida diligencia y reporte principalmente para las instituciones financieras.
24
Jestin, Kevin. "La notion d'abus de convention fiscale : réflexions à la lumière des droits français et américain". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0461.
Abstract (sommario):
Le droit fiscal international contemporain vit une époque de bouleversement profond dont les développements relatifs à l’utilisation des conventions fiscales portent l’empreinte. La recherche conduira à s’intéresser à différents agissements qui se trouvent, grâce aux travaux consacrés au BEPS, sous le feu des projecteurs. Un éclairage nouveau s’avérait nécessaire, il a permis d’apporter un peu plus de lumière sur la notion d’abus de convention fiscale internationale trop longtemps restée dans l’ombre. Face à l’absence de définition unanimement consacrée, certains traits caractéristiques seront mis en évidence en insistant sur la dimension fonctionnelle de la notion qui épouse la forme d’un standard. Dans le cadre d’une analyse comparée menée à l’aune des droits français et américain, l’étude a pour objet de l’appréhender sous un regard nouveau en délimitant précisément les modalités de contrôle des opérations abusives. Les techniques de répression des abus mises en œuvre par les juges seront analysées. Les différents dispositifs internes et conventionnels anti-abus seront discutés en insistant sur les points de divergence et de convergence des politiques fiscales conventionnelles américaine et française. Une attention particulière sera portée aux conflits de norme inhérents à la juxtaposition de différents ordres fiscaux. L’idée selon laquelle, sous l’effet de l’instrument multilatéral notamment, la notion d’abus de convention fiscale internationale a acquis une individualité propre sera défendue. Il importera d’en préciser les conséquences au regard de la répression des abus par le juge françaisContemporary international fiscal law is undergoing a period of upheavals regarding the use of tax treaties. The research will lead to an interest in the different type of abuse that, thanks to the work devoted by the BEPS, are under the spotlight. It was necessary to shed some new light on the notion of tax treaty abuse that had long remained in the background. Faced with the absence of an unanimously adopted approach, many characteristics will be highlighted by insisting on the functional dimension of the notion which follows the form of a standard. In the context of a comparative analysis conducted in the light of French and American law, the object of the research is to analyse its several aspects from a new perspective by defining precisely the modalities of controlling abusive schemes. How judges deal with tax treaty avoidance strategies will be analysed. The various internal and international anti-abuses mechanisms will be discussed, highlighting the points of divergence and convergence of U.S. and French tax treaty policies. Attention will be paid to the conflicts of law regarding the juxtaposition of different tax order. The idea that under the effect of the multilateral instrument the notion of tax treaty abuse has acquired a distinct individuality will be defended. It will be important to specify what are the consequences for the application of the notion by the French judge
25
Sanghare, El Hadji Malick. "La réception du droit international des droits de l'homme au Sénégal". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND004/document.
Abstract (sommario):
L'étude de la réception du droit international des droits de l'homme au Sénégal renvoie à l'examen des procédures constitutionnelles d'insertion des normes conventionnelles dans le droit sénégalais. C'est une organisation marquée par un dualisme entre les principes de droit international qui servent ici de sources d'inspiration conceptuelle, et le droit interne qui définit de manière souveraine les conditions d'introduction et de validité de ce droit dans l'ordre juridique national. Cette étape qui est applicable à toute norme conventionnelle ayant vocation à s'appliquer dans le droit interne sénégalais, est assez neutre puisqu'elle tient peu compte de la particularité de l'objet même de ce droit, à savoir les droits de l'homme. Cette particularité est néanmoins présente concernant les autres étapes de la réception du droit international des droits de l'homme comme son aménagement interne. La réception du droit international des droits de l'homme dépasse ainsi le cadre purement formel des procédés d'insertion d'une norme conventionnelle, pour exiger une concrétisation de son contenu dans le droit interne. Dans ce cadre, le droit international des droits de l'homme s'intègre au régime des libertés publiques reconnues par le droit national. Toutefois, la conception plus philosophique que juridique des droits de l'homme ne permet pas leur vraie protection sous ce régime. L'effectivité du droit international des droits de l'homme repose donc plus sur les garanties institutionnelles de l'État de droit sénégalais que sur un régime spécifique du droit positif. La démocratie comme philosophie politique et le droit au recours juridictionnel en sont les mécanismes généraux. En revanche, les réalités culturelles et sociales du pays altèrent leur portée, et confèrent une vraie pertinence à une démarche promotionnelle de ce droit, confiée à des acteurs publics et privés. Cette approche tout en ne dénaturant pas le caractère éminemment juridique de la procédure de réception, montre que la garantie des droits de l'homme transcende les clivages entre espace public et espace privéThe study of international human rights law in Senegal refers to the examination of constitutional procedures of introduction of conventional norms in Senegalese law. It is an organisation marked by a dualism between the principles of international law, serving as a source of conceptual inspiration and internal law which independently defines the conditions of introduction and validity of this law in the national juridical system. This stage applies to all conventional norms in domestic Senegalese law. It is quite neutral, as it doesn't fully take into account the specificity of the purpose of the law, namely human rights. However, this particularity is still present in other stages of perception of international human rights law, as its internal organisation. In this context, international human rights law is integrated in the system of Civil Liberties recognized by national law. Nevertheless, are more philosophical than legal conception of human rights do not allow them real protection under the regime. The effectiveness of the international human rights law is therefore more based on institutional state guarantees under Senegalese law than on a specific regime of positive law. The democracy as political philosophy and the right to judicial review are main elements of the law. However, the cultural and social realities of the country alter their scope and give a real relevance to a promotion of this law entrusted to public and private parties. This approach, while not distorting the eminently legal character of the approval procedure, shows that the guarantee of human rights transcends the divide between public and private spaces
26
Zahm, Constanze. "Die Einordnung von UNESCO-Rechtsakten". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-129319.
Abstract (sommario):
Als Sonderorganisation der Vereinten Nationen soll die UNESCO als rechtlich selbstständige Organisation mit eigener Rechtspersönlichkeit zur Erreichung des Gesamtziels der Vereinten Nationen beitragen. Grundlage dafür sind gemeinsame Standards in den Bereichen Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur, die gegenseitiges Verständnis und Kooperation fördern sollen. Rechtssetzungsinstrumente sind demnach von großer Bedeutung für die Tätigkeit der UNESCO. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Analyse und kritische Würdigung der vorhandenen Instrumente und ordnet sie rechtlich sowohl nach ihrer Verbindlichkeit als auch ihrer Entstehung ein. Abschließend wird die Implementierung sowie die gewollte und erreichte Wirksamkeit der Rechtssetzungsinstrumente hinterfragt.
27
Nutsubidze, Maka. "L’influence de la convention européenne des droits de l’homme sur le droit géorgien". Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100089.
Abstract (sommario):
La présente recherche se réunit quatre questions générales et cruciales : 1) La place de la Convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme en droit Géorgien; 2) La conformité de la législation géorgienne avec la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme; 3) Les relations de la Cour Constitutionnelle de Géorgie et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme; 4) L’impact des décisions de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme sur la Géorgie. Sur toutes ces questions, contrairement aux Etats de l’Ouest de l’Europe, il existe peu d’information et/ou d’ouvrages sur la Géorgie, ce qui a rendu notre tâche longue et délicate. Il convient en effet de rappeler au lecteur de l’Europe occidental que la Géorgie est un Etat en développement. La Géorgie, située entre la Turquie et la Russie, pendant toute son histoire a été obligée de s’orienter vers une politique de défense. L’histoire de la Géorgie indépendante recommence après la chute de l’URSS en 1991. La Géorgie a adhéré au Conseil de l’Europe en 1999, mais les processus de l’européanisation du droit national commencent à partir 2004. La Convention Européenne des droits de l’Homme est un mécanisme efficace pour la protection des droits de l’Homme et les activités de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme suscitent un vif intérêt en Géorgie. Cependant, dans des relations juridiques, y compris devant le tribunal, l’application des standards européens des droits de l’Homme n’est pas un objectif en soi. Il faut que les juges, avocats, procureurs et les représentants d’autres professions juridiques garantissent, au cours de leurs activités, le respect des standards des droits de l’Homme existants.Dans le cadre de la présent recherche, on examinera l’influence de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme sur le Droit Géorgien a partir de la ratification de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme en 1999, jusqu’au 28 février, 2014 en deux directions : 1. Le statut de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme dans le Droit Géorgien (PARTIE I) et 2. La Géorgie face à la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme (PARTIE II)The given research unites four main questions: 1. Place of European Convention on Human Rights in Georgian Law. 2. Conformity of Georgian legislation with the European Convention on Human Rights. 3. Conformity of Constitutional Law judgments with the standards established by the European Court of Human Rights. 4. Judgments of European Court of Human Rights against Georgia.In connection to all these questions there is very little information and work in Georgia, which has made us study them better – on the ground of actuality of the given questions. We’ve considered discussing to the West European reader that Georgia is a developed country. It is located between Turkey and Russia, during its whole history it had to be orientated on the self-defense policy. History of Independent Georgia starts in 1991 by destruction of the Soviet Union. In 1999 Georgia became a member of the European Union, but National Law in Georgia and Europeanization process of State Institutions started in 2004. Human Rights European Convention represents an effective standard of Human Rights, accordingly activities of European Court of Human Rights causes great interest in Georgia. Despite all these in the legal circles, between them use of Human Rights European standards have become obligatory in the courts. It is needed that the judges, advocates, procurators and representatives of other legal professions have to actively use the existed standards of Human Rights Protection. In the framework of the given research we will investigate influence of European Convention on Human Rights with Georgian Law and starting from ratification of European Convention by Georgia – since 1999 – till February 28, 2014 included in two directions: 1. Place of Human Rights European Convention in Georgian Law (part I) and 2. Georgia against European Court of Human Rights (part II)
28
Carmody, Louise. "To what extent has the Convention on the Rights of the Child acted as a lens for the refocus of refugee protection mechanisms, to affect improved protection measures and adherence to human rights standards for child refugees?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4685.
Abstract (sommario):
It is the intention of this paper to examine the extent to which the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has acted, (and, has the potential to act), as a lens for the refocus of refugee protection to better include children. To this extent, the paper will discuss the integral relationship between human right and refugee law. It is suggested that the CRC has affected greater recognition of how fundamental human rights, protected within the CRC, have influenced the evolution of State interpretations of the Refugee Convention to enhance protection for children. It is not the aim of the discussion to evaluate different systems of human rights enforcement, but rather to focus on the impact of the CRC as it currently stands; examining whether the Convention has influenced protection for child refugees in specific scenarios. Central to the position of the paper is the submission that the CRC has the potential to effect an urgent change in the perception of child refugees. [...]
29
Hedlund, Beatrice. "The right to life, A case research on how article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights is connected to the act on forced disappearance, according to the Inter-American Court on Human Rights". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23171.
Abstract (sommario):
Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda hur rätten till liv har ett samband med tvångsförsvinnande enligt den Inter-Amerikanska Domstolen om Mänskliga Rättigheter. För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte genomförs en rättsutredning kring gällande rätt, där en rättsdogmatisk metod och fallstudie applicerats. Uppsatsen kommer vidare att analyseras mot bakgrund av en rättsvetenskaplig teori, där relevant rättspraxis som den Inter-Amerikanska Domstolen om Mänskliga Rättigheter bemött samt en kortfattad genomgång av kontexters påverkan. Under utredningen av de konventionella källorna finns vissa krav för att uppfylla om en stat kan hållas ansvarig. Utifrån det och med de grova mänskliga rättighets kränkningarna staten utfärdat i åtanke, är bevisbördan och statsansvar av stor relevans för att klargöra sambandet mellan rättigheten och handlingen. Uppsatsen avslutas med att konkludera att det råder brister i hur den Inter-Amerikanska Domstolen om Mänskliga Rättigheter arbetar mot att förvara och skydda Mänskliga Rättigheter i fall som berör tvångsförsvinnande.The aim of this paper is to evaluate how the right to life has a connection with the forced disappearance of persons, according to the Inter-American Court on Human Rights. In order to reach this purpose, a legal dogmatic approach and a case study is used, in the light of a legal theory. The research concerns relevant cases that the Inter-American Court on Human Rights has been confronted with, and, to clarify the contextual importance, a brief explanation on the surroundings is provided. With the grave human rights violations committed by State authorities in mind, the thesis shows that the standard of proof, and principle of state responsibility, becomes of importance, in order to be able to determine whether the right to life is violated in cases of forced disappearance. The essay will conclude that the issue prevails defectiveness in relation to preventing and protecting human rights in cases of forced disappearance of persons.
30
Bénichou, Delphine. "Le conseil constitutionnel, juge fiscal". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0007.
Abstract (sommario):
Le Conseil constitutionnel a largement déjoué toutes les prévisions du constituant dans le champ particulier de la législation fiscale. Bien qu’il ne soit pas juge de l’impôt par destination de la loi, il a réussi à s’imposer comme protecteur – désormais incontournable – des droits et intérêts du contribuable, affirmant tant sa place singulière que sa différence irréductible. Cette position il ne la doit pas – du moins pas uniquement – à l’intensité remarquable et remarquée du mouvement de constitutionnalisation qui a affecté le droit fiscal ces 30 dernières années. Il la tire avant tout du lien puissant et fait d’utilités réciproques qui l’unit à sa propre jurisprudence fiscale. Se servant des litiges fiscaux pour parfaire et dynamiser son contrôle de constitutionnalité, les spécificités du contentieux fiscal constitutionnel lui ont permis de se construire comme la source d’autorité que chacun connaît – salue ou regrette – aujourd’hui, tant dans l’ordre interne que dans l’ordre externeThe Constitutional Council largely thwarted all the constituent's predictions in the particular field of tax legislation. Although he is not a tax judge by law, he has succeeded in establishing himself as protector – now essential – of the rights and interests of the taxpayer, affirming both his singular place and his irreducible difference. He does not owe this position – at least not solely – to the remarkable and noted intensity of the constitutionalization movement which has affected tax law over the last 30 years. It draws it above all from the powerful link made up of reciprocal utilities which unites it to its own tax jurisprudence. Using tax litigation to perfect and energize its control of constitutionality, the specificities of constitutional tax litigation have allowed it to build itself as the source of authority that everyone knows – welcomes or regrets – today, both in the internal order than in the external order
31
Savadogo, Boureima. "Le traitement fiscal des revenus de source étrangère en droit français et belge". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40060/document.
Abstract (sommario):
La mondialisation de l’économie, le développement des moyens de transport et de communication et l’émergence des paradis fiscaux rendent la connaissance de la fiscalité d’autres pays indispensable, tant par le fiscaliste praticien que par le chercheur.La France et la Belgique ont une communauté de langue et de culture en plus de la proximité géographique. Connaître sa fiscalité et la comparer à la fiscalité française est utile à tout fiscaliste qui pourra alors se faire sa propre idée sur le statut de paradis fiscal qu’on lui attribue. Nous avons choisi de comparer l’imposition des revenus étrangers car, ceux qui changent de pays pour éviter la pression fiscale, sont souvent des personnes ayant une forte activité internationale. En l’absence de convention préventive de double imposition, l’imposition de tels revenus est plus favorable en France, quand ils sont encaissés par des personnes morales. En revanche, lorsqu’ils sont encaissés par des personnes physiques, l’imposition est plus avantageuse en Belgique.Mais les deux pays ont conclu beaucoup de conventions préventives de double imposition de sorte qu’il est difficile de trouver un pays qui ne leur est pas lié par une convention fiscale. Or, il s’avère que la Belgique, à travers ses conventions, adopte des mesures fiscales nettement plus favorables que la France et ce, afin de favoriser l’expansion économique de ses résidents et attirer aussi des capitaux étrangers.A cette situation, s’ajoute le fait que ce pays autorise des montages fiscaux qui seraient sanctionnés en France sous l’angle de l’abus de droit.On comprend alors pourquoi certains hommes d’affaires n’hésitent pas à s’y domicilierAccording to several factors such as the economy globalization, the development of transportation and communication supplies and the rising of tax heavens, tax lawyers have to reach a high expertise and knowledge of foreign tax systems.Belgium and France share common roots of language and culture in addition to the geographical proximity. To be especially aware of the Belgium tax law scheme is absolutely necessary for every tax lawyer in particular in a view to compare and have an opinion about the heaven nature of the Belgian system.As far as it is impossible to compare every point of the two systems, we decided to focus only on the taxation of foreign income, because of the international activity of the taxpayers willing to lower the tax pressure. Without an international tax treaty, foreign incomes are less taxed in France when they are received by a company but the situation is different when the receiver is a person. However it has to be noticed that Belgium and France have developed a huge international tax treaty network. The Belgium one is analyzed as being more attractive for foreign investments and national economic expansion. Besides, Belgium has a tax system which authorizes tax schemes seen sometimes as an abuse of right in France. As a consequence the exile of business men can be understood
32
Do, Cabo Notaroberto Barbosa Hermano Antonio. "Les échanges internationaux de renseignements fiscaux : recherches sur un paradigme fiscal limité". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020086.
Abstract (sommario):
La coopération internationale par l’échange de renseignements fiscaux, question classique si bien que marginale, s’est renouvelé dans l’acuité pour devenir l’une des matières les plus sensibles du droit fiscal international contemporain. Malgré tous les efforts politiques et juridiques déployés ces dernières années, et leurs véritables avancées sur le plan de la technique juridique et de l’efficience administrative, il y a raisons de craindre qu’elle rencontre encore des différents limites pour fonctionner efficacement au niveau planétaire. Cette thèse s’occupe d’identifier l’existence d’un régime juridique général des échanges de renseignements fiscaux, assez homogène en matière de contenu et d’application, en contemplation des principaux modèles normatifs non communautaires disponibles à l’actualité, y compris ceux automatiques. Ensuite, la thèse examine la portée de ce régime général, afin d’encadrer les limites à l’échange de renseignements fiscaux et de proposer solutions juridiques pour les dépasserInternational co-operation through the exchange of tax information, a classical but marginal issue, has been renewed to become one of the most sensitive subjects of international tax law. Despite all the political and legal efforts made in recent years, and despite the fact that these efforts are real advances in legal technology and administrative efficiency, there are reasons to believe that international tax co-operation still faces different limitations to operate in a worldwide level. This thesis aims to identify the existence of a general legal regime for the exchange of tax information, fairly homogenous in terms of content and application, in view of the main non-EU normative models available nowadays, including those of automatic exchange. Afterwards, the thesis examines the scope of this general regime in order to frame limits to the exchange of tax information and to propose legal solutions to overcome them
33
Reix, Marie. "Le motif légitime en droit pénal : contribution a la théorie générale de la justification". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40055/document.
Abstract (sommario):
Dans la plupart des disciplines juridiques, le motif légitime se présente comme un standard de justification des actes. Il fait obstacle à l’application de la norme, en fondant un droit ou en exonérant d’un devoir. Le droit pénal se montre réticent à l’endroit de cette notion floue qui connaît pourtant un essor sans précédent. Afin de justifier la marge d’appréciation laissée au juge, le motif légitime est généralement conçu comme un mobile, ce qui accentue la confusion entre les causes objectives et subjectives d’irresponsabilité. L’insuffisance de l’approche formelle du mécanisme justificatif explique sa subjectivation progressive. L’analyse du motif légitime suppose de revisiter la théorie de la justification à travers une conception substantielle de l’illicéité, apte à unifier son régime. L’étude de la finalité justificative du motif légitime permet de mieux comprendre la souplesse de ses conditions de mise en œuvre. Le motif légitime renverse la présomption d’illicéité fondant la responsabilité. Le jugement de valeur porté sur l’infraction est la raison d’être du reproche social. Elle se distingue de son attribution à l’auteur qui relève d’un jugement de réalité sur sa volonté. Le motif légitime procède des circonstances extérieures à l’infraction autorisant la vérification concrète de son illicéité. La nature objective du motif légitime est conforme à son effet exonératoire de responsabilité opérant in rem et non in personam. Ses conditions d’application semblent, en revanche, doublement dérogatoires au droit commun de la justification, tant à l’égard de ses critères larges que de son domaine étroit. Il est cantonné à des infractions de risque abstrait pour des valeurs secondaires dont la présomption d’illicéité est artificielle. Le prévenu doit rapporter la preuve de la légitimité concrète de son acte, alors que la légitimité abstraite de la répression est sujette à caution. L’expansion de ce domaine dérogatoire de la répression révèle l’insuffisant contrôle de sa nécessité abstraite. En tout état de cause, la mention spéciale du motif légitime est inutile car toute infraction en fait implicitement réserve, en sorte qu’il se conçoit comme un standard général de justification. Il confère au juge la libre appréciation de la nécessité concrète de la répression, au regard du contexte de chaque espèce qui échappe par nature à la loi ne pouvant régler a priori tous les conflits de valeurs. La justification a postériori des infractions socialement nécessaires ou insignifiantes renforce l’autorité de la loi en garantissant une application conforme à sa finalité de protection des valeursIn many legal disciplines, the legitimate reason is a model of justification of acts. The legitimate reason prevents the enforcement of the law, either by creating a right or by exempting someone from a duty. Despite an unprecedented boom, criminal law is hesitant about this vague notion. In order to justify judges' assessment margin, the legitimate reason is commonly considered as a motive. This accentuates the confusion between objective and subjective causes of irresponsibility. The formal approach of the justificatory process is inadequate, making the process increasingly biased. The analysis of the legitimate reason requires a re-examination of the justification theory using a solid understanding of unlawfulness which can help standardize its implementation. The study of the legitimate reason’s justificatory function allows a better understanding of the flexibility of its implementation requirements. The legitimate reason reverses the presumption of unlawfulness on which liability is based. The cause of liability is conditioned by the value judgment made about the offence, whereas the judgment of the reality of the offender’s intention is the condition of his imputation. The legitimate reason stems from circumstances that are external to the offence, and which enable the review of its lawfulness. The objective nature of the legitimate reason is aligned with the fact that it exempts from liability in rem and not in personam. However, the requirements for its application seem exceptional to the common law of justification in two regards: its broad criteria and its narrow field. It is limited to offences of abstract risk that protect secondary values for which the presumption of unlawfulness is artificial. The defendant must prove the legitimacy of his act whereas the abstract legitimacy of the suppression is unconfirmed. The expansion of this dispensatory field of suppression reveals an inadequate control of its abstract necessity. In any case, bringing up legitimate reason is useless as it is implicit to any offence and is considered as a general model of justification. It leaves the judge free to assess the necessity of the penalty on a case by case basis, as the law, by nature, cannot resolve all value conflicts. The post facto justification of socially necessary offences or even trivial offences reinforces the authority of the law by ensuring an enforcement that is aligned with the law's aim of protecting values
34
Millard, Eric. "Famille et droit publicRecherches sur la construction d'un objet juridique". Phd thesis, Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012086.
Abstract (sommario):
La famille est pour le droit public un objet qui sert de référence à de nombreux concepts directement opératoires, sans pour autant bénéficier immédiatement d'un statut précis et homogène en droit positif ou en doctrine. La place de cet objet est pourtant devenue telle, notamment au travers du droit constitutionnellement protégé de mener une vie familiale normale, ou des multiples interventions publiques vers les familles, que l'on ne peut plus se contenter d'observer la présence de cet objet dans les énoncés juridiques et qu'il faut essayer de rendre compte de l'objet famille lui-même. C'est l'ambition de cette thèse. Cela nécessite de recourir à des méthodes d'analyse permettant de dépasser l'apparente diversité qui entoure en droit public le concept de famille, pour essayer de dévoiler sa cohérence. En s'intéressant, en amont de l'objet construit, au processus de construction juridique de l'objet famille, on peut proposer une grille d'analyse globale. Elle saisit l'Etat et la famille comme des phénomènes sociaux, entre lesquels s'établissent des liens directs de dépendance et d'opposition. Le droit public apparaît comme un instrument permettant la reconstruction de la réalité sociale s'attachant à ces liens, à travers la construction de cet objet juridique famille. On peut dès lors montrer comment, grâce à cette reconstruction, l'Etat protège la seule famille qui, dans ses formes et surtout dans ses fonctions, est utile à sa propre construction et comment, ce faisant, il l'inscrit dans une perspective de contrôle social, par la mise en oeuvre de techniques juridiques assurant sa représentation et son administration.
35
Black, Evelyn Joyce. "Faculty support for distance education in a conventional university". Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3166.
Abstract (sommario):
This study addressed the controversy among academics in conventional universities over the
credibility of distance education for degree credit. Faculty scepticism has slowed the
development and expansion of distance education despite increased demands for it. Distance
education is an educational method in which the teacher and learners are separated in time
and space for the majority, if not all, of the teaching-learning process; two-way
communication occurs primarily via print, postal service, and telecommunications (Keegan,
1990). There is little empirical evidence about the reasons for the antagonism between the
supporters and opponents of distance education. The purpose of this research was to explain
why some faculty support distance education while others do not. Support was defined as
how faculty would speak about and vote for proposals to offer distance education courses for
degree credit. The conceptual framework drew on studies of faculty attitudes towards
university expansion and distance education, and literature on academic culture and change.
An interpretive perspective and qualitative methods dominated the two-phase study. First, a
mailed survey (n=487) investigated the extent of faculty familiarity with and support for
distance education. Then faculty (n=50) were interviewed from three categories of support for
distance education identified by the survey: supportive, divided support, and opposed. The
interviews explored how faculty understood the compatibility and feasibility of distance
education. Compatibility was defined as the congruence of distance education with faculty
beliefs and values about the accessibility and quality of university education. Feasibility was
the perceived ability to successfully implement distance education.
In general, faculty were not very familiar with or supportive of distance education, except for
undergraduate courses. There was very little support for a graduate program by distance
education. There were significant differences in faculty support by discipline and gender.
The reasons for variations in faculty support for distance education are best explained by the
concept of compatibility. Faculty supported distance education if it was congruent with their
beliefs and values about university education in general. Faculty thought about distance
education as promoting social justice, as an educational method, or as the distribution of
information. Faculty who were supportive held the beliefs and values Trow (1973) associated
with mass education while those who were opposed tended to believe in an elite approach to
university education. There was a substantial divided group who were in a conflict about the
priority that should be given to the major values involved, the accessibility and quality of
university education.
The study contributes to the development of theory about different conceptions of university
and distance education and provides insight into the study of disciplinary cultures. It presents
a revised conceptual framework for further research on the topic. The results have
implications for educational planning and for the development of distance education.
36
Chan, Terence 1969. "Fissure penetration and microleakage of a conventional pit and fissure sealant and a flowable composite: A comparative study using three different bonding systems". Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4131.
Abstract (sommario):
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)The concepts of using a pit and fissure sealant material to prevent dental caries have been well established in dental research. Effectiveness of a pit and fissure sealant material is limited to its ability to remain bonded to the occlusal surfaces. Adding a dentin-bonding agent between the etched enamel and the sealant material has been demonstrated as a way of optimizing bond strength in the face of moisture and salivary contamination. The purpose of this study was to examine if there was a difference in fissure penetration or microleakage between a conventional pit and fissure sealant or a flowable composite when used as a pit and fissure sealant, while using three different adhesive systems. Delton Direct Delivery System (Dentsply), an opaque, light cured pit and fissure sealant and the commercially available flowable composite, Revolution Formula 2 (Kerr) was selected for this study. Three clinically used adhesive systems selected for this study were: conventional phosphoric acid etching; Opti-bond Solo Plus(Kerr), a single bottle system; and Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE), an all-in-one primer adhesive. One hundred fifty extracted caries-free third molars, selected for well-defined occlusal pits, were randomly divided into six treatment groups. Fissure penetration and microleakage was examined after immersion of the treated teeth in 5.0-percent methylene blue solution for 18 hours; the teeth were removed and thoroughly cleaned. Mesial and distal flat-ground sections were obtained and examined at X20; microleakage was recorded as either present or absent, and penetration was recorded as either complete or incomplete. The interaction between the material and the adhesive system was non-significant based on the logistic regression model for the penetration and the microleakage, so that only the main effects of material and adhesive system were included in the final model. Enamel conditioning with the total-etch and single-bottle adhesive system provided consistently microleakage resistance when compared with the use of the all-in-one bonding system. The all-in-one adhesive system demonstrated the most microleakage regardless of the material used for the pit and fissure sealant. The hypothesis of this thesis was that there would be no significant difference in fissure penetration or microleakage between the conventional pit and fissure sealant or the flowable composite, regardless of the adhesive system used. The results of this study support the hypothesis that there was no significant difference in fissure penetration between the materials. The result did demonstrate that there was significant difference in microleakage between the three different adhesive systems used.
37
Konur, Savas, Marian Gheorghe, C. Dragomir, F. Ipate e N. Krasnogor. "Conventional verification for unconventional computing: a genetic XOR gate example". 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/11905.
Abstract (sommario):
NoAs unconventional computation matures and non-standard programming frameworks are demonstrated, the need for formal verification will become more prevalent. This is so because “programming” in unconventional substrates is difficult. In this paper we show how conventional verification tools can be used to verify unconventional programs implementing a logical XOR gate.
SK and MG acknowledge the EPSRC support (grant number: EP/I031812/1) support; NK’s work is supported by EPSRC (grant numbers: EP/I031642/1, EP/J004111/1, EP/L001489/1). MG and FI are partially supported by CNCS UEFISCDI (grant number: PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0688). CD acknowledges an EPSRC studentship.
38
Lin, Hsiu-lan, e 林秀蘭. "An Analysis of International Sources of Law on R. O. C.’s Labor Standards Act—In the Context of ILO Conventions". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tn623k.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
96
The protection of human rights has gradually stepped into the level of international law after World War I. Many countries in the world concerned the issue of human rights and international organizations were also established to improve it. Among these, International Labor Organization (ILO) established in 1919 is of most importance in safeguarding human rights. Its unique structure of representation called Tripartite System consists of representatives from government delegates, workers’ delegates, and employers’ delegates of every member state. ILO has developed international labor standards (ILS) with 188 conventions and 199 recommendations. ILS became the primary tools or models for governments which are seeking to draft and implement labor law and social policy in conformity with internationally accepted standards whether ratifying ILO conventions or not. Courts of numerous countries use ILS to resolve labor disputes as well. Increasing multinational enterprises have developed a supplier code of conduct based on ILS to govern labor conditions in their production sites and supply chains. Similarly, ILS also have been used in collective bargaining between labor unions and employers. The efforts of ILO to improve labor conditions and workers’ rights are remarkable. The R.O.C. constitution does not define the application of international conventions ratified by internal legal procedure, but it states respecting international laws in Article 141. The legislative, judicial, and executive branches of the R.O.C. government consider that R.O.C. is a monist country which incorporates international treaties into domestic law, i.e. ratified treaties are a direct part of domestic law and can be applied directly by domestic courts. When there is a conflict between international conventions and national laws, international conventions take precedence over the national laws. However, the R.O.C. lost its membership of ILO in 1971 right after it withdrawn membership from the United Nations in 1970. Prior to that, the government of the R.O.C. ratified 36 ILO conventions. Do these conventions remain effective or become void? Are all ILO conventions nothing to do with the R.O.C. due to lost of ILO membership? What is the point of view from the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of the R.O.C. government on ILO conventions? The purpose of this research is to examine these topics in the context of ILO conventions and the R.O.C.’s Labor Standards Act, and try to come up with possible solutions.
39
Oladiji, Sharon Omowunmi. "The role of international, regional and domestic standards in monitoring children's rights". Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10567.
Abstract (sommario):
The study provides a brief overview of the most important legal instruments in the international, regional and national framework on the development and promotion of children’s rights. Basically, it examines the continuous and pervasive violation of children’s rights despite the progressive instruments that have been adopted to ensure the proper and effective realization of these rights. It focuses on three different countries in Africa: South Africa, Ethiopia and Nigeria because of the value-laden nature of the progressive laws adopted by these countries in the protection of children’s rights.
Specific roles and actions taken by international, regional and national monitoring bodies are highlighted to indicate their effectiveness in promoting and fulfilling rights for children. Country reports on the situation of children are examined in the context of realization of salient rights for children amidst the different judicial, political and socio-cultural settings. Emerging judgments and judicial developments that have limited and advanced the realization of rights for children in the specific country context were explored. Conclusions and recommendations are made.Public, Constitutional, & International Law
LLM
40
Orzeł-Jakubowska, Aleksandra. "Sądownictwo polubowne w świetle standardów konstytucyjnych". Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3576.
Abstract (sommario):
Niniejsza rozprawa zmierza do wypełnienia wskazanej luki w polskim
piśmiennictwie przez realizację siedmiu zasadniczych celów badawczych.
Pierwszym celem rozprawy jest ustalenie, które elementy charakterystyki
arbitrażu stanowią cechy konstytutywne tej metody rozstrzygania sporów.
Drugi cel badawczy sprowadza się do weryfikacji dopuszczalności
funkcjonowania sądów polubownych wobec konstytucyjnej zasady sądowego wymiaru
sprawiedliwości.
Jako trzeci cel można wskazać określenie relacji pomiędzy zapisem na sąd
polubowny, będącym przejawem autonomii woli stron, a prawem do sądu.
Czwartym celem pracy jest ustalenie standardów konstytucyjnych mających
zastosowanie do sądownictwa polubownego i zweryfikowanie zgodności z nimi Części
piątej k.p.c., a następnie wyjaśnienie wpływu tych standardów na postępowanie przed
sądami polubownymi i wydawane przez nie wyroki oraz orzecznictwo sądów
państwowych w postępowaniach postarbitrażowych – co stanowi piąty cel pracy.
Szósty cel sprowadza się do zestawienia wniosków płynących z analizy wpływu
standardów konstytucyjnych na sądownictwo polubowne z wnioskami dotyczącymi
takiego wpływu art. 6 ust. 1 EKPCz, który stanowi punkt odniesienia dla europejskich
systemów prawnych.W ramach realizacji siódmego celu, praca zmierza do weryfikacji, czy ochrona
prawna udzielana przez sądy polubowne jest ekwiwalentna do ochrony udzielanej przez
sądy państwowe.
Osiągnięcie powyższych celów wymagało przyjęcia i zweryfikowania szeregu
cząstkowych hipotez badawczych. Wybrane, najistotniejsze hipotezy cząstkowe
przedstawione zostaną poniżej i przyporządkowane są do konkretnych rozdziałów pracy.
Pod względem strukturalnym została ona bowiem podzielona na pięć rozdziałów
poprzedzonych wprowadzeniem i zwieńczonych wnioskami.
41
Teerakunpisut, Songsin. "An examination of the influence of Islam on hospitality and customer service standards in the meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE) industry in Southern Thailand". Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:50843.
Abstract (sommario):
The MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions) sector has been recognised by the Thai government as one of the major sources of national revenue and a catalyst to a renewal of the Thai economy. In addition to the general growth that is witnessed in the Thai MICE industry, there is substantial growth within the Islamic MICE market, supported by more general increases in the number of domestic and international Muslim tourists in Thailand. However, Thailand is officially a Buddhist country and Thai identity is based on the main religion of the nation. That said, Muslims are regarded as a significant and growing ethnic group, especially in Southern Thailand. More than 80% of Muslim Thais live in the south of the country, and approximately one-third of Thai southerners are Muslims. Given the MICE industry in the south of the country has been developed in order to increase tourist demand, both domestic and foreign, and part of this demand comes from Muslim travellers, it is notable that there is still a great lack of understanding about Islamic practices in the industry. There is also a severe shortage of services and facilities for halal-conscious customers in venues. The MICE sector is currently facing the challenge of diversity because it is expected to provide amenities with options for a variety of customers to observe their religious obligations when attending meetings and events. Further, from an academic perspective, little is known about the area of halal hospitality in the MICE context, either from the perspective of staff or clients, of researching the choices staff make when catering for Muslim customers, and of the views of this group of clientele during their trips. This has made it difficult to understand the needs of this growing sector and how improvements can be made to the provision of services that reflect Islamic principles. In order to address these issues, this thesis first examines awareness of Islamic beliefs and practices, Muslim-friendly service provision in MICE, and religious diversity in the workplace. Second, the thesis is concerned about the growing demand of Muslim customers and how their specific requirements may not blend with Thai identity and existing hospitality services. From within this context, the aim of this thesis is to examine the influence of Islam on hospitality and customer service in the MICE industry in Southern Thailand.
42
RODRIGUEZ, Angel. "National and European standards of protection of human rights : the European Convention on Human Rights as a source of the constitutional adjudication on freedom of expression in Spain". Doctoral thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4766.
43
Viejobueno, Sonia Alejandra Maria. "The role and meaning of trade usages in the 1980 United Nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods". Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17809.
Abstract (sommario):
The 1980 United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods, concluded
under the auspices of UNCITRAL, creates a comprehensive statutory legal framework
for international sales. Through the express incorporation of the principle of freedom of
contract, the convention contains rules which the parties may freely adapt to the
particular circumstances of their transaction, by filling any gaps that may arise with trade
usages and other practices. In addition, the convention recognises the binding force of
international trade usages in certain circumstances, in that it binds parties to usages
which are so widely known and have acquired such regularity of observance in
international trade as to justify an expectation that they will be observed in the particular
transaction. Such acknowledgment of the changing patterns and norms of behaviour
which characterise international trade law allows the CISG to be categorised as a major
component of the modern lex mercatoria.Constitutional International & Indigenous Law
LL.M.
44
Szwed, Marcin. "Przymusowe umieszczenie w zakładzie psychiatrycznym w świetle współczesnych standardów ochrony praw człowieka". Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2907.
Abstract (sommario):
Podstawowym celem dysertacji było ustalenie współczesnych konstytucyjnych i międzynarodowych standardów w zakresie przymusowego umieszczenia w zakładzie psychiatrycznym, rozumianego jako każda forma skierowania osoby z zaburzeniami psychicznymi do zakładu psychiatrycznego bez jej zgody. Analizowane standardy odnoszą się zarówno do materialnych przesłanek dopuszczalności detencji, jak i gwarancji proceduralnych oraz warunków pobytu w zakładzie. Rozważono w szczególności takie kwestie jak: czy i kiedy przymusowe umieszczenie w zakładzie psychiatrycznym jest w ogóle dopuszczalne? Jaki organ powinien podejmować decyzję o umieszczeniu w zakładzie? Jak powinna być skonstruowana procedura, aby spełniać wymóg rzetelności? Jakie warunki bytowe i terapeutyczne należy zapewnić pacjentom? Analizie zostały również poddane obowiązki państwa w zakresie zapewnienia osobom z zaburzeniami psychicznymi alternatywnych względem izolacji form leczenia i wsparcia.
Rozprawa składa się z sześciu rozdziałów. Pierwszy ma charakter wprowadzający i poświęcony jest przede wszystkim wyjaśnieniu medycznego i prawnego znaczenia pojęć „zaburzenia psychiczne” oraz „niepełnosprawność” oraz przedstawieniu analizowanej w pracy problematyki w ujęciu historycznym. W drugim przymusowe umieszczenie w zakładzie psychiatrycznym zostało poddane analizie jako forma pozbawienia wolności. Przedstawiono więc konstytucyjne i prawno-międzynarodowe definicje wolności osobistej oraz pozbawienia wolności. Rozdział trzeci koncentruje się na przedstawieniu materialnych przesłanek dopuszczalności przymusowego umieszczania osób w zakładach psychiatrycznych. W rozdziale czwartym zaprezentowano standardy proceduralne. Rozdział piąty dotyczy warunków przymusowego pobytu w zakładach psychiatrycznych. Ostatni rozdział poświęcony został obowiązkom państwa w zakresie zapewnienia osobom z zaburzeniami psychicznymi dostępu do nieizolacyjnych form wsparcia i opieki.
Przedstawione w pracy rozważania doprowadziły do konkluzji, że standardy prawne w zakresie przymusowego umieszczenia w zakładzie psychiatrycznym, w szczególności odniesieniu do jego dopuszczalności oraz ewentualnych materialnych podstaw, wciąż nie są jednolite. Wynika to przede wszystkim z odmiennych wizji statusu osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi w Konwencji o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych z jednej strony oraz w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka i Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z drugiej. Ta pierwsza, zgodnie z tzw. społecznym modelem niepełnosprawności, kładzie nacisk na poszanowanie autonomii wszystkich osób z niepełnosprawnością, co znajduje swój wyraz w działalności Komitetu Praw Osób Niepełnosprawnych, który potępia wszelkie formy przymusowego leczenia psychiatrycznego. W świetle orzecznictwa EKPC i TK natomiast, choć przymusowe umieszczenie w zakładzie psychiatrycznym stanowi pozbawienie wolności i wymaga do uzasadnienia szczególnie ważkich argumentów, to jednak niekiedy jest ono dopuszczalne, a nawet konieczne dla realizacji przez państwo jego pozytywnych obowiązków w zakresie ochrony życia i zdrowia. Drugim wnioskiem sformułowanym w pracy jest to, że poszanowanie wolności osobistej osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi wymaga nie tylko wprowadzenia odpowiednich gwarancji proceduralnych chroniących przed arbitralnym pozbawieniem wolności, ale i zapewnienia odpowiednich, nieizolacyjnych form wsparcia i opieki. Znajduje to swój wyraz przede wszystkim w wyrażonym w KPON „prawie do bycia włączonym w społeczeństwo” oraz, podkreślanej przez wiele organów międzynarodowych, konieczności przeprowadzenia procesu tzw. „deinstytucjonalizacji”.The primary object of the dissertation was to identify contemporary constitutional and international standards in the field of involuntary commitment in a psychiatric establishments, understood as any form of placement of a person with a mental disorder in a psychiatric institution without his/her consent. The analyzed standards refer to both the substantive criteria for legality of detention as well as procedural guarantees and conditions of stay in psychiatric establishment. In particular, the thesis attempts to answer questions such as: whether and under what conditions is involuntary placement in a psychiatric institution admissible? Which body should take decisions with regard to placement? How should the procedure be constructed to meet the requirement of fairness? What living and therapeutic conditions should be provided to patients compulsorily placed in psychiatric establishments? The dissertation analyzes also positive obligations of the state to provide people with mental disorders with alternative, non-isolative forms of treatment and support. The thesis consists of six chapters. The first one is of an introductory character and its primary goal was to explain the medical and legal meaning of the terms "mental disorders" and "disability" and to present the issues analyzed in the dissertation from a historical perspective. In the second chapter, compulsory placement in a psychiatric establishment was analyzed as a form of deprivation of liberty. Thus, constitutional and international definitions of personal liberty and deprivation of liberty were presented. The third chapter focuses on the presentation of substantive criteria for involuntary placement in psychiatric establishment. The fourth chapter presents procedural standards. The fifth chapter deals with the conditions of involuntary stay in psychiatric establishment. The last chapter focuses on the question of positive obligations of the state to provide persons with mental disorders with access to non-isolative forms of support and care. The analysis presented in the dissertation led to the conclusion that the legal standards regarding the compulsory placement in a psychiatric establishments, in particular regarding its admissibility and possible substantive grounds, are still not fully harmonized. This is caused mainly by the different visions of the status of people with mental disorders in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on the one hand and in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Tribunal on the other. The former, in accordance with the so-called “social model of disability”, concentrates on the respect for autonomy of all persons with disabilities, what is reflected in the activities of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which condemns all forms of compulsory psychiatric treatment. However, in the light of the case law of the ECHR and the Constitutional Tribunal, while compulsory placement in a psychiatric institution constitutes deprivation of liberty and requires particularly important arguments for justification, it is sometimes admissible and even necessary for the state to fulfil its positive obligations in the area of protection of life and health. The second conclusion formulated in the dissertation is that respect for personal liberty of persons with mental disorders requires not only the introduction of appropriate procedural safeguards against arbitrary deprivation of liberty, but also provision of appropriate, non-isolative forms of support and care. This obligation is reflected primarily in “the right to be included in society” expressed in the CRPD, as well as the necessity to undertake so-called “deinstitutionalisation” process, underlined by many international bodies.
45
Carreiro, Fatima Gomes. "Implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and social inclusion among refugee children in Canada and Sweden". 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/14412.
Abstract (sommario):
Refugee children often experience social exclusion upon arrival in their new host countries. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) obligates States to ensure the social inclusion of all children, including refuges. While all but two countries have ratified the CRC, few have fully implemented it. In this thesis, I tested the hypothesis that the social inclusion of refugee children will be greater in a country that has more fully implemented the CRC (Sweden) than in a country where implementation is weaker (Canada). The results of a policy analysis supported the hypothesis. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of methods to measure the implementation of the CRC, as well as to our understanding of the relationships among human rights, domestic policy and children’s well-being.
46
Abu, Sharkh Miriam [Verfasser]. "History and results of labor standard initiatives : an event history and panel analysis of the ratification patterns, and effects, of the International Labor Organization's first Child Labor Convention / by Miriam Abu Sharkh". 2002. http://d-nb.info/965645452/34.
47
MING-CHIH, LIN, e 林銘智. "A Comparison of Present Existing Syllabus in the Republic of China with Regard to the Related Policy and Regulations in the International Convention on Standards of the Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978, as amended in 199". Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29209111881067432818.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立海洋大學
航運技術研究所
87
The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), as amended in 1995, came into effect on February 1st, 1997, and its conditions have been implemented since August 1st, 1998. In order for the Republic of China to be in accord with the conditions in the Convention, one need is to research the adoption of the related alterations to the laws and regulations in the education, training, and testing of seafarers here; the other need is to have the College of Maritime Science (CMS) of the National Taiwan Ocean University (NTOU) to study information for communication to the International Maritime Organization (IMO). This paper will provide an analysis of the parts of the syllabus for seafarers related to navigation and to marine-engineering. A detailed comparison will be made of (i) the regulations in the Convention concerning the competence acquisition of each level of seafarer, (ii) the most recent standard syllabus for each level of marine school or institute in the Republic of China, and (iii) the IMO Model Course; items in which the present syllabus is lacking will be indicated, and recommendations for changes in the present syllabus proposed.
48
Ehrenbeck, Mirelle. "Developments in bilateral air service agreements". Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16736.
Abstract (sommario):
This dissertation deals with international transport law and looks at the development
of bilateral air service agreements governing international scheduled flights from their
inception after the Chicago Conference of 1944 until the present day. The Chicago
Conference left a legacy of separation in airline services. Scheduled and nonscheduled
flights came into existence and bilateral agreements are needed to regulate
international scheduled services.
The relationship between the state and its designated airline forms the pivot of the
bilateral relationship. However, the aviation relationship between state and airline and
between states inter se face challenges as globalisation and development take place
in the air transport industry. New methods of cooperation now exist which need to be
adapted to suit the needs of individual countries and airlines. South Africa has
accepted the challenges of development and undertaken modern methods of
cooperation such as code-sharing.Law
LL.M.
49
Noël, Michel. "Les travailleurs blessés et les droits de la personne : les socles de sécurité sociale et le système ontarien d’indemnisation du travail". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22238.
50
TRHLÍNOVÁ, Dagmar Alexandra. "Etická dilemata sociálního pracovníka při práci s nezletilými dětmi na pracovišti OSPOD". Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-394216.
Abstract (sommario):
The diploma thesis deals with ethical dilemmas, which social worker ordinary experiences during his work at the OSPOD (Service for the Protection of Children's Rights). The aim of the thesis is to present OSPOD, documents which are part of this work and ethical connection with social work. The aim of the research is to identify the most serious ethical dilemmas and the possibilities how to solve them. The qualitative method of research using semistructured interviews is used to realize the aim of the thesis. The research is carried out at the OSPOD in Český Krumlov.