Articoli di riviste: "Contamination"

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Felde, Nadja, Anne Gärtner, Stefan Schwinde e Sven Schröder. "Multifunctional contamination-resistant coatings". EPJ Web of Conferences 215 (2019): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921502002.

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Surface contaminations can critically affect the performance of optical surfaces, in particular with respect to light scattering, optical losses, and laser stability. Thus, avoiding contaminations and reducing contamination-induced effects is of particular interest in the manufacturing of optical systems. By combining a specific thin film design with a tailored structural design, contamination-resistant coatings with a high optical quality can be realized. Most important is the balance of self-cleaningand light scattering-relevant surface roughness components.

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Jalilzadeh-Amin, Ghader, Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh, Masoud Ahmadnejad-Asl-Gavgani, Aziz A. Fallah e Amin Mousavi Khaneghah. "Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Toxins 15, n. 3 (10 marzo 2023): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15030214.

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This study seeks a comprehensive meta-analysis of mycotoxin contaminants in animal feed consumed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The obtained articles were reviewed, and 49 articles that investigated the contamination of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin, fumonisins (FUM), and ochratoxin A (OTA), in feed samples or components of animal feed in the MENA region were selected. The titles of the final articles included in the study were meta-analyzed. Necessary information was extracted and categorized from the articles, and a meta-analysis was performed using Stata software. The highest contamination was in dry bread (80%), and Algeria was the most contaminated country (87% of animal feed), with the most mycotoxins contaminating AFs (47%) and FUM (47%). The highest concentration of mycotoxins in animal feed is related to FUM (1240.01 μg/kg). Climate change, economic situation, agricultural and processing methods, the nature of the animal feed, and improper use of food waste in animal feed are among the most critical factors that are effective in the occurrence of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed in MENA. Control of influential factors in the occurrence of contaminations and rapid screening with accurate identification methods to prevent the occurrence and spread of mycotoxin contamination of animal feed seem important.

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Paul, Dipayan, Henk A. Been, Anita Th Aerts-Bijma e Harro A. J. Meijer. "Contamination on AMS Sample Targets by Modern Carbon is Inevitable". Radiocarbon 58, n. 2 (17 febbraio 2016): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.9.

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AbstractAccelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements of the radiocarbon content in very old samples are often challenging and carry large relative uncertainties due to possible contaminations acquired during the preparation and storage steps. In case of such old samples, the natural surrounding levels of 14C from gases in the atmosphere, which may well be the source of contamination among others, are 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than the samples themselves. Hence, serious efforts are taken during the preparation steps to have the samples pristine until measurements are performed. As samples often have to be temporarily stored until AMS measurements can be performed, storage conditions also become extremely crucial. Here we describe an assessment of this process of contamination in background AMS samples. Samples, both as pressed graphite (on AMS targets) and graphite powder, were stored in various storage conditions (CO2-spiked air) to investigate the extent of contamination. The experiments clearly show that the pressed targets are more vulnerable to contamination than the unpressed graphite. Experiments conducted with enriched CO2-spiked laboratory air also reveal that the contaminating carbon is not only limited to the target surface but also penetrates into the matrix. A combination of measurements on understanding the chemical nature of the graphitization product, combined with long-available knowledge on “adventitious carbon” from the surface science community, brought us to the conclusion that contamination is to a certain extent inevitable. However, it can be minimized, and should be dealt with by sputter-cleaning the samples individually before the actual measurement.

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Wu, Xin, Fanan Suksawat, Allen L. Richards, Seangphed Phommachanh, Dusadee Phongaran e Sunpetch Angkititrakul. "Evaluation of the Containment of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella Species from a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) and a Non-HACCP Pig Slaughterhouses in Northeast Thailand". Pathogens 9, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010020.

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To evaluate the containment of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella contaminations of a HACCP slaughterhouse (HACCP SH) and a non-HACCP slaughterhouse (non-HACCPSH), 360 paired pig rectal (representing the farm pig status) and carcass samples (representing the contamination) were collected equally from the two slaughterhouses that serviced 6 and 12 farms, respectively, in Northeast Thailand (n = 720). The purified Salmonella isolates were serotype identified, antimicrobial susceptibility tested, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assessed. Four evaluations of two slaughterhouses were examined: (1) the means of slaughtering contamination rates (SCR) (to evaluate the contamination level by averaged farm SCRs): the HACCP SH decreased contamination (SCR: −48.89% ± 8.80%, n = 6), whereas the non-HACCP SH increased (SCR: 14.31% ± 9.35%, n = 12). (2) The serotype diversity: the HACCP SH decreased the diversity from the rectal group (110 isolates, 9 serotypes) to carcass group (23 isolates, 3 serotypes), whereas there was no decrease in the non-HACCP SH (rectal group (66 isolates, 14 serotypes) and carcass group (31 isolates, 10 serotypes)). (3) The AMR patterns: the HACCP SH decreased from rectal group (96 isolates, 7 patterns) to carcass group (22 isolates, 1 pattern), whereas there was no decrease from the non-HACCP SH rectal group (22 isolates, 7 patterns) to carcass group (48 isolates, 8 patterns). (4) The estimated indirect contamination rate (by serotype screening and PFGE confirmation): the HACCP SH was 60.87% (14/23), whereas the non-HACCP SH was 98.48% (65/66). This study indicates that both the slaughterhouses keep a high level of indirect contamination; the HACCP SH decreases Salmonella contaminations and reduces the AMR patterns, the non-HACCP SH increases contaminations.

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Wahab, M. H. A., N. A. M. Jamail, E. Sulaiman, Q. E. Kamarudin, N. A. Othman e S. M. N. S. Othman. "Space Charge and Electric Field Analysis on Contaminated XLPE Insulator". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2018): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i1.pp370-377.

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<p>Nowadays, XLPE cable has been widely used because it has better resistance than other cables. XLPE insulation has unique features including a high dielectric strength and high insulation resistance. A lot of researches based on hardware and software have been conducted to prove the effectiveness of XLPE cable such as AC and DC applications and Space Charge Distribution measurement under HVDC at High Temperature. This research focused on analysis of space charge and electric field on XLPE cable with effect of non-uniform contamination layer by using Quickfield Software. Non-uniform contaminations have been applied along XLPE cable using Arsenic Tribromide (AsBr3), Boron Bromide (BBr3), Ethylene Dichloride (CH2C1), Formic Acid (CH1O2), Formamide (CH3NO) and Alcohol element. Presence of these contamination elements represent of underground contamination. The size and layer of the contamination were non-uniform type. From the results, it is shown that lower dielectric constant of contamination will affect more on charge of XLPE insulation. As a conclusion, it can be seen lower dielectric constant value of contamination element greatly affecting the performance of XLPE insulation. Furthermore, size of contamination also influences the content of charge in contamination where the bigger the contamination size, the more charge contained in the contamination.</p>

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Chanana, A. D., e D. D. Joel. "Contamination of lung lymph following standard and modified procedures in sheep". Journal of Applied Physiology 60, n. 3 (1 marzo 1986): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.3.809.

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The sheep lung lymph fistula preparation of Staub et al. is reported to be contaminated by systemic lymph. The published estimates of contamination range from 5% (awake sheep) to 60% (anesthetized sheep). In view of these conflicting estimates, we investigated the pre- and postoperative contaminating sources, morphological and functional consequences of the proposed contamination reducing modifications, and base-line lung lymph flow in awake sheep following standard and modified cannulation procedures. Our morphological observations are not compatible with the higher estimates of contamination (25–60%). Evidence of lymph leakage from cauterized lymphatics was found. The lymphatics that appear after diaphragmatic cautery and partial resection of caudal mediastinal lymph node were found to constitute “new” contaminating sources. The lymph flow data from base-line and increased vascular pressure conditions were consistent with the reported low estimates of contamination (5%). We propose simple modifications of the standard procedure of Staub et al. which may be nearly as effective in reducing contamination by extrapulmonary lymph as the more invasive and/or traumatic modifications.

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Szpak, Dawid, e Barbara Tchórzewska – Cieślak. "Analysis And Assessment Of The Security Method Against Incidental Contamination In The Collective Water Supply System". Journal of KONBiN 34, n. 1 (1 settembre 2015): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0023.

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Abstract The paper presents the main types of surface water incidental contaminations and the security method against incidental contamination in water sources. Analysis and assessment the collective water supply system (CWSS) protection against incidental contamination was conducted. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was used. The FMEA method allow to use the product or process analysis, identification of weak points, and implementation the corrections and new solutions for eliminating the source of undesirable events. The developed methodology was shown in application case. It was found that the risk of water contamination in water-pipe network of the analyzed CWSS caused by water source incidental contamination is at controlled level.

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Dvorakova, H., L. Valicek e M. Reichelova. "Detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and bovine sera". Veterinární Medicína 50, No. 6 (28 marzo 2012): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5622-vetmed.

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Contamination of cell cultures and sera used for animal virus propagation with mycoplasmas represents a serious problem, especially in virology. Therefore specific control measures must be used. To achieve this we introduced PCR for the detection of mycoplasma species in cell cultures and compared its results with ELISA and microbiological culture. Seven mycoplasma species which are the most common contaminants of cell lines (Mycoplasma arginini, M. fermentans, M. hyorhinis, M. bovis, M. orale, M. hominis, and Acholeplasma laidlawii) were used to verify the method. Then we assessed five selected cell lines and three bovine sera by the PCR, ELISA and culture methods and compared the results. PCR was positive for all of the mycoplasma species tested. ELISA kit used (Mycoplasma detection kit, Roche, Germany) allowed detection of only four species of contaminating mycoplasmas (Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma arginini, M. hyorhinis, and M. orale). All the methods detected contamination of the VERO and RK13 cell lines. The agents of contamination were determined by the species-specific ELISA kit as Mycoplasma arginini and M. orale, respectively. Other cell lines and sera tested were not contaminated with mycoplasma. The results confirmed that the PCR method used in the present study is a sensitive, fast and specific detection method of mycoplasma contaminations and is suitable for routine mycoplasma detection in cell cultures and bovine sera.

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Brnada, Snježana, Tanja Pušić, Tihana Dekanić e Stana Kovačević. "Impact of Fabric Construction on Adsorption and Spreading of Liquid Contaminations". Materials 15, n. 6 (8 marzo 2022): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15061998.

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A contamination on a textile material is defined as an undesirable, local formation that deviates in appearance from the rest of the material. In this paper the relationship between the shape and surface of liquid contaminations and the firmness factor of woven fabric is investigated. The interdependence of constructional and structural parameters of raw and bleached cotton fabrics were analysed. The results show that selected contaminations are distributed differently, primarily depending on the construction characteristics of the fabric, type of contamination and hydrophilicity of cotton fabric.

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Silva, Leonardo Pessoa da, Josiane Bueno Salazar, Andréia Caroline Fischer da Silveira Fischer, Fernanda Ramos de Oliveira e Fernanda Chiarello Stedile. "Effectiveness of polymeric gloves in radioprotection against contamination in nuclear medicine". Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 11, n. 1A (11 aprile 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2023.2187.

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When handling unsealed radioactive sources, radiological protection attention must be taken to avoid unnecessary exposure and radioactive contaminations, and an important and necessary practice to prevent such contaminations is the use of gloves when handling these sources. The present work aimed to determine the effectiveness of contamination protection provided by different types of disposable polymeric gloves used in Nuclear Medicine Service in Clinic Hospital of Porto Alegre, testing the main radiopharmaceuticals used at this site: [99mTc]sodium pertechnetate, [18F]FDG and [131I]sodium iodide. The analysis was performed using the wipe test inside gloves intentionally contaminated on the outside with these radiopharmaceuticals. The radiation detector used to measure the contamination was a NaI(Tl) scintillator well-type counter. The results indicate that three types of gloves analyzed protect the user from [99mTc]sodium pertechnetate and [18F]FDG contamination, for permanence times with the glove after contamination for up to 15 min (interval tested). For [131I]sodium iodide, gloves are completely effective in protection as long as they are used for a time interval after contamination of the external surface of up to: Latex – 5 min; Vinyl – 5 min; Nitrile – 10 min. Among them, the nitrile glove are the most effective, since contamination was not observed on the inner face for times equal to or less than 10 min; and, for an interval of 15 min, the percentage of permeation obtained was lower than the other two types: 3.3 times lower than vinyl glove permeation and 1.3 times lower of the latex glove permeation. It was also possible to estimate the skin dose rate due to contamination caused by iodine permeation for each glove case and time tested.

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Liu, Shi, e Bin Liu. "Characterization of Surface Metal Contaminations on Fused Quartz". Solid State Phenomena 195 (dicembre 2012): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.195.277.

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Micro-contamination exerts ever-increasing adverse impact on semiconductor manufacturing as device integration scale keeps increasing and device geometry continues decreasing. In particular, contaminations from particles, trace metals, and/or organic compounds can reduce device yield, quality, and reliability [. Metallic impurities from materials used for process equipment are one of the major contamination sources.

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Dricks, Victor. "Contamination". Nature 378, n. 6552 (novembre 1995): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/378010b0.

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Bloch, Jonathan, e Sabine Blum. "Contamination". Blood 133, n. 14 (4 aprile 2019): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-01-894451.

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Bhargav, Prerna, Dharmesh Gupta, R. S. Jarial, Nivedita Sharma e Rajneesh Thakur. "Fungal and Bacterial Contaminants Associated with the Spoilage of Mushroom Spawn". International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, n. 6 (17 marzo 2023): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i62842.

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Contamination has been a major problem associated with spawn of mushroom. In this study, the contaminating microorganisms in the spawn were isolated, identified and described. Results indicated that majority of microorganisms causing spawn contamination were mainly fungal pathogens; a very low percentage of bacterial contamination was observed. The fungal species causing contamination were Fusarium chlamydosporum, Phoma exigua, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium pallidoroseum. Only one bacterial contaminant i.e. Bacillus sp. was reported under study. Aspergillus fumigatus was the major fungal contaminant and Bacillus sp. was the only bacterial contaminant isolated from spawn incubation room environment, whereas from spawn inoculation room contaminants isolated wereFusarium pallidoroseum and Staphylococcus sp.

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Essaweet, Najme Ahmed Mansour. "Spices in Local Market and Their Contamination by Aflatoxins, Tripoli - Libya". Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences 33, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2018): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v33i4.309.

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Aflatoxins are considered the most carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic substances found naturally in foods and feeds. These metabolites cause liver damage to humans and to most experimental animal species tested. This study was conducted to assess the level of contamination of spices such as caraway, mixed spices, cinnamon, black pepper, red pepper and cumin sold in Tripoli market with poisons aflatoxins. The results of this study showed that the highest contamination of Afla B1 was in black pepper samples (12.1 ± 0.7 µg/kg) and the lowest contamination was in mixed spice samples (3.4 ± 0.2 µg/kg). The highest contamination of Afla B2 was in cumin samples as 10.2 ± 0.1 µg/kg, whereas the highest contamination of Afla G1 and G2 were also found in cumin samples 12.12 ± 0.09 and 7.6 ± 0.1 µg/kg, respectively. The contaminations of spices with aflatoxins were in various concentrations.

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Hosse, Alexander G. "660. Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Blood Culture Contamination Rates and Quality Improvement Processes". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2021): S432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.857.

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Abstract Background Blood cultures are the gold standard for diagnosing bloodstream infections and a vital part of the work-up in systemic infections. However, contamination of blood cultures represents a significant burden on patients and the healthcare system with increased hospital length of stay, unnecessary antibiotics, and financial cost. The data discussed here offer insight into blood culture contamination rates before and through the COVID-19 pandemic at a community hospital and the processes that were affected by the pandemic. Methods Blood culture contaminations were determined by using the number of sets of blood cultures with growth and the presence of an organism from the National Healthcare Safety Network's (NHSN) commensal organism. Contamination rates were evaluated by status as a standard unit or a COVID-19 isolation unit in either the emergency department (ED) or inpatient floor units. The identified four groups had different processes for drawing blood cultures, particularly in terms of training of staff in use of diversion devices. The electronic medical record was used to track contaminations and the use of diversion devices in the different units. Results The inpatient COVID units were consistently elevated above the other units and the institutional contaminant goal of 2.25%, ranging from 9.6% to 13.3% from 4/2020-9/2020. Those units were the primary driver of the increase in overall contamination rates. COVID ED nursing staff (that had previously undergone training in the use of diversion devices) used diversion devices to draw 51 of 133 (38.3%) cultures compared to only 15 of 84 (17.9%) on the COVID inpatient units. Figure 1. Comparison of contamination rates in the ED vs the inpatient units from all campuses from September 2019 through September 2020. The blue line represents the hospital goal of 2.25% contamination rate. Solid lines represent total contamination rates including COVID isolation units whereas dotted lines represent units excluding COVID isolation units. Figure 2. Comparison of the non-COVID vs COVID isolation units in the emergency department and inpatient units. The red line represents the hospital goal of less than 2.25% for blood culture contamination rate. Table of Contaminants vs. Total Collected Blood Cultures in Each Unit by Month Figure 3. Raw data from Figure 2. Total blood culture contaminations from each unit by month compared to total blood culture collections from each unit by month. Conclusion Evaluation revealed that nursing staff with less training in blood culture collection, particularly the use of diversion devices, were the primary staff collecting blood cultures in the inpatient COVID units. The difference in training is felt to be the primary driver of the increase in contaminants in the inpatient COVID units. The marked increase in contaminations highlights the difficulties of maintaining quality control processes during an evolving pandemic and the importance of ongoing efforts to improve the quality of care. These findings demonstrate the importance of training and routine use of procedures to reduce contaminations even during. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Mohd Ali, Afifah, Ahsan Ali Khan e Mohammad Yeakub Ali. "Effect of Process Parameters on Abrasive Contamination during Water Abrasive Jet Machining of Mild Steel". Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (giugno 2011): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1015.

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In the area of grit blasting, it is well known that microscopically small abrasive debris gets trapped on the surface, and due to impact the grits might cause the surface to fracture and a fraction of it to be embedded. The same problem appears in abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining especially in the so-called deformation wear zone or striation zone. The major aim in this study is to investigate the abrasive contamination on mild steel cutting surface. In the present study mild steel was used as the work material, since it is widely used in many industries. In order to analyze the pattern of the contaminations on the cut surface, the selected process parameters were abrasive flow rate, pressure and work feed rate. Abrasive contamination was measured at different depths along the path of the abrasives. The three selected zones for measuring abrasive contamination at different depths were the primary impact zone, the smoother zone and the deformation wear zone. It was found that contamination at the middle zone, i.e., the smoother zone had the least abrasive contamination while the initial impact zone and the deformation wear zone showed high abrasive contamination. It was also found that a higher pressure reduces abrasive contamination while a higher abrasive flow rate and work feed rate increase abrasive contamination.

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Denis, Fabrice, Anne-Lise Septans, Florian Le Goff, Stephan Jeanneau e François-Xavier Lescure. "Analysis of COVID-19 Transmission Sources in France by Self-Assessment Before and After the Partial Lockdown: Observational Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, n. 5 (4 maggio 2021): e26932. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26932.

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Background We developed a questionnaire on a web application for analyzing COVID-19 contamination circumstances in France during the second wave of the pandemic. Objective This study aims to analyze the impact on contamination characteristics before and after the second partial lockdown in France to adapt public health restrictions to further prevent pandemic surges. Methods Between December 15 and 24, 2020, after a national media campaign, users of the sourcecovid.fr web application were asked questions about their own or a close relative’s COVID-19 contamination after August 15, 2020, in France. The data of the contamination’s circumstances were assessed and compared before and after the second partial lockdown, which occurred on October 25, 2020, during the second wave of the pandemic and was ongoing on December 24, 2020. Results As of December 24, 2020, 441,000 connections on the web application were observed. A total of 2218 questionnaires were assessable for analysis. About 61.8% (n=1309) of the participants were sure of their contamination origin, and 38.2% (n=809) thought they knew it. The median age of users was 43.0 (IQR 32-56) years, and 50.7% (n=1073) were male. The median incubation time of the assessed cohort was 4.0 (IQR 3-5) days. Private areas (family’s or friend’s house) were the main source of contamination (1048/2090, 50.2%), followed by work colleagues (579/2090, 27.7%). The main time of day for the contamination was the evening (339/961, 35.3%) before the lockdown and was reduced to 18.2% (86/473) after the lockdown (P<.001). The person who transmitted the virus to the user before and after the lockdown was significantly different (P<.001): a friend (382/1317, 29% vs 109/773, 14.1%), a close relative (304/1317, 23.1% vs 253/773, 32.7%), or a work colleague (315/1317, 23.9% vs 264/773, 34.2%). The main location where the virus was transmitted to the users before and after the lockdown was significantly different too (P<.001): home (278/1305, 21.3% vs 194/760, 25.5%), work (293/1305, 22.5% vs 225/760, 29.6%), collective places (430/1305, 33% vs 114/760, 15%), and care centers (58/1305, 4.4% vs 74/760, 9.7%). Conclusions Modalities of transmissions significantly changed before and after the second lockdown in France. The main sources of contamination remained the private areas and with work colleagues. Work became the main location of contamination after the lockdown, whereas contaminations in collective places were strongly reduced. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04670003; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04670003

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Oltersdorf, Antje, Anamaria Moldovan, Michael Bayer, Martin Zimmer e Jochen Rentsch. "Surface Contamination of Silicon Wafer after Acidic Texturisation". Solid State Phenomena 187 (aprile 2012): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.187.337.

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The acidic texture bath that is commonly used in crystalline silicon solar cell manufacturing is a mixture of HF/HNO3/H2O [. While the influences of metal contamination on silicon wafer surfaces as well as several cleaning methods were intensively investigated in the previous 30 years [ the effect of metal contaminations in texturisation baths has not yet been studied intensively. There are two categories of contaminations:

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LE GUYADER, FRANÇOISE S., ANNA-CHARLOTTE SCHULTZ, LARISSA HAUGARREAU, LUCIANA CROCI, LEENA MAUNULA, ERWIN DUIZER, FROUKJE LODDER-VERSCHOOR et al. "Round-Robin Comparison of Methods for the Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in Lettuce". Journal of Food Protection 67, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2004): 2315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.10.2315.

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Five methods that detect human enteric virus contamination in lettuce were compared. To mimic multiple contaminations as observed after sewage contamination, artificial contamination was with human calicivirus and poliovirus and animal calici-virus strains at different concentrations. Nucleic acid extractions were done at the same time in the same laboratory to reduce assay-to-assay variability. Results showed that the two critical steps are the washing step and removal of inhibitors. The more reliable methods (sensitivity, simplicity, low cost) included an elution/concentration step and a commercial kit. Such development of sensitive methods for viral detection in foods other than shellfish is important to improve food safety.

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Jacoby, Rick. "Monitoring Wells: Self-Contamination and Cross Contamination". Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 10, n. 4 (novembre 1990): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1990.tb00020.x.

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Lee, Jee-Hye, Min-Ji Kang, Ha-Eun Sim e Je-Hyung Hwang. "Microbial Contamination of Preservative-Free Artificial Tears Based on Instillation Techniques". Pathogens 11, n. 5 (18 maggio 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050592.

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Preservative-free artificial tears eliminate the side effects of preservatives but are prone to microbial contamination. This study evaluates the incidence of microbial contaminations in single-use vials of preservative-free 0.1% hyaluronate artificial tears. Based on what touched the vial tip during its first use, 60 unit-dose vials (0.5 mL) were divided into groups A (no touch, n = 20), B (fingertip, n = 20), and C (lid margin, n = 20). The vials were recapped after the first use, and the residual solution was cultured 24 h later. The solution from 20 aseptically opened and unused vials was also cultured (group D). Microbial contamination rates were compared between the groups using the Fisher’s exact test. Groups B and C contained 45% (9/20) and 10% (2/20) contaminations while groups A and D contained undetected microbial growth. The culture positivity rates were significantly different between groups A and B (p = 0.001) and groups B and C (p = 0.013) but not between groups A and C (p = 0.487). We demonstrate a significantly higher risk of contamination when fingertips touch the vial mouth. Therefore, users should avoid the vial tip touching the fingers or eyelid during instillation to prevent contamination of the eye drops.

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Harmata, Władysław. "Immediate decontamination". Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 197, n. 3 (11 settembre 2020): 660–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3960.

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The article is devoted to a vital issue for the Polish Armed Forces, namely to the containment and elimination of contaminations. The main factors which are likely to cause the direct or indirect release of hazardous substances and the emergence of contaminations in the territory of the Republic of Poland (RP) include military operations, disasters and technical failures in industrial facilities, as well as terror-ism. The containment and elimination of contamination is an element of the WMD defense system, in which the combat capability of the army’s troops, equipment and military technology is restored after a contamination. The most important element of the system is the immediate elimination of contamination, as it can affect the health, and often also the life, of the contaminated. The doctrinal document DD/3.8(A) contains the main principles for immediate containment, the main one being “as soon as possible”. It is important to be aware that the so-called insulating protective clothing does not provide adequate protection for the skin and uniforms. At the same time, it can be a source of secondary contamination. Technical equipment comprising individual packages will suffice, but the Polish Armed Forces should acquire one IPLS-type decontamination package with pharmacological agents and a new skin disinfectant. Such solutions are preferred in NATO armies.

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Merino, Margret E., Fariba Navid, Barbara L. Christensen, Jeffrey A. Toretsky, Lee J. Helman, Nai-Kong V. Cheung e Crystal L. Mackall. "Immunomagnetic Purging of Ewing’s Sarcoma From Blood and Bone Marrow: Quantitation by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction". Journal of Clinical Oncology 19, n. 16 (15 agosto 2001): 3649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2001.19.16.3649.

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PURPOSE: A propensity for hematogenous spread with resulting contamination of autologous cell products complicates cellular therapies for Ewing’s sarcoma. We used a new approach to purge artificially contaminated cellular specimens of Ewing’s sarcoma and show the capacity for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify the contamination level of Ewing’s sarcoma in such specimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Binding of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 8H9 to Ewing’s sarcoma cell lines and normal hematopoietic cells was studied using flow cytometry. Using real-time PCR–based amplification of t(11;22), levels of Ewing’s contamination of experimental and clinical cellular products were monitored. Purging was accomplished using immunomagnetic-based depletion. Monitoring of the function of residual hematopoietic progenitors and T cells was performed using functional assays. RESULTS: MoAb 8H9 shows binding to Ewing’s sarcoma but spares normal hematopoietic tissues. Nested real-time PCR is capable of detecting contaminating Ewing’s sarcoma cells with a sensitivity of one cell in 106 normal cells. After 8H9-based purging, a 2- to 3-log reduction in contaminating Ewing’s sarcoma was shown by real-time PCR, with purging to PCR negativity at levels of contamination of 1:106. Levels of contamination in clinical samples ranged from 1:105 to 106. Therefore, 8H9-based purging of clinical samples is predicted to reduce tumor cell contamination to a level below the limit of detection of PCR. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate a new approach for purging contaminated cellular products of Ewing’s sarcoma and demonstrate the capacity of real-time PCR to provide accurate quantitative estimates of circulating tumor burden in this disease.

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Douamba, Zoénabo, Mamoudou Ouarme, Sidbewendé Clarisse Compaore, Namwin Siourimè Somda, Donatien Kabore, Hagrétou Sawadogo/Lingani e Jacques Simpore. "Prévalence des souches de salmonelles dans les graines de sésame et leurs produits dérivés au Burkina Faso". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, n. 3 (27 agosto 2022): 1100–1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i3.16.

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Le sésame constitue le deuxième produit d’exportation agricole au Burkina Faso mais sa qualité n’est pas toujours satisfaisante à cause de la présence d’impuretés et parfois de microorganismes pathogènes notamment les salmonelles. La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la prévalence des salmonelles dans le sésame et ses produits dérivés. Au total, 107 échantillons dont 73 échantillons de graines de sésame et 34 échantillons de produits dérivés de sésame (biscuits, croquettes, pâtes, pains) ont été soumis à la recherche de salmonelles selon la norme internationale ISO 6579-1, 2017. La recherche de gènes de virulences (invA, pipD, orfL, misL, spvR) de Salmonella spp. a été réalisée par la méthode de la Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Les résultats ont montré une contamination aux salmonelles du sésame et de ses produits dérivés de 10,28%. Le taux de contamination est de 10,96% (8/73) dans les graines de sésame et 8,82% (3/34) dans les produits dérivés. Le taux de contamination globale est passé à 13,08% par l’analyse moléculaire. Les facteurs de virulence invA, pipD, orfL, misL et spvR ont été retrouvés respectivement à 92,86% ; 92,86% ; 85,71% ; 64,28% et 0%. Ces contaminations aux salmonelles du sésame pourraient être dues à une défaillance dans le respect des bonnes pratiques culturales et/ou des contaminations post-récoltes. Sesame is the second agricultural export product in Burkina Faso, but its quality is not always satisfactory due to the presence of impurities and sometimes pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Salmonella. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Salmonella in sesame and its derivatives. A total, 107 samples including 73 sesame seed samples and 34 sesame derived products samples (biscuits, croquettes, pasta and breads) were tested for Salmonella according to standard ISO 6579-1, 2017. The search for virulence genes (InvA, pipD, orfL, misL, spvR) of Salmonella Spp. was carried out by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The results showed contamination of sesame and its derived products to the salmonella of 10.28%. The contamination rate is 10.96% (8/73) in sesame seeds and 8.82% (3/34) in its derived products. The overall contamination rate increased to 13.08% by molecular analysis. The virulence factors invA, pipD, orfL, misL and spvR were detected respectively at 92.86%; 92.86%; 85.71%; 64.28% and 0%. These Salmonella contaminations of sesame could be due to a failure in the respect of good cultural practices and/or post-harvest contamination.

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Luo, Liang, Dong Li Ma e Li Gong Zhan. "Effects of Interlaminal Contaminants on Mechanical Properties of Composite Laminates". Advanced Materials Research 320 (agosto 2011): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.320.52.

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In this paper, the influence of interlaminal contaminations of water, oil and paper on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminates was researched. The results showed that the existence of interlaminal layered contaminations greatly degraded the mechanical properties of composite laminates. The deterioration of mechanical properties resulted from oil contamination was most serious. It was concluded that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), compression strength and ILSS were more seriously influenced than corresponding modules. How those contaminations affected the mechanical properties was discussed. For further understanding of the effecting mechanism of water contamination on the curing kinetics, the DSC curves of prepregs contaminated by water were compared with that of normal prepregs. It was found that the initial curing temperature of specimens with water contaminant was lower than that of control prepregs.

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MARTINEZ-URTAZA, JAIME, JESUS PEITEADO, ANTONIO LOZANO-LEÓN e OSCAR GARCIA-MARTIN. "Detection of Salmonella Senftenberg Associated with High Saline Environments in Mussel Processing Facilities". Journal of Food Protection 67, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2004): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.2.256.

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A contamination by Salmonella Senftenberg in frozen mussels was detected in 1998 during a routine analytical surveillance. From June 1998 to December 2001, a total of 3,410 samples of steamed frozen mussels and items related to their manufacture were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella. Salmonella Senftenberg was isolated in 573 (16.8%) samples, and no other serovar was detected. The contamination episodes extended for several months. Salmonella Senftenberg colonies from the first contamination events showed a rugose morphology on agar with a shiny crystalline layer and limited colony formation on microbiological media. These contaminations were mainly associated with brine (300 g of NaCl per liter), while the live molluscs that were being processed were free of Salmonella. When the brine contaminations were nearly controlled, new episodes were detected that were associated with live mussels. In the new episodes, colonies showed the typical characteristics of Salmonella and normal growth on agar. Salmonella Senftenberg presented a high resistance to unfavorable environments and showed a preference for clean environments. While Salmonella Senftenberg could be isolated from mussels after steam treatment, it could not survive after immersion in water at 80°C for 1 min. This fact was used to develop a process to remove contamination from products, minimizing the health risk associated with frozen mussel consumption. The general incidence of Salmonella Senftenberg in facilities and mussels was reduced from 31.2% in 1998 to 2.5% in 2001. During this study, no cases of illness from consumption of frozen mussels were reported, indicating a possible lack of virulence of Salmonella Senftenberg in these contamination events.

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Farhadloo, Roohollah, Jalil Goodarzi Far, Mohammad Reza Azadeh, Saeed Shams e Mohammad Parvaresh-Masoud. "Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination on Prehospital Ambulances Before and After Disinfection". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 33, n. 6 (31 ottobre 2018): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1800095x.

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AbstractBackgroundThe contamination of the environment, ambulance equipment, and staff hands consequently are major factors which create nosocomial infections in emergency patients. The contamination of equipment and devices plays an important role in nosocomial infections.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a disinfectant on the rate of microbial contamination of ambulances in Qom Emergency Medical Services (EMS), Qom, Iran.MethodsThis is a quasi-experimental study with a before-after design in order to determine microbial contaminations at the rear and front cabin of ambulances, as well as medical equipment being utilized in Qom EMS. Saya sept-HP-2% solution was used for disinfection. Bacteriological standard methods were used to identify the contaminations.ResultsThe contamination rates before and after use of disinfection solution were 52% and eight percent, respectively. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most commonly isolated bacterial agent from the equipment (53%). In all equipment, the contamination level has shown a significant reduction after applying disinfectant.Conclusions:In spite of the fact that the rate of infection from ambulance equipment is high, the results showed that the use of the suitable disinfectant had an effective role in the reduction of bacteria.FarhadlooR, Goodarzi FarJ, AzadehMR, ShamsS, Parvaresh-MasoudM.Evaluation of bacterial contamination on prehospital ambulances before and after disinfection. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):602–606.

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Na, Jonghyun, Taekseon Ryu, Joonmyoung Kim, Hansuk Kim, Manjae Kwon e Yongsung Joo. "A Bayesian Spatial Contamination Model". Korean Data Analysis Society 24, n. 3 (30 giugno 2022): 919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2022.24.3.919.

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In environmental research, it is often the case that to cluster observations into environmentally polluted and natural groups is an important issue. The Bayesian contamination model which adopts a multivariate mixture regression model has been developed in that it aims to cluster observations and estimate the average amount of pollution. However, because the Bayesian contamination model does not take spatial correlations between observations into consideration, a Bayesian spatial contamination model is proposed. A simulation study was conducted showing that the proposed model has an advantage over the Bayesian contamination model in terms of biases and RMSE of estimators of the logistic regression parameters. We applied the proposed model into environmental data and confirmed the improvement on the model fit. Also, the clustering was reasonably performed from the environmental perspective, which was coherent with the fact that the underground water flows from the southwest side to the northeast side. This model is expected to be utilized effectively to monitor the quality of a ground or groundwater and capture the heterogeneity in it which is suspected of environmental pollution especially when the interested site consists of areas with strong spatial dependency.

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Banerjee, Kakoli, Vikram Bali, Nishad Nawaz, Shivani Bali, Sonali Mathur, Ram Krishn Mishra e Sita Rani. "A Machine-Learning Approach for Prediction of Water Contamination Using Latitude, Longitude, and Elevation". Water 14, n. 5 (24 febbraio 2022): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050728.

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One of the significant issues that the world has faced in recent decades has been the estimation of water quality and location where safe drinking water is available. Due to the unexpected nature of the mode of water contamination, it is not easy to analyze the quality and maintain it. Some machine-learning techniques are used for predicting contaminating factors but there is no technique that can predict the contamination using latitude, longitude, and elevation. The main aim of this paper is to put factors such as water body location and elevation, which are used as inputs, into the different machine-learning techniques that predict the contamination. The results are reviewed and analyzed according to groundwater contamination and the chemical composition of the groundwater location. Non-changeable factors such as latitude, longitude, and elevation are used to predict pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen hardness, chlorides, alkalinity, and chemical oxygen demand. Such a study has not been conducted in the past where location-based factors are used to predict the water contamination of any area. This research focuses on creating a relationship between the location base factors affecting the water contamination in a given area.

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MAITLAND, JESSICA, RENEE BOYER, DAN GALLAGHER, SUSAN DUNCAN, NATE BAUER, JANELL KAUSE e JOSEPH EIFERT. "Tracking Cross-Contamination Transfer Dynamics at a Mock Retail Deli Market Using GloGerm". Journal of Food Protection 76, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2013): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-271.

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Ready-to-eat (RTE) deli meats are considered a food at high risk for causing foodborne illness. Deli meats are listed as the highest risk RTE food vehicle for Listeria monocytogenes. Cross-contamination in the retail deli market may contribute to spread of pathogens to deli meats. Understanding potential cross-contamination pathways is essential for reducing the risk of contaminating various products. The objective of this study was to track cross-contamination pathways through a mock retail deli market using an abiotic surrogate, GloGerm, to visually represent how pathogens may spread through the deli environment via direct contact with food surfaces. Six contamination origination sites (slicer blade, meat chub, floor drain, preparation table, employee's glove, and employee's hands) were evaluated separately. Each site was inoculated with 20 ml of GloGerm, and a series of standard deli operations were completed (approximately 10 min of work). Photographs were then taken under UV illumination to visualize spread of GloGerm throughout the deli. A sensory panel evaluated the levels of contamination on the resulting contaminated surfaces. Five of the six contamination origination sites were associated with transfer of GloGerm to the deli case door handle, slicer blade, meat chub, preparation table, and the employee's gloves. Additional locations became contaminated (i.e., deli case shelf, prep table sink, and glove box), but this contamination was not consistent across all trials. Contamination did not spread from the floor drain to any food contact surfaces. The findings of this study reinforce the need for consistent equipment cleaning and food safety practices among deli workers to minimize cross-contamination.

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Dragon, Krzysztof. "Impact of human activity on groundwater chemistry (Wielkopolska region, Poland)". Baltica 29, n. 2 (25 dicembre 2016): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2016.29.08.

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The article identifies the effects of human activity on groundwater chemistry in the regional aquifer system located in the Wielkopolska region (western Poland). It was documented using statistical methods, that the main process influencing the groundwater chemistry is connected to contamination. The impact of contamination is evident in regions without sewers and where the aquitard is relative thin. Chloride and sulphatewere found most influenced by pollution from surface sources. Total hardness is also sensitive, but its behavior is controlled by geogenic processes as well. Factor analyses are a reliable tool for recognizing contamination’s impact on groundwater chemistry, especially for cases with a relatively low contamination level, when contamination is related to natural occurring water components. This research is important for implementing groundwater protection plans at the regional scale. These interpretations may be used to manage water resources better at the regional scale.

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Anggoro, Dito, Setyo Budhi, Agus Purnomo e Dorothea Vera Megarani. "Evaluation of ultraviolet-C lamps sterilization in veterinary operating theatre". ARSHI Veterinary Letters 3, n. 4 (29 novembre 2019): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/avl.3.4.75-76.

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Ultraviolet (UV) lamp is the simplest method for sterilizing operating theatre. This method is effective, easily operated, and does not require high cost. Furthermore, there were several studies of microorganism contamination in the air and surface at human operating theatre. However, studies in veterinary operating theatre related to the effectiveness of UV light on sterilization process is still limited, especially in Indonesia. Bacterial contamination samples were collected three times each in three different conditions: A) before surgery and without UV, B) before surgery but UV was already used, and C) after surgery and UV was already used. Samples were taken with settle plate and swab method for collecting the air and operating table contamination, respectively. One-way repeated measures ANOVA determined that there was statistically significant difference in the number of bacterial contaminations between three conditions (A, B, and C) in settle plate method (p=0.009), as well as in swab method (p=0.010). The result revealed that the UV light was effective to sterilize operating theatre, which can be seen from the significant decreases on the number of bacterial contaminations before and after the UV was used, both in settle plate and swab method. The result of this study supported the theory that the UV light can reduce the air bacterial and surface contamination at operating theatre. However, the result of microorganism contaminations in this study was still not appropriate based on the standard minimum of total bacterial in the operating theatre from The Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia. Consequently, the use of another method of sterilization at the operating theatre is still required for a better sterilization result.

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Low, Andrew J., Adam G. Koziol, Paul A. Manninger, Burton Blais e Catherine D. Carrillo. "ConFindr: rapid detection of intraspecies and cross-species contamination in bacterial whole-genome sequence data". PeerJ 7 (31 maggio 2019): e6995. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6995.

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Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of bacterial pathogens is currently widely used to support public-health investigations. The ability to assess WGS data quality is critical to underpin the reliability of downstream analyses. Sequence contamination is a quality issue that could potentially impact WGS-based findings; however, existing tools do not readily identify contamination from closely-related organisms. To address this gap, we have developed a computational pipeline, ConFindr, for detection of intraspecies contamination. ConFindr determines the presence of contaminating sequences based on the identification of multiple alleles of core, single-copy, ribosomal-protein genes in raw sequencing reads. The performance of this tool was assessed using simulated and lab-generated Illumina short-read WGS data with varying levels of contamination (0–20% of reads) and varying genetic distance between the designated target and contaminant strains. Intraspecies and cross-species contamination was reliably detected in datasets containing 5% or more reads from a second, unrelated strain. ConFindr detected intraspecies contamination with higher sensitivity than existing tools, while also being able to automatically detect cross-species contamination with similar sensitivity. The implementation of ConFindr in quality-control pipelines will help to improve the reliability of WGS databases as well as the accuracy of downstream analyses. ConFindr is written in Python, and is freely available under the MIT License at github.com/OLC-Bioinformatics/ConFindr.

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Barnes, C. W., e L. J. Szabo. "A Rapid Method for Detecting and Quantifying Bacterial DNA in Rust Fungal DNA Samples". Phytopathology® 98, n. 1 (gennaio 2008): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-1-0115.

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Bacterial DNA contamination of rust fungal DNA can be a significant problem for sequencing the rust fungus. Sequence assembly is much more difficult if the sequence contigs are mixed with bacterial sequence. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed to quantify bacterial DNA within rust fungal DNA samples and the results were compared with those obtained from traditional CFU counts. Real-time PCR showed higher values of DNA contamination than CFU. However, the ranking of samples from low to high for bacterial contamination was consistent between the methods. Reasons for the differences between the methods are discussed. The qPCR assay was tested by adding known quantities of Escherichia coli DNA to Puccinia graminis DNA samples. The assay reliably quantified bacterial contamination at ≥ 1.0% of the total sample DNA. When bacterial contamination was <1.0%, fungal DNA also occasionally was amplified, nullifying the quantification measurement. However, primer specificity was not simply the product of the ratio of bacterial DNA to fungal DNA. Bacterial contamination could be quantified below 1.0% if the bacterial DNA concentration was ≈70 pg/μl or greater. Therefore, spiking the fungal samples with a known concentration of E. coli bacterial DNA successfully eliminated the amplification of fungal DNA, making quantification of contaminating bacterial DNA possible for samples with low contamination levels.

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Stolk, LM. "Drug contamination". Ge-Bu 121-122, n. 11-12 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35351/gebu.2020.11-12.20.

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Editors, The. "Creative Contamination". Study and Scrutiny: Research on Young Adult Literature 4, n. 1 (15 dicembre 2020): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5275.2020.4.1.119-120.

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Jack Zipes conceptualizes the process of adaptation as contamination, a term used by folklorists to describe foreign augmentation to what appears to be a pure narrative tradition. Although this has traditionally had a negative connotation, Zipes (2001) posits that it has generative aspects as well. “Contamination can be an enrichment process; it can lead to the birth of something unique and genuine in its own right” (p.102). We see the process of contamination at work in adaptations. Download PDF for full description and submission requirements. Submissions due May 15, 2021.

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EDITORS, THE. "Creative Contamination". Study and Scrutiny: Research on Young Adult Literature 4, n. 2 (29 dicembre 2020): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5275.2020.4.2.108-109.

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Abstract (sommario):

Jack Zipes conceptualizes the process of adaptation as contamination, a term used by folklorists to describe foreign augmentation to what appears to be a pure narrative tradition. Although this has traditionally had a negative connotation, Zipes (2001) posits that it has generative aspects as well. “Contamination can be an enrichment process; it can lead to the birth of something unique and genuine in its own right” (p.102). We see the process of contamination at work in adaptations. Download PDF for full description and submission requirements. Submissions due May 15, 2021.

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Fogg, Dorothy M. "PROTEIN CONTAMINATION". Orthopedics 20, n. 4 (aprile 1997): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19970401-21.

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SUICO, TERRI, ANITA DUBROC, ANN MARIE SMITH, LISA HAZLETT e KATHRYN CAPRINO. "Creative Contamination". Study and Scrutiny: Research on Young Adult Literature 5, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5275.2021.5.1.159-166.

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HILL, CRAG, e MARK SULZER. "Creative Contamination". Study and Scrutiny: Research on Young Adult Literature 5, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2021): i—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5275.2021.5.1.i-viii.

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MATSUMOTO, YOSHITSUGU. "Contamination control." Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering 51, n. 12 (1985): 2165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.51.2165.

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Kohl, Thomas. "Stool contamination". Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 5, n. 4 (aprile 2010): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.9.peds09177.

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Walker, Mary. "Preventing contamination". Critical Care Nurse 28, n. 3 (1 giugno 2008): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2008.28.3.17.

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Donkel, Douglas L. "Formal Contamination". Philosophy Today 40, n. 2 (1996): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday199640225.

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Owais, A., S. Alhadethi, J. Davies e MI Aldoori. "MRSA Contamination". Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, n. 5 (luglio 2007): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588407x202218.

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Peuron, Pete. "Defining Contamination". Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 20, n. 4 (novembre 2000): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00285.x.

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Gerstein, Harold. "Preventing contamination". Journal of the American Dental Association 110, n. 2 (febbraio 1985): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1985.0261.

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van der Sluijs, M. H. J., e L. Hunter. "Cotton contamination". Textile Progress 49, n. 3 (3 luglio 2017): 137–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405167.2018.1437008.

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COHEN, MICHAEL R. "Cool contamination". Nursing 33, n. 10 (ottobre 2003): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200310000-00016.

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