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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Contamination de surfaces – Nettoyage"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 21 dicembre 2024

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1

Topie, Emmanuel, e Anne Gogny. "Conduite à tenir face à un chien ou un chat atteint ou suspect d'être atteint par une maladie transmissible". Le Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire canine & féline 18, n. 80 (2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/npvcafe/80011.

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La prise en charge des animaux contagieux, ou suspects de l’être, suit des procédures définies et écrites adaptées à la structure vétérinaire. La première barrière à l’introduction d’un germe contagieux dans une structure de soins est une application quotidienne stricte quel que soit l’animal des mesures d’hygiène de base, que ce soit pour l’hygiène des mains, des locaux, des surfaces et du matériel. L’animal suspect ou confirmé contagieux est orienté dès son arrivé dans la structure, ou à défaut le plus tôt possible dès la détection du problème, vers le circuit pour animaux contagieux. La confirmation d’une infection par un agent infectieux transmissible est à effectuer le plus tôt possible. Une information claire, visible et précoce du personnel en charge de l’animal sur l’agent infectieux suspecté doit être donnée. En cas d’identification tardive, après circulation dans les locaux, d’un animal contagieux, il est nécessaire de retracer son parcours (locaux, matériel, personnel, ...) afin de pouvoir mettre en place les mesures de nettoyage et de désinfection adaptées. Que ce soit en consultation, en hospitalisation ou lors de la réalisation d’examens complémentaires, un isolement spatial ou temporel par rapport aux autres individus sensibles à la maladie concernée est nécessaire. Le personnel dédié aux soins est limité au strict nécessaire. L’utilisation d’un matériel jetable, ou à défaut facilement nettoyé et désinfecté, est préconisée. La gestion des déchets et excrétas suit la même logique en évitant dans la mesure du possible la contamination de l’extérieur des contenants afin de ne pas disséminer l’agent pathogène lors du transport de ces déchets.

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Bissong, M. E. A., e M. Moukou. "Mobile phones of hospital workers: a potential reservoir for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria". African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 23, n. 4 (24 ottobre 2022): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.9.

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Background: Mobile phones are increasingly associated with the transmission of pathogenic microbial agents. In the clinical setting where there is usually high exposure to pathogens, these devices may serve as vehicles for the transmission/spread of pathogens. This study determined the prevalence of bacterial contamination of mobile phones of health workers and the predisposing factors, in order to ascertain the risk of transmission of pathogenic bacteria through mobile phones.Methodology: This study was carried out in a private medical center at Mbouda, Cameroon, involving 78 health workers including health professionals (nurses, physicians, laboratory scientists) and hospital support workers (cleaners, cashiers and security guards), recruited by convenient sampling. Sterile swab sticks moistened with physiological saline were used to swab about three quarter of the surface of each phone. The swabs were cultured on MacConkey and Mannitol Salt agar plates which were incubated aerobically at 37oC for 24 hours, while Chocolate agar plate was incubated in a candle extinction jar for microaerophilic condition. The isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests including catalase, coagulase, and the analytical profile index (API) system. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0.Results: Mobile phones of 75 of the 78 (96.2%) health workers were contaminated, with highest contamination rates for the phones of laboratory scientists (100%, 12/12), followed by support staff (98.9%, 13/14), nurses (97.7%, 43/44) and physicians (87.3%, 7/8), but the difference in contamination rates was not statistically significant (p=0.349). A total of 112 bacteria belonging to 12 genera were isolated, with predominance of Staphylococcus aureus (31.3%, n=35), Micrococcus spp (30.4%, n=34), coagulase negative staphylococci (10.7%, n=12) and Pseudomonas spp (5.4%, n=6). The laboratory (18.8%, 21/112) and medical wards (16.1%, 18/112) had the highest bacterial contamination of mobile phones (p=0.041), and more bacterial species were isolated from smartphones (68.8%, n=77/112) than keypad phones (31.2%, n=35/112) (p=0.032). There was no significant difference between phone contamination rates and the practice of hand hygiene or decontamination of work surfaces (p>0.05).Conclusion: The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria on cell phones of health-care workers emphasizes the role of fomites in the transmission of infectious diseases. Consequently, good hand hygiene and decontamination practices are encouraged among health workers in order to limit the spread of hospital-acquired infections. Contexte: Les téléphones portables sont de plus en plus associés à la transmission d'agents microbiens pathogènes. Dans le cadre clinique où il y a généralement une forte exposition aux agents pathogènes, ces dispositifs peuvent servir de véhicules pour la propagation de la transmission des agents pathogènes. Cette étude a déterminé la prévalence de la contamination bactérienne des téléphones portables des agents de santé et les facteurs prédisposants, afin de déterminer le risque de transmission de bactéries pathogènes par les téléphones portables.Méthodologie: Cette étude a été réalisée dans un centre médical privé à Mbouda, au Cameroun, impliquant 78 agents de santé, y compris des professionnels de la santé (infirmiers, médecins, scientifiques de laboratoire) et des agents de soutien hospitalier (agents de nettoyage, caissiers et agents de sécurité), recrutés par échantillonnage pratique. Des écouvillons stériles humidifiés avec du sérum physiologique ont été utilisés pourécouvillonner environ les trois quarts de la surface de chaque téléphone. Les écouvillons ont été cultivés sur des plaques de gélose MacConkey et Mannitol Salt qui ont été incubées en aérobiose à 37°C pendant 24 heures, tandis que la plaque de gélose au chocolat a été incubée dans un pot d'extinction de bougie pour une condition microaérophile. Les isolats ont été identifiés à l'aide de tests biochimiques standard, notamment la catalase, la coagulase et le système d'indice de profil analytique (API). Les données ont été analysées à l'aide du package statistique pour les sciences sociales (SPSS) version 20.0.Résultats: Les téléphones portables de 75 des 78 agents de santé (96,2 %) étaient contaminés, avec les taux de contamination les plus élevés pour les téléphones des scientifiques de laboratoire (100%, 12/12), suivis par le personnel de soutien (98,9%, 13/14), infirmières (97,7%, 43/44) et médecins (87,3%, 7/8), mais la différence de taux de contamination n'était pas statistiquement significative (p=0,349). Au total, 112 bactéries appartenant à 12 genres ont été isolées, avec une prédominance de Staphylococcus aureus (31,3%, n=35), Micrococcus spp (30,4%, n=34), staphylocoques à coagulase négative (10,7%, n=12) et Pseudomonas spp (5,4%, n=6). Le laboratoire (18,8%, 21/112) et les services médicaux (16,1%, 18/112) avaient la contamination bactérienne la plus élevée des téléphones portables (p=0,041), et plus d'espèces bactériennes ont été isolées des smartphones (68,8%, n=77/112) que les téléphones à clavier (31,2%, n=35/112) (p=0,032). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative entre les taux de contamination du téléphone et la pratique de l'hygiène des mains ou de la décontamination des surfaces de travail (p>0,05).Conclusion: La présence de bactéries potentiellement pathogènes sur les téléphones portables des travailleurs de la santé souligne le rôle des fomites dans la transmission des maladies infectieuses. Par conséquent, de bonnes pratiques d'hygiène des mains et de décontamination sont encouragées chez les agents de santé afin de limiter la propagation des infections nosocomiales.

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3

Trimoulinard, A., C. Tessier, L. Atiana e E. Cardinale. "Salmonelles et saucisses à la Réunion". Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 67, n. 3 (30 giugno 2015): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10165.

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Les Réunionnais consomment beaucoup de viande de volaille et de porc, et les saucisses 100 p. 100 volaille et 100 p. 100 porc figurent parmi les particularités notables de la cuisine locale. Une enquête chez les professionnels de la charcuterie et des analyses bactériologiques ont permis de déterminer les facteurs qui pouvaient favoriser la contamination de ces produits à l’étape de la vente. Au total 203 échantillons de saucisses de porc et de volaille ont été prélevés dans 67 points de vente (supermarchés ou hyper-marchés, épiceries, et boucheries-charcuteries), tirés aléatoirement sur l’ensemble de l’île de la Réunion. A partir d’analyses bactériologiques, les prévalences de Salmonella spp. et de Campylobacter spp. ont été déterminées ainsi que les sérotypes majeurs de Salmonella ; la population de Salmonella dans les saucisses de volaille et de porc a aussi été quantifiée. Les analyses bactériologiques ont été réalisées selon les normes européennes. Les pratiques à risque conduisant à une contamination des produits consommés ont été identifiées à partir d’une enquête d’observation relative aux pratiques de vente et d’un modèle linéaire généralisé sous une loi binomiale. Des prévalences faibles de Salmonella spp. ont été observées pour les lots de saucisses et pour les points de vente. Salmonella spp. n’a été détectée que dans 11,8 p. 100 de ces échantillons (95 p. 100 intervalle de confiance = 7,8–17,3). Cette prévalence était différente en fonction du type de point de vente et des caractéristiques de la saucisse (tableau I) : les saucisses de porc, les saucisses fumées et les saucisses « fraiches » (reconstituées à partir de viande congelée-décongelée) ont été plus contaminées (test Z, p < 0,001).Les sérovars détectés selon les lots de saucisses ont été S. Typhimurium (4,92 p. 100), S. London (2,46 p. 100), S. Derby (1,98 p. 100), S. Newport (0,99 p. 100), S. Blockley (0,49 p. 100) et S. Weltevreden (0,49 p. 100). La moyenne de population de Salmonella spp. par échantillon a été de 72,9 bactéries/g avec un minimum de 6,00 bactéries/g et un maximum de 380 bactéries/g, soit des niveaux largement en deçà de la dose infectieuse. La vente de saucisses dans un sac en plastique (odds ratio [OR] = 26,63), dans un emballage en papier (OR = 9,00) et l’absence de lutte contre les rongeurs (OR = 5,42) ont été corrélées positivement au risque de contamination par Salmonella spp. Une surface de vente importante (> 250 m²) (OR = 0,99) a diminué ce risque. Un pourcentage des lots de saucisses a été contaminé par Campylobacter spp. Aucun facteur de risque ou de protection vis-à-vis de Campylobacter n’a été déterminé car la prévalence a été trop faible pour l’associer à des pratiques de fabrication des saucisses. Le risque pour le consommateur reste limité puisque les saucisses sont bien cuites dans les carrys et autres plats traditionnels. Les gérants des points de vente peuvent donc accentuer leurs efforts, d’une part, en utilisant des détergents et des désinfectants pour le nettoyage des vitrines et, d’autre part, en lavant régulièrement les vêtements de travail du personnel. Il importe enfin d’assurer des formations de base en hygiène pour le personnel. Les gérants doivent également insister sur leur méthode de conditionnement. Même si des salmonelles et des campylobacters sont régulièrement identifiés en élevage (1, 2), les prévalences et les doses observées à la mise en marché ne risquent pas de provoquer de gastro-entérites chez le consommateur.

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4

Sentis, M. L., Ph Delaporte, M. Gastaud, W. Marine e O. Utéza. "Nettoyage de surfaces de grandes dimensions par laser à excimères". Le Journal de Physique IV 11, PR7 (ottobre 2001): Pr7–127—Pr7–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2001740.

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5

Degrigny, C., O. Morel, J. Morvan, J. M. Maire e S. Boucard. "Nettoyage et stabilisation de surfaces metalliques peintes: application a la restauration d'une voiture autochenille". Studies in Conservation 40, n. 4 (novembre 1995): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1506497.

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6

Guillaumin, Bruno. "Nettoyage et désinfection dans l’industrie de l’embouteillage, des aliments transformés et des surfaces ouvertes". Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France, n. 2_sup (2002): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/61576.

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7

Degrigny, C., O. Morel, J. Morvan, J. M. Maire e S. Boucard. "Nettoyage et stabilisation de surfaces métalliques peintes: application à la restauration d'une voiture autochenille". Studies in Conservation 40, n. 4 (novembre 1995): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1995.40.4.227.

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8

Bourgeois, Denis, e Marta Mazur. "Prophylaxie et Orthodontie : zoom sur l’espace interdentaire". Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale 58, n. 3 (settembre 2024): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/odf/2024030.

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L’espace interdentaire constitue une niche écologique unique propice à l’accumulation de biofilm dysbiotique. Chez les adolescents et jeunes adultes, ces espaces abritent des bactéries pathogènes parodontales. L’ anatomie de l’embrasure interdentaire de type I, observée à ces âges, empêche l’accès des dispositifs de nettoyage traditionnels que sont les brosses à dents et les bains de bouche. De même, les bagues et fils orthodontiques peuvent compliquer l’accès aux espaces en impactant l’inflammation et l’hyperplasie des papilles. Le traitement orthodontique modifie la position des dents et, par conséquent, les espaces interdentaires. Cette dynamique nécessite une adaptation continue des dispositifs de nettoyage. Les brossettes interdentaires calibrées permettent une désorganisation du biofilm sur l’intégralité des surfaces dentaires et gingivales et sont adaptées aux variations anatomiques induites par le traitement. En conclusion, une hygiène interdentaire adaptée, supervisée et enseignée par des professionnels de santé – orthodontiste et omnipraticien-, est impérative pour prévenir les déséquilibres microbiens, faciliter la cicatrisation et la régénération des tissus gingivaux et osseux, minimiser les complications des traitements orthodontiques pouvant influencer la durée et l’efficacité de la prise en charge. Adaptées aux besoins spécifiques des patients, les brossettes représentent une technique efficace pour réguler la symbiose du microbiote certes, pendant le traitement orthodontique, mais également tout au long de la vie.

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Brouillaud-Delattre, A., A. Kobilinsky, O. Cerf, S. Aligé, G. Gerlot e J. M. Herry. "Méthode de mesure de l'efficacité des procédés de nettoyage et de désinfection des surfaces ouvertes". Le Lait 74, n. 1 (1994): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lait:199417.

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10

Casel, A., E. Sasse e H. Kibbel. "B-contamination of Si-surfaces". Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 333, n. 4-5 (gennaio 1989): 522–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00572368.

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Chatonnet, Pascal, Guy Guimberteau, Denis Dubourdieu e Jean-Noël Boidron. "Nature et origine des odeurs de « moisi » dans les caves. Incidences sur la contamination des vins". OENO One 28, n. 2 (30 giugno 1994): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1994.28.2.1148.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Les goûts et odeurs à caractère "moisI" retrouvés dans les vins encore stockés en cuves ou en barriques sont généralement dus à des chloroanisoles du type 2,3,4,6-tétrachloroanisoleet pentachloroanisole. Ces composés malodorants proviennent de la dégradation microbienne de chlorophénols utilisés comme traitement insecticide de différents matériaux à base de bois principalement employés dans la construction des bâtiments, leur isolation ou dans la fabrication de caisses de stockage des bouteilles. Dans certaines conditions, humidité de l'air élevée et ventilation réduite, on assiste à une contamination rapide de l'atmosphère des caves et des vins qui y sont entreposés. De la même façon, la conservation dans une atmosphère viciée de certains produits destinés à entrer en contact avec le vin peut être responsable de sa pollution.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'élimination de la source de contamination en chlorophénols et en chloroanisoles, ainsi que l'amélioration du renouvellement de l'air, suffisent généralement à solutionner le problème. La prohibition de tous les produits de traitements à base de chlorophénols est conseillée dans tous les locaux destinés à recevoir du vin en vrac où à le conditionner en bouteille.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La cuverie contaminée en même temps que les vins peut être réutilisée après nettoyage et éventuellement réfection. A l'inverse, les contenants en bois conservés dans une atmosphère polluée doivent le plus souvent être éliminés.</p>

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12

Münstermann, Susanne. "Maîtrise de la diffusion des bactéries multirésistantes en clinique équine". Le Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire équine 14, n. 50 (2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/npvequi/50019.

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La maîtrise de la diffusion des bactéries multi-résistantes en clinique équine est un enjeu majeur en médecine vétérinaire, comme en médecine humaine, avec pour objectif d’éviter les impasses thérapeutiques. Les deux axes majeurs de la lutte contre l’antibiorésistance consistent d’une part, à réduire la consommation d’antibiotiques et d’autre part, à prévenir la transmission croisée. Ce deuxième axe s’appuie sur l’identification des chevaux porteurs de BMR, la mise en place de mesures barrières spécifiques durant leur prise en charge et l’ajustement des protocoles de nettoyage et de désinfection des locaux et du matériel. Des contrôles réguliers de surfaces au sein de la clinique équine permettent de surveiller l’environnement et de sensibiliser l’équipe soignante au respect des procédures.

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Mettler, E., e B. Carpentier. "Localisation, dénombrement et identification de la contamination microbienne après nettoyage de joints en EPDM d'un circuit de pasteurisation de l'industrie laitière". Le Lait 77, n. 4 (1997): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lait:1997435.

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De Graaf, T., J. J. Romero Zuñiga, M. Caballero e R. H. Dwinger. "Aspects de la qualité microbiologique de lait de vache dans une coopérative de petits éleveurs à Turrialba au Costa Rica". Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 50, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1997): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9603.

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Des facteurs et des moments critiques influant sur la qualité hygiénique du lait ont été examinés au Costa Rica dans une coopérative de petits éleveurs laitiers qui livraient tous leur lait à une laiterie. Le lait de toutes les vaches en lactation a été examiné avec le CMT (California Mastitis Test). Le lait positif au CMT a subi un examen bactériologique (EB). En outre, des échantillons de lait ont été prélevés dans les cuves de stockage pour le comptage des cellules somatique (CCS) et EB. Huit pour cent des échantillons positifs au CMT ont révélé la présence de S. aureus. Vingt-huit pourcent des échantillons prélevés dans les cuves de stockage contenaient S. aureus et 79 % des échantillons contenaient E. coli. Tous les échantillons pris dans les cuves de stockage de la laiterie avaient un nombre de CFU supérieurà 2.106 cellules/ml. Ce lait était fortement contaminé par des agents bactériologiques provenant de l'environnement. Le refroidissement du lait était inadéquat. La méthode de préparation des mamelles, les appareils de traite insuffisamment aseptisés et l'eau de nettoyage étaient les principales sources de contamination du lait.

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Kulagina, Tatyana A., e Veronika V. Shelenkova. "Methods of Decontamination of Surfaces Contamination". Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering & Technologies 10, n. 3 (maggio 2017): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1999-494x-2017-10-3-352-363.

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Santerre, Charles R., Jerry L. Campbell, Peter C. Farina e Lowell A. Muse. "Assessing tritium contamination on three surfaces". Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46, n. 4 (aprile 1995): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(94)00091-d.

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Beaulieu, Harry J. "Asbestos Contamination of Abatement Equipment Surfaces". Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 6, n. 7 (luglio 1991): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047322x.1991.10387939.

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Tarka, Patryk, e Aneta Nitsch-Osuch. "No-Touch Automated Disinfection System for Decontamination of Surfaces in Hospitals". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 14 (16 luglio 2020): 5131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145131.

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Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) remain a common problem, which suggests that standard decontamination procedures are insufficient. Thus, new methods of decontamination are needed in hospitals. Methods: We assessed the effectiveness of a no-touch automated disinfection (NTD) system in the decontamination of 50 surfaces in 10 hospital rooms. Contamination of surfaces was assessed with a microbiological assay and an ATP bioluminescence assay. Unacceptable contamination was defined as > 100 colony forming units/100 cm2 in the microbiological assay, and as ≥ 250 relative light units in the ATP assay. Results: When measured with the microbiological assay, 11 of 50 surfaces had unacceptable contamination before NTD, and none of the surfaces had unacceptable contamination after NTD (p < 0.001). On the ATP bioluminescence assay, NTD decreased the number of surfaces with unacceptable contamination from 28 to 13, but this effect was non-significant (p = 0.176). On the microbiological assay taken before NTD, the greatest contamination exceeded the acceptable level by more than 11-fold (lamp holder, 1150 CFU/100 cm2). On the ATP bioluminescence assay taken before NTD, the greatest contamination exceeded the acceptable level by more than 43-fold (Ambu bag, 10,874 RLU). Conclusion: NTD effectively reduced microbiological contamination in all hospital rooms. However, when measured with the ATP bioluminescence assay, the reduction of contamination was not significant.

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Shehu, Anas, Iliyasu Usman, Ahmad Rufa’i e Jamilu A. Kwari. "Monitoring the Radioactive Contamination of Some Surfaces". International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation 08, n. 01 (2021): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2021.8101.

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Gutjahr, K., Manfred Reiche e U. M. Gösele. "Contamination and Cleaning of GaAs-(100) Surfaces". Materials Science Forum 196-201 (novembre 1995): 1967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.196-201.1967.

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Consuelo, L. Sousa, A. Freitas Jos, F. H. Loureno Lcia, A. F. Araujo Eder e Regina S. Peixoto Joele Maria. "Microbiological contamination of surfaces in fish industry". African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, n. 5 (29 gennaio 2014): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2013.6319.

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Byrne, M. "Suction methods for assessing contamination on surfaces". Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44, n. 7 (ottobre 2000): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4878(00)00038-7.

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Dovidenko, K., LA Le Tarte e RA Potyrailo. "Contamination Removal on FIB Nano-Patterned Surfaces". Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (31 luglio 2006): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606069832.

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Hansen, Charles M. "New Nordtest method shows contamination on surfaces". Pigment & Resin Technology 27, n. 5 (ottobre 1998): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810237340.

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Bearda, Twan, Ief Vander Mot, Kristel Van den Broeck, Nausikaä Van Hoornick, Jan Van Hoeymissen e Paul W. Mertens. "Metal Contamination on Silicon Surfaces from Solvents". Solid State Phenomena 103-104 (aprile 2005): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.103-104.269.

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Petersen, O. H., T. Schneider, A. Abildgaard, N. P. Kloch, K. S. Kongstad e T. Bunch-Nielsen. "Measurement of particle contamination on indoor surfaces". Journal of Aerosol Science 23 (gennaio 1992): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(92)90472-8.

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27

Oertel, Ulrich, e Jacek Świa̧tkowski. "A contamination carrying criterion for branched surfaces". Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 34, n. 2 (15 marzo 2008): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10455-008-9107-y.

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28

Hussein Omar, Ayas. "Bacterial Contamination on Electronic Surfaces in ICU". Academic Journal of Nawroz University 13, n. 1 (31 marzo 2024): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1889.

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Abstract (sommario):

Bacteria, especially MDR isolates, can infect inanimate surfaces and equipment in ICUs (such as bedrails, stethoscopes, medical charts, and ultrasound machines). Transmission of microbes from inanimate surfaces may play a major role in the colonization and infection of patients in intensive care units. Healthcare worker hands and patient discharge both have the potential to spread germs, which can live for months on dry surfaces. It has been reported that the rate of environmental contamination is higher near infected individuals than it is near colonized patients, and that within the latter group, there is a link between the frequency of environmental contamination and culture-positive body locations. In addition to acquiring germs from direct patient contact, healthcare personnel can pick them up through inanimate surfaces and equipment in the patient zone. Patient colonization or infection can occur if healthcare workers don't properly clean their hands before and after handling patients. Several pieces of equipment and frequently used objects in the intensive care unit (ICU) include bacteria with antibiotic susceptibility profiles that are quite similar to those of germs isolated from patients. In light of the patient-zone concept and the potential consequences for bacterial pathogen cross-transmission to critically ill patients, this review aims to present up-to-date knowledge concerning the contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment in ICUs.

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29

Frink, Laura J. D., Frank van Swol, Arianna Serrano e Dimiter N. Petsev. "Contamination and Decontamination of Polymer-Coated Surfaces". Colloids and Interfaces 7, n. 4 (30 novembre 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids7040069.

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Abstract (sommario):

We study the interaction between a flat surface and a contaminant solution. The surface is protected by a grafted polymer layer. Our primary interest is to better understand and elucidate the effect of simple molecular interactions on the contamination and decontamination of the surface through molecular diffusion. These interactions manifest themselves in the potential of mean force that the contaminant molecule experiences as it diffuses across the grafted polymer layer. For simplicity, we consider that all interactions are of the hard-sphere type. The size of the contaminant molecule is the same as that of the solvent as well as the individual polymer segment. Despite these simplifications, the analysis offers important physical insights and a qualitative description of the contamination and decontamination processes.

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KIRCHNER, MARGARET, REBECCA M. GOULTER, BENJAMIN J. CHAPMAN, JAMES CLAYTON e LEE-ANN JAYKUS. "Cross-Contamination on Atypical Surfaces and Venues in Food Service Environments". Journal of Food Protection 84, n. 7 (5 febbraio 2021): 1239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-314.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT Cross-contamination of raw food to other surfaces, hands, and foods is a serious issue in food service. With individuals eating more meals away from home, contracting a foodborne illness from a food service establishment is an increasing concern. However, most studies have concentrated on hands or food contact surfaces and neglected atypical and unusual surfaces (surfaces that are not typically identified as a source of cross-contamination) and venues. This review was conducted to identify atypically cross-contaminated surfaces and atypical venues where cross-contamination could occur that have not been examined thoroughly in the literature. Most surfaces that could be at risk for cross-contamination are frequently touched, are rarely cleaned and sanitized, and can support the persistence and/or growth of foodborne pathogens. These surfaces include menus, spice and condiment containers, aprons and coveralls, mobile devices and tablets, and money. Venues that are explored, such as temporary events, mobile vendors, and markets, are usually limited in space or infrastructure, have low compliance with proper hand washing, and provide the opportunity for raw and ready-to-eat foods to come into contact with one another. These factors create an environment in which cross-contamination can occur and potentially impact food safety. A more comprehensive cleaning and sanitizing regime encompassing these surfaces and venues could help mitigate cross-contamination. This review highlights key surfaces and venues that have the potential to be cross-contaminated and have been underestimated or not fully investigated. These knowledge gaps indicate where further work is needed to fully understand the role of these surfaces and venues in cross-contamination and how it can be prevented. HIGHLIGHTS

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31

Wang, Xin, Jinchi Zhao, Yinchen Yang e Yukun Xu. "Cross-Regional Dynamic Transfer Characteristics of Liquid Oil Contamination Induced by Random Contact in Machining Workshops in Shanghai, China". Applied Sciences 12, n. 9 (9 maggio 2022): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094765.

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Abstract (sommario):

In industrial sites, the movement and contact behaviors of workers are random, but their frequency and statistical characteristics can be determined. Particularly in machining workshops, metalworking fluids (MWFs) cause liquid oil contamination on the processed workpieces, and the contamination spreads to the entire workshop given the random contact of workers or the handling of workpieces. This study proposes a contact transmission model based on the Markov chain to quantify oil contamination transfer. First, the transfer efficiency between the glove and the workpiece, which is regarded as a key model parameter in this research, was determined through experiments. The model was used to characterize and predict the spread of oil contamination across different regions, including production and assembly areas. Specifically, the oil contamination concentrations on workbench surfaces in seven locations of a machining workshop in Shanghai GKN HUAYU Driveline Systems Co., Ltd. (SDS) were measured on-site. Findings showed that the model could feasibly depict the transfer process of oil contamination across different surfaces. Then, the variation law of oil contamination concentration on the workbench surfaces over time was analyzed, the oil contamination distribution map of the entire workshop plane was drawn, and the effectiveness of two cleaning measures to reduce oil contamination concentrations was compared. The proposed contact transmission model offers a basis for identifying highly polluted surfaces in machining workshops and controlling the spread of liquid oil contamination.

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32

Geyer, Florian, Maria D’Acunzi, Azadeh Sharifi-Aghili, Alexander Saal, Nan Gao, Anke Kaltbeitzel, Tim-Frederik Sloot, Rüdiger Berger, Hans-Jürgen Butt e Doris Vollmer. "When and how self-cleaning of superhydrophobic surfaces works". Science Advances 6, n. 3 (gennaio 2020): eaaw9727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw9727.

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Abstract (sommario):

Despite the enormous interest in superhydrophobicity for self-cleaning, a clear picture of contaminant removal is missing, in particular, on a single-particle level. Here, we monitor the removal of individual contaminant particles on the micrometer scale by confocal microscopy. We correlate this space- and time-resolved information with measurements of the friction force. The balance of capillary and adhesion force between the drop and the contamination on the substrate determines the friction force of drops during self-cleaning. These friction forces are in the range of micro-Newtons. We show that hydrophilic and hydrophobic particles hardly influence superhydrophobicity provided that the particle size exceeds the pore size or the thickness of the contamination falls below the height of the protrusions. These detailed insights into self-cleaning allow the rational design of superhydrophobic surfaces that resist contamination as demonstrated by outdoor environmental (>200 days) and industrial standardized contamination experiments.

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33

Kim, Hee-jeong, Yujin Choi e Chang-Lae Lee. "Bacterial Contamination of Surfaces in an Ultrasound Room". Journal of Radiological Science and Technology 44, n. 3 (30 giugno 2021): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17946/jrst.2021.44.3.231.

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34

Lu Guoqing, 鹿国庆, 卢启鹏 Lu Qipeng, 彭忠琦 Peng Zhongqi e 龚学鹏 Gong Xuepeng. "Carbon Contamination Modeling on Extreme Ultraviolet Optic Surfaces". Acta Optica Sinica 33, n. 12 (2013): 1234001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201333.1234001.

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35

Kwa, T. A., e R. F. Wolffenbuttel. "Effect of solution contamination on etched silicon surfaces". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 5, n. 2 (1 giugno 1995): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/5/2/009.

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36

Montebello, Joseph F., Lech Papiez, Aslam R. Siddiqui, Philip P. Brietfeld, Jay Grosfeld e L. R. Scherer. "Contamination of the Pleural Surfaces in Childhood Sarcoma". American Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, n. 6 (dicembre 1997): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000421-199712000-00012.

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37

Casel, A. "Boron contamination of in situ heated silicon surfaces". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 5, n. 6 (novembre 1987): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.583643.

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38

Strauss, S. "Contamination of environmental surfaces by genital human papillomaviruses". Sexually Transmitted Infections 78, n. 2 (1 aprile 2002): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.78.2.135.

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39

Proix, F., C. A. Sébenne, M. Cherchour, O. M’hamedi e J. P. Lacharme. "Hydrogen‐induced contamination of III‐V compound surfaces". Journal of Applied Physics 64, n. 2 (15 luglio 1988): 898–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341916.

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40

Hatfield, S. A., J. D. Aldous e G. R. Bell. "Stoichiometry, contamination and microstructure of MnSb(0001) surfaces". Applied Surface Science 255, n. 6 (gennaio 2009): 3567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.09.082.

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41

Colera, I., E. Soria, J. L. de Segovia e R. González. "Study of fluorine contamination on MgO(100) surfaces". Vacuum 52, n. 1-2 (gennaio 1999): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(98)00206-1.

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42

Mahmoud, F., e R. M. A. Azzam. "Optical monitor for contamination on HV insulator surfaces". IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 4, n. 1 (1997): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/94.590863.

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43

Montville, R., e D. W. Schaffner. "Inoculum Size Influences Bacterial Cross Contamination between Surfaces". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n. 12 (dicembre 2003): 7188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7188-7193.2003.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT Many factors have been shown to influence bacterial transfer between surfaces, including surface type, bacterial species, moisture level, pressure, and friction, but the effect of inoculum size on bacterial transfer has not yet been established. Bacterial cross contamination rates during performance of common food service tasks were previously determined in our laboratory using nalidixic acid-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes. Eight different transfer rates were determined, each involving a minimum of 30 volunteers. The influence of source inoculum level on the percentage of bacteria transferred (percent transfer rates) and log10 CFU per recipient surface was determined using statistical analysis. The effect of inoculum size on transfer rate was highly statistically significant (P< 0.0001) for all transfer rate data combined (352 observations) and for each individual cross contamination rate, except for data on contamination via transfer from chicken to hand through a glove barrier (P = 0.1643). Where inoculum size on the source was greater, transfer rates were lower, and where inoculum size on the source was less, transfer rates were higher. The negative linear trend was more obvious for activities that had a larger range of inoculum sizes on the source surface. This phenomenon has serious implications for research seeking to determine bacterial cross contamination rates, since the different transfer efficiencies that were previously shown to be associated with certain activities may actually be the result of differing initial inoculum levels. The initial inoculum size on the source and the amount of bacteria transferred must both be considered to accurately determine bacterial transfer rates.

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44

Oertel, Ulrich, e Jacek Świa̧tkowski. "Correction: “A contamination carrying criterion for branched surfaces”". Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 44, n. 2 (13 dicembre 2012): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10455-012-9360-y.

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45

Wu, Songtao, Andreas Buthe, Hongfei Jia, Minjuan Zhang, Masahiko Ishii e Ping Wang. "Enzyme-enabled responsive surfaces for anti-contamination materials". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 110, n. 6 (9 febbraio 2013): 1805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.24847.

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46

Mody, Lona, Kristen Gibson, Liza Bautista, Karen Neeb, Ana Montoya, Grace Jenq, John Mills et al. "380. Environmental Contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in Nursing Homes". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2021): S291—S292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.581.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected nursing home (NH) patients, accounting for 5% of all cases and 32% of all COVID-19 deaths nationwide. Little is known about the frequency and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination in NHs. We characterize SARS-CoV-2 contamination in the rooms of COVID-19 patients and common areas in and around COVID-19 units. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted at four NHs in Michigan between October 2020 and January 2021. Clinical research personnel obtained swab specimens from high-touch room surfaces of COVID-19 infected patients, up to three times per patient. Weekly swab specimens from six high-touch surfaces in common areas were also obtained. Demographic and clinical data were collected from patient clinical records. Our primary outcome of interest was the probability of SARS-CoV-2 detection from specific environmental surfaces in COVID-19 patient rooms. Results One hundred four patients with COVID-19 were enrolled and followed for 241 visits. Patient characteristics included: 61.5% over the age of 80; 67.3% female; 89.4% non-Hispanic white; 50.1% short-stay. The study population had significant disabilities in activities of daily living (ADL; 81.7% dependent in four or more ADLs) and comorbidities including dementia (55.8%), diabetes (40.4%) and heart failure (32.7) (Table 1). Over the 3-month study period, 2087 swab specimens were collected (1896 COVID-19 patient room surfaces, 191 common area swabs). Figure 1 shows contamination rates at sites proximate and distant to the patient bed. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 28.4% (538/1896 swabs) on patient room surfaces and 3.7% (7/191 swabs) on common area surfaces. Over the course of follow-up, 89.4% (93/104) of patients had SARS-CoV-2 contamination in their room at least once (Figure 2). Environmental contamination detected on enrollment correlated with contamination of the same site during follow-up. Functional independence increased the odds of proximate contamination. Table 1. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population Including Short- and Long-stay Patients Figure 1. Contamination of Environmental Surfaces Relative to Distance from Patient Bed Figure 2. SARS-CoV-2 on Swab Specimens Collected – Patient-level, Visit-level, and Swab-level Conclusion We conclude that environmental contamination of surfaces in the rooms of COVID-19 patients is nearly universal and persistent. Patients with greater independence are more likely than fully dependent patients to contaminate their immediate environment. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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47

KUSUMANINGRUM, H. D., E. D. VAN ASSELT, R. R. BEUMER e M. H. ZWIETERING. "A Quantitative Analysis of Cross-Contamination of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. Via Domestic Kitchen Surfaces". Journal of Food Protection 67, n. 9 (1 settembre 2004): 1892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.9.1892.

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Abstract (sommario):

Epidemiological data indicate that cross-contamination during food preparation in the home contributes noticeably to the occurrence of foodborne diseases. To help prevent such occurrences, the inclusion of a cross-contamination model in exposure assessments would aid in the development and evaluation of interventions used to control the spread of pathogenic bacteria. A quantitative analysis was carried out to estimate the probability of contamination and the levels of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. on salads as a result of cross-contamination from contaminated chicken carcasses via kitchen surfaces. Data on the prevalence and numbers of these bacteria on retail chicken carcasses and the use of unwashed surfaces to prepare foods were collected from scientific literature. The rates of bacterial transfer were collected from laboratory experiments and literature. A deterministic approach and Monte Carlo simulations that incorporated input parameter distributions were used to estimate the contamination of the product. The results have shown that the probability of Campylobacter spp. contamination on salads is higher than that of Salmonella spp., since both the prevalence and levels of Campylobacter spp. on chicken carcasses are higher than those of Salmonella spp. It is realistic to expect that a fraction of the human exposure to Campylobacter spp., in particular, originates from cross-contamination in private kitchens during food handling. The number of human campylobacteriosis cases could be reduced either by reducing the degree of Campylobacter spp. contamination on chicken carcasses or by improving the hygiene in private kitchens. To eliminate the cross-contamination route, it is important to use separate surfaces or to properly wash the surfaces during the preparation of raw and cooked foods or ready-to-eat foods.

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48

KOCHEVAR, SHERRI L., JOHN N. SOFOS, ROBERT R. BOLIN, JAMES O. REAGAN e GARY C. SMITH. "Steam Vacuuming as a Pre-Evisceration Intervention To Decontaminate Beef Carcasses". Journal of Food Protection 60, n. 2 (1 febbraio 1997): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.2.107.

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Abstract (sommario):

One steam-vacuuming unit (Unit A) was evaluated for removal of visible contamination and reduction of bacterial counts on beef carcass surfaces in five processing plants; a second steam-vacuuming unit (Unit B) was evaluated in two of those same plants at a later date. Experimental treatments included appropriate Controls: steam vacuuming carcass surfaces with or without visible contamination, and knife trimming surfaces with visible contamination. Depending on the processing plant, carcasses were tested on the midline or on the round. Each treatment was applied to a 103-cm2 area of the carcass surface, which was scored for visible contamination and analyzed for aerobic plate counts (APC) at 25°C and for total coliform counts (TCC). Average reductions in APC of 0.57 (Unit A) and 0.72 (Unit B) log CFU/cm2 and in TCC of 0.33 (Unit A) and 0.26 (Unit B) log CFU/cm2 were obtained by steam-vacuuming carcass surfaces which had no visible fecal contamination. Steam vacuuming and knife trimming effectively (P < 0.05) cleaned soiled carcass surfaces and reduced microbial counts. Knife trimming reduced APC and TCC by 1.38 and 1.61 log CFU/cm2 in the Unit A experiment and by 1.64 and 1.72 log CFU/cm2 in the Unit B experiment, respectively. Steam vacuuming carcass surfaces soiled with visible contamination reduced APC and TCC by 1.73 and 1.67 log CFU/cm2 (Unit-A) and by 2.03 and 2.13 log CFU/cm2 (Unit B), respectively. The results of this study suggest that both steam-vacuuming systems available at the time of the study were at least as effective as knife trimming in decontaminating beef carcasses with areas of visible contamination 2.54 cm in the greatest dimension.

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49

Saito, Suguru, Yoshiya Hagimoto e Hayato Iwamoto. "Evaluation of Hafnium Contamination on Wafer Surfaces after the Wet Cleaning Process". Solid State Phenomena 195 (dicembre 2012): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.195.265.

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Abstract (sommario):

High-k gate dielectrics and metal gate electrodes have become essential for emerging device technologies because they enable the continuous scaling down of devices while maintaining a high performance [. However, since they are composed of novel metallic elements that have never before been used in conventional processes, special care must be taken when handling these materials in the production line. In particular, cross-contamination that occurs due to transporting contamination via processed wafers can cause serious problems such as deterioration of device properties and yield loss [. The process of cleaning the backside and bevel of a wafer is now increasingly important for avoiding these problems. To date, there has been no detailed evaluation of contamination removal on various films performed for elements such as hafnium, which is one of the key elements in high-k/metal gate technologies. In this study, we evaluated hafnium contamination on three types of wafer surface after the cleaning process and investigated the cause of different residual amounts of hafnium contamination on the different wafers.

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50

Gaylard, Adrian P., Kerry Kirwan e Duncan A. Lockerby. "Surface contamination of cars: A review". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, n. 9 (9 aprile 2017): 1160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017695141.

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Abstract (sommario):

This review surveys the problem of surface contamination of cars, which poses a growing engineering challenge to vehicle manufacturers, operators and users. Both the vision of drivers and the visibility of vehicles need to be maintained under a wide range of environmental conditions. This requires managing the flow of surface water on windscreens and side glazing. The rate of deposition of solid contaminants on glazing, lights, licence plates and external mirrors also needs to be minimised. Maintaining vehicle aesthetics and limiting the transfer of contaminants to the hands and clothes of users from soiled surfaces are also significant issues. Recently, keeping camera lenses clean has emerged as a key concern, as these systems transition from occasional manoeuvring aids to sensors for safety systems. The deposition of water and solid contaminants on to car surfaces is strongly influenced by unsteady vehicle aerodynamic effects. Airborne water droplets falling as rain or lifted as spray by tyres interact with wakes, vortices and shear flows and accumulate on vehicle surfaces as a consequence. The same aerodynamic effects also control the movement of surface water droplets, rivulets and films; hence, particular attention is paid to the management of surface water over the front side glass and the deposition of contaminants on the rear surfaces. The test methods used in the automotive industry are reviewed, as are the numerical simulation techniques.

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