Tesi sul tema "Constructions en terre – Gaule"
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Chazelles-Gazzal, Claire-Anne de. "Les maisons en terre de la Gaule méridionale /". Montagnac : M. Mergoil, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36697571p.
Péfau, Pierre. "Construire dans les agglomérations gauloises : l'architecture des bâtiments du Second âge du Fer en Gaule interne, approche technique et socio-économique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU20015.
The study of the earthen and wooden buildings of the Late Iron Age agglomerations (3rd-1st century BC) of inner Gaul (except the Mediterranean coast) allows to develop a reflection around two research topics both little invested and complementary. Many debates concerning the characterisation of these grouped settlements and their possible urban status have thus led me to develop an interdisciplinary approach in this PhD. The aim was therefore to contribute to a better understanding of the urbanisation process and of the agglomerations (oppida and open agglomerations) features through a detailed study of architecture, allowing to define how architectural forms reveal and convey particular socio-economic dynamics. The technical study of 339 buildings, from 39 agglomerations, was based on a strict and original methodology: this combines the analysis of various types of architectural remains and taphonomic dynamics integrating both archaeological and ethnographic documentation. While a large part of these constructions is made up of earthfast posts, a significant place was given to timber-framed architecture and the use of diagonal braces. These architectural traditions were then integrated into a more global research, considering at the same time the spatial organisation of agglomerations, the use of buildings and the social status of their inhabitants, as well as the differences between rural architecture and that of grouped settlements. An interpretative model, taking into account the environmental context and all the complexity of Late Iron Age agglomerations, has thus been proposed. At least part of these grouped settlements would be characterised by the development of economies and rational management of timber and construction, craftsmen networks as well as by adaptations of architectural models to urban planning and urbanisation degree
Le, Ny Françoise. "La Production des matériaux de construction en terre cuite en Gaule romaine : Synthèse". Rennes 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REN10056.
Chazelles-Gazzal, Claire-Anne de. "Les emplois de la terre crue dans l'architecture protohistorique et gallo-romaine de la Gaule méridionale : VIIIème s. av. n. è. -IIIème s. de n. è : parallèles avec le domaine ibérique, comparaisons ethnographiques". Bordeaux 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR30029.
Following the description of geographical and historical conditions (chap. 1 and 2), explanations are given about vocabulary and technology in chapter 3. Both a critical analysis of archaeological publications and an inventory of 158 settlements of southern Gaul, compose chapter 4. The purpose of chapter 5 is to give the state of the question, in an analytical way: domestic architecture is examined from foundations to decoration, in order to present all the uses of earth. Moulded and solid earth walls, pise, wattle and daub, filled frameworks and mudbricks for the walls; pavings and mud-coatings; roofs and ceilings; fixed furniture. Many references to architectures of other Mediterranean civilizations occur in the text; so do comparisons with mediaeval, modern and present documents which may enlighten the archaeological remains. Based on the observation of tenuous remains, this work intends to contribute to the general story of technics, by always replacing the technical experiences in their historical and social contexts. Chapter 6 contains a provisional synthesis and leads to several directions for next researches on earthen architecture. An additional part includes the descriptives of the 11 most important sites and the models of different check-lists for built structures. Bibliography gives more than one thousand titles. The book contains 251 illustrations and 12 plates
Charlier, Fabrice. "Technologie des tuiliers gallo-romains (Gaules et Germanies) : analyse comparative et régressive des structures de production des matériaux de construction en terre cuite de l'époque contemporaine à l'Antiquité". Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1006.
This research concerns the techniques of tile and brick-making in Roman time in the provinces ofGaul and Germania. We have only access to these techniques through archaeology. First, there arethe movable vestiges: the objects (tiles and bricks), then there are the real estate vestiges: the tilemakingsites which are regularly uncovered. Only the structures of production are examined here,but it is often made reference to materials. The study is led according to two guidelines. One is horizontal: the “chaîne opératoire”, the other is vertical: Time, from present to past. The structures of production are treated according to the orderof the making process: quarrying, preparing clay, shaping, drying, and firing. Inside each of thesefive phases are successively studied structures of contemporary time (craft production), modern,medieval and finally Gallo-Roman. This regressive approach allows us to bring to light thecontinuities and the breaks in the techniques used and thus, to better characterize and understandthe most ancient of them, the Gallo-Roman tile-makers one. The functioning of the most recentstructures of production sheds light on that of the Roman ones. Punctual comparisons are only usedto try and explain some original characteristics of the Gallo-Roman structures. The most innovativeresults were obtained in the study of the structures used in the phases of shaping, drying and firing
Corbeel, Séverine. "Les producteurs de matériaux de construction en terre cuite et d'amphores en Gaule Narbonnaise : l'apport des estampilles à la connaissance des structures socio-économiques d'une province romaine (fin Ier s. av. - fin IIIème s. ap.)". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30046.
The value and the informative nature of the inscriptions on the instrumentum domesticum were actually understood for the first time after the end of the 19th century, thanks to the pioneering work of Heinrich Dressel on bricks, tiles and amphorae discovered in Rome. For the province of Gaule Narbonnaise, it was necessary to wait nearly one hundred years for the publication of Fanette Laubenheimer’s thesis on Gallic amphorae, which made it possible to list graffiti and tituli picti, but especially to gather a body of 289 stamps, of which 61 were distictively different. The earliest collections of stamps on terracotta building materials are collections and inventories carried out on a regional or micro-regional scale, also in the 1980s.This thesis is part of the continuity of this research. It presents two catalogs. The first concerns terracotta building materials with 3183 stamps corresponding to 241 different stamps. And the second, the Gallic amphorae and their corresponding lids, with a total of 941 stamps, of which 209 are separate stamps. This inventory work was made possible through the compilation of numerous journals, books and other bibliographic resources. The standards of this documentation being different, all the illustrations have been adapted to be published at the scale 1/1, with the same color code.The compilation of such a body of stamps opens the door to preliminary studies, thus providing important information not only on the different structures of productions, but also on the producers. The chronological study of the palaeography of the stamps makes it possible to examine the stamping habits of a province, at a given time and sometimes in relation to the production area. The creation of distribution maps makes it possible to study the diffusion of materials. Finally, prosopographic studies make it possible to learn a little more about the identity of the people who put their name on the productions.One of the primary objectives of this thesis is to provide archaeologists and historians with a workable tool that can be useful when discovering stamps on Gallic tiles, bricks or amphorae. We also wanted to raise awareness of the value of communicating these discoveries and to mention the chrono-stratigraphic contexts, in order to be able to carry out a socio-economic reflection on the scale of a whole province
Olivier, Myriam. "Le matériau terre, compactage, comportement, application aux structures en bloc sur terre". Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0004.
Earth means all type of loose soils which can be generally found under humus. It can be used in civil engineering for the building of embankments or for road layers. It is also a building material that has been used for thousands of years and is now being rediscovered. The object of the first part of this study is to evaluate the influence of the composition of the mate rial and of the conditions of its implementation on the geotechnical characteristics of earth, after compaction, for its use in civil engineering and construction. Then, the evolution of the mechanical and rheological characteristics of this mate rial have be en studied during its drying. Some models, developed for non saturated soils and for concrete, have been applied to the experimental results. A part of this study has been performed on lime and cement treated soils. Another part concerns masonry structures made with earth blocks and earth mortars. An element of plane masonry, as well as an arch and a cupola have been tested. Numerical models using an elastic constitutive law and taking cracks into account have given results very close to experiments
Vachon, Joanne. "Construction d'une banque génomique de streptomyces scabies EF-35 : identification de clones impliqués dans le pouvoir pathogène". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.
McFadyen, Benoît. "Détermination de facteurs contrôlant la stabilité des chantiers souterrains pour une mine sujette à la sismicité". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66311.
Delencre, Florent. "Terres et pierres pour matières de cultures : l'apparition et la diffusion de nouveaux modes et matériaux de construction dans le Nord-Est de la Gaule romaine (IIème siècle avant J.-C. - IIème siècle après J.-C.)". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCH026/document.
Roman building materials often arose a growing interest through their presence in early contexts, sometimes way before Gallic Wars. Made from natural resources, their final shape corresponds to anthropogenic and cultural constraints. However, even if building materials are not neglected during archaeological excavations, so far they have been considered as playing a minor part in understanding ancient sites. Economical, technical and architectural aspects are regularly mentioned, creating the picture of an exploited « landscape » around the studied areas, but the question of materials as cultural markers witnessing intercultural relations between Rome and Gallic tribes has never really been considered. The forensic listing of archaeological data for the North-Eastern Gaul highlights distinct rythms for the adoption of new construction habits, which are characterized by peculiar material arrangements echoing Roman administrative limits. Moreover, the diversity of the materials used is linked to the local presence or absence of the required resources for their production. On a wider scale, two groups can be defined by opposed terms : Gallic tribes only concerned by local natural resources for the production of building materials and those who transport them, sometimes over great distances. These elements allow us to discuss the issue about the double aspect of identities (civic and provincial) which can be the source of these discrepancies. In the same time, the geographical area concerned by our multi-scale analysis shows various administrative, social and cultural situations testifying of complex relations maintained with Rome and the Roman culture
Peytremann, Edith. "Archéologie de l'habitat rural dans le nord de la Gaule du IVe au XIIe siècle". Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN1336.
Thuillier, Frédy. "Les ateliers céramiques d'époque gallo-romaine dans le nord de la Gaule : organisation et typologie des structures de production". Tours, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR2026.
Ahmat, Charfadine Mahamat. "Etude expérimentale des propriétés thermophysiques des matériaux locaux du Tchad : application au confort thermique de l'habitat". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10021.
Malagoli, Claude. "Les lampes en terre cuite du centre-est de la Gaule (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IV° siècle ap. J.-C.) : production, diffusion et consommation". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA1015/document.
There are quite many articles and monographs dedicated to terracotta lamps in Gaul and Roman Empire. Since the pioneer work done by S. Loeschcke (1919), we have been developing till today, abetter understanding of the lamps that have appeared between the post-republican to the Early Roman empire period. But very often, due to the various shapes and decorated medallions, the lamps are only considered as museum or educational items, because they represent the ultimate lighting mode during Antiquity. In archeology, they are used as a dating tool as well as the terra sigillata or the antique coins.However, we usually forget that the terracotta lamp is a manufactured product issued from the human work and therefore, is able to provide invaluable information on antique craft industry. Through their study, we are able to understand how the Gallo-roman potters have been adapting themselves to the manufacturing of a product they did not know, to new technical challenges and new processes. Also, thanks to the analysis of the technical aspects of the lamp itself we can track the products belonging to the same potters’ workshop as well as we can map the distributed market areas at various scales (regional, country-wide). Finally, the adoption by the local people of this lighting mode that is typically Mediterranean is a clear sign of Romanization, especially through the funeraland religious practices. This innovating study is focusing on these issues within a defined area, the East Central Gaul. The results have enabled the identification of several workshops and their distribution network during the different chronological phases from 1st century BC to 4th century AD and have also opened adevelopment on the way of consuming the terracotta lamps during this period
Boisgérault, Catherine. "L'image de la ville de Gaule dans les sources littéraires latines (284-493) : terminologie de la ville et de ses composantes architecturales". Le Mans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LEMA3008.
Azeredo, Givanildo Alves de. "Mise au point de procédures d'essais mécaniques sur mortiers de terre : application à l'étude de leur rhéologie". Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0091/these.pdf.
Masonries in raw earth (soil) allow to build houses with an environmental moderate cost (and low cost for the south countries) because the use local materials. Of more this method has a positive socioeconomic impact because it favors the manual labour with know-how, contrary to the industrialization of the production of the material. The used architecture is adapted to the material which has to work only in compression. Numerous techniques of construction in earth use this material to the plastic state, the material is taken on-site and contains a quantity of clay from 5% to 20% in dry weight. We shall quote example adobes masonries (blocks of molded earth (MUD) and sun dried) and masonries in CEB (compressed earth block). This thesis presents an experimental study of the mechanical behavior of earth mortars and adobes which are in fact the same material before drying, hand molded of mechanically for the adobe, and put down by the trowel, in thin layer on blocks, for the mortar. The use of local materials implies that it is not possible to recommend a standard composition of materials, it is necessary to adapt to what is found on site. On the other hand we can try to standardize the tests used to control their mechanical quality
Talvas-Jeanson, Sandrine. "Recherches sur les figurines en terre cuite gallo-romaines en contexte archéologique". Toulouse 2, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00550840.
The Romano-Gaulish terracotta figurine must not be regarded as a simple statuette in the round. When associated to a Romano-Gaulish context, on civil, religious or funeral point of view, this work allows the figurine to be apprehended as an archaeological object. It describes the figurines within their archaeological context through the medium of a "representative" inventory of sites associated with an iconographical catalogue. This study aims at defining functions and giving a place to this figurine within the Romano-Gaulish society itself. It drives us into the economical and social, but also religious and funeral, history of a modest fringe of the Romano- Gaulish society. The protection given by these objects is sought by people in the local workshops but also in the homes through the a terracotta representation of Venus, the goddess mother or even a character or an animal. It may seem that it stayed in the circle of the family from birth to death. Primarily considered as a toy, it progressively becomes a daily presence and finally accompanies its owners to the grave. In a context of religion, its role evolves into the shape of a gift or even an ex-voto in places of worship and more particularly in sanctuaries
Cilli-Dogru, Elmas. "Recyclage des déchets de terre cuite". Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0128.
Recycling or reuse of demolition waste from individual houses, small collectives and industrial sites built with fired clay bricks, is currently limited by the presence of mixed waste, which is mainly an assembly of fired clay bricks, mortar and gypsum. In the perspective to valorize fired clay waste from demolition, the presence of gypsum, which may contain sulfates, is a restriction. Currently, the main end-of-life option for non-dissociated fired clay waste is the landfilling in waste storage facilities of class 3. The aim of this PhD thesis is to develop a separation process of mixed fired clay waste, environmentally more friendly than landfilling, in order to recover and valorize secondary raw materials in relevant industrial sectors. A study of the deposit has been done to identify the nature of the mixed demolition waste and to supply representative waste samples. Those samples enable to define the adhesion mechanisms at the interfaces. Then, a separation method has been developed. Finally, three routes have been investigated in order to valorize the recovered clay bricks
Toriti, Magali. "Les bois ouvragés en Gaule romaine : approches croisées archéologiques, anthraco-xylologiques et entomologiques". Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA3007/document.
Wood is one of the most used raw materials in Roman construction. So timber is a key element of theeconomy and of the environment. If stone is easely discovered during excavations timber leaves a fewremains on archaeological excavations. So interpreting resultsis diffi cult.This PhD attempts to approach the Gallo-Roman timber in various aspects (choice and transport ofwood, technical chain of work and wood condition) from an interdisciplinary approach combininghuman and biological sciences.The innovative part of this work is the realization of an atlas to determine the xylophagous’s traces(galleries and frass) into the archaeological wood. Knowing how to identify these traces is importantto develop new archaeological interpretations: Is it an infestation of alive tree? Is it an infestation duringa storage phase, the use of the building or after the abandonment of the site and during the taphonomicalprocess ? To estimate the duration of the infestation and locate its origin; to document choicesand actions of the builders; and to have a better understanding of the conservation of wood heritage
Quebaud, Stéphane. "Contribution à l'étude du percement de galeries par boucliers à pression de terre : amélioration du creusement par l'utilisation des produits moussants". Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10121.
Loppe, Frédéric. "La terre crue dans la fortification en Lauragais : l'exemple de Castelnaudary (Aude) vers 1355-vers 1450". Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10050.
Bui, Quoc-Bao. "Stabilité des structures en pisé : durabilité, caractéristiques mécaniques". Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0093/these.pdf.
Rammed earth construction is an ancient technique which is attracting renewed interest throughout the world today, thanks to the energy performance of this material throughout the lifecycle of a building: construction, occupation and demolition phases. Although rammed earth is currently regarded as a promising material in the construction sector in the context of sustainable development, it is still difficult to quantify its durability, as well as its mechanical and thermal performances, which discourages people from using it. This thesis is devoted to the study of these problems, especially the two first ones. The study of the durability of rammed earth was carried out on rammed earth walls exposed for 20 years to natural weathering, in a wet continental climate. A method to measure the rammed earth walls erosion by stereo-photogrammetry has been developed. The result shows a lifetime longer than 60 years in the case of the unstabilised rammed earth wall. This shows a potential for the use of unstabilised rammed earth in the similar climatic conditions with this study. The method of stereo-photogrammetry used to measure the erosion of rammed earth walls on site may also help to calibrate and develop more pertinent laboratory test to assess the durability of rammed earth wall. The study of the mechanical characteristics of rammed earth in compression was carried out on three different scales. The first is the scale of in-situ walls. Dynamic measurements were carried out on site to determine the Eigen frequencies of the walls. The elastic modulus was determined from the frequencies measured by using a finite element model. The second is the scale of a representative volume element (RVE). Rammed earth RVE samples with dimensions similar to those of the walls on site were manufactured and tested in the laboratory. Finally, at the last scale, called the micro-mechanical scale, tests were performed on equivalent compressed earth blocks (CEBs), which can replace the rammed earth RVE samples to facilitate laboratory tests. An exploratory study of seismic characteristics of rammed earth houses has also been established. The comparison of Eigen periods of rammed earth houses obtained from in-situ measurements and those of empirical formula proposed by seismic standards has been done. The strengthening techniques to improve the seismic capacity of rammed earth houses were also discussed
Tran, Van Huong. "Optimisations mécaniques des constructions en matériaux locaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vaulx-en-Velin, École nationale des travaux publics de l’État, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENTP0014.
Local materials used in civil engineering are directly available on construction site or close places. Among these materials, we studied soil, the rubble stone masonry (stone masonry associated with clay mortar or lime mortar), and the pudding concrete. New constructions using local materials are promising to compete with conventional materials, due to their low embodied energy and reduction of waste. However, until now, these constructions remain limited in the world and particularly in France, due to difficulties of implementation: low strength, lack of design rules and implementation guide. Therefore, the general objective of this thesis is to facilitate the use of local material to build the sustainable constructions. So, study in material and structural scales has been done on this type of construction. At the scale of the material, the mechanical behavior of the local materials has been studied by determining their mechanical properties by laboratory tests. An optimization procedure for the composition of the materials according to their strength has also been proposed for earthen materials (compacted earth, mixed earth and concrete of pudding). At the structural scale, mechanical and dynamical behaviors of constructions using local materials have been studied on some structures. Firstly, the mechanical behavior of a new stone masonry bridge was studied by measuring its displacements at the stage of the formwork removal. The singular profile of the displacements field with a singularity for voussoirs very close to the keystone was found. A 2D numerical analysis of the formwork removal using DEM was proposed to provide better insight on mechanisms that took place on site. The reduction of the extent of the contact zone between the voussoirs enabled finding the peculiar displacement field observed on-site. Secondly, the dynamic behavior of an old rubble stone masonry building was studied by determining its dynamic characteristics using in-situ measurements of background noise. Then, a 3D numerical model using FEM was validated by comparing with experimental results. Seismic vulnerability of the building was also estimated by a simulation of the seismic actions in this model according to EC8. Thirdly, an optimization procedure for the arch shape was proposed in the case of concrete of pudding stone house. The principle of justification of the stability using the yield design analysis was also discussed
Doan, Hung Viet. "Creusement des tunnels en terrain meuble : étude expérimentale sur modèle réduit de tunnelier à pression de terre en sol cohérent-frottant". Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ISAL0117.
Earth Pressure Balanced Shield method (EPBS) is one of the mechanical tunneling procedures adapted to tunneling in saturated soft grounds. In practice, the EPBS method remains relatively complex and different practical difficulties are revealed on the work site itself. This PhD work aims to analyze and understand the main physical mechanisms occurring during EPBS method tunneling through experimental and theoretical approaches. In particular, a specific reduced-scale physical model of the EPBS (1:10 approximately), especially built in laboratory, has been used. The ambition is to provide technical support and guidance to overcome the different difficulties encountered on work sites. In particular, this study should lead to the development of an appropriate numerical tool in pressurized tunneling method modeling. The first chapter presents a state of the art review on the different tunneling methods adapted to soft grounds. The second chapter reminds the principal similitude laws which control the transposition to the full-scale model and their applications and limitations in case of soil mechanic problems. Chapter 3 presents the original EPBS reduced scale model built and used at ENTPE. The experimental procedure used to define a well adapted frictional - cohesive soil model is presented in chapter 4. The choice of this new material (humid fine silica sand) has been led by considering the conditions of partial similitude. In particular, the mechanical characteristics of this model of soils have been identified from several series of axi - symmetric tri-axial tests carried out under low levels of lateral stress. Chapters 5 and 6 present and analyse the results of five tests carried out with the EPBS model. These results concern the identification of the different rates of excavation. In particular, for each tunneling rate, the stress-strain soil behavior is studied and the sensitivity of the main control parameters available on the command shield is debated
Matte, Jean-Sébastien. "Comportement des bâtiments axisymétriques avec retrait excentré en élévation sous sollicitation sismique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25544.
Asymmetric setback buildings are becoming increasingly popular because of the architectural and practical advantages they offer. However, the characteristic geometry of this type of building comes, in the direction perpendicular to the setback, with an increased sensitivity to torsional motion. This study is concerned with the growth of the body of knowledge concerning the effects of the level and degree of setback on the coupled translational-torsional behaviour of asymmetric setback buildings in their direction perpendicular to the setback and the assessment of the torsional sensitivity requirements as proposed by the different building codes and the literature. Results suggest that the variation of the level and the degree of setback has a significant effect on the coupled translational-torsional behaviour of asymmetric setback structures in the direction perpendicular to the setback and thus on their sensitivity to torsional behaviour. Keywords : Asymmetric setback buildings, structural dynamics, seismic behaviour, translational-torsional behaviour, code requirements assessment.
Laborel-Preneron, Aurélie. "Formulation and characterization of unfired clay bricks with plant aggregates". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30140.
Construction is one of the most polluting sectors of industry, and this is why developing sustainable building materials is of world-wide interest. Earth is being increasingly studied as a building material because of its low environmental impact and its abilities to regulate indoor moisture and to improve the building occupants' comfort. Plant aggregates and fibers have been incorporated into the earth matrix for thousands of years to enhance its performance, but scientific studies began quite recently. Nowadays, the addition of renewable resources can be achieved with agricultural by-products, thus allowing carbon dioxide to be captured. As part of the Bioterra project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), this thesis has the objective of contributing to the development of earth-based materials containing plant aggregates that can be used in bricks. After an extensive characterization of the different plant resources, namely barley straw, hemp shiv and corn cob, a comparative study of the use and durability properties of the composite materials is made. A survey of the production and use of bio-resources in France showed good availability of the resources studied in the present research, although they are primarily used as human food and animal litter. In the experimental tests, a decrease of the mechanical strength was observed with the addition of plant aggregates. However, the ductility of the bio-composites increased. Thanks to its elongated shape, straw is the plant aggregate that gives the best results. Concerning hygrothermal properties, thermal conductivity is reduced and the vapor sorption capacity is slightly increased. Nevertheless, earth alone is very permeable. The addition of plant aggregates thus brings no benefit concerning the apparent water vapor permeability. Finally, plant aggregates improve some durability criteria, such as impact or erosion resistance, but limit abrasion resistance. With regard to fire, bio-composites are still not combustible, even if they contain a significant quantity of lignocellulosic matter. They are, however, transformed with firing, when the earth is fired and the plant material smolder. Lastly, the study on microbial growth contributed to the development of an experimental methodology. The incorporation of straw seems to facilitate mold growth in comparison with earth alone. However, proliferation appears only in the worst conditions: for material subjected to a temperature of 30°C and a relative humidity of 93%, after inoculation with Aspergillus brasiliensis strain. To summarize, the addition of different plant aggregates in an earth matrix improves some properties but deteriorates others. The formulation of a composite material (particularly the nature and the content of the plant aggregate) will thus depend on its intended use in the building. Therefore, a compromise has to be found among the different properties
Gandreau, David. "Patrimoines archéologiques en terre et développement local : enjeux interdisciplinaires et perspectives de formation". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH024/document.
Very present on archaeological sites, the vestiges of earthen architecture are arousing a growing interest, for the scientific community, for the authorities in charge of heritage protection, for the local populations and for the general public, fan of cultural tourism. More and more projects for study, conservation and enhancement of earthen architecture in archaeological context are emerging in the world, with a view to contributing to local and territorial development. These projects involve multiple skills, borrowing in particular from the disciplines of archeology, of architecture, of heritage conservation, and from the field of heritage valorisation. Specialists in each field are invited to collaborate on projects that are more numerous and more complex, integrating the inputs and expectations of very diverse stakeholders, in a holistic and contextualized approach to heritage management (Agnew, Bridgland 2006).The conditions governing these new collaborations are studied in depth in this thesis, in order to analyze the interdisciplinary challenges and the resulting training issues. We make the hypothesis that the links between the various actors involved in the archaeological heritage generate more specific training prospects, and even the emergence of new trades at the crossroads and interfaces of the disciplines, which would better meet current expectations with regard to this heritage.The research is based on field surveys and stakeholder meetings realized over the long term (fifteen years of scientific and professional practice), at five main sites and twelve reference sites, mainly in Asia, but also in Africa and in Latin America. An analysis grid allows to compare the practices observed on the field with the international recommendations in terms of study, conservation and valorisation of the archaeological heritage built with earth. These recommendations are based on a corpus of reference publications, international charters and declarations, conferences on earthen architecture and international programs on this theme. The results of the comparative analysis lead us to make methodological proposals and to formulate guidelines for more specific training programs. In this way, we wish to contribute to the new research and training dynamics that are set up around the earthen archaeological heritage and its contribution to local development
Champiré, Florian. "Étude expérimentale du comportement hydro-mécanique de la terre crue compactée pour la construction". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET007/document.
Earthen buildings can provide an answer to face difficulties in modern constructions in both terms of sociology, economics as well as ecology. However, the difficulty to understand and to predict their behavior prevent the spreading of this technique in developed countries. This PhD is part of a research program called “Primaterre” and founded by the French National Agency for Research. It aims at providing the necessary scientific knowledge to overcome this lack and at helping the creation of appropriate standards. This work is more precisely focusing on the impact of water on the mechanical behavior of the fine proportion of the material, including sand, silt and clay, and on three different earths coming from existing rammed earth constructions. In order to be able to produce samples as identical and homogeneous as possible, a mold has first been designed, which enable to manufacture cylindrical samples with diameter of 3.5cm and height of 7cm. A triaxial cell was used and, the second step was to design different devices allowing the measurement of axial and radial deformations, the conditioning at constant temperature, and the command of a variable moist air flux at both sides of the sample. Different types of tests have thus been realized : triaxial tests at different relative humidity, as well as swelling tests. The mechanical parameters thus obtained have been analyzed in comparison with material characteristics measured in parallel. Finally, results of swelling tests have been analysed using numerical modelling, in order to assess more complex material characteristics. This thesis work ends with an additional study, aiming at evaluating the impact of scale change on the mechanical parameters previously measured. Tests have been conducted on sample approximatively twice larger, and thanks to a simpler experimental device using measurement through image correlation
Haurine, Frédéric. "Caractérisation d'atterrissements d'argiles récents sur le territoire français, en vue de leur valorisation dans l'industrie des matériaux de construction en terre cuite". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0066.
Preservation of natural resources becomes an important issue in our societies. Raw materials of the fired-clay industry are considered as non-renewable because there are extracted from fossil geologic formations. In this context, current fine-grained deposits of fluvial and coastal systems constitute alternatives to the quarrying of geologic formations. The aim of this thesis is firstly to assess, within France, the renewal of the resource for such materials; and secondly, to seek alternative methods to enhance the use of such sediments to reduce the yearly volume of fossil sediments consumed by fired-clay industry.A first evaluation allowed highlighting that the renewal of the source of fine sediments is provided by the fluvial and coastal deposits with more than 20 Mm3/yr especially in relation to hydraulic management.Development of a Mineralogical Reference Framework (MRF) from industrial mixtures allowed the evaluation of sites taking into account the sediment composition. This MRF constitutes a rapid screening of a site compared to the classic method that necessitates several experiments. This is to be applied to sites which potential has been validated by the MRF.Only a part of the source, about 5 Mm3, can be used by the fired-clay industry which consumes 3,5 Mm3/yr. Fine material resource seems to be renewable.Finally, the realization of mixtures with shortening agents or other sediments with complementary properties allows valuing a larger number of fine-grained deposits
Laou, Lamyaa. "Evaluation du comportement mécanique sous sollicitations thermohydriques d'un mur multimatériaux (bois, terre crue, liants minéraux) lors de sa construction et de son utilisation". Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0066/document.
Global climate problems push us to design energy-saving constructive systems. The use of walls made of eco-materials (wooden frame with a filling of brick of raw earth and assembled by mineral mortar) appears as an interesting alternative solution being in linewith the objectives in terms of sustainable development. In order to use a numerical simulation approach to this type of constructive system, a thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling tool was developed. On the one hand, it aims to predict the wall's ability to regulate the ambient hygrothermal conditions during day / night alternations according to the different ventilation assumptions and, on the other hand, to identify the various scenarios described in terms of temperature which can induce the appearance of cracks in the wall, both during construction and operating conditions. The originality of the work carried out on the properties of the raw earth make us able to develop a multidisciplinary experimental campaign to characterize the thermal, hydric and mechanical properties under different humidity conditions. These properties feed the numerical model with the necessary adaptations presented. The results present both the impact on hygrothermal comfort and to the effect of humidity changes on the mechanical durability of the wall
Bruno, Agostino Walter. "Étude du comportement hygro- mécanique de la terre crue hyper-compactée pour la construction durable". Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3021/document.
The present work explores the hygro-mechanical behaviour of a raw earth material and investigates different stabilisation techniques to improve the durability of the material against water erosion. An extensive campaign of laboratory tests was performed on both unstabilised and stabilised materials at two different scales: small cylindrical samples and large bricks. An innovative manufacturing method based on the application of very high compaction pressures (hypercompaction) was proposed. Also, the compaction load was maintained constant for a sufficient period of time to allow soil consolidation. The main objective was to increase material density, thus improving mechanical performance. Samples compacted with the proposed method exhibited a dry density of about 2320 kg/m3, which is the highest value registered in the literature for an unstabilised earthen material. The effect of the compaction pressure on the material fabric was assessed by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption tests. Results showed that the increase of compaction pressure reduced material porosity with major effects on large inter-aggregate pores. On the contrary, small intra-aggregate pores were not affected by the mechanical compaction. Mechanical tests were then performed to measure stiffness and strength of both unstabilised and stabilised samples. These tests demonstrated that hypercompaction can largely improve the mechanical response of the material over conventional manufacturing methods. Hypercompacted bricks showed a compressive strength comparable with that of traditional building materials, such as stabilised compressed earth and fired bricks. The hygroscopic behaviour of both unstabilised and stabilised samples was investigated. The capacity of the samples to absorb/release water vapour was assessed by measuring their moisture buffering value (MBV). Results showed that unstabilised earth has an excellent capacity to buffer ambient humidity. This capacity was significantly reduced by the different stabilisation techniques tested in the present work. Finally, the durability against water erosion of both unstabilised and stabilised bricks was assessed by performing different tests prescribed by the norm DIN 18945 (2013). Stabilised bricks exhibited a higher resistance against water erosion compared to unstabilised bricks. Still, these materials cannot be adopted for structural applications exposed to natural weathering as indicated by the norm DIN 18945 (2013). Therefore, further investigation is required to identify novel stabilisation methods that can balance the needs of sustainability, durability, moisture buffering and mechanical performance
Gasnier, Hugo. "Construire en terres d'excavation, un enjeu pour la ville durable". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAH001/document.
This thesis explores the potentials of using excavated earth as a building material and examines the relevance of a valorization of this resource for sustainable buildings in the actual French context with a more particular focus on the Parisian region. It is structured around a double question within the framework of the ecological transition of the inhabited environment: is it relevant to transform the excavated earth of the construction sites of major urban centers into a resource for architecture and which are the potentials for the construction of a sustainable city ?The growth of big cities is generating millions of tons of excavated earth yearly, issued from the necessary earthworks for the construction of new buildings or excavated during the creation of transport infrastructures (tunnels, railway stations, roads,…). On is own, the Grand Paris Express construction site « should generate 30 to 40 millions of tons »[1] of excavated earth that will be principally shipped by barges out of Paris to be stocked or buried in adapted sites. This process has a huge financial, energetical and ecological cost, and a potential usable resource is buried, hence the importance of the question on the possibilities of using this earth as a building material.At the beginning of this thesis in 2015, few researches and even less practices had been done on the subject. But, ever since the first meetings, the actors expressed their interest for the possible valorization of the excavated earth as a resource.On one hand, it was time to make an inventory of the scientific knowledges of the material earth, the current practices in earthen architecture and the professional earthen building specialists. On the other hand, it was necessary to decrypt the context and the system of actors around the excavated earth in the Grand Paris territory. Finally, the presence of motivated actors in the Grand Paris has facilitated the prospective reflection on the potential use of these earths in architecture including having the opportunity to observe the first concrete results
Gouichiche, Zaki. "Contribution à la modélisation des systèmes mise à la terre : .en vue de la simulation des réseaux électriques du bâtiment". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT005/document.
In order to answer the need for energy efficiency, building, whatever it is (industrial, commercial, domestic), still electrifies more and more. Hence many equipment, in particular power electronic or actuators are introduced and produce conducted and radiated electromagnetic disturbances. They propagate via cabling and protection devices which have been sized for 50Hz and not for high frequencies generated by the equipment. This constitutes the EMC problematic for building.The proposed modeling methodology is to evaluate an electrical equivalent circuit for each installation’s component. Access to lumped parameters of each component is one of the highlights of this method, allowing the other components association (couplings). The generated models are implemented in a circuit software such as Spice, enabling the resolution and the association of other electrical components.The modeling of the components, mainly the grounding circuit, allows the simulation of different configurations. The analysis of several configurations should help the elaboration of design rules to make today buildings more efficient
Dandrau, Alain. "La construction en terre dans le monde égéen protohistorique : les matériaux et leurs propriétés". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010615.
The most part of the protohistoric aegean sites has given a lot of pieces of earth architecture (pieces of bricks or daub, wall or floor-plasters. . . ). These are usually ignored by the archaeologist. This work, placed between archaeology and archaeometry, want to demonstrate that these construction materials can serve as a source of information of the past societies. The archaeological fragments came from Dikili Tash in Macedonian Greece (5th millenium bc), and from Malia in Crete (2000-1100 bc). The materials used give us informations about architectural structures, technics of building and relations between men and the environment. The analysis have proven that the clay was choosen because of special physical characteristics (waterproof properties for roofs and floors, cohesive earth for walls. . . ). For wall-plasters, physico-chemical analysis were indispensable complements for stylistic and iconographic studies. A typology of plasters, based on function and composition, bring up technological and chronological informations
Haurine, Frédéric. "Caractérisation d'atterrissements d'argiles récents sur le territoire français, en vue de leur valorisation dans l'industrie des matériaux de construction en terre cuite". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0066/document.
Preservation of natural resources becomes an important issue in our societies. Raw materials of the fired-clay industry are considered as non-renewable because there are extracted from fossil geologic formations. In this context, current fine-grained deposits of fluvial and coastal systems constitute alternatives to the quarrying of geologic formations. The aim of this thesis is firstly to assess, within France, the renewal of the resource for such materials; and secondly, to seek alternative methods to enhance the use of such sediments to reduce the yearly volume of fossil sediments consumed by fired-clay industry.A first evaluation allowed highlighting that the renewal of the source of fine sediments is provided by the fluvial and coastal deposits with more than 20 Mm3/yr especially in relation to hydraulic management.Development of a Mineralogical Reference Framework (MRF) from industrial mixtures allowed the evaluation of sites taking into account the sediment composition. This MRF constitutes a rapid screening of a site compared to the classic method that necessitates several experiments. This is to be applied to sites which potential has been validated by the MRF.Only a part of the source, about 5 Mm3, can be used by the fired-clay industry which consumes 3,5 Mm3/yr. Fine material resource seems to be renewable.Finally, the realization of mixtures with shortening agents or other sediments with complementary properties allows valuing a larger number of fine-grained deposits
Lavedan, Gérard. "Aménagement hydroélectrique de Turkwel en bordure du rift - Kenya : contribution du génie géologique à la conception et aux travaux de l'aménagement souterrain". Grenoble 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE10145.
Hamard, Erwan. "Rediscovering of vernacular adaptative construction strategies for sustainable modern building : application to cob and rammed earth". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET011/document.
The use of local, natural and unprocessed materials offers promising low impact building solutions. The wide spatial variability of these materials is, however, an obstacle to a large-scale use. The construction strategies developed by past builders were dictated by the local climate and the quality and the amount of locally available construction materials. These construction strategies can be regarded as an optimized management of local, natural and variable resources and are a source of inspiration for modern sustainable building. Unfortunately, this knowledge was lost in Western countries during the 20th century. Vernacular earth construction know-how rediscovering requires the development of rational built heritage investigation means. Another issue regarding the use of natural and variable building material is their compliance with modern building regulation. The development of performance based testing procedures is proposed as a solution to facilitate the use of earth as a building material. A multidisciplinary approach is proposed, combining micromorphology, pedology, geotechnics and heritage disciplines to study vernacular earth heritage. It provides complementary tools to assess pedological sources of construction material and geotechnical characteristics of earth employed in vernacular earth heritage. It also provides a detailed description of the construction process of vernacular earth heritage. Using these results, it was possible to draw resource maps and provide a scale of magnitude of resource availability at regional scale. Two performance based testing procedures were proposed in order to take into account the natural variability of earth in a modern building context. Earth construction will play an important role in the modern sustainable building of the 21st century if the actors of the sector adopt earth construction processes able to meet social demand, with low environmental impact and at an affordable cost. The study of earth heritage demonstrated the ability of historical earth builders to innovate in order to comply with social demand variations and technical developments. Earth construction benefits of an old and rich past and it would be a non-sense to leave this past behind. The analysis of earth heritage and the rediscovering of vernacular construction techniques is a valuable source of inspiration for modern earth construction. The valorisation of vernacular knowledge will save time, energy and avoid repeating past mistakes. The future of earth construction should be a continuation of past vernacular earth construction
Kohandelnia, Mojtaba. "Development of self-consolidating earth concrete (SCEC) with improved multifunctional performan ce for green construction". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS011.
The earth construction is identified as a green construction by using locally available materials with low environmental impacts and superior thermal performance. Besides all the advantages of this construction material, the casting process can be very time and energy consuming due to the nature of dynamic compaction. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of achieving self-consolidating earth concrete (SCEC) with introduction of its potential challenges and investigating its rheo-thermomechanical performance. As the first challenge, the presence of fine particles in earth, especially clay, can hinder the flowability of SCEC. Promoting the setting time is the second challenge due to the low cement content. The last challenge comes from the diversity of earth with different behaviors which makes it difficult to propose a comprehensive guideline to design SCEC.Potential solutions were introduced to achieve SCEC and address the inefficiency of earth materials. The main objective was to understand the efficiency of different chemical admixtures in presence of various ternary powder systems (i.e., clay, silt, and cement). A new concrete-equivalent mortar (CEM) approach was introduced in the Phase 3. Accordingly, the CEM and concrete mixtures were investigated to verify the feasibility of SCEC. The hygrothermal and microstructural characteristics of the selected SCEC mixtures were investigated. This novel material offers a new microstructural system, hence leading to a different hygrothermal performance compared to conventional earthen materials
Chau, Truong-Linh. "Effet de la corrosion des armatures sur le comportement des murs en remblai renforcé par des éléments métalliques". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583156.
Labintan, Clément. "Modélisation thermomécanique de la paroi des greniers de stockage de céréales en banco". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0060/document.
The storage of cereals is done in rural areas in northern Benin in earth silo that have a limited capacity. The numerous attempts to introduce modern shops have been rejected by the population. This work aims to study the possibility of increasing the storage volume of Yom type silo without changing its architectural form, nor the clay-straw-nere composite. The experimental characterization of the mechanical behaviour of the banco, the construction material of these silo made it possible to define the best dosage for maximum characteristics. By varying the proportion of straw and decoction of nere, the influence on the raw earth of the straw and the decoction is highlighted. The simulation of grain action (filling and discharging) on the silo wall and the analysis of the induced deformations shows that there is a possibility of building larger earth silo. A parametric optimization of the dimensions was made. The effect of successive heating on the silo wall has been considered by modelling heat transfer. The modelling of the temperature profiles in various silo-oriented sections shows that the flow is well damped and the ambient conditions in the attic guarantee good conservation. It is therefore possible to build earth silo with large storage capacity that could be used as community silo or cereal banks for village cooperatives. This solution would solve the problem of food insecurity in rural areas
Thomalla, Marc. "L'anthropologie d'Ausone : étude de la relation au monde d'un lettré de l'Antiquité tardive". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3001.
Decimius Magnus Ausonius was one of the most remarkable erudites of the fourth century. Famous for his poetry, he was also a prominent politician as a consul.Examination of the influence of the Greco-Latin cultural heritage highlights its attachment to traditional values. This attachment is also visible in his social and friendly relationships. His remarkable ability to adapt led him to the height of power. His attachment to traditional cultural heritage also influenced his philosophical and religious conceptions. Thus, his relationship with Paulin de Nole shows that he is not a Christian.Strong female family influences structured his personality. Thus, his approach to femininity, love for his wife, and the relationship with Bissula show a poet close to Ovid. He appears, thus, as a precursor of courtly loveHis relationship to body, sex, old age and death is specific. It is the same in his relation to nature and the native land where a Celtic influence is notableHis origins and his social and personal background distinguish him from his Latin contemporaries. Roman by its culture, Celtic by its origins, Ausone appears as a typical representative of a hybrid Gallo-Roman culture
Ngo, Duc chinh. "Développement d’un nouveau éco-béton à base de sol et fibres végétales : étude du comportement mécanique et de durabilité". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0885/document.
The ecological design of structures and the sustainable development is nowadays of high importance in the construction industry. Thus, alternative building materials such as soil concrete containing a proportion of various ecological components are of high importance nowadays. The aim of producing ecological concrete is to reduce the consumption of cement and thus the CO2 production, to provide alternatives to the impoverishment of resources and to reduce the energy consumption in the production process.In recent years, many changes have been observed in the construction methods with the aim to replace traditional concrete by alternative construction materials such as concrete containing a high proportion of various ecological component called "green" while maintaining acceptable properties for the desired application. For instance, constructions made of cost effective raw soils are of real interest since the thermal and acoustic properties are more important than that of ordinary concrete. However, more researchs are needed in order to have a better understanding of their mechanical properties and their durability.This study aims to optimize the composition of a new ecological concrete constituted of upgraded excavated soil. Several soil concrete mixtures, composed of different proportions of clayey soil, sandy soil and small quantities of cement, lime and hemp fibers have been tested. The mineralogy and chemical composition of clayey soil was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) coupled with the X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). The casting of the concrete mixtures has been realized by vibration, as ordinary concrete, to obtain the required workability on construction sites.Compressive tests have been carried out on samples at different curing time and conditions. The ultrasonic non-destructive technique has been used for monitoring the hardening of soil concrete in function of the curing conditions. As soil concrete presents important volumetric change that can cause the infiltration of water and impact their durability, an experimental investigation on autogenous and drying shrinkage is reported. Water porosity and water absorption tests have been also carried out to evaluate the transfer property of the porous material. The carbonation of this concrete was also evaluated. The durability of the soil concrete was examined by following the deferred deformations and more particularly the endogenous shrinkage and desiccation as well as the flexural creep
Brouard, Yoann. "Caractérisation et optimisation d'un composite biosource pour l'habitat". Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4024.
The purpose of this study was to compare hygrothermal acoustical and mechanical properties ot different materials based on vegetal aggregates and clay in order to characterize the performances of different biocomposites to provide building insulation solutions with a view to valorizing agricultural waste. We first analyzed the raw materials in order to get the density, thermal and hydric properties of the vegetal aggregates in one hand and the mineralogy and gravimetric data of the selected crude earth in the other hand. Thermal behavior of earth:vegetal aggregates mixes have been investigated at different humidity rates and different density ranges. Additionally, hydric properties have been measured to produce sorption and desorption curves and moisture buffer values (MBV) in one hand and capillarity of both aggregates and biocomposites on the other hand. One of the main interests of this study is to confirm that a wide range of locally produced vegetal byproducts could be used as - bioaggregates for concretes. Local biomaterials industries could therefore emerge depending on the locally available resources at country scale
Saba, Simona. "Comportement hydromécanique différé des barrières ouvragées argileuses gonflantes". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00985466.