Tesi sul tema "Congo (French)"

This thesis intends to explore colonial fictions written in French and set in the former Belgian Congo between 1945 and 1960. The investigation will focus on George Duncan (1898-1967), Henri Cornélus (1913-1983), Marcel Tinel (1904-?) and Joseph Esser (1901-?). The thesis - throughout - will endeavour to focus on both ethics and poetics. In order to achieve this overarching (double) objective it will attempt to address the following questions: (1) how are colonised subjects and colonisers represented by this fictional material? (2) how do colonial novelists account for and/or sympathise with the emergence of a Congolese opposition after the Second World War? (3) what are the implicit and explicit strategies deployed by the corpus to support or question the discourse(s) on which Belgian colonialism was premised? (4) what is colonial imagination? Did it decolonise itself - and if so how? - with the demise of the Belgian empire in 1960? In its poet(h)ical investigation this thesis will rely (a) on a range of representatives of postcolonial thinking such as Sartre, Fanon, Mouralis, Glissant and Mudimbe, (b) as well as a number of literary critics whose work is of relevance for my study. Chapter I will contextualise the thesis from both a critical and an historical standpoint and fall into four distinct parts. Part i will provide a historical overview of the Congo under Belgian rule. Part ii will concentrate on Belgian colonial discourse with a particular emphasis on its main ideologue, Pierre Ryckmans (1891-1959). Part iii will deal with the two colonial art and literary critics Gaston-Denys Périer (1879-1963) and Joseph-Marie Jadot (1886-1967) and their attempt to (a) promote colonial writing and (b) create synergies between 'white' and 'black' literatures at a time (1945-60) which coincided with the emergence of the first Congolese writers in French under the auspices of the journal La Voix du Congolais. Part iv will focus on the reassessment of Belgian colonial literature by contemporary critics. Chapters II to V will be author-based. In each case a central text will be read with / against a number of other primary sources. Chapter II will deal with Duncan's five colonial novels and their recurring main protagonist with a particular emphasis on Blancs et Noirs (1949). Chapter III will read Cornélus' novel Kufa (1954) against his collection of short stories Bakonji. Les Chefs, (1955). Whereas Duncan's and Cornélus' fictions primarily concentrate on white male subjects for whom Central Africa is a mere theatrical backdrop meant to be metaphorically mirroring the decline of Western civilisation, Tinel and Esser give their preferences to Congolese protagonists and engage more deeply with local cultures. Chapter IV will attempt to interpret Tinel's novel Le Monde de Nzakomba (1959) in the light of (a) Tinet's journalistic pieces on the colonial situation and (b) with regard to 'négritude', one of the underlying themes of the novel. In Chapter V the reading will focus on Esser's novel Matuli, fille d'Afrique (1960). As for Tinel, the interpretation will also rely on Esser's non fictional writing, the bulk of which is dealing with bantou culture. The conclusion of the thesis will propose a paradigmatic categorisation of the Belgian colonial corpus during the given period.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the least developed countries in the world and its school system needs to be improved. The aim of this research is to find out what the Congolese state expects from language teaching (French and English), how this is described in the curriculum, and whether this differs from the curriculum of a more developed country, such as Sweden. Through a content analysis, the language view, the role of the teacher and views of pupil participation are investigated. The Swedish curriculum and the Congolese programme of French show similarities by communicative and constructivist views, while the Congolese programme of English demonstrates behaviouristic features. This study can serve as an example of how the language context, i.e., second language v. foreign language, as well as the national culture, influence the curriculum.
Demokratiska republiken Kongo är ett av världens minst utvecklade länder och dess skolsystem är i behov av en förbättring. Språk är en viktig del i utvecklingen av landet. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på vad den kongolesiska staten förväntar sig av sin språkundervisning, hur den beskrivs i styrdokument samt om den skiljer sig från läroplanen i ett mer utvecklat land som Sverige. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har uppfattningar om uppsatsens teman; språksyn, lärarens roll och elevdeltagande, hittats. Materialet som analyserats är den kongolesiska skolans program för franska och engelska, samt den svenska läroplanen inklusive kursplanerna för franska och engelska. Analysen avser de första åren i den kongolesiska sekundärskolan och det svenska högstadiet, vilka motsvarar varandra när det gäller elevernas ålder. Skillnaden i DR Kongo mellan andraspråk (franska) och främmande språk (engelska) berörs.Den svenska läroplanen samt det kongolesiska programmet för franska visar många likheter genom att lyfta fram kommunikativa och konstruktivistiska perspektiv. Det kongolesiska programmet för engelska har däremot behavioristiska drag. Lärarens olika roller och hur elevdeltagande lyfts fram förstärker dessa språksyner. De två kongolesiska programmen liknar dock varandra när det gäller synen på hur läraren ska behandla språkliga fel i klassrummet. Studien kan ses som ett exempel på hur språkkontexten, d.v.s. andraspråk och främmande språk, likväl som den nationella kulturen påverkar läroplaner.

Le Code civil français a exercé une influence considérable sur la codification civile congolaise. En 1895, par le biais de la colonisation, les Belges avaient importé au Congo le Code Napoléon qu’ils avaient eux-mêmes hérité des conquêtes de l’Empereur français. Le système juridique congolais qui jadis était basé sur le droit coutumier non écrit, fait de multiples coutumes et mœurs locales, s’était alors doté d’un Code rationnalisé calqué sur le modèle français. Après l’indépendance, le pouvoir politique congolais avait voulu remplacer le Code colonial qui était non seulement lacunaire mais surtout inadapté à la mentalité et aux traditions congolaises. Les travaux législatifs engagés notamment sur la partie relative aux droits des personnes et de la famille ont requis le recours à l’authenticité congolaise… En 1987, le législateur congolais a édicté la loi portant le Code de la famille. Ce Code qui pourtant prônait la rupture avec l’ancien Code colonial ne s’est-il pas finalement aligné sur ce même modèle contesté ? Quel choix le législateur congolais a-t-il fait entre tradition et modernité ? Quelles sont les principales nouveautés de ce Code ? Quelles critiques en a-t-on fait ? Aujourd’hui, 20 ans après son élaboration, le vieillissement du Code de la famille ne nécessite-il pas une recodification ?
The French Law has exercised significant influence on Congolese codifications; the most outstanding example is no doubt civil codifications. In reality, the Congolese legal system once based on the unwritten customary law made on multiple customs and community behaviours received through the Belgian colonization, with some adjustments, the Napoleonic Code that the Belgium has therefore received from Napoleonic conquests. This Code is also always applied in Belgium. But after the Congolese’s national independence, political power had wanted to replace the colonial Code which was the mentality and Congolese customs but still incomplete. Furthermore, the legislative work initiated on the part relating to the rights of persons and the family, which led to performing in 1987 of the Family Code, had advocated the use of the right traditional (authenticity). However, apart from the integration of a few customary institutions, this new Congolese Code is the modern fundamental (imperative of development). In fact, it renewed and even amplified the French law that associated others European rights and African postcolonial. But today, this Code has definitely aged; what might therefore be the best remedies to more valuable ? _______________________________________________________________________________________

La fin du XXe siècle restera sans doute à jamais gravée dans la mémoire collective ou dans l’histoire comme un moment es¬sentiel de bouleversements politiques marqué par les progrès de l’idéologie démocratique. Comme la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne francophone, la République du Congo s’est engagée au sortir de la Conférence nationale de 1991 dans un processus de démocratisation politique qui semble s’éterniser jusqu’à nos jours, entraînant la libéralisation entière ou partielle du paysage médiatique, plaçant ainsi la nouvelle presse écrite privée au cœur de la démocratisation de la société. Ce fut le moment de sonner le glas au monopole des médias publics et de permettre l’émergence et l’élargissement d’un nouvel espace public où devraient règner beaucoup plus dynamiquement le pluralisme d’opinions et la liberté d’expression. La floraison des journaux ayant entraîné une utilisation abusive de la liberté de ton retrouvée, la « ligne de démarcation » entre la presse et le monde politique reste alors floue dans un pays qui va faire face à une série de conflits sociopolitiques poussant la nouvelle presse écrite privée congolaise à se diviser en deux principaux camps, c’est-à-dire la presse pro-pouvoir et la presse pro-opposition. En nous appuyant sur des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, notre objectif à travers cette thèse est d’étudier comment le bihebdomadaire catholique La Semaine Africaine a traité les sujets ayant marqué l’actualité politique congolaise entre 1990 et 2016 en tentant d’identifier ses attitudes et ses prises de position face aux différents événements sociopolitiques. L’analyse de la pratique éditoriale de La Semaine Africaine, quoi qu’évoluant dans un cadre légal et institutionnel restrictif et contraignant, nous permet de comprendre que, grâce à sa liberté de ton, le journal catholique aborde sans complaisance et en toute impartialité tous les sujets d’actualité politique nationale, même ceux qui sont considérés comme sensibles pour le pouvoir en place. Espace d’expression de toutes les sensibilités politiques congolaises, sans distinction, La Semaine Africaine a joué un rôle important dans le processus de démocratisation du pays entre 1990 et 2016, en luttant pour la consolidation de la démocratie et en s’impliquant pleinement dans l’ouverture d’espaces de débats et dans la formation de l’opinion publique en faveur de la gouvernance démocratique
The end of the twentieth century will undoubtedly remain forever engraved in the collective memory or in history as an essential moment of political upheaval marked by the progress of democratic ideology. Like most countries of French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, the Republic of Congo is committed at the end of the National Conference of 1991 in a process of political democratization which seems to drag on until our days, involving the whole or partial liberalization of the media landscape, thus placing the new private written press at the heart of the democratization of society. It was time to sound the death knell for the monopoly of the public media and to allow the emergence and enlargement of a new public space where pluralism of opinion and freedom of expression. The flourishing of newspapers having led to an abusive use of the freedom of your found , the “dividing line” between the press and the political world remains blurred in a country which is going to face a series of socio-political conflicts pushing the new Congolese private print press to be divided into two main camps, that is to say the pro-power press and the pro-opposition press. By relying on qualitative and quantitative methods, our objective through this thesis is to study how the biweekly Catholic La Semaine Africaine has treated the subjects that have marked the news Congolese politics between 1990 and 2016 by trying to identify its attitudes and its positions vis-à-vis different socio-political events allows us to understand that, thanks to its freedom of tone, the Catholic newspaper approaches without complacency and in all impartiality all the national political current affairs, even those who are considered sensitive to the government in power. Space of expression of all Congolese political sensitivities, without distinction, La Semaine Africaine played an important role in the process of democratization of the country between 1990 and 2016, by fighting for the consolidation of democracy and by getting fully involved in the opening of spaces for debate and in the formation of public opinion in favor of democratic governance

O Estado Independente do Congo foi reconhecido internacionalmente em 1885 como resultado da ação de representantes europeus em obter tratados de cessão de soberania junto às autoridades e chefes africanos da região da bacia do Congo. No entanto, a implantação de uma missão civilizadora, em consonância com os interesses comerciais do monarca belga Leopoldo II, não se deu sem conflitos, embates e resistências. A crueldade e a arbitrariedade que marcaram tal processo ecoaram na opinião pública internacional, gerando movimentos de denúncias sobre as violências que vitimaram as populações africanas. Este trabalho busca analisar as reações e acomodações ocorridas a partir da situação colonial que se impôs frente a um contexto no qual se faziam presentes múltiplas e variadas formas de organização política das sociedades africanas da região.
The Congo Free State was internationally recognized in 1885 as a result of the action of European representatives in obtaining sovereignty transfer treaties with the African authorities and leaders of the Congo Basin region. However, the implementation of a \"civilizing mission\" aligned to the commercial interests of the Belgian king Leopold II, has not been without conflicts, struggles and resistances. The cruelty and arbitrariness that have marked this process echoed on the international public opinion, generating movements of complaints about violence toward the African populations. This work seeks to analyze the reactions and accommodations that followed the colonial situation that was imposed in a context in which were present multiple and varied forms of political organization of African societies in the region.

The Örebro Mission was founded by John Ongman in 1891. Missionary work in Central Africa began through Ongman’s local church in 1914, at first within other mission societies, but was later continued by the Örebro Mission. From 1921 the Örebro Mission developed its own work in Middle Congo and Oubangui-Chari within French Equatorial Africa. The aim of this thesis is to study how the process of change took place, starting with pioneering work undertaken by Swedish missionaries and resulting in the founding of independent Baptist churches. The analysis is based on the classic three-self policy, aiming at self-governing, self-supporting and self-extending indigenous churches. Using the principal-agent perspective in history writing, the role and significance of a number of key persons are focused. The interaction between the internal process and the cultural, political and ecumenical contexts is taken into consideration. The thesis shows that the three-self formula was used from the beginning as a theoretical goal, but also that its realization was seen in a very long time perspective. Several steps were gradually taken in that direction, but the study shows that contextual factors became as important incitements for the change as the missionaries’ own theologically based motives. It rather took “a second conversion” from a colonial mental framework to speed up the process in its final phase towards the creation of African denominations and the integration into them in 1962 of the Swedish mission structure and work.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar as concepções poéticas do escritor francês Théophile Gautier (1811-1872), figura relevante para a arte de diversos outros poetas e de movimentos literários posteriores. Tendo em vista que ele participou tanto das tentativas de consolidação do movimento romântico na França em 1830 quanto do desenvolvimento da poética do Parnasse, busca-se compreender como se formou o seu estilo e como se firmou o seu pensamento, para, assim, partirmos ao objetivo principal do trabalho, que é o de assinalar a unidade de algumas obras em prosa de natureza fantástica e de sua obra poética, sobretudo da publicada em 1852, Émaux et Camées. Para esse fim, discorreremos, inicialmente, sobre as relações, por vezes conflituosas, entre o espírito burguês, os partidários de mudanças sociais e os artistas. Localizadas as questões que marcaram o poeta, que, particularmente, são a rejeição à demanda por utilidade social da arte e à necessidade de um posicionamento político do artista, partiremos à análise do corpus, aparentemente tão diverso, em busca de dados que comprovem a existência de uma unidade poética entre as obras escolhidas.
This work proposes a study from the poetic conceptions of the French writer Théophile Gautier (1811-1872), relevant name to the art of many other poets and later literary movements. Given that this poet attended both of the Romantic movement consolidation attempts in France in 1830 as the development of poetics of Parnassus, we seek to understand how his style was formed and how his thinking steadied in his composing, for thus we set the main objective of this study, which is to mark the unit inside some works in prose of fantastic nature and inside his poetic composition, especially the one published in 1852, Émaux et Camées. To that, we will discuss initially about conflictual relations between the bourgeois spirit, the supporters of social change and the artists. Once we located the issues that marked the poet, which in particular are the rejections to the social utility demand of art and to the need for a political position of the artist, we will analyze the corpus, apparently so diverse, in search of data to prove the existence of a poetic unity among the chosen works.
CNPq: 134128/2015-0

Tesis de Maestría presentada al Programa de Postgrado en Integración Contemporánea de América Latina de la Universidad Federal de la Integración Latinoamericana (UNILA), como requisito obligatorio para la obtención del título de Magister en Integración Latinoamericana en las áreas de Relaciones Internacionales y Ciencia Política. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fábio Borges.
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O extrativismo na mineração, apoiado pelos Estados da América Latina, é um problema preocupante, pois gera um alto nível de conflitos na região. Diante disso, ao longo da história, existem valiosas experiências de luta e resistência protagonizadas pelos povos afetados diretamente e que merecem serem pesquisadas. O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado é analisar as lutas, resistências e as formas de organização dos seus protagonistas diante ao Megaprojeto de Mineração Conga, localizado na região de Cajamarca no Peru. Esse megaprojeto foi imposto com uso da violência no ano de 2011. No primeiro capítulo de enfoque teórico-metodológico, apresenta-se a mineração como uma atividade colonizadora e neocolonizadora. No segundo, é apresentado o estudo de caso escolhido para essa pesquisa; a região de Cajamarca, os impactos na empresa Yanacocha e as caraterísticas do megaprojeto. No terceiro, são identificados os atores protagonistas envolvidos, os quais, a partir das experiências de luta e resistência, conseguiram a suspensão do megaprojeto. Esse estudo é de caráter qualitativo e foram utilizadas fontes primárias como as entrevistas feitas pela autora e, fontes secundárias sobre a temática. Esperamos que a partir desse trabalho possamos contribuir aos debates sobre os caminhos descolonizadores para repensar a integração latino-americana desde os povos
Qori Orqoy yanapasqa Abya Yala, achachaláw nisqa hamun nishu maq’anakuy qey llaptapi. Cheyqa ñaupa runa rimasqan qammi rimanaquy qausay chey maqana hap’y. ruasca llapan llaqtaquna nanaywan kashaspa anqey munan yachayta. Muyupacuy anqey yachay llanqay allín ñawinchay llapan maqanaquy hapy anchey juñuy runakuna manan munanku anchey ruasqata Qori orq’oy Conga Cajamarca Peru suyu, mana qanchu rimanaquy 2011 watapi. Ñaupaq patara qelqana hamun Qori orq’oy ruana yanacuna anqey mosoq watapi. Iskay ñeqen, yachay ñawinchaska Cajamarca llaptapi, anq’ey Empresa Qori orq’oy Yanacocha llapan runaq rimaspa ñaupaq ruanapaq. Kinsa ñeqe, reqsesqa runakuna ruaspa, qausay maqanaquy hapysqa ñaqay kausaypi. Anqey ñawinchaypi ruakun ancha parlay ruaska minera orquy niskata. Suyani ancha llank’aypi cachun allin kausay anq’ey ñan huñuy llapan suyu llaqtamantapacha
El extractivismo minero, apoyado por los Estados de América Latina, constituye una problemática preocupante al generar un alto nivel de conflictividad en la región. Frente a ello, históricamente, existen valiosas experiencias de lucha y resistencia protagonizadas por los pueblos afectados directamente que merecen ser investigadas. El objetivo de esta tesis de maestría es analizar las luchas, resistencias y las formas de organización de los protagonistas frente al Megaproyecto Minero Conga, situado en la región de Cajamarca en el Perú, impuesto mediante la violencia en el año 2011. En el primer capítulo de enfoque teórico-metodológico es presentada a la minería como una actividad colonizadora y neocolonizadora. En el segundo, es presentado el estudio de caso elegido para la presente investigación; la región de Cajamarca, los impactos de la empresa minera Yanacocha y las características del megaproyecto. En el tercero, son identificados los actores protagonistas involucrados, quienes a partir de sus experiencias de lucha y resistencia concretizaron su suspensión. Esta investigación es de carácter cualitativo y fueron utilizadas fuentes primarias como entrevistas realizadas por la autora y fuentes secundarias sobre la temática. Esperamos que desde el presente trabajo podamos contribuir con los debates sobre los caminos posibles para repensar a la integración latinoamericana desde sus pueblos.

La investigación trata sobre los discursos de las rondas campesinas de Cajamarca en el contexto del conflicto y su resistencia frente al megaproyecto minero Conga. A través de un estudio crítico del discurso, identifico 3 discursos: 1) Discurso ancestral o como pueblo originario; 2) Discurso territorial; y 3) Discurso sobre el modelo de desarrollo o forma de vida. Los 3 discursos son complementarios y conforman el discurso de autoidentificación como pueblo originario que las rondas han desarrollado. En sus discursos, las rondas han usado 4 categorías relacionadas al conflicto y su resistencia frente al megaproyecto minero Conga: pueblo originario, territorio, control territorial, modelo de desarrollo y libre determinación. Del mismo modo, sus discursos se han desarrollado en sus actas de las asambleas y las asambleas mismas; sus estatutos; la historia de sus antepasados; sus prácticas culturales; sus monumentos; sus productos comunicativos y sus carteles que dicen «territorio rondero». También se han expresado en las nuevas funciones jurisdiccionales ronderas: 1) Guardianes de las lagunas; 2) retiro de tranqueras; y 3) diligencias de inspección hacia las lagunas y caminos ancestrales para dejar constancia de la situación de dichos territorios. En ese sentido, la identificación de los 3 discursos da cuenta de que la resistencia de las rondas campesinas frente al megaproyecto Conga ha servido para que ellas consoliden/reconstruyan/revaloren sus relatos y mensajes sobre su origen, prácticas culturales, prácticas económicas, prácticas sociales, su justicia propia, su modelo de desarrollo agrícola y ganadero y, finalmente, su cosmovisión de la naturaleza y sus recursos.
The research deals with the discourses of the peasant «rondas» (patrols) of Cajamarca in the context of the conflict and their resistance to the Conga mining megaproject. Through a critical study of discourse, I identified 3 discourses: 1) Ancestral discourse or as native/original people; 2) Territorial speech; and 3) Discourse on the development model or way of life. The 3 speeches are complementary and make up the discourse of self-identification as the original people that the rondas have developed. In their speeches, the rondas have used 4 categories related to the conflict and their resistance to the Conga mining megaproject: native/original people, territory, territorial control, model of development and self-determination. In the same way, their speeches have been developed in their minutes of the assemblies and the assemblies themselves; its statutes; the history of their ancestors; their cultural practices; Their monuments; its communicative products and its posters that say «rondero territory». And they have expressed themselves in the new jurisdictional specific functions ronderas: 1) Guardians of the lagoons; 2) removal of tranqueras; and 3) inspection procedures towards the lagoons and ancestral roads to record the situation of said territories. In this sense, the identification of the 3 speeches reveals that the resistance of the peasant rondas to the Conga megaproject has helped them to consolidate / reconstruct / revalue their stories and messages about their origin, cultural practices, as well as their economic, social and cultural practices, its own justice and its model of agricultural and livestock development and its cosmovision of nature and its resources.
Tesis

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
Para abordar la temática presentada, se dividirá el cuerpo de la investigación en tres grandes secciones, correspondientes a cada uno de los objetivos específicos del presente trabajo, planteados anteriormente. En la primera sección, se indagará sobre las normas internacionales de derechos humanos que estén vinculadas con el tema, y que los Estados en comento hayan ratificado. En la segunda sección, se estudiarán las regulaciones legales del VIH/SIDA existentes en cada uno de los ordenamientos jurídicos de los países en cuestión. En la última sección, se analizarán críticamente dichas regulaciones, comparándolas entre sí, y razonándolas frente a las normas internacionales de derechos humanos estudiadas. Finalmente, se concluirá la investigación, y se dará respuesta a la problemática planteada, confirmando o refutando la hipótesis inicial.

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French language is one of the taught subjects, not only on the secondary school curriculum, but also at university, in Mozambique. The syllabus of this subject has been designed with regard to a geographical and socio-cultural framework, which does not match with Mozambican learners. It is spoken about France and the French who designed the textbook, which is used as teaching material in the secondary school in Mozambique. This textbook bridges information, which is unfamiliar to Mozambican learners of French. The aim of teaching and learning French in Mozambique, at school level, is to have learners achieve proficiency in this language in order for them to be able to communicate in various circumstances at school, university and elsewhere. The Mozambican learner, therefore, should be able to read, understand, write discourses related to school, university and elsewhere life, in his/her daily life, bearing in mind that most literature is in French. This research employs the translation method of macua tale as a cultural text in the process of teaching and learning French, the driving force in the cultural signification of learning and in the acquisition of communicative competence. The pedagogic experiment of this method and the interviews carried out teachers of French have revealed that learners can achieve linguistic competence necessary to be a successful grade 12 certificate holder in the final nation-wide examinations
A língua francesa é uma das disciplinas do currículo nas escolas secundárias, e mesmo nas universidades, do terrritório nacional moçambicano. O programa do ensino-aprendizagem desta disciplina foi concebido num espaço sóciocultural e geográfico que não coincide com o dos aprendizes moçambicanos. Está-se a falar da França e dos Franceses, que desenharam um manual, servindo de suporte pedagógico, no ensino secundário de Moçambique. Este manual tráz informações que não espelham aquilo que constitui o saber familiar dos alunos. O objectivo central do ensino e da aprendizagem do francês em Moçambique, no contexto escolar, é fazer com que os alunos tenham proficiência nessa língua, para poderem agir pronta e positivamente nas várias situações de vida escolar, universitária e outras. O aluno moçambicano deveria, portanto, ser capaz de ler, compreender, redigir enunciados, textos de carácter escolar, universitário e outros, no seu dia-a-dia, uma vez que existe vária bibliografia que recorre a autores franceses e/ou francófonos. Esta pesquisa propõe o recurso do método da tradução do Conto Macua, como texto cultural, no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do francês, força motriz na significação cultural da aprendizagem e na aquisição de competência de comunicação. A experimentação pedagógica do método e a entrevista aos professores de francês revelaram que os alunos podem possuir o domínio linguístico necessário para terminarem a 12ª classe com sucesso, nos exames de fim do ano

Se inicia esta investigación con la búsqueda de conceptos sobre marketing social. Asimismo, se descubren y desarrollan las 7P de marketing social y además, se buscó información sobre conceptos como marketing con causa y responsabilidad social, ya que son comúnmente confundidos con el concepto de marketing social. También se analizó al cliente actual quien es cada vez más diferente porque está más informado tienen más poder y también porque hoy en día existe en todo el mundo la preocupación por los problemas medioambientales, comunitarios y sociales . También se evalúo de forma más detallada el perfil del target de la investigación, que se ubica en el cono norte de Lima y se descubre que es la zona que tiene la mayor cantidad de personas que pertenecen a la clase media (62%).De igual manera se buscó información sobre el sector de belleza en el Perú y se descubrió que las ventas han crecido más del 150% en los últimos diez años. Luego de la profunda investigación sobre los conceptos, target y sector de belleza, se procedió a realizar una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. En la primera investigación se descubre que la percepción de los expertos es que sí existen iniciativas sociales por parte de las empresas, sin embargo no son suficientes. Asimismo, revelan que la mayoría de clientes peruanos aún no persiguen la tendencia de exigir a las empresas el compromiso con la sociedad más allá de lo comercial. Finalmente, se coloca el resultado de la hipótesis y las conclusiones que se basan en la mezcla de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa que se señalaron anteriormente.
Tesis

碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
107
This thesis examines the effects of French aid on the democratic practices of both Côte d’Ivoire and the Congo Republic from 1990 to 2016. It does so through the lens of the realist scholar Morgenthau’s (1962). Morgenthau’s definition of foreign aid as being ‘the transfer of goods and services from a nation to another’ enables this research to assess the CFA Franc currency as a form of aid, therefore, the categories of aid defined by Morgenthau (1962) allows us to identify several types of French aid; The conventional bribery aid, the subsistence aid, the promotion of the economic development of recipient countries as a justification for the use of the CFA Franc and the subsistence aid to maintain the existence of the CFA Franc. French bribery and subsistence aid are used to support or oppose incumbents during important political events, depending on the incumbent’s capacity and willingness to protect French interests. This research finds that bribery aid to replace a non-compliant incumbent increases the likelihood of civil war, while subsistence aid spent to maintain a compliant incumbent in office increase the likelihood of the occurrence of an authoritarian rule. On the other hand, the CFA Franc currency, monetary union and decision making process allow France and the European union (from 1999) to have exclusive access to both countries domestic markets, and to have cheap access to strategic natural resources (uranium, petroleum) and commercial resources (cocoa and coffee, diamonds). This research finds that the provision of the CFA Franc by France slows down the socio-economic development of both case study countries, undermines the monetary sovereignty and the democratic accountability within the monetary unions’ decision making organs, and creates dependency on France which makes both Côte d'Ivoire and the Congo remain in the CFA Franc zone. Moreover, bribery and subsistence aid are additional tools for France to maintain both case study countries within the Franc zone.

M.A.
This dissertation is focused on errors made by Zairean students who learn English as a foreign language; the difficulties encountered by teachers, which inhibit them from performing their work properly and from achieving the prescribed objectives. The analysis of the whole situation shows that many features need to be improved. The government has to define clearly the objectives of learning English in Zaire and thus revise the formation program for the teacher to be. The school must equip the teachers with modern didactic materials for a better performance of the actors in presence. Time-table as well as the curriculum need to be revised in accordance with the main objectives. Finally, the student's interest and his/her environment must be motivated to render the learning of English much easier.

La mission de la théologie africaine face à une situation socio-politique, culturo-économique catastrophique de l'Afrique, due essentiellement à la question de la spiritualité sociale, d'intelligence sociale et l'aliénation culturelle, est de redynamiser la mission chrétienne, stimuler la renaissance spirituelle africaine et défendre les pauvres et les opprimés, parce que Dieu est toujours du côté d'eux. En effet, l'homme africain et sa société peuvent toujours être au centre de l'engagement théologique et de l'église d'Afrique, pour l'évangélisation comme pour la promotion sociale. Parce que l'homme africain n'est pas seulement individu, il est aussi société et culture. De ce fait, L'église d'Afrique avec ses différentes formes de théologies, n'existe pas pour elle-même, mais pour annoncer la Bonne Nouvelle aux africains. Cependant, cette Bonne Nouvelle n'a aucune pertinence aux yeux des africains si elle tombe en dehors de l'essentiel de leur vie. En d'autres termes, une théologie africaine, quelle que soit sa forme, mais, sans promouvoir la libération totale spirituelle et physique de l'homme Africain et motiver la reconstruction de l'Afrique telle que prônée par Kä Mana n'a pas sa raison d'être. En plus, la théologie africaine peut également stimuler la vraie démocratisation des pays africaines comme principal enjeu de la pastorale théologique et politique des églises chrétiennes et religions traditionnelles africaines. Parce qu'au nom de la dignité de chaque personne, de l'amour de Dieu et l'amour du prochain, de la foi et du salut de tout homme, la théologie africaine ne peut négliger l'identité culturelle et anthropologique du terroir africain et le construit socioculturel inspiré de l'évangile. Cette théologie africaine peut également motiver la remise en question du néocolonialisme africain sous toutes ses formes. Dès lors, le résultat de cette étude peut aider le missiologue/théologien africain qui est l'église de Dieu à bien accomplir sa mission prophétique selon la vision de Dieu, dans le but de transformer spirituellement et physiquement l'Afrique, aussi reconstruirer positivement la société africaine. Evidemment, le développement intégral de l'homme africain, selon moi, suppose le respect de la dignité humaine qui ne peut se réaliser que dans la justice, la paix, l'auto-transformation personnelle, l'éthique et une inculturation personnifiante. Summary The mission of african theology facing African socio-polical, cultural and economic catastrophe that due mainly to social spirituality, social intelligence and cultural alienation, is to revitilise christian mission, stimulate spiritual african renaissance and to defend the poor and oppressed, people by whom God always stands. Of course, the african and their community should always be at the heart of the theological engagement and of the action of the African church concerning evangelism as well ass social promotion. For the African embodies both his or her society and culture. Therefore, the African church and all their different theologies do not exist for their on sake, but rather for the African people to whom they should bring the good news. This good news is not relevant for the Africans as long as it does not deal with their main concern. In other words, whatever the forms of African theology, as long as it overlooks the complete liberation of the Africans, freeing them spirituality, promoting their spiritual and physical liberation and motivating the reconstruction of Africa as promoted by Kä Mana here, it will serve no practical purpose. Besides, African theology has also to stimulate the democratisation of African countries as one of the targets of the African Christian churches and traditional religions. In the name of the dignity of each and every person, of the love of God and the love for the neighbour, that of faith and salvation of the humankind, African theology is not expected to neglect cultural and anthropological identity of the Africans terror and the sociocultural construct inspired by the Gospel. African theology can thus motivate the questioning of African neocolonialism in all its forms. The result of this study can help African missiologists and theologians that are the church of God to fulfil well the prophetic mission after the vision of God, so as to bring about spiritual and physical transformation, and positively reconstruct the African society. As for me, the integral development of the African supposes the respect of their human dignity that can be materialised through peace, justice, personal sel-transformation, ethics and personifying inculturation.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D. Div. (Missiology)