Articoli di riviste: "Conditioned response"

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Pernice, Shon. "Conditioned Emotional Response". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 38, n. 2 (maggio 2022): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10439862221096720.

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Gruart, A., G. Guillazo-Blanch, R. Fernández-Mas, L. Jiménez-Díaz e J. M. Delgado-García. "Cerebellar Posterior Interpositus Nucleus as an Enhancer of Classically Conditioned Eyelid Responses in Alert Cats". Journal of Neurophysiology 84, n. 5 (1 novembre 2000): 2680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2680.

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Cerebellar posterior interpositus neurons were recorded in cats during delayed and trace conditioning of eyeblinks. Type A neurons increased their firing in the time interval between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus presentations for both paradigms, while type B neurons decreased it. The discharge of different type A neurons recorded across successive conditioning sessions increased, with slopes of 0.061–0.078 spikes/s/trial. Both types of neurons modified their firing several trials in advance of the appearance of eyelid conditioned responses, but for each conditioned stimulus presentation their response started after conditioned response onset. Interpositus microstimulation evoked eyelid responses similar in amplitude and profiles to conditioned responses, and microinjection of muscimol decreased conditioned response amplitude. It is proposed that the interpositus nucleus is an enhancer, but not the initiator, of eyelid conditioned responses.

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Okada, Shinichi, Takashi Arai, Kumiko Komuro, Sahoko Uchida e Kuniaki Takahashi. "Response format on conditioned orientation response audiometry". AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 58, n. 4 (2015): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.58.248.

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Shahan, Timothy A. "CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT AND RESPONSE STRENGTH". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 93, n. 2 (marzo 2010): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2010.93-269.

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Hodes, Robert L., Edwin W. Cook e Peter J. Lang. "Individual Differences in Autonomic Response: Conditioned Association or Conditioned Fear?" Psychophysiology 22, n. 5 (settembre 1985): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01649.x.

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Huang, Jing-Xin, Wen-Juan Lin e Jihuan Chen. "Antibody response can be conditioned using electroacupuncture as conditioned stimulus". NeuroReport 15, n. 9 (giugno 2004): 1475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000129857.40478.5a.

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Neuenschwander-El Massioui, Nicole, Gérard Dutrieux e Jean-Marc Edeline. "Conditioned hippocampal cellular response to a behaviorally silent conditioned stimulus." Behavioral Neuroscience 105, n. 2 (1991): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.105.2.313.

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Wilson, D. A., e M. Leon. "Spatial patterns of olfactory bulb single-unit responses to learned olfactory cues in young rats". Journal of Neurophysiology 59, n. 6 (1 giugno 1988): 1770–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.6.1770.

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1. Neonatal rat pups were classically conditioned to an odor stimulus from postnatal day 1 (PN1) to PN18. Tactile stimulation (stroking) was used as the unconditioned stimulus. On PN19, mitral/tufted cell single-unit responses to the conditioned odor were examined in both conditioned and control pups. Recordings were made from mitral/tufted cells in two regions of the olfactory bulb: 1) an area typically associated with focal [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake in response to the conditioned odor and 2) an area distant from focal 2-DG uptake to the conditioned odor. Animals were anesthetized with urethane and were naturally respiring during the single-unit recording procedure. 2. Changes in mitral/tufted cell firing rate in response to odors in both bulbar regions and all training groups were classified as either excitatory, suppressive, or no response. This response classification was used to compare response patterns to the conditioned odor between bulbar regions and training groups. 3. Classical conditioning selectively modified the response patterns of mitral/tufted cells to the conditioned odor when those cells were associated with regions of focal 2-DG uptake for that odor. Mitral/tufted cells demonstrated significantly more suppressive and fewer excitatory responses to the conditioned odor than cells in control pups. Response patterns to a novel odor were not similarly modified. 4. Response patterns of mitral/tufted cells distant from the focal region of 2-DG uptake to the conditioned odor were not modified by conditioning compared with control pups. 5. The difference in response pattern between cells in the 2-DG focus and cells distant to the 2-DG focus was apparent within 500 ms of the stimulus onset. Given the respiratory rate of these pups (2 Hz), these data suggest that the modified response pattern occurred on the first inhalation of the learned odor. 6. These data demonstrate that both spatial and temporal patterns of olfactory bulb output neuron activity are used in the coding of olfactory information in the bulb. Furthermore, these spatial/temporal response patterns can be modified by early learning.

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M.*, Lehner, Wislowska-Stanek A., Maciejak P., Szyndler J., Sobolewska A., Krzascik P. e Płaznik A. "The relationship between pain sensitivity and conditioned fear response in rats". Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 70, n. 1 (31 marzo 2010): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2010-1774.

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It might seem obvious that pain sensitivity would predict individual, inborn susceptibilities to aversive stimuli and the strength of fear-conditioned responses. Such relationships are based on the assumption that there is a close association between fear-evoked behavioral reactions and the responses to painful, aversive stimuli. However, this problem has not been systematically studied. To this end, we investigated the relationship between pain sensitivity in two pain tests (the ‘tail-flick’ and ‘flinch-jump’ tests) and a conditioned, fear-evoked, freezing response in rats. The results show that there was no correlation between: (1) the conditioned (associative) and the novelty-evoked (non-specific stress-related) fear response and (2) individual differences in pain threshold and fear responses. Furthermore, factor analysis did not group freezing in the conditioned fear test, individual footshock sensibility, or ‘tail-flick’ reaction to painful stimuli together. These results indicate that pain sensitivity and conditioned emotional responses to pain are not directly correlated.

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Ludlow, Christy L., Toshiyuki Yamashita, Geralyn M. Schulz e Frederic W. B. Deleyiannis. "Abnormalities in Long Latency Responses to Superior Laryngeal Nerve Stimulation in Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, n. 12 (dicembre 1995): 928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510401203.

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Sensorimotor responses to repeated electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve were compared in 8 patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) and 11 normal controls to determine if adductor response disinhibition occurred in ADSD. Pairs of electrical pulses were presented at interstimulus intervals varying from 100 to 5,000 milliseconds (ms). Three responses were measured in thyroarytenoid muscles: ipsilateral R1 responses at 17 ms and ipsilateral and contralateral R2 responses between 60 and 75 ms. Conditioned response characteristics, the percent occurrence and percentage amplitude of initial responses, were measures of response inhibition. As a group, the patients had reduced response inhibition: their conditioned ipsilateral R1 response amplitudes were increased, as was the frequency of their conditioned contralateral muscle responses (p ⩽ .002) compared to normal. However, the patients' initial responses were normal in latency and frequency characteristics, demonstrating that the brain stem mechanisms for these responses were intact. These results suggest a central disinhibition of laryngeal responses to sensory input in ADSD.

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Kim, Stephen D., Steven Rivers, Rick A. Bevins e John J. B. Ayres. "Conditioned stimulus determinants of conditioned response form in Pavlovian fear conditioning." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 22, n. 1 (1996): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.22.1.87.

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Bormann, Nancy M., e Donald A. Overton. "Morphine as a conditioned stimulus in a conditioned emotional response paradigm". Psychopharmacology 112, n. 2-3 (settembre 1993): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02244922.

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Staras, Kevin, György Kemenes e Paul R. Benjamin. "Neurophysiological Correlates of Unconditioned and Conditioned Feeding Behavior in the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis". Journal of Neurophysiology 79, n. 6 (1 giugno 1998): 3030–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.3030.

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Staras, Kevin, György Kemenes, and Paul R. Benjamin. Neurophysiological correlates of unconditioned and conditioned feeding behavior in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3030–3040, 1998. We used a behavioral appetitive learning paradigm followed by electrophysiological analysis to investigate the neuronal expression of appetitive conditioning in Lymnaea. We first established the levels of unconditioned and conditioned feeding responses in intact animals. We then demonstrated that neuronal correlates of both unconditioned responses to touch and food and a conditioned response to touch could be found in semi-intact preparations of the same animals that had been subjected to behavioral tests and conditioning trials. In the conditioning experiments, the experimental animals received 15 trials in which touch to the lips, the conditioned stimulus (CS), was paired with sucrose, the unconditioned food stimulus (US). Control animals received 15 presentations of either CS or US, or both, applied in a random manner. After training, a strong conditioned response to touch was established in the experimental but not in the control groups. For subsequent electrophysiological analysis of posttraining neuronal responses to the touch CS, semi-intact preparations were set up from the same animals that had been behaviorally conditioned or subjected to control procedures. Intracellular recordings, made from previously identified motoneurons of the feeding system, allowed the fictive feeding response to the CS to be monitored. In experimental preparations, touch applied to the lips evoked significantly more fictive feeding cycles than in controls, and this demonstrated the existence of a neurophysiological correlate of the appetitively conditioned response observed in the whole animals.

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Newman, M. E. "Can an Immune Response Be Conditioned?" JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 82, n. 19 (3 ottobre 1990): 1534–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.19.1534.

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Quintner, John Louis. "Pain cannot be a conditioned response". Pain 163, n. 12 (dicembre 2022): e1217-e1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002712.

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MARTELLOTTA, M. C., G. COSSU, L. FATTORE e FRATTAW. "NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE IN RESPONSE TO A CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE". Behavioural Pharmacology 7, Supplement 1 (maggio 1996): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199605001-00143.

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Dozier, Thomas, e Nathanael Mitchell. "Novel five-phase model for understanding the nature of misophonia, a conditioned aversive reflex disorder". F1000Research 12 (4 ottobre 2023): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133506.3.

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Background: Misophonia is a recently identified condition in which a person perceives a subtle stimulus (e.g., eating sounds, hair twirling) and has an intense, negative emotional response. Misophonia cannot be classified with established nosological systems. Methods: We present a novel five-phase model of misophonia from a cognitive-behavioral framework. This model identifies a learned reflex of the autonomic nervous system as the primary etiology and maintenance of misophonia. Phase one is anticipatory anxiety and avoidance. Phase two is a conditioned physical reflex (for example, the tensing of calf muscles) that develops through stimulus-response Pavlovian conditioning. Phase three includes intense negative emotional responses and accompanying physiological distress, thoughts, urges, and emotion-driven behavior. Phase four is the individual’s coping responses to emotional distress, and phase five is the environmental response and resulting internal and external consequences of the coping behaviors. Each phase helps explain the maintenance of the response and the individual’s impairment. Results: Anticipatory anxiety and avoidance of phase one contribute to an increased arousal and awareness of triggers, resulting in increased severity of the trigger experience. Both the Pavlovian-conditioned physical reflex of phase two and the emotion-driven behavior caused by the conditioned emotional response of phase three increase with in vivo exposure to triggers. A newly identified feature of phase four is a covert review of the trigger experience. Phase five includes the consequences of those behaviors with internal consequences of beliefs and new emotions (e.g., shame, guilt) based on environmental responses to anger and panic. Conclusions: We assert the Mitchell-Dozier model provides a novel framework to understanding misophonia as a multi-sensory reflex condition. Our model states that misophonia initially develops as a Pavlovian-conditioned physical reflex and subsequent conditioned emotional responses. Treatments that identify patients’ specific conditioned physical reflex of phase two have shown promising early results, further supporting this model

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Cornwell, Brian R., Aileen M. Echiverri e Christian Grillon. "Sensitivity to masked conditioned stimuli predicts conditioned response magnitude under masked conditions". Psychophysiology 44, n. 3 (maggio 2007): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00519.x.

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Lepora, N. F., J. Porrill, C. H. Yeo, C. Evinger e P. Dean. "Recruitment in Retractor Bulbi Muscle During Eyeblink Conditioning: EMG Analysis and Common-Drive Model". Journal of Neurophysiology 102, n. 4 (ottobre 2009): 2498–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00204.2009.

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To analyze properly the role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of the eyeblink and nictitating membrane (NM) response, the control of conditioned response dynamics must be better understood. Previous studies have suggested that the control signal is linearly related to the CR as a result of recruitment within the accessory abducens motoneuron pool, which acts to linearize retractor bulbi muscle and NM response mechanics. Here we investigate possible recruitment mechanisms. Data came from simultaneous recordings of NM position and multiunit electromyographic (EMG) activity from the retractor bulbi muscle of rabbits during eyeblink conditioning, in which tone and periocular shock act as conditional and unconditional stimuli, respectively. Action potentials (spikes) were extracted and classified by amplitude. Firing rates of spikes with different amplitudes were analyzed with respect to NM response temporal profiles and total EMG spike firing rate. Four main regularities were revealed and quantified: 1) spike amplitude increased with response amplitude; 2) smaller spikes always appeared before larger spikes; 3) subsequent firing rates covaried for spikes of different amplitude, with smaller spikes always firing at higher rates than larger ones; and 4) firing-rate profiles were approximately Gaussian for all amplitudes. These regularities suggest that recruitment does take place in the retractor bulbi muscle during conditioned NM responses and that all motoneurons receive the same command signal (common-drive hypothesis). To test this hypothesis, a model of the motoneuron pool was constructed in which motoneurons had a range of intrinsic thresholds distributed exponentially, with threshold linearly related to EMG spike amplitude. Each neuron received the same input signal as required by the common-drive assumption. This simple model reproduced the main features of the data, suggesting that conditioned NM responses are controlled by a common-drive mechanism that enables simple commands to determine response topography in a linear fashion.

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Kwon, Jae Young, Andreas Bacher, Donald J. Deyo, John F. Disterhoft, Tatsuo Uchida e Mark H. Zornow. "Effects of Pentobarbital and Isoflurane on Conditioned Learning after Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rabbits". Anesthesiology 92, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2000): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200001000-00029.

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Background The acquisition of a conditioned eyeblink response has been used extensively to study the neurologic substrates of learning and memory. We examined the effects of the anesthetics isoflurane and pentobarbital, or hypothermia (30 degrees C), on the ability of rabbits to acquire an eyeblink conditioned response after 6.5 min of cerebral ischemia. Methods New Zealand white rabbits (n = 48) were randomly assigned to sham, normothermic, hypothermic, isoflurane, or pentobarbital groups. In the normothermic, hypothermic, isoflurane, and pentobarbital groups, 6.5 min of global cerebral ischemia was produced. In animals randomized to the isoflurane and pentobarbital groups, a pattern of burst suppression was achieved on the electroencephalogram before the start of the ischemic episode. Animals in the hypothermia group were cooled to 30 degrees C before ischemia. Seven days after ischemia, eyeblink training was started using an audible tone presented for 100 ms as the conditioned stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus was an air puff directed at the cornea. The delay between the end of conditioned stimulus and the start of the unconditioned stimulus (the trace interval) was 300 ms in duration. A conditioned response was defined as an eyeblink that was initiated during the trace interval. Eighty trials per day and 15 days of training were delivered. Results Neurologic deficits were greatest in the normothermia group, and these animals also had fewer conditioned responses than those in the sham, hypothermia, or pentobarbital groups. Animals in the isoflurane group had an intermediate number of conditioned responses that was not significantly different from the normothermia group. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a brief episode of cerebral ischemia results in the impairment of associative learning. Hypothermia and burst-suppressive doses of pentobarbital were able to improve neurobehavioral outcome as measured by ability to acquire a trace conditioned response.

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Domingo, José A., Agnes Gruart e José M. Delgado-García. "Quantal Organization of Reflex and Conditioned Eyelid Responses". Journal of Neurophysiology 78, n. 5 (1 novembre 1997): 2518–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.5.2518.

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Domingo, José A., Agnes Gruart, and José M. Delgado-Garcı́a. Quantal organization of reflex and conditioned eyelid responses. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2518–2530, 1997. Upper lid movements and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle were recorded in behaving cats during spontaneous and experimentally evoked reflex blinks, and conditioned eyelid responses. Reflex blinks evoked by the presentation of air puffs, flashes, or tones consisted of a fast downward lid movement followed by late, small downward waves, recurring at ≈50-ms intervals. The latency, maximum amplitude, peak velocity, and number of late waves depended on the modality, intensity, and duration of the evoking stimulus. The power spectra of acceleration records indicated a dominant frequency of ≈20 Hz for air puff–evoked blinks. Flashes and tones usually evoked small and easily fatigable reflex responses of lower dominant frequencies (14–17 and 9–11 Hz, respectively). A basic ≈20-Hz oscillation was also noticed during lid fixation, and ramplike lid displacements evoked by optokinetic stimuli. Five classical conditioning paradigms were used to analyze the frequency-domain properties of conditioned eyelid responses. These learned lid movements differed in latency, maximum amplitude, and profile smoothness depending on the modality (air puff, tone), intensity (weak, strong), and presentation site (ipsi-, contralateral to the unconditioned stimulus) of the conditioned stimulus. It was found that the characteristic ramplike profile of a conditioned response was not smooth, but appeared to be formed by a succession of small waves at a dominant frequency of ≈20 Hz. The amplitude (and number) of the constituting waves depended on the characteristics of the conditioned stimulus and on the time interval until unconditioned stimulus presentation. Thus conditioned responses seemed to be formed from lid displacements of 2–6° in amplitude and ≈50 ms in duration, which increased in number throughout conditioning sessions, until a complete (i.e., lid closing) conditioned response was reached. It is suggested that a ≈20-Hz oscillator underlies the generation of reflex and conditioned eyelid responses. The oscillator is susceptible to being neurally modulated to modify the velocity of a given quantum of movement, and the total duration of the lid response. Learned eyelid movements are probably the result of a successively longer release of the oscillator as a function of the temporal-spatial needs of the motor response.

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COLEBROOK, ELAINE, e KEN LUKOWIAK. "Learning by the Aplysia Model System: Lack of Correlation Between Gill and Gill Motor Neurone Responses". Journal of Experimental Biology 135, n. 1 (1 marzo 1988): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.135.1.411.

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A semi-intact preparation of Aplysia californica was used to monitor simultaneously behavioural and motor neurone responses during classical conditioning of the gill withdrawal reflex. Gill motor neurone responses and gill withdrawal responses were both capable of enhancement in response to the conditioned stimulus after associative training. The neuronal and behavioural responses did not, however, correlate. In 32% of the conditioned (paired) preparations and 27% of the control (unpaired) preparations, the neuronal response was facilitated whereas the gill withdrawal response did not change, or decreased. In addition, amongst those preparations that showed behavioural enhancement, the acquisition of learning of gill withdrawal followed a different pattern from that displayed by the central neurones. This suggests that facilitation of the central sensory-motor neurone synapses is not primarily responsible for conditioning of the gill withdrawal reflex. The gill withdrawal response elicited by direct depolarization of the central motor neurones decreased following the unpaired (control) presentations of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, and remained unchanged following paired presentations, suggesting that there is a site of neuronal plasticity in the gill.

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Rispal-Padel, L., e E. M. Meftah. "Changes in motor responses induced by cerebellar stimulation during classical forelimb flexion conditioning in cat". Journal of Neurophysiology 68, n. 3 (1 settembre 1992): 908–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.3.908.

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1. The ability of somaesthetic sensory inputs to produce structural changes in the connectivities of the central nervous structures involved in motor activity was tested with an alpha type of classical conditioning in chronically prepared adult cats. Repetitive sensory stimulation was applied at constant intervals after the activation of the motor circuits originating in the neurons or efferent axons of the cerebellar nuclei. A conditional stimulation (CS) applied to interpositus neurons was consistently paired with an unconditional stimulation (UCS) applied to the dorsal skin of the forelimb extremity to induce associative sensorimotor conditioning. The sites at which the conditional and unconditional stimuli were applied set up a simplified sensorimotor circuit including pathways transmitting both these stimuli and others mediating the expression of the conditioned responses. 2. To test the changes resulting from the conditioning, electrodes were implanted into the various relay structures on the cerebellar efferent pathways (ventrolateral nucleus motor cortex). The forelimb motor responses elicited by stimulating these relay structures were recorded with a potentiometer placed at the elbow joint. The angular displacement (amplitude) and latency of the responses and the percentage response rates were systematically quantified throughout the conditioning procedure and at test sessions carried out after the daily conditioning routines. 3. It was observed that daily repetition of paired CS-UCS led to an increase in the response rates and amplitudes of the forelimb flexions, which already began to occur very slightly on the first 4 or 5 days in response to the alpha conditioning, whereas the CS when applied alone failed to produce any changes in this initial response. Likewise, after the acquisition phase, repeated presentation of either the CS alone or the CS preceded by the UCS led to the extinction of the conditioned response, thus indicating that the observed changes were of an associative nature and that they depended on interactions between the motor and sensory inputs occurring somewhere in the CNS. In fact, the effects of conditioning were not generalized, but involved only a circumscribed circuit originating in the cerebellar neurons stimulated by the CS, which were activated concomitantly with the sensory pathways. 4. The conditioned response amplitudes were enhanced by 2.5–3 times their initial value. This enhancement persisted at the end of acquisition or after several days of consolidation, even when the paired CS-UCS sessions were interrupted for a period of 15 days to 2 mo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Richardson, S. "Students' conditioned response to teachers' response: portfolio proponents, take note!" Assessing Writing 7, n. 2 (maggio 2000): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1075-2935(00)00021-0.

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Patterson, Francine, C. H. Patterson e E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh. "Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol". American Journal of Psychology 101, n. 4 (1988): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423235.

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Patterson, Francine, e E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh. "Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol." Man 22, n. 2 (giugno 1987): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802870.

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Siemiątkowski, Marek, Dariusz Rokicki, Agnieszka I. Członkowska, Helena Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, Andrzej Bidziński e Adam Płaźnik. "Locomotor activity and a conditioned fear response". NeuroReport 11, n. 18 (dicembre 2000): 3953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200012180-00010.

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Sosa, Rodrigo, Cristiano Valerio dos Santos e Carlos Flores. "Training a new response using conditioned reinforcement". Behavioural Processes 87, n. 2 (giugno 2011): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2011.03.001.

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Nakama-Kitamura, Mototaka, e Yoshihisa Kitamura. "A novel conditioned nociceptive response in mice". Brain Research 1406 (agosto 2011): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.028.

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Lieving, Gregory A., Mark P. Reilly e Kennon A. Lattal. "DISRUPTION OF RESPONDING MAINTAINED BY CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT: ALTERATIONS IN RESPONSE-CONDITIONED-REINFORCER RELATIONS". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 86, n. 2 (settembre 2006): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2006.12-05.

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Marcos, José L., e Jaime Redondo. "Relation between Conditioned Stimulus-Elicit Responses and Unconditioned Response Diminution in Long-Interval Human Heart-Rate Classical Conditioning". Spanish Journal of Psychology 4, n. 1 (maggio 2001): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005606.

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Previous research on electrodermal conditioning suggests that the conditioned diminution of the unconditioned response (UR) has an associative basis. The aim of this experiment was to test whether this phenomenon also occurs in heart rate (HR) classical conditioning. For this purpose, a differential classical conditioning was performed. The conditioned stimuli (CSs) were geometrical shapes (the CS+ was a square and the CS− was a triangle) displayed on a computer screen and a burst of white noise was used as unconditioned stimulus (US). For analysis of the conditioned response (CR) components, an interval between CS+ and US of 8 seconds was used. After the acquisition phase, participants were tested using trials with the US preceded either by a CS+, a CS−, or a neutral stimulus (a circle). The results showed conditioned diminution of the UR and suggest that the second heart rate deceleration component (D2) is responsible for the occurrence of this phenomenon.

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Hagsäter, S. Melker, Johan Thorén, Robert Pettersson e Elias Eriksson. "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition increases noise burst-induced unconditioned and context-conditioned freezing". Acta Neuropsychiatrica 31, n. 1 (8 novembre 2018): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2018.26.

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AbstractObjectiveWhereas long-term administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders, acute administration of these drugs may exert a paradoxical anxiogenic effect. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible effect of an SSRI in situations of unconditioned or limited conditioned fear.MethodsMale Sprague Dawley rats were administered a single dose of an SSRI, escitalopram, before acquisition or expression of context conditioned fear, where noise bursts were used as the unconditioned stimulus. Freezing was assessed as a measure of unconditioned fear (=the acute response to noise bursts) or conditioned fear (=the response to the context), respectively.ResultsNoise bursts elicited an acute increase in freezing but no robust conditioned response 7 days after exposure. Administration of escitalopram before testing exacerbated the freezing response during presentation of the unconditioned stimulus and also unmasked a conditioned response; in contrast, administration of escitalopram prior to acquisition did not influence the conditioned response.ConclusionThe data suggest that freezing in rats exposed to a stimulus inducing relatively mild fear may be enhanced by acute pretreatment with an SSRI regardless of whether the freezing displayed by the animals is an acute unconditioned response to the stimulus in question or a conditioned response to the same stimulus.

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Bingaman, E. W., L. D. Van de Kar, J. M. Yracheta, Q. Li e T. S. Gray. "Castration attenuates prolactin response but potentiates ACTH response to conditioned stress in the rat". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1995): R856—R863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.4.r856.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of circulating androgens on neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress. The effects of conditioned stress were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats that were intact, gonadectomized, or gonadectomized and treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Intact animals received sham surgeries. Animals were stressed 3 wk after surgery. The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) response to conditioned stress was significantly potentiated (P < 0.01) in gonadectomized males compared with sham-operated and gonadectomized DHT-treated animals. In stressed rats, plasma corticosterone levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in gonadectomized animals compared with DHT-treated castrates. The prolactin response to stress was decreased (P < 0.01) in gonadectomized males compared with sham-operated and gonadectomized DHT-treated rats. The stress-induced increases in plasma renin activity and concentration were not altered in gonadectomized or in gonadectomized DHT-treated animals. Nonstressed DHT-treated castrates exhibited more “fearlike” behavior compared with nonstressed sham-operated and gonadectomized animals. However, conditioned stress produced the same behavioral effects in all treatment groups. The results demonstrate that the ACTH/corticosterone, prolactin, and behavioral responses to a psychological stressor are differentially regulated by circulating androgens.

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Armstrong, R. B., D. A. Hayes e M. D. Delp. "Blood flow distribution in rat muscles during preexercise anticipatory response". Journal of Applied Physiology 67, n. 5 (1 novembre 1989): 1855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.1855.

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Previous work has suggested that preexercise “anticipatory” blood flow distribution in the muscles of rats is influenced by the intensity of the preceding conditioning or training program. The purpose of this study was to carefully control the conditioning programs for control, low-speed conditioned, and high-speed conditioned rats to determine the respective effects on preexercise mean arterial pressure (Pa), heart rate (HR), and blood flow distribution in muscles and other organs. Control (daily placement on treadmill, no exercise), low-speed conditioned (daily treadmill walking up a 12 degree incline at 15 m/min), and high-speed conditioned (daily treadmill galloping up a 12 degree incline at 50 m/min) rats were conditioned for 2-4 wk in their respective programs. On the experimental day, the circulatory variables were measured immediately before exercise by using the same preexercise regimen as during the conditioning sessions. Pa, HR, and blood flow distribution were the same in control and low-speed conditioned rats (P greater than 0.05). However, in high-speed conditioned rats, HR (+9%), Pa (+7%), and white gastrocnemius muscle (+46%) blood flow were higher than in controls (P less than 0.05). The higher white muscle flow was the result of the higher Pa and lower resistance to flow. These data demonstrate that specific changes in preexercise anticipatory blood flow distribution among muscles occur during exercise conditioning programs and that the changes are dependent on the intensity of the conditioning regimen. The mechanisms responsible for the adaptations are not known.

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Chen, Keji, Linlin Zhang, Guoqiang Li, Lili Kang e Jianfeng Yao. "Comparison of wind-induced responses of transmission tower in normal wind field and downburst wind field". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2418, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2023): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2418/1/012028.

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Abstract To study the difference in the wind-induced response of the transmission tower caused by the downburst and the well-conditioned wind field, this paper uses the harmonic superposition method to simulate the well-conditioned wind field and the downburst wind field. The wind-induced responses of the transmission tower under the two wind farms are obtained and compared through the analysis. The wind-induced responses caused by the two wind fields on the transmission tower are quite different, and the downburst can cause a larger wind-induced response.

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Söderström, Pelle, Mikael Roll e Merle Horne. "Processing morphologically conditioned word accents". Mental Lexicon 7, n. 1 (8 giugno 2012): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.7.1.04soe.

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The present response time study investigated the influence Central Swedish word accents have on the interpretation of inflectional morphology. Effects of stem tone match/mismatch on the interpretation of Swedish present and past tense suffixes were tested. Both Accent 1 and Accent 2 were found to influence listeners’ response times related to decisions on verb tense. It thus seems that both word accents can facilitate online interpretation of words. Previous studies where tasks have not required suffix interpretation have only found an effect of Accent 1 patterns on Accent 2-associated suffixes. Accent 2 suffixes further yielded generally greater response times than Accent 1-associated suffixes. Different possible explanations for this are discussed.

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Lu, Xueyuan, Saurav Sahay, Zhou Yu e Lama Nachman. "ACAT-G: An Interactive Learning Framework for Assisted Response Generation". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, n. 18 (18 maggio 2021): 16084–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i18.18019.

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In this paper, we introduce ACAT-G, an interactive dialogue learning framework that incorporates constant human feedback into fine-tuning language models in order to assist conditioned dialog generation. The system takes in a limited amount of input from a human and generates personalized response corresponding to the context of the conversation within natural dialog time-frame. By combining inspirations from online learning, reinforcement learning, and large scale language models, we expect this project to provide a foundation for human-in-the-loop conditional dialog generation tasks.

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Solvason, H. B., V. K. Ghanta e R. N. Hiramoto. "Conditioned augmentation of natural killer cell activity. Independence from nociceptive effects and dependence on interferon-beta." Journal of Immunology 140, n. 2 (15 gennaio 1988): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.140.2.661.

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Abstract Injection of mice with 20 micrograms polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) after exposure to camphor odor results in a conditioned augmentation of natural killer cell (NK) activity. In this study, we show that the conditioned response is not the result of nociceptive stimulation and that interferon-beta (IFN), but not IFN-alpha can replace Poly I:C as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Two conditioned stimuli (CS) were used with equivalent results. A combination CS consisting of a novel taste (saccharin) and a 125 mg/kg injection of LiCl that induces gastric upset was paired with a Poly I:C or IFN-beta (1 X 10(4) IU) injection. This resulted in an augmentation of NK activity when the conditioned animals were reexposed to the saccharin-LiCl CS. In addition, an identical conditioned response was elicited when a camphor odor CS was paired with either of these US. To test whether the conditioned response might be an artifact not detected by our controls, a mock conditioning experiment was performed, which assessed the differential effect of multiple exposures to the saccharin-LiCl CS without a CS/US pairing. The mock conditioned group was significantly suppressed relative to saline treated controls, whereas the mock nonconditioned group and the mock conditioned group that was not reexposed to the CS after conditioning did not show significant suppression. This indicates that the augmentation observed in the conditioned group after CS/US pairing was not the result of exposure to the CS itself. Small doses of Poly I:C (5 micrograms or 2.5 micrograms) given on days 3 and 5 (or on day 5 only) to boost NK activity had the effect of increasing the magnitude of the conditioned response measured on day 6. In addition, an identical conditioned response was observed when the interval between the CS/US pairing and the later CS exposures was changed, which places the test for the conditioned response either on day 6 (CS given on days 3 and 5) or day 10 (CS given on days 7 and 9). These results show that the observed conditioned enhancement of NK activity in conditioned animals is not caused by any nociceptive properties of the CS itself and is dependent on the IFN-beta produced after Poly I:C injection in the conditioned paradigm.

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Sullivan, Regina M., Suzanne Taborsky-Barba, Raffael Mendoza, Alison Itano, Michael Leon, Carl W. Cotman, Terrence F. Payne e Ira Lott. "Olfactory Classical Conditioning in Neonates". Pediatrics 87, n. 4 (1 aprile 1991): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.4.511.

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One-day-old, awake infants underwent an olfactory classical conditioning procedure to assess associative learning within the olfactory system of newborns. Experimental infants received ten 30-second pairings of a novel olfactory conditioned stimulus (a citrus odor of neutral value) and tactile stimulation provided by stroking as the reinforcing unconditioned stimulus (a stimulus with positive properties). Control babies received only the odor, only the stroking, or the stroking followed by the odor presentation. The next day, all infants, in either the awake or sleep state, were given five 30-second presentations of the odor. Results were analyzed from video tapes scored by an observer unaware of the infants' training condition. The results indicate that only those infants who received the forward pairings of the odor and stroking exhibited conditioned responding (head turning toward the odor) to the citrus odor. The performance of the conditioned response was not affected by the state of the baby during testing, because both awake and sleeping infants exhibited conditioned responses. Furthermore, the expression of the conditioned response was odor specific; a novel floral odor presented during testing did not elicit conditioned responses in the experimental babies. These results suggest that complex associative olfactory learning is seen in newborns within the first 48 hours of life. These baseline findings may serve as normative data against which observation from neonates at risk for neurological sequelae may be compared.

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Rogers, Carolyn F., Vithal K. Ghanta, Sossiena Demissie, Nancy Hiramoto e Raymond N. Hiramoto. "Lidocaine Interrupts the Conditioned Natural Killer Cell Response by Interfering with the Conditioned Stimulus". Neuroimmunomodulation 1, n. 5 (1994): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000097177.

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Gewirtz, Jonathan C., Susan E. Brandon e Allan R. Wagner. "Modulation of the acquisition of the rabbit eyeblink conditioned response by conditioned contextual stimuli." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 24, n. 1 (1998): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.24.1.106.

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Svensson, Pär, Dan-Anders Jirenhed, Fredrik Bengtsson e Germund Hesslow. "Effect of Conditioned Stimulus Parameters on Timing of Conditioned Purkinje Cell Responses". Journal of Neurophysiology 103, n. 3 (marzo 2010): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00524.2009.

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Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning is a useful experimental model for studying adaptive timing, an important aspect of skilled movements. The conditioned response (CR) is precisely timed to occur just before the onset of the expected unconditioned stimulus (US). The timing can be changed immediately, however, by varying parameters of the conditioned stimulus (CS). It has previously been shown that increasing the intensity of a peripheral CS or the frequency of a CS consisting of a train of stimuli to the mossy fibers shortens the latency of the CR. The adaptive timing of behavioral CRs probably reflects the timing of an underlying learned inhibitory response in cerebellar Purkinje cells. It is not known how the latency of this Purkinje cell CR is controlled. We have recorded form Purkinje cells in conditioned decerebrate ferrets while increasing the intensity of a peripheral CS or the frequency of a mossy fiber CS. We observe changes in the timing of the Purkinje cell CR that match the behavioral effects. The results are consistent with the effect of CS parameters on behavioral CR latency being caused by corresponding changes in Purkinje cell CRs. They suggest that synaptic temporal summation may be one of several mechanisms underlying adaptive timing of movements.

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Murlanova, Kateryna, Yan Jouroukhin, Ksenia Novototskaya-Vlasova, Shovgi Huseynov, Olga Pletnikova, Michael J. Morales, Yun Guan et al. "Loss of Astrocytic µ Opioid Receptors Exacerbates Aversion Associated with Morphine Withdrawal in Mice: Role of Mitochondrial Respiration". Cells 12, n. 10 (17 maggio 2023): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12101412.

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Astrocytes express mu/µ opioid receptors, but the function of these receptors remains poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of astrocyte-restricted knockout of µ opioid receptors on reward- and aversion-associated behaviors in mice chronically exposed to morphine. Specifically, one of the floxed alleles of the Oprm1 gene encoding µ opioid receptor 1 was selectively deleted from brain astrocytes in Oprm1 inducible conditional knockout (icKO) mice. These mice did not exhibit changes in locomotor activity, anxiety, or novel object recognition, or in their responses to the acute analgesic effects of morphine. Oprm1 icKO mice displayed increased locomotor activity in response to acute morphine administration but unaltered locomotor sensitization. Oprm1 icKO mice showed normal morphine-induced conditioned place preference but exhibited stronger conditioned place aversion associated with naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. Notably, elevated conditioned place aversion lasted up to 6 weeks in Oprm1 icKO mice. Astrocytes isolated from the brains of Oprm1 icKO mice had unchanged levels of glycolysis but had elevated oxidative phosphorylation. The basal augmentation of oxidative phosphorylation in Oprm1 icKO mice was further exacerbated by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from morphine and, similar to that for conditioned place aversion, was still present 6 weeks later. Our findings suggest that µ opioid receptors in astrocytes are linked to oxidative phosphorylation and they contribute to long-term changes associated with opioid withdrawal.

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Vits, Sabine, Elvir Cesko, Paul Enck, Uwe Hillen, Dirk Schadendorf e Manfred Schedlowski. "Behavioural conditioning as the mediator of placebo responses in the immune system". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, n. 1572 (27 giugno 2011): 1799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0392.

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Current placebo research postulates that conditioning processes are one of the major mechanisms of the placebo response. Behaviourally conditioned changes in peripheral immune functions have been demonstrated in experimental animals, healthy subjects and patients. The physiological mechanisms responsible for this ‘learned immune response’ are not yet fully understood, but some relevant afferent and efferent pathways in the communication between the brain and the peripheral immune system have been identified. In addition, possible benefits and applicability in clinical settings have been demonstrated where behaviourally conditioned immunosuppression attenuated the exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, prolonged allograft survival and affected allergic responses. Here, we summarize data describing the mechanisms and the potential clinical benefit of behaviourally conditioned immune functions, with particular focus on learned placebo effects on allergic reactions.

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Dozier, Thomas, e Nathanael Mitchell. "Novel five-phase model for understanding the nature of misophonia, a conditioned aversive reflex disorder". F1000Research 12 (4 agosto 2023): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133506.2.

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Background: Misophonia is a recently identified condition in which a person perceives a subtle stimulus (e.g., eating sounds, hair twirling) and has an intense, negative emotional response. Misophonia cannot be classified with established nosological systems. Methods: We present a novel five-phase model of misophonia from a cognitive-behavioral framework. This model identifies a learned reflex of the autonomic nervous system as the primary etiology and maintenance of misophonia. Phase one is anticipatory anxiety and avoidance. Phase two is a conditioned physical reflex (for example, the tensing of calf muscles) that develops through stimulus-response Pavlovian conditioning. Phase three includes intense negative emotional responses and accompanying physiological distress, thoughts, urges, and emotion-driven behavior. Phase four is the individual’s coping responses to emotional distress, and phase five is the environmental response and resulting internal and external consequences of the coping behaviors. Each phase helps explain the maintenance of the response and the individual’s impairment. Results: Anticipatory anxiety and avoidance of phase one contributes to an increased arousal and awareness of triggers, resulting in increased severity of the trigger experience. Both the Pavlovian-conditioned physical reflex of phase two and the emotion-driven behavior caused by the conditioned emotional response of phase three increase with in vivo exposure to triggers. Phase four includes internal and external coping behaviors to the intense emotions and distress, and phase 5 includes the consequences of those behaviors. Internal consequences include beliefs and new emotions based on environmental responses to anger and panic. For example, the development of emotions such as shame and guilt, and beliefs regarding how ‘intolerable’ the trigger is. Conclusions: We assert misophonia is a multi-sensory condition and includes anticipatory anxiety, conditioned physical reflexes, intense emotional and physical distress, subsequent internal and external responses, and environmental consequences.

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Dozier, Thomas, e Nathanael Mitchell. "Novel five-phase model for understanding the nature of misophonia, a conditioned aversive reflex disorder". F1000Research 12 (11 luglio 2023): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133506.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background: Misophonia is a recently identified condition in which a person perceives a subtle stimulus (e.g., eating sounds, hair twirling) and has an intense, negative emotional response. Misophonia cannot be classified with established nosological systems. Methods: We present a novel five-phase model of misophonia from a cognitive-behavioral framework. This model identifies a learned reflex of the autonomic nervous system as the primary etiology and maintenance of misophonia. Phase one is anticipatory anxiety and avoidance. Phase two is a conditioned physical reflex (for example, the tensing of calf muscles) that develops through stimulus-response Pavlovian conditioning. Phase three includes intense negative emotional responses and accompanying physiological distress, thoughts, urges, and emotion-driven behavior. Phase four is the individual’s coping responses to emotional distress, and phase five is the environmental response and resulting internal and external consequences of the coping behaviors. Each phase helps explain the maintenance of the response and the individual’s impairment. Results: Anticipatory anxiety and avoidance of phase one contributes to an increased arousal and awareness of triggers, resulting in increased severity of the trigger experience. Both the Pavlovian-conditioned physical reflex of phase two and the emotion-driven behavior caused by the conditioned emotional response of phase three increase with in vivo exposure to triggers. Phase four includes internal and external coping behaviors to the intense emotions and distress, and phase 5 includes the consequences of those behaviors. Internal consequences include beliefs and new emotions based on environmental responses to anger and panic. For example, the development of emotions such as shame and guilt, and beliefs regarding how ‘intolerable’ the trigger is. Conclusions: We assert misophonia is a multi-sensory condition and includes anticipatory anxiety, conditioned physical reflexes, intense emotional and physical distress, subsequent internal and external responses, and environmental consequences.

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Stasiak, Maciej, e R. Masterton. "Auditory quality cues are more effective than auditory location cues in a R – no R (go – no go) differentiation: the extension of the rule to primitive mammals (American opossum, Didelphis virginiana)". Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 56, n. 4 (31 dicembre 1996): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-1996-1202.

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Discrimination learning of instrumental responses to auditory compound stimuli was investigated in opossums using the R – no R (go – no go) differentiation. Each compound stimulus consisted of two factors: quality and location. Each correct response performed to the conditioned positive, or "safe" stimulus, was rewarded by food and never punished. Each incorrect response performed to the conditioned negative, or "warning" stimulus, was punished by an electric shock. In subsequent testing, each opossum proved to use only the quality cues to solve the task even though later testing showed them capable of using the location cues. Thus, the rule discovered in higher mammals, that the efficacy of auditory stimuli in differentiation depends on the perceptual ability of the animal as well as the type of the behavioral response with which the animal is confronted, may be extended to neurologically primitive mammals and also to a joint conditioned approach-avoidance method.

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Brown, Elizabeth, Kurtresha Worden, Yuanyuan Li, Pavel Masek e Alex C. Keene. "Innate and Conditioned Taste Processing inDrosophila". Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, n. 6 (14 febbraio 2023): pdb.top107864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top107864.

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Peripheral detection of tastants allows animals to detect the dietary value of food and its potential toxicity. Many tastants such as sugars and fats elicit reflexive appetitive responses, whereas other foods such as quinine induce aversion. The relative value of food can change in accordance with an animal's internal state and prior experience. Understanding the neural and genetic bases for the detection and response to tastants, as well as how these behaviors change with experience, is central to sensory neuroscience. The presentation of attractive tastants to the proboscis or legs of the fruit flyDrosophila melanogasterinduces a robust and reflexive proboscis-extension response (PER). This quantifiable response can be used to study the receptors underlying taste detection, the neural circuits involved in sensory processing, and the musculature required for a simple feeding behavior. Furthermore, we have developed a memory assay pairing appetitive and bitter tastants, resulting in aversive taste conditioning, in which the PER response to attractive tastants is diminished. Unlike many memory assays, this assay does not require specialized equipment and can be readily implemented in teaching and research laboratories. Here, we introduce protocols for studying the PER feeding response and aversive taste memory inDrosophila.

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BOUROUBA, ASSIA, NESRINE HAMIDI, BOUBAKER MECHAB e OUAHIBA LITIMEIN. "STRONG CONSISTENCY RATE OF THE CONDITIONAL QUANTILE ESTIMATOR WITH DATA MISSING AT RANDOM". Journal of Science and Arts 22, n. 4 (22 dicembre 2022): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-22.4-a03.

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In the case of response missing at random conditioned by a functional explanatory variable, this research investigates non parametric estimate of the conditional quantile using the kernel approach. Under an α-mixing assumption and properties of the small ball, we establish the uniform almost complete convergence (with rate) of the proposed estimator.

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Brom, Mirte, Ellen Laan, Walter Everaerd, Philip Spinhoven e Stephanie Both. "Extinction of Aversive Classically Conditioned Human Sexual Response". Journal of Sexual Medicine 12, n. 4 (aprile 2015): 916–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12800.

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