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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Conditioned response"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 30 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Conditioned response"

1

Pernice, Shon. "Conditioned Emotional Response". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 38, n. 2 (maggio 2022): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10439862221096720.

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Gruart, A., G. Guillazo-Blanch, R. Fernández-Mas, L. Jiménez-Díaz e J. M. Delgado-García. "Cerebellar Posterior Interpositus Nucleus as an Enhancer of Classically Conditioned Eyelid Responses in Alert Cats". Journal of Neurophysiology 84, n. 5 (1 novembre 2000): 2680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.5.2680.

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Cerebellar posterior interpositus neurons were recorded in cats during delayed and trace conditioning of eyeblinks. Type A neurons increased their firing in the time interval between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus presentations for both paradigms, while type B neurons decreased it. The discharge of different type A neurons recorded across successive conditioning sessions increased, with slopes of 0.061–0.078 spikes/s/trial. Both types of neurons modified their firing several trials in advance of the appearance of eyelid conditioned responses, but for each conditioned stimulus presentation their response started after conditioned response onset. Interpositus microstimulation evoked eyelid responses similar in amplitude and profiles to conditioned responses, and microinjection of muscimol decreased conditioned response amplitude. It is proposed that the interpositus nucleus is an enhancer, but not the initiator, of eyelid conditioned responses.

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Okada, Shinichi, Takashi Arai, Kumiko Komuro, Sahoko Uchida e Kuniaki Takahashi. "Response format on conditioned orientation response audiometry". AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 58, n. 4 (2015): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.58.248.

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Shahan, Timothy A. "CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT AND RESPONSE STRENGTH". Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 93, n. 2 (marzo 2010): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2010.93-269.

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Hodes, Robert L., Edwin W. Cook e Peter J. Lang. "Individual Differences in Autonomic Response: Conditioned Association or Conditioned Fear?" Psychophysiology 22, n. 5 (settembre 1985): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01649.x.

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Huang, Jing-Xin, Wen-Juan Lin e Jihuan Chen. "Antibody response can be conditioned using electroacupuncture as conditioned stimulus". NeuroReport 15, n. 9 (giugno 2004): 1475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000129857.40478.5a.

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Neuenschwander-El Massioui, Nicole, Gérard Dutrieux e Jean-Marc Edeline. "Conditioned hippocampal cellular response to a behaviorally silent conditioned stimulus." Behavioral Neuroscience 105, n. 2 (1991): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.105.2.313.

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Wilson, D. A., e M. Leon. "Spatial patterns of olfactory bulb single-unit responses to learned olfactory cues in young rats". Journal of Neurophysiology 59, n. 6 (1 giugno 1988): 1770–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.6.1770.

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1. Neonatal rat pups were classically conditioned to an odor stimulus from postnatal day 1 (PN1) to PN18. Tactile stimulation (stroking) was used as the unconditioned stimulus. On PN19, mitral/tufted cell single-unit responses to the conditioned odor were examined in both conditioned and control pups. Recordings were made from mitral/tufted cells in two regions of the olfactory bulb: 1) an area typically associated with focal [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake in response to the conditioned odor and 2) an area distant from focal 2-DG uptake to the conditioned odor. Animals were anesthetized with urethane and were naturally respiring during the single-unit recording procedure. 2. Changes in mitral/tufted cell firing rate in response to odors in both bulbar regions and all training groups were classified as either excitatory, suppressive, or no response. This response classification was used to compare response patterns to the conditioned odor between bulbar regions and training groups. 3. Classical conditioning selectively modified the response patterns of mitral/tufted cells to the conditioned odor when those cells were associated with regions of focal 2-DG uptake for that odor. Mitral/tufted cells demonstrated significantly more suppressive and fewer excitatory responses to the conditioned odor than cells in control pups. Response patterns to a novel odor were not similarly modified. 4. Response patterns of mitral/tufted cells distant from the focal region of 2-DG uptake to the conditioned odor were not modified by conditioning compared with control pups. 5. The difference in response pattern between cells in the 2-DG focus and cells distant to the 2-DG focus was apparent within 500 ms of the stimulus onset. Given the respiratory rate of these pups (2 Hz), these data suggest that the modified response pattern occurred on the first inhalation of the learned odor. 6. These data demonstrate that both spatial and temporal patterns of olfactory bulb output neuron activity are used in the coding of olfactory information in the bulb. Furthermore, these spatial/temporal response patterns can be modified by early learning.

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M.*, Lehner, Wislowska-Stanek A., Maciejak P., Szyndler J., Sobolewska A., Krzascik P. e Płaznik A. "The relationship between pain sensitivity and conditioned fear response in rats". Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 70, n. 1 (31 marzo 2010): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2010-1774.

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It might seem obvious that pain sensitivity would predict individual, inborn susceptibilities to aversive stimuli and the strength of fear-conditioned responses. Such relationships are based on the assumption that there is a close association between fear-evoked behavioral reactions and the responses to painful, aversive stimuli. However, this problem has not been systematically studied. To this end, we investigated the relationship between pain sensitivity in two pain tests (the ‘tail-flick’ and ‘flinch-jump’ tests) and a conditioned, fear-evoked, freezing response in rats. The results show that there was no correlation between: (1) the conditioned (associative) and the novelty-evoked (non-specific stress-related) fear response and (2) individual differences in pain threshold and fear responses. Furthermore, factor analysis did not group freezing in the conditioned fear test, individual footshock sensibility, or ‘tail-flick’ reaction to painful stimuli together. These results indicate that pain sensitivity and conditioned emotional responses to pain are not directly correlated.

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Ludlow, Christy L., Toshiyuki Yamashita, Geralyn M. Schulz e Frederic W. B. Deleyiannis. "Abnormalities in Long Latency Responses to Superior Laryngeal Nerve Stimulation in Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, n. 12 (dicembre 1995): 928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510401203.

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Sensorimotor responses to repeated electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve were compared in 8 patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) and 11 normal controls to determine if adductor response disinhibition occurred in ADSD. Pairs of electrical pulses were presented at interstimulus intervals varying from 100 to 5,000 milliseconds (ms). Three responses were measured in thyroarytenoid muscles: ipsilateral R1 responses at 17 ms and ipsilateral and contralateral R2 responses between 60 and 75 ms. Conditioned response characteristics, the percent occurrence and percentage amplitude of initial responses, were measures of response inhibition. As a group, the patients had reduced response inhibition: their conditioned ipsilateral R1 response amplitudes were increased, as was the frequency of their conditioned contralateral muscle responses (p ⩽ .002) compared to normal. However, the patients' initial responses were normal in latency and frequency characteristics, demonstrating that the brain stem mechanisms for these responses were intact. These results suggest a central disinhibition of laryngeal responses to sensory input in ADSD.

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Tesi sul tema "Conditioned response"

1

Burns, Melissa Leah. "Effects of conditioned, unconditioned, and contextual stimuli on the direction of conditioned responding /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Smith, Shawn Michael. "Postconditioning manipulation of context associative strength on conditioned responding in conditioned taste aversion". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4566.

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Thesis (M.A.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (June 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Everly, Jeffrey. "Sensitivity to molar contingencies of food presentation". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3797.

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Kettering, Tracy Lynne. "A comparison of procedures for unpairing conditioned reflexive establishing operations". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1217944623.

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Teer, Kerry. "Emergent untaught behaviour : stimulus equivalence and transitive inference in learning disabled and normally able people". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15134.

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The explanation of the emergence of untaught behaviour has been a topic of considerable interest in behaviour analysis. The experiments in this thesis were designed to examine some of the processes underlying these emergent relations. In doing this, two different paradigms were examined - stimulus equivalence and transitive inference. The experiments leading to a formal definition of equivalence relations are reported, and the demonstration of cognitive abilities with both humans and non-humans described. The explanations proposed for the basis of stimulus equivalence are discussed. Data from five experiments are then presented. Experiment 1 considered the role of naming in stimulus equivalence and Experiment 2 contrasted this performance with the establishment of transitive inference, both experiments being carried out with adults with learning disabilities as subjects. The results from these experiments suggested that while naming behaviour may help to establish emergent relations, it may not be the basis of stimulus equivalence, and that it may be possible to account for performance on both stimulus equivalence and transitive inference tests in terms of reinforcement contingencies. While subjects who display stimulus equivalence are likely to also display transitive inferences, the reverse relation may not be true. Experiments 3 and 4 examined the effects of a disruption of the baseline relations on performance on transitive inference and stimulus equivalence tasks. These experiments were both carried out with normally able adults, adults with learning disabilities, and normally developing young children. Experiment 5 was a replication of Experiment 4 with a tighter methodology and a larger number of subjects with learning disabilities. It is suggested that the results obtained in Experiments 4 and 5 can be explained by the development of contextual control of the equivalence relations. The results from these experiments suggested that the transitive inference and stimulus equivalence paradigms may respectively be concrete and abstract examples of more general emergent relations. These paradigms may also prove to be very useful teaching tools for helping to establish emergent relations.

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Lieving, Gregory A. "Acquisition of observing responses with delayed conditioned reinforcement". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1998. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=307.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 1998.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 61 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-52).

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Stull, Anne K. "Conditional discrimination acquisition in young children : are the facilitative of naming due to stimulus discrimination? /". Electronic version (PDF), 2007. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2007-3/stulla/annestull.pdf.

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Bell, Matthew Clay. "Response strength and resistance to change /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9732717.

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Cammilleri, Anthony Peter. "Second-Order Conditional Control of Members of an Equivalence Class". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278035/.

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The conditional control of equivalence has received much attention in the analysis of verbal behavior. While previous research identified conditional control of relational responding and conditional control of equivalence class formation, this study investigated the possibility of conditional control of members of an equivalence class. Following baseline conditional discrimination training and equivalence testing, subjects were taught to select a particular member in the presence of a Green background screen and another member in the presence of a Red background screen.

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Woodall, Anna. "Evaluative ratings in counter-conditioning and extinction /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19213.pdf.

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Libri sul tema "Conditioned response"

1

Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue. Ape language: From conditioned response to symbol. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue. Ape language: From conditioned response to symbol. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.

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Traetta, Luigi. Il cane di Pavlov: Storia del riflesso condizionato dalla fisiologia alla psicologia. Bari: Progedit, 2006.

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Cortoos, Aisha. Conditioned arousal in insomnia patients. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Cortoos, Aisha. Conditioned arousal in insomnia patients. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Sokolov, E. N. Vosprii︠a︡tie i uslovnyĭ refleks: Novyĭ vzgli︠a︡d. Moskva: Psikhologii︠a︡, 2003.

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Klein, Stephen B. Learning: Principles and applications. 2^a ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

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Klein, Stephen B. Learning: Principles and applications. 3^a ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

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Klein, Stephen B. Learning: Principles and applications. 4^a ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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W, Proctor Robert, e Reeve T. Gilmour, a cura di. Stimulus-response compatibility: An integrated perspective. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1990.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Conditioned response"

1

Hoyer, Daniel, Eric P. Zorrilla, Pietro Cottone, Sarah Parylak, Micaela Morelli, Nicola Simola, Nicola Simola et al. "Conditioned Response". In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 336. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_1496.

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Christoforou, Christoforos. "Conditioned Response". In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1042-1.

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Radley, Keith C., e Morgan McCargo. "Conditioned Response". In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 817–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_970.

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Radley, Keith C., e Morgan McCargo. "Conditioned Response". In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_970-1.

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Hoyer, Daniel, Eric P. Zorrilla, Pietro Cottone, Sarah Parylak, Micaela Morelli, Nicola Simola, Nicola Simola et al. "Conditioned Avoidance Response". In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 325. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_3159.

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Hoyer, Daniel, Eric P. Zorrilla, Pietro Cottone, Sarah Parylak, Micaela Morelli, Nicola Simola, Nicola Simola et al. "Conditioned Emotional Response". In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 331. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_3160.

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Moore, J. W., e N. E. Berthier. "Purkinje Cell Activity and the Conditioned Nictitating Membrane Response". In Cerebellum and Neuronal Plasticity, 339–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0965-9_22.

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Liu, Hong, Yuxin Wu, Zixuan Wang, Diyi Tan, Yuxin Xiao e Wenshuang Zhang. "Adaptive response of occupants to the thermal environment in air-conditioned buildings in Chongqing, China". In Advances in Energy Science and Equipment Engineering II, 619–23. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116167-120.

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Steuber, Volker, e David J. Willshaw. "How a single Purkinje cell could learn the adaptive timing of the classically conditioned eye-blink response". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 115–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0020142.

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Kraus, Michaela M., e Athineos Philippu. "Involvement of Neurotransmitters in Mnemonic Processes, Response to Noxious Stimuli and Conditioned Fear: A Push–Pull Superfusion Study". In Neuromethods, 237–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6490-1_11.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Conditioned response"

1

Jiang, Bing’er, Erik Ekstedt e Gabriel Skantze. "Response-conditioned Turn-taking Prediction". In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.776.

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Churchill, Christopher B., e John A. Shaw. "Shakedown response of conditioned shape memory alloy wire". In The 15th International Symposium on: Smart Structures and Materials & Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, a cura di Marcelo J. Dapino e Zoubeida Ounaies. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.778726.

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Kim, Hayoung, Gihoon Kim, Jongwon Park, Kyushik Min, Dongchan Kim e Kunsoo Huh. "Action Conditioned Response Prediction with Uncertainty for Automated Vehicles". In 2019 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispacs48206.2019.8986322.

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Chen, Wenhu, Jianshu Chen, Pengda Qin, Xifeng Yan e William Yang Wang. "Semantically Conditioned Dialog Response Generation via Hierarchical Disentangled Self-Attention". In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1360.

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Churchill, Christopher B., e John A. Shaw. "Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Shakedown Response of Conditioned Shape Memory Alloy Wires". In ASME 2009 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2009-1306.

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The shakedown response of conditioned shape memory alloy wires (Flexinol®) is examined experimentally during constant tension thermal cycles, at several load levels. Strain, temperature, and electrical resistivity are measured simultaneously using a specialized experimental setup that enables a relatively rapid temperature rate (1 °C/s) while preserving the temperature uniformity along the gauge length to less than 1.5 °C. Both elongation and electrical resistance are measured from the same local gauge length, allowing strain-corrected electrical resistivity to be inferred. The most repeatable behavior (least shakedown) occurs at the intermediate load of 191 MPa (consistent with the supplier’s maximum stress recommendation), with a small amount of shakedown (and some loss of two-way shape memory) at lower loads and progressively larger shakedown (strain ratcheting and reduction in hysteresis) at higher loads.

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Spurling, James, Fred Blomshield e David Pate. "Effects of Temperature Conditioned Environment on a Propellant's Pressure-Coupled Response". In 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-7158.

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Patrick, Alexander, Curtis Gittens e Michael Katchabaw. "The virtual little albert experiment: Creating conditioned emotion response in virtual agents". In 2015 IEEE Games Entertainment Media Conference (GEM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gem.2015.7377228.

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Tio, Sidney, e Pradeep Varakantham. "Transferable Curricula through Difficulty Conditioned Generators". In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/543.

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Advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) have demonstrated superhuman performance in complex tasks such as Starcraft, Go, Chess etc. However, knowledge transfer from Artificial ``Experts" to humans remain a significant challenge. A promising avenue for such transfer would be the use of curricula. Recent methods in curricula generation focuses on training RL agents efficiently, yet such methods rely on surrogate measures to track student progress, and are not suited for training robots in the real world (or more ambitiously humans). In this paper, we introduce a method named Parameterized Environment Response Model (PERM) that shows promising results in training RL agents in parameterized environments. Inspired by Item Response Theory, PERM seeks to model difficulty of environments and ability of RL agents directly. Given that RL agents and humans are trained more efficiently under the ``zone of proximal development", our method generates a curriculum by matching the difficulty of an environment to the current ability of the student. In addition, PERM can be trained offline and does not employ non-stationary measures of student ability, making it suitable for transfer between students. We demonstrate PERM's ability to represent the environment parameter space, and training with RL agents with PERM produces a strong performance in deterministic environments. Lastly, we show that our method is transferable between students, without any sacrifice in training quality.

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Tosdevin, Tom, Emma Edwards, Anna Holcombe, Scott Brown, Edward Ransley, Martyn Hann e Deborah Greaves. "On the Use of Response Conditioned Focused Wave and Wind Events for the Prediction of Design Loads". In ASME 2023 5th International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2023-119497.

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Abstract Reducing the time required to predict design loads and responses would result in significant efficiency improvements to the floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) design process. Present methods of predicting design values require at least six, 1-hour sea condition simulations. It would therefore be highly beneficial to identify what conditions lead to the extremes of a range of responses of interest to reduce the length of the time series required. The results of physical, 1:70 scale model experiments using the UMaine VolturnUS-S platform and IEA 15MW reference wind turbine are presented. A Real-time hybrid testing approach, where wind loading is calculated via a surrogate model and reproduced by two on board fans is used to approximate the aerodynamic loads at model scale. The response spectra for several responses of interest are used to construct short wave and wind time series using a ‘conditional random response wave’ approach developed in ship design. These time series, the responses they produce, and their resulting design value estimates are compared to those from 1-hour-long, irregular wave, and turbulent wind time series. This comparison is conducted for operating conditions at rated wind speed corresponding to design load case (DLC) 1.6, and it is performed at a location in the Celtic Sea.

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Rysztak, Lauren, e Emily M. M. Jutkiewicz. "Modifying the Conditioned Reinforcing Properties of Cocaine in the New Response Acquisition Procedure". In ASPET 2023 Annual Meeting Abstracts. American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.122.262230.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Conditioned response"

1

Plannerer, H. N. Mechanical response of shock conditioned HPNS-5 (R-1) grout. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/645570.

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Moore, John W. Biological and Theoretical Studies of Adaptive Networks: The Conditioned Response. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238861.

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Cesa-Bianchi, Ambrogio, Alessandro Rebucci e Luis Felipe Céspedes. Global Liquidity, House Prices and the Macroeconomy: Evidence from Advanced and Emerging Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, marzo 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011687.

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This paper first compares house price cycles in advanced and emerging economies using a new quarterly house price dataset covering the period 1990- 2012. It is found that that house prices in emerging economies grow faster, are more volatile, less persistent and less synchronized across countries than in advanced economies. They also correlate more closely with capital flows than in advanced economies. The analysis is then conditioned on an exogenous change to global liquidity, broadly understood as a proxy for the international supply of credit. It is found that in emerging markets a global liquidity shock has a much stronger impact on house prices and consumption than in advanced economies. Finally, holding house prices constant in response to this shock tends to dampen its effects on consumption in both advanced and emerging economies, but possibly through different channels: in advanced economies by boosting the value of housing collateral and hence supporting domestic borrowing, and in emerging markets by appreciating the exchange rate and hence supporting the international borrowing capacity of the economy.

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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry e Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.

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Porat, Ron, Gregory T. McCollum, Amnon Lers e Charles L. Guy. Identification and characterization of genes involved in the acquisition of chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587727.bard.

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Citrus, like many other tropical and subtropical fruit are sensitive to chilling temperatures. However, application of a pre-storage temperature conditioning (CD) treatment at 16°C for 7 d or of a hot water brushing (HWB) treatment at 60°C for 20 sec remarkably enhances chilling tolerance and reduces the development of chilling injuries (CI) upon storage at 5°C. In the current research, we proposed to identify and characterize grapefruit genes that are induced by CD, and may contribute to the acquisition of fruit chilling tolerance, by two different molecular approaches: cDNA array analysis and PCR cDNA subtraction. In addition, following the recent development and commercialization of the new Affymetrix Citrus Genome Array, we further performed genome-wide transcript profiling analysis following exposure to CD and chilling treatments. To conduct the cDNA array analysis, we constructed cDNA libraries from the peel tissue of CD- and HWB-treated grapefruit, and performed an EST sequencing project including sequencing of 3,456 cDNAs from each library. Based on the obtained sequence information, we chose 70 stress-responsive and chilling-related genes and spotted them on nylon membranes. Following hybridization the constructed cDNA arrays with RNA probes from control and CD-treated fruit and detailed confirmations by RT-PCR analysis, we found that six genes: lipid-transfer protein, metallothionein-like protein, catalase, GTP-binding protein, Lea5, and stress-responsive zinc finger protein, showed higher transcript levels in flavedo of conditioned than in non-conditioned fruit stored at 5 ᵒC. The transcript levels of another four genes: galactinol synthase, ACC oxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, and chilling-inducible oxygenase, increased only in control untreated fruit but not in chilling-tolerant CD-treated fruit. By PCR cDNA subtraction analysis we identified 17 new chilling-responsive and HWB- and CD-induced genes. Overall, characterization of the expression patterns of these genes as well as of 11 more stress-related genes by RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the HWB treatment activated mainly the expression of stress-related genes(HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein, EIN2, 1,3;4-β-D-glucanase, and SOD), whereas the CD treatment activated mainly the expression of lipid modification enzymes, including fatty acid disaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Genome wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip® microarray (including 30,171 citrus probe sets) revealed the identification of three different chilling-related regulons: 1,345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD-treated fruits (chilling-response regulon), 509 probe sets were unique to the CD-treated fruits (chilling tolerance regulon), and 417 probe sets were unique to the chilling-sensitive control fruits (chilling stress regulon). Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression governed arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down-regulation of cell wall, pathogen defense, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced various adaptation processes, such as changes in the expression levels of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.

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Ewing, Rodney C., e Maik Lang. Response of Simple, Model Systems to Extreme Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1209112.

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Putten, Dennis van, Henk Riezebos e Ronald Ten cate. PR-282-20601-R01 High Pressure Calibration of Turbine and USMs with an Inert Gas. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012105.

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The response of gas flow meters to different gases and the accompanied potential uncertainty increase is an important subject in industry. Multiple measurement technologies exist and are expected to behave differently under the change of gas type and when operating under different pressure. The main interest of PRCI is the response of custody transfer gas flow meters to natural gas and air in the range of pressures between atmospheric and 100 bar (1500 psi). Understanding of the response of these flow meters may enable the calibration of these meters under conditions different from the actual field condition in expense of additional uncertainty.

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Nowlen, Steven P., Carlos Lopez Mestre, Jason Brown e Chris Bensdotter LaFleur. Response Bias of Electrical Cable Coatings At FIRE Conditions (REBECCA-FIRE). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1493360.

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Muna, Alice Baca, Chris Bensdotter LaFleur e Dusty Marie Brooks. Response of Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation Cables Exposed to Fire Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1396075.

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Fischer, L. E., C. K. Chou, M. A. Gerhard, C. Y. Kimura, R. W. Martin, R. W. Mensing, M. E. Mount e M. C. Witte. Shipping container response to severe highway and railway accident conditions: Appendices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febbraio 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6865215.

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