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1
KNIHINICKI, DANUTA K., KATHRYN L. MCCARREN e JOHN K. SCOTT. "A new species of Aceria (Acari: Eriophyidae) damaging sowthistles, Sonchus spp. (Asteraceae), in Australia with notes on Aceria sonchi (Nalepa, 1902)". Zootaxa 2119, n. 1 (27 maggio 2009): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2119.1.2.
Abstract (sommario):
A new species of eriophyoid mite from Australia is described and illustrated. Aceria thalgi sp. n. causes severe curling and rolling of leaves of common introduced sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus L. It also affects introduced Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and native Sonchus hydrophilus Boulos. The native species may be the original host for this mite. Aceria thalgi sp. n. is shown to be a separate species to Aceria sonchi (Nalepa), which forms distinctive leaf galls on Sonchus spp. in southern Europe. English translations of past descriptions of A. sonchi are included for comparison. Historical observations and records from New South Wales suggest that A. thalgi sp. n. has been known for at least 80 years prior to its recent rediscovery in Western Australia. This implies that the newly described species may be widespread across the continent. There is also a past record of similar damage symptoms occurring on sowthistles in New Zealand. Aceria thalgi sp. n. has the potential to be a useful biological control agent in Australia and Canada, where sowthistles are major weeds of agriculture.
2
Henderson, C. W. L., e R. Cairns. "Post emergence spraying of clopyralid, picloram or pyridate in broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, or cauliflower kills weeds, with minimal crop damage". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, n. 8 (2002): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01180.
Abstract (sommario):
We investigated potential post-emergence herbicides for managing broadleaf weeds in broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, and cauliflower, as no products are currently registered for these uses in Australia. Subsequent to spraying clopyralid, picloram, or pyridate 5�weeks after direct-sowing broccoli or Chinese cabbage, or transplanting cabbage or cauliflower seedlings, we recorded crop phytotoxicity symptoms, measured marketable crop yields, and assessed weed control achieved. Neither maximum application rates of 90 g clopyralid/ha, nor 45�g clopyralid/ha mixed with 30 g picloram/ha, adversely affected vegetable yields. Spraying 60 g/ha clopyralid controlled burr medic (Medicago polymorpha), and suppressed common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus). Applying 90 g clopyralid/ha, or mixing 22.5 g clopyralid/ha with 15 g picloram/ha, controlled both burr medic and common sowthistle. At the rates tested, neither clopyralid nor picloram affected deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule). Applying 450 g pyridate/ha caused chlorotic spotting of the sprayed vegetable leaves, but did not affect marketable yields of broccoli, cabbage or cauliflower. This rate controlled deadnettle, reduced sowthistle growth by only 30–50% compared with an unweeded control, and had no impact on burr medic. Spraying 900 g pyridate/ha increased the severity and persistence of chlorotic spotting, and resulted in lower broccoli and Chinese cabbage yields than obtained in the best treatments in the respective experiments. Cabbage and cauliflower yields were unaffected by spraying 900 g pyridate/ha. This rate improved sowthistle control to a commercially acceptable level. Our studies suggest that both clopyralid and pyridate could be successfully utilised in Australian vegetable brassica production, providing issues of the residual activity of clopyralid on following crops, and optimal application rates and timing for pyridate, were resolved.
3
Cici, S.-Zahra-Hosseini, Steve Adkins e Jim Hanan. "Modelling the morphogenesis of annual sowthistle, a common weed in crops". Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 69, n. 1 (novembre 2009): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2009.06.014.
4
Dahlquist, Ruth M., Timothy S. Prather e James J. Stapleton. "Time and Temperature Requirements for Weed Seed Thermal Death". Weed Science 55, n. 6 (dicembre 2007): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-178.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Mortality of weed seeds at temperatures of 39, 42, 46, 50, 60, and 70 C was recorded through time under controlled laboratory conditions similar to those of soil solarization for six weed species: annual sowthistle, barnyardgrass, black nightshade, common purslane, London rocket, and tumble pigweed. Time and temperature requirements for thermal death varied considerably among the species studied. Barnyardgrass, London rocket, and annual sowthistle were more susceptible to heat treatment than black nightshade, common purslane, and tumble pigweed. Temperatures of 50 C and above were lethal for seeds of all species. Common purslane seeds were unaffected at 46 C and below, tumble pigweed and barnyardgrass seeds were unaffected at 42 C and below, and black nightshade seeds were unaffected at 39 C. Nonlinear models for mortality as a function of duration of heat treatment were developed for each species at each temperature at which mortality occurred. These models provide an empirical relationship for the construction of field-applicable decision models that could predict the accumulation of time and temperature combinations for effective solarization of weed seeds.
5
Felton, WL, GA Wicks e SM Welsby. "A survey of fallow practices and weed floras in wheat stubble and grain sorghum in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, n. 2 (1994): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940229.
Abstract (sommario):
A survey undertaken in northern New South Wales after the 1989 wheat harvest investigated the effects of cultural practices used by dryland farmers on summer weed flora. Only 50% of fallow paddocks surveyed between December and February were weedfree, and by mid January 65% had inadequate stubble cover (<1000 kg/ha) for protection from soil erosion, mainly because of excessive tillage. By February, only 10% of paddocks were being sprayed with a herbicide to control weeds. Examination of 65 uncultivated fallow wheat stubble paddocks and 25 grain sorghum crops identified 87 and 51 different weed species, respectively. In fallow paddocks where no herbicide had been used, 69 and 61 species were found in ungrazed and grazed paddocks, respectively. Where glyphosate had been used the number of species was 37 (grazed) and 39 (ungrazed), and for glyphosate plus atrazine, 23 and 18 species. The number of weed species found in grain sorghum was 29 for cultivated without atrazine, 35 for cultivated with atrazine, and 35 for no-tillage with atrazine, The most important weeds found in fallow were liverseed grass, native millet, common sowthistle, wireweed, and barnyard grasses. Black bindweed was a problem where atrazine had not been used. Native millet was the most abundant species where atrazine had been applied. In grain sorghum the most common broadleaf weeds for cultivated paddocks with no atrazine treatment were Tribulus spp., Australian bindweed, pigweed, and Bathurst burr, while the most common grass weeds were barnyard grasses, liverseed grass, stinkgrass, and native millet. When cultivation plus atrazine was used, barnyard grasses, native millet, wild oats, and liverseed grass were the most common weeds. In minimum tillage or no-tillage paddocks treated with atrazine, native millet, Queensland blue grass, liverseed grass, common sowthistle, Australian bindweed, and windmill grass were the most common weeds.
6
Song, Jong-Seok, Jin-Won Kim, Ji-Hoon Im, Kyu-Jong Lee, Byun-Woo Lee e Do-Soon Kim. "The Effects of Single- and Multiple-Weed Interference on Soybean Yield in the Far-Eastern Region of Russia". Weed Science 65, n. 3 (31 gennaio 2017): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2016.25.
Abstract (sommario):
Lack of understanding the effects of single- and multiple-weed interference on soybean yield has led to inadequate weed management in Primorsky Krai, resulting in much lower average yield than neighboring regions. A 2 yr field experiment was conducted in a soybean field located in Bogatyrka (43.82°N, 131.6°E), Primorsky Krai, Russia, in 2013 and 2014 to investigate the effects of single and multiple interference caused by naturally established weeds on soybean yield and to model these effects. Aboveground dry weight was negatively affected the most by weed interference, followed by number of pods and seeds. Soybean yield under single-weed interference was best demonstrated by a rectangular hyperbolic model, showing that common ragweed and barnyardgrass were the most competitive weed species, followed by annual sowthistle, American sloughgrass, and common lambsquarters. In the case of multiple-weed interference, soybean yield loss was accurately described by a multivariate rectangular hyperbolic model, with total density equivalent as the independent variable. Parameter estimates indicated that weed-free soybean yields were similar in 2013 and 2014, i.e., estimated as 1.72 t and 1.75 t ha−1, respectively, and competitiveness of each weed species was not significantly different between the two years. Economic thresholds for single-weed interference were 0.74, 0.66, 1.15, 1.23, and 1.45 plants m−2for common ragweed, barnyardgrass, annual sowthistle, American sloughgrass, and common lambsquarters, respectively. The economic threshold for multiple-weed interference was 0.70 density equivalent m−2. These results, including the model, thus can be applied to a decision support system for weed management in soybean cultivation under single and multiple-weed interference in Primorsky Krai and its neighboring regions of Russia.
7
Wicks, G. A., W. L. Felton, R. D. Murison e R. J. Martin. "Changes in fallow weed species in continuous wheat in northern New South Wales 1981-1990". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, n. 6 (2000): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99105.
Abstract (sommario):
Four experiments in northern New South Wales comparing fallow management treatments of no-tillage, cultivated with the stubble retained, and cultivated with the stubble burned, from 1981 to 1990, were sampled for weeds between wheat harvest and seeding on a number of occasions during this period. Eighty weed species were identified, 23 of which were found at all 4 sites but only 13 were recorded in the samples taken. These were dwarf amaranth, wild turnip, spear thistle, Australian bindweed, fleabane, bladder ketmia, prickly lettuce, turnip weed, variegated thistle, common sowthistle, dandelion, wild oats and native millet. The density of weeds during the fallow period decreased by 97% from 1981 to 1990 with some species eliminated, probably because of the herbicides used, particularly glyphosate and chlorsulfuron. These included Boggabri and redroot amaranth, button grass, caustic weed, dense crassula, fat hen, legumes, common peppercress, hedge mustard, London rocket, shepherd’s purse, wild mustard, sorghum-almum, paradoxa grass, wild zinnia, and wireweed. Twenty-four weed species were classified as a problem or a potential problem in the future at 1 or more sites. Seventeen weed species, including perennial grasses, often were tolerant to glyphosate at the rates used. The densities of common sowthistle and wild oat were reduced after 10 years, but still remained at all 4 sites. Plant density of species with wind-blown seeds was greater in no-tillage plots than stubble-retained or stubble-burned plots. Weeds whose seeds are dispersed by wind and weeds tolerant to glyphosate were the most troublesome. The perennial grass native millet increased at all 4 sites.
8
Mobli, Ahmadreza, Amar Matloob e Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Glyphosate-induced hormesis: impact on seedling growth and reproductive potential of common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus)". Weed Science 68, n. 6 (12 ottobre 2020): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.77.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractIn Australia, glyphosate is widely used in glyphosate-tolerant crops and fallows to control weeds such as common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.). It has been hypothesized that glyphosate at sublethal doses, as a consequence of herbicide drift, may have a stimulatory effect on S. oleraceus growth. In 2017, pot trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of low doses of glyphosate on growth and seed production of this weed at the Weed Science Screenhouse Facility at the University of Queensland, Australia. At the 4- to 5-leaf stage (3-wk-old rosette), plants were treated with low doses of glyphosate (0 [control], 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 800 g ae ha−1), and their responses were recorded until plant maturity. The study was repeated after completion of the first experimental run. An additional glyphosate dose (2.5 g ha−1) was added in the second run. The low doses of glyphosate (<40 g ha−1) caused a significant increase in S. oleraceus plant height and number of leaves compared with the no-glyphosate treatment. The highest stimulatory effect was observed at 5 g ha−1. At 5 g ha−1 glyphosate, S. oleraceus seed production increased by 154% and 101% in the first and second experimental runs, respectively, compared with the no-glyphosate treatment. The results of this study suggest that the sublethal doses of glyphosate produced hormetic effects on growth and seed production of S. oleraceus that changed the dynamics of weed–crop competition.
9
Ma, Zhaoxu, Chongxi Liu, Jianlong Fan, Hairong He, Chuang Li, Jiansong Li, Shanshan Zhao, Wensheng Xiang e Xiangjing Wang. "Plantactinospora sonchi sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the leaves of common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_12 (1 dicembre 2015): 4895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000668.
Abstract (sommario):
A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-QY2T, was isolated from the leaves of Sonchus oleraceus L. specimen, collected from Wuchang, Heilongjiang Province, China. A polyphasic study was carried out to establish the taxonomic position of this strain. The organism formed single spores with rough surfaces on substrate mycelia. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-QY2T belonged to the genus Plantactinospora and formed a monophyletic clade with its closest related strains Plantactinospora endophytica YIM 68255T (99.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Plantactinospora veratri NEAU-FHS4T (98.8 %) and Plantactinospora mayteni YIM 61359T (98.7 %), an association that was supported by a bootstrap value of 90 % in the neighbour-joining tree and also recovered with the maximum-likelihood algorithm. However, DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain NEAU-QY2T and the three closely related strains were below 70 %. With reference to phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data and DNA–DNA hybridization results, strain NEAU-QY2T was distinguished from closely related strains and is classified as representing a novel species of the genus Plantactinospora, for which the name Plantactinospora sonchi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-QY2T ( = CGMCC 4.7216T = JCM 30345T).
10
Broster, John C., Allison J. Chambers, Leslie A. Weston e Michael J. Walsh. "Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), Wild Oats (Avena spp.) and Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) Are the Most Commonly Occurring Weeds in New South Wales Cropping Fields". Agronomy 12, n. 12 (23 novembre 2022): 2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122914.
Abstract (sommario):
Weeds are a major impediment to crop and pasture production and profitability in Australian farming systems, and knowledge of their occurrence is vital in devising weed management solutions. This study examined the relationships between weed and crop species from observations made during surveys of randomly selected fields in grain and/or pasture production. Between 2013 and 2017, 996 fields across New South Wales (NSW) were surveyed to record the occurrence and density of weed species. Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) (69% of fields), wild oats (Avena spp.) (60%), and sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) (34%) were the most common species identified, with a total of 65 weed species recorded to be occurring in NSW cropping fields. Densities of occurring weeds were low, at one plant per square metre or less. Multiple species of wild oats were recorded, with their occurrence varying between survey regions; for example, Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana was more prevalent in the north and Avena fatua in the south. Differences in weed species occurrence were noted between this survey and those previously conducted in NSW, with marked increases in annual ryegrass and sowthistle, and this is attributed to the change in crop production practices between survey periods. The study of variable distribution patterns of weed species across cropping systems allows for informed decision-making regarding weed management research and development planning.
11
Gitaitis, R., G. MacDonald, R. Torrance, R. Hartley, D. R. Sumner, J. D. Gay e W. C. Johnson. "Bacterial Streak and Bulb Rot of Sweet Onion: II. Epiphytic Survival of Pseudomonas viridiflava in Association with Multiple Weed Hosts". Plant Disease 82, n. 8 (agosto 1998): 935–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.8.935.
Abstract (sommario):
A semiselective agar medium (T-5) was used to sample environment and plant material as a habitat for Pseudomonas viridiflava. Soil, irrigation water, soybean foliage, and foliage from various weeds in an onion-growing area were assayed over a 5-year period. P. viridiflava was recovered only as an epiphytic resident from weed species that included cutleaf evening primrose, dandelion, common fumitory, purple cudweed, spiny sowthistle, Virginia pepperweed, and wild radish. The bacterium apparently overseasons in association with these weeds, because its presence was detected prior to, as well as during, the onion-growing season. Preliminary tests indicated that weed control may suppress bacterial streak and bulb rot levels.
12
Ma, Zhaoxu, Shanshan Zhao, Tingting Cao, Chongxi Liu, Ying Huang, Yuhang Gao, Kai Yan, Wensheng Xiang e Xiangjing Wang. "Verrucosispora sonchi sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the leaves of common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2016): 5430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.001537.
13
Boyd, Nathan, e Rene Van Acker. "Seed germination of common weed species as affected by oxygen concentration, light, and osmotic potential". Weed Science 52, n. 4 (agosto 2004): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-03-15r2.
Abstract (sommario):
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of oxygen concentration (21, 10, 5, and 2.5%), exposure to light, and osmotic potential on the germination of wheat, canola, and various weed species. Germination of most species increased as osmotic potential was increased. Seed germination for some species like barnyardgrass was inhibited by the combination of exposure to normoxic (21% oxygen) conditions and light. This combination of conditions may function as a signal to prevent soil surface germination. Wild mustard germination increased with increasing oxygen concentration when seeds were not exposed to light, whereas green foxtail germination was relatively insensitive to oxygen concentration. Wild oat germination increased with increasing osmotic potential, and osmotic potential had a greater influence when the seeds were exposed to light. Dandelion, foxtail barley, curly dock, and perennial sowthistle germination was affected more by osmotic potential and light exposure than by oxygen concentration. A better understanding of the mechanisms of depth detection for specific species will lead to a better understanding of their recruitment biology. This information may help model the potential for invasion and proliferation of each species as well as devise improved management strategies.
14
Anderson, Randy L., Don L. Tanaka, Al L. Black e Edward E. Schweizer. "Weed Community and Species Response to Crop Rotation, Tillage, and Nitrogen Fertility". Weed Technology 12, n. 3 (settembre 1998): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00044262.
Abstract (sommario):
Producers in the northern Great Plains are exploring alternative crop rotations, with the goal of replacing spring wheat-fallow. We characterized the weed associations occurring with tillage system and nitrogen level in two rotations, spring wheat (SW)-fallow (F) and SW-winter wheat (WW)-sunflower (SUN). Weed density was measured 10 yr after initiation of the study. With both rotations, weed community density was highest with no-till. For SW-F, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and fairy candelabra comprised 99% of the weed community, whereas 13 species were observed in SW-WW-SUN. Fairy candelabra, a rangeland species, was observed only in the no-till system of SW-F. In SW-WW-SUN, no-till favored kochia, Russian thistle, and foxtails, whereas common lambsquarters and annual sowthistle were more common in tilled systems. Nitrogen fertilizer increased crop competitiveness in SW-WW-SUN with no-till, subsequently reducing weed density. Cultural strategies that disrupt weed associations will aid producers in managing weeds.
15
Blackshaw, Robert E., Francis O. Larney, C. Wayne Lindwall e Gerald C. Kozub. "Crop Rotation and Tillage Effects on Weed Populations on the Semi-Arid Canadian Prairies". Weed Technology 8, n. 2 (giugno 1994): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00038707.
Abstract (sommario):
A long-term study was conducted at Lethbridge, Alberta, to determine the response of weed populations to various crop rotations and tillage treatments. Weed density and species composition differed with rotation, tillage, and date of sampling within years. Fewer weeds were found in winter wheat-fallow than continuous winter wheat, winter wheat-lentil, or winter wheat-canola rotations. A dense infestation of downy brome developed in the continuous winter wheat rotation. In all rotations, more weeds were present in zero tillage plots than in either minimum or conventional tillage plots. Dandelion and perennial sowthistle densities increased slightly over years in the minimum and zero tillage treatments. Flixweed, field pennycress, wild buckwheat, and common lambsquarters densities decreased in zero till but densities of downy brome, redroot pigweed, and Russian thistle increased. Russian thistle was not well controlled with trifluralin and its density increased in the winter wheat-canola rotation.
16
Salehi, M., S. A. Esmailzadeh Hosseini e E. Salehi. "First report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'-related strain (16SrI-B) associated with Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) phyllody disease in Iran". New Disease Reports 37 (2 febbraio 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2018.037.006.
17
Gu, H., e G. H. Walter. "Is the common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) a primary host plant of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lep., Noctuidae)? Oviposition and larval performance". Journal of Applied Entomology 123, n. 2 (marzo 1999): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0418.1999.00321.x.
18
Samtani, Jayesh B., John S. Rachuy, Beiquan Mou e Steven A. Fennimore. "Evaluation of Tribenuron-Methyl on Sulfonylurea-Resistant Lettuce Germplasm". Weed Technology 28, n. 3 (settembre 2014): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00117.1.
Abstract (sommario):
A sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide resistance allele discovered in prickly lettuce was previously transferred to domestic lettuce with the cultivar name ‘ID-BR1’. ID-BR1 was acquired, and the SU resistance allele was transferred through traditional breeding methods to five common commercial lettuce types: butterhead, crisphead, green leaf, red leaf, and romaine. Field trials were conducted at Salinas, CA during 2011 and 2012 to evaluate POST applications of tribenuron-methyl (tribenuron) on SU-susceptible and SU-resistant lettuce types. Treatments included a nontreated control, pronamide applied PRE at 1,340 g ai ha−1, and tribenuron at 4, 9, and 17 g ai ha−1applied POST. Data collected were: weed control, crop injury estimates (0 = safe, 100 = dead), stand counts, and lettuce yields. Injury to lettuce from tribenuron was high in SU-susceptible lettuce types and low in SU-resistant accessions. With the exceptions of a romaine lettuce line that still may have some susceptible individuals, tribenuron did not reduce yield of SU-resistant lettuce, but did reduce the yield of SU-susceptible lettuce. Suppression of weeds such as common groundsel and annual sowthistle was higher with tribenuron than with pronamide. Tribenuron should be considered for registration as a lettuce herbicide for SU-resistant lettuce to improve current weed management options for that crop.
19
Salehi, M., K. Izadpanah e N. Nejat. "A New Phytoplasma Infecting Lettuce in Iran". Plant Disease 90, n. 2 (febbraio 2006): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0247c.
Abstract (sommario):
Lettuce phyllody (LP) is an economically important disease of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in vegetative crop and seed crop fields in the Fars Province of Iran. Wild lettuce phyllody (WLP) occurs also in epidemic proportions in wild lettuce (L. serriola) during the fall in Iranian central and southern provinces, especially in Fars. Among various leafhopper species tested, Neoaliturus fenestratus successfully transmitted agents of LP and WLP to lettuce, wild lettuce, periwinkle, and sowthistle directly after field collection or after 5 to 7 days of feeding on diseased source plants. With primer pair P1/P7 in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), target DNA fragments (1.8 kbp) were amplified from total nucleic acid samples extracted from diseased lettuce and wild lettuce plants, but not from healthy counterparts. On the basis of disease symptoms, leafhopper transmission, and positive reaction in phytoplasma-specific PCR, Iranian lettuce and wild lettuce phyllodies agents have phytoplasmal etiology. Phylogenetic and putative restriction site analysis of 16S/23S rDNA spacer region (SR) indicated that LP and WLP phytoplasmas are members of pigeon pea witches'-broom (16SrIX) group and are closely related. Reciprocal transmission of LP phytoplasma to wild lettuce and WLP phytoplasma to lettuce by the same leafhopper species and induction of similar symptoms in common hosts are other evidences that agents of LP and WLP may be related or identical phytoplasmas. This is the first report of lettuce as a new host in pigeon pea witches'-broom group and N. fenestratus as a vector of a pigeon pea witches'-broom group phytoplasma. In other countries, phytoplasmas of aster yellows group (16SrI) are commonly associated with phytoplasmal lettuce diseases (2) and Macrosteles quadrilineatus leafhopper is reported as the vector (1). Relatedness of WLP phytoplasma to 16SrIX group was previously reported (3). On the basis of the results of this study, wild lettuce and sowthistle are two reservoirs of LP phytoplasma. References: (1) D. Errampalli et al. Phytopathology 76:1084, 1986. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 54:221, 2000. (3) E. Verdin et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. Evol. Microbiol. 53:833, 2003.
20
Morokhovets, Vadim, Tamara Morokhovets, Elena Markova, Zoya Basai, Svetlana Vostrikova e Nina Skorik. "Phase sensitivity of perennial dicotyledonous weed species to Flex herbicide". E3S Web of Conferences 462 (2023): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346202018.
Abstract (sommario):
Phase sensitivity to Flex herbicide, BP (active ingredient fomesafen 250 g/l) of seven perennial weed species common in soybean crops in the south of the Far East was studied in 2022-2023 under vegetation house conditions: bristly thistle Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bieb., perennial sowthistle Sonchus arvensis L., corn mint Mentha arvensis L., common mugwort Artemisia vulgaris L., rough hedge nettle Stachys aspera Michx., curly dock Rumex crispus L. and rough potato Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino. The herbicide treatment of weeds was carried out in three terms in different stages of their growth and development. The preparation was applied in six rates of consumption - 0.75; 1.0; 1.0; 1.25; 1.5; 1.8 and 2.0 litres/ha. The degree of herbicidal effect of Flex was assessed by the decrease in height and weight of above-ground organs of experimental plants in comparison with the control (without treatment). It was found that Flex completely destroys plants of all species studied at the early stages of growth and development (2...5 leaves). When treating weeds in subsequent phases (4...10 leaves), the drug retains very good to good effectiveness against corn mint, bristly thistle, rough potato, and rough hedge nettle. The activity of the herbicide is significantly reduced when it is applied to overgrown weeds. Only corn mint retains high sensitivity to fomesafen after treatment.
21
Beckie, Hugh J., Julia Y. Leeson, A. Gordon Thomas, Linda M. Hall e Clark A. Brenzil. "Risk Assessment of Weed Resistance in the Canadian Prairies". Weed Technology 22, n. 4 (dicembre 2008): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-071.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Agricultural practices, other than herbicide use, can affect the rate of evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. This study examined associations of farm management practices with the occurrence of herbicide (acetyl-CoA carboxylase or acetolactate synthase inhibitor)-resistant weeds, based upon a multi-year (2001 to 2003) random survey of 370 fields/growers from the Canadian Prairies. Herbicide-resistant weeds occurred in one-quarter of the surveyed fields. The primary herbicide-resistant weed species was wild oat, with lesser occurrence of green foxtail, kochia, common chickweed, spiny sowthistle, and redroot pigweed. The risk of weed resistance was greatest in fields with cereal-based rotations and least in fields with forage crops, fallow, or where three or more crop types were grown. Weed resistance risk also was greatest in conservation-tillage systems and particularly low soil disturbance no-tillage, possibly due to greater herbicide use or weed seed bank turnover. Large farms (> 400 ha) had a greater risk of weed resistance than smaller farms, although the reason for this association was unclear. The results of this study identify cropping system diversity as the foundation of proactive weed resistance management.
22
Mennan, Husrev, Mathieu Ngouajio, Emine Kaya e Dogan Isık. "Weed Management in Organically Grown Kale Using Alternative Cover Cropping Systems". Weed Technology 23, n. 1 (marzo 2009): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-119.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Organic vegetable producers have limited options for managing weeds. They cite weed management as their number one research priority. Studies were conducted in 2004 and 2005 at the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun, Turkey, to determine the weed suppressive effects of summer cover crops in organic kale production. Treatments consisted of grain sorghum, sudangrass, hairy vetch, grain amaranth, pea, and fallow. Weed density and total weed dry biomass were assessed before and at 14, 28, and 56 d after incorporation (DAI) of the cover crops. Kale was transplanted 14 DAI and hand weeded once after last weed evaluation (56 DAI). All cover crops produced at least 1 ton/ha (t/ha) biomass; grain sorghum produced more dry matter than all other cover crops in both years. After incorporation of the cover crops, hairy vetch and sorghum treatments showed fewer species, lower weed density, and total weed dry biomass compared with other treatments. Cover crops suppressed emergence of common purslane, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, European heliotrope, field pennycress, annual sowthistle, black nightshade, shepherd's-purse, wild mustard, sun spurge, Persian speedwell, annual mercury, and jimsonweed up to 56 DAI. Total kale yield in hairy vetch treatments was more than double that of the no cover crop, and was significantly higher than yield from the other cover crop treatments. These results indicate that hairy vetch, grain sorghum, and sudangrass have ability to suppress early-season weeds in organic kale production.
23
Yu, Jialin, e Don W. Morishita. "Response of Seven Weed Species to Corn Gluten Meal and White Mustard (Sinapis alba) Seed Meal Rates". Weed Technology 28, n. 1 (marzo 2014): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00116.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Corn gluten meal (CGM) and white mustard seed meal (MSM) can release biologically active allelochemicals and have been demonstrated to be useful as PRE alternative weed control products. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of CGM and MSM on the emergence and aboveground dry weight of five broadleaf and two grass weed species. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using 26 by 53 cm plastic trays filled with a mix of field soil and potting soil (4 : 1 by wt). CGM and MSM were mixed with 1.5 kg of soil mix and applied at rates equivalent to 2,240, 4,480, and 6,720 kg ha−1. Overall, MSM was more effective than CGM for controlling weeds. Averaged over application rates and compared to the nontreated control, emergence rates were 17, 27, and 34% for kochia, common lambsquarters, and barnyardgrass, respectively, in CGM-amended soil, and 14, 13, and 6% for kochia, common lambsquarters, and barnyardgrass, respectively, in MSM-amended soil. Averaged over application rates, green foxtail and common lambsquarters aboveground dry biomass were 40 and 25% of the nontreated control, respectively, in CGM-amended soil. Green foxtail and common lambsquarters shoot biomass in MSM-amended soil was 13 and 5% of the nontreated control, respectively. Significant interactions were observed for meal by rate on redroot pigweed seedling emergence and redroot pigweed, barnyardgrass (Moscow), and annual sowthistle (Moscow) aboveground dry biomass. These interactions can be attributed to the fact that herbicidal effects were less evident in response to higher application rates using MSM compared to higher CGM application rates. Overall, this greenhouse study indicates MSM is more effective than or at least equal to CGM for broadleaf and grass weed control at the same application rate.
24
Klett, James E., David Staats, Teri Howlett e Matthew Rogoyski. "Weed Control and Phytotoxicity Following Preemergence Herbicide Applications to Container-grown Herbaceous Plants". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, n. 1 (1 marzo 2008): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.1.39.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Effectiveness of five preemergence herbicides was determined for four container-grown ornamental crops. Herbicides tested were Barricade (prodiamine); BroadStar (flumioxazin); Gallery (isoxaben); Scotts Ornamental Weedgrass Control (Scotts OWC) (pendimethalin); and Treflan (trifluralin). Four herbaceous plant species were utilized in this trial, namely, Guizhou sage (Artemisia lactiflora Wall. (Guizhou group)); hopflower oregano (Origanum libanoticum Boiss.); Daghestan sage (Salvia daghestanica Sosn.); and skullcap (Scutellaria resinosa Torr.). The seven weed species evaluated in this trial were annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.); barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.); yellow foxtail grass (Setaria glauca L.); purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.); common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.); redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.); and annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.). Two controls, one with weeds and one without were also evaluated. The experiment was conducted in two locations: Fort Collins and Grand Junction, Colorado. Weed control levels varied across a range of herbicide treatments and ornamental species. Where differences among herbicides were observed, BroadStar and Treflan tended to be more effective than the other herbicides, while Gallery, Scotts OWC and Barricade, were less effective. Plants treated with Gallery often resulted in decreased dry weights; however, no visual phytotoxicity symptoms were observed with any herbicide treatments. Daghestan sage and skullcap were the crop species most adversely effected.
25
Shu-Sheng, Liu, e Mary Carver. "Studies on the biology of Aphidius sonchi Marshall (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a parasite of the sowthistle aphid, Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 75, n. 2 (giugno 1985): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014280.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThe hymenopterous parasite, Aphidius sonchi Marshall, has been introduced into Australia as a biological control agent of the sowthistle aphid, Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), the principal vector of lettuce necrotic yellows virus disease. Some aspects of its biology were studied in the laboratory. Females reared at 22°C contained a mean ± s.e. of 179·4 ± 10·26 eggs on emergence, and more eggs were formed during adult life. Unmated females produced male progeny only; mated females produced progeny of both sexes. At 22°C, both males and females mated within 12 h of emergence. Virgin females could mate successfully after having commenced oviposition and switch to producing progeny of both sexes. At 20°C, both virgin and mated females started oviposition within 7 h of emergence. The female oviposited in all nymphal instars and both apterous and alate adults of the host. Only one egg was laid per insertion of the ovipositor. Superparasitization was common, but only one parasite per aphid survived to the adult stage. Females at 22°C and LD 12:12 oviposited during both the photophase and the scotophase; the proportion of eggs laid in the scotophase was correlated with the availability of hosts. Adult females lived longer in the absence of hosts than in their presence and lived longer than males, and those supplied with water and honey lived longer than those without. Facultative diapause occurred. The integumental coloration of adults varied according to the temperature during their immature stages. Females of A. sonchi oviposited readily in Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), but their progeny did not develop beyond the egg stage. A. sonchi was parasitized by Alloxysta ancylocera (Cameron), Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) and Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) in the field.
26
Leys, AR, RL Amor, AG Barnett e B. Plater. "Evaluation of herbicides for control of summer-growing weeds on fallows in south-eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, n. 2 (1990): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900271.
Abstract (sommario):
Eighteen herbicides or herbicide tankmixes were evaluated over 3 years (1987-89) for their control of 11 important summer-growing weeds on fallows in southern New South Wales and the Wimmera area of Victoria. Each of the weeds was effectively controlled by at least 1 herbicide. The tank-mixes of glyphosate plus metsulfuron (270 + 4.2 g a.i./ha) and glyphosate plus 2,4-D ester (270 + 320 g a.i./ha) were the most effective treatments, each giving an average of 68% control of all species. Hogweed (Polygolzunz avicu1ar.e L.), prickly paddy melon (Cucumis myriocarpris Naudin), spear thistle [Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.] and skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea L.) were the species most tolerant of these 2 tank-mixes. When these species were exluded, glyphosate plus metsulfuron and glyphosate plus 2,4-D ester gave an average of 90 and 88% control, respectively, of the remaining species [common heliotrope, Heliotropiunz europaeum L.; camel melon, Citrullus larzatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai var. lanatus; prickly lettuce, Lactuca serriola L.; sowthistle, Sonchus spp.; clammy goosefoot, Chenopodium pumilio R.Br.; caltrop, Tribulus terrestris L.; stink grass, Eragrostis ciliatiensis (All.) E. Mosher]. Hogweed was most effectively controlled by 2,4-D amine plus dicamba (750 + 100 g a.i./ha) or 2,4-D ester (800 g a.i./ha); prickly paddy melon by 2,4-D amine plus triclopyr (750 + 96 g a.i./ha); spear thistle by 2,4-D amine plus dicamba (750 + 100 g a.i./ha) or glyphosate plus clopyralid (270 + 60 g a.i./ha); and skeleton weed by 2,4-D amine plus clopyralid (750 + 60 g a.i./ha). A pot experiment confirmed field observations that, as common heliotrope ages, glyphosate and glyphosate plus metsulfuron become less effective for its control.
27
Ma, Zhaoxu, Hui Liu, Chongxi Liu, Hairong He, Junwei Zhao, Xin Wang, Jiansong Li, Xiangjing Wang e Wensheng Xiang. "Streptosporangium sonchi sp. nov. and Streptosporangium kronopolitis sp. nov., two novel actinobacteria isolated from a root of common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) and a millipede (Kronopolites svenhedind Verhoeff)". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 107, n. 6 (17 aprile 2015): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-015-0443-1.
28
Soroka, Sergey Vladimirovich, e Galina Gadzhieva. "State of weed infestation and features of sugar beet protection in Belarus". Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, n. 110 (2006): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0610165s.
Abstract (sommario):
The changes of phytosanitary situation recently taking place in sugar beet crops in the Republic of Belarus are shown. It is noticed that in the crop agrocoenosises there is a high infestation level caused by Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Pal. Beauv), field sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L), chickweed (Stellaria media (L) Vill), quick grass (Agropyron repens (L) Pal Beauv), matricary (Matricaria perforate Merat), creeping thistle (Circium arvense (L) scop), marsh woundwort (Stachus palustris L) wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L), bristle stem hemp nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L), common horsetail (Equisetum arvense L), field forget-me-not (Myosotis arvensis (L) Hill), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L) Med) etc. Due to non-observance of preventive and separate agrotechnical techniques especially in spring-summer period, such weeds as bedstraw (Galium aparine L), white campion (Melandrium album (Mill) Garcke), green amaranthus (Amaranthus retroflexus L) started to appear in the crops. To protect sugar beet effectively, two variants of herbicides application are proposed. The first one - a combined, one stipulating soil action herbicides application before planting or before sugar beet seedlings emergence and on seedlings - to carry out two treatment by post-emergence preparations. The second variant, a split post- -emergence herbicide application (two-three times spraying) on growing weeds at small application rates. In the next 5-6 years, a combined method will be of a primary importance in the conditions of the Republic.
29
Légère, Anne, F. Craig Stevenson, Diane Lyse Benoit e Nathalie Samson. "Seedbank–plant relationships for 19 weed taxa in spring barley–red clover cropping systems". Weed Science 53, n. 5 (ottobre 2005): 640–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-146r.1.
Abstract (sommario):
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of crop rotation (spring barley monoculture vs. spring barley–red clover 2-yr rotation), tillage (moldboard plow, chisel plow, no-till), and weed management (intensive, moderate, minimum) on plant–seedbank relationships for 19 weed species. Plant and seedbank density data were collected over 4 yr and analyzed by analysis of variance and correlation analysis to confirm treatment effects on plant–seedbank relationships. The relative frequency (difference between aboveground and seedbank frequency) of many species was more influenced by rotation, whereas species density appeared regulated more by weed management than by other factors. Frequency data confirmed that very few species were ubiquitous over time or treatment, aboveground or in the seedbank. The perennial species, field horsetail, quackgrass, white clover, and perennial sowthistle were more frequent aboveground than in the seedbank. This was also observed for annuals such as common hempnettle, sun spurge, catchweed bedstraw, and annual grasses. Treatment effects on abundance were inconsistent aboveground and in the seedbank across time for 12 of 19 species. The seven species that showed more consistent treatment response for abundance were frequent species present in 50% of the plots both aboveground and in the seedbank. For most species, plant density was correlated with either the previous or current year seedbank, but correlations were rarely of the same magnitude and significance over the years. Common chickweed was the only species for which treatment effects on the plant–seedbank relationship were confirmed for all 4 yr. Correlations between midseason plant populations and subsequent seedbanks confirmed the role of residual populations in replenishing the seedbanks, including those of perennials like quackgrass and dandelion. Overall, plant–seedbank relationships were tenuous for many weed species and varied over time with cropping practices and environment.
30
Beckie, Hugh J., Julia Y. Leeson, A. Gordon Thomas, Clark A. Brenzil, Linda M. Hall, Grant Holzgang, Chris Lozinski e Scott Shirriff. "Weed Resistance Monitoring in the Canadian Prairies". Weed Technology 22, n. 3 (settembre 2008): 530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-07-175.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Weed resistance monitoring has been routinely conducted in the Northern Great Plains of Canada (Prairies) since the mid-1990s. Most recently, random surveys were conducted in Alberta in 2001, Manitoba in 2002, and Saskatchewan in 2003 totaling nearly 800 fields. In addition, nearly 1,300 weed seed samples were submitted by growers across the Prairies between 1996 and 2006 for resistance testing. Collected or submitted samples were screened for group 1 [acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor] and/or group 2 [acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor] resistance. Twenty percent of 565 sampled fields had an herbicide-resistant (HR) wild oat biotype. Most populations exhibited broad cross-resistance across various classes of group 1 or group 2 herbicides. In Manitoba, 22% of 59 fields had group 1–HR green foxtail. Group 2–HR biotypes of kochia were documented in Saskatchewan, common chickweed and spiny sowthistle in Alberta, and green foxtail and redroot pigweed in Manitoba. Across the Prairies, HR weeds are estimated to occur in fields covering an area of nearly 5 million ha. Of 1,067 wild oat seed samples submitted by growers and industry for testing between 1996 and 2006, 725 were group 1 HR, 34 group 2 HR, and 55 groups 1 and 2 HR. Of 80 submitted green foxtail samples, 26 were confirmed group 1 HR; most populations originated from southern Manitoba where the weed is most abundant. Similar to the field surveys, various group 2–HR biotypes were confirmed among submitted samples: kochia, wild mustard, field pennycress,Galiumspp., common chickweed, and common hempnettle. Information from grower questionnaires indicates patterns of herbicide usage are related to location, changing with cropping system. Two herbicide modes of action most prone to select resistance, groups 1 and 2, continue to be widely and repeatedly used. There is little evidence that growers are aware of the level of resistance within their fields, but a majority have adopted herbicide rotations to proactively or reactively manage HR weeds.
31
Grammenou, Aspasia, Spyridon A. Petropoulos e Vasileios Antoniadis. "Bioavailability of Cd in Plantago weldenii and Sonchus oleraceus Plants: The Effects of a Humic and Fulvic Acids-Based Biostimulant". Horticulturae 10, n. 1 (11 gennaio 2024): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010074.
Abstract (sommario):
Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a major threat to plants and human health, as well as to ecosystem services. Biostimulants provide a promising eco-friendly solution to enhance the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils. We examined the influence of a humic and fulvic acids-based biostimulant on two plant species, e.g., Plantago weldenii and Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle), in a soil spiked with Cd at 45 mg kg−1. The aim of this study was to determine whether a biostimulant can potentially affect Cd mobility in soil and absorption in plant tissues. We found that the biostimulant significantly decreased Cd bioavailability (recorded as DTPA extractability) in the soil where Plantago was grown from 17.57 to 13.12 mg kg−1, probably due to the Cd immobilization effect of the added biostimulant. However, the biostimulant had the opposite effect in the soil where S. oleraceus was grown (Cd-DTPA significantly increased from 10.13 to 13.03 mg kg−1). S. oleraceus was found to have accumulated higher Cd concentrations in its aerial parts, resulting in a soil-to-plant transfer value close to 1 and root-to-shoot translocation value well above 1. These two indices exhibited the potential of S. oleraceus to be used as hyperaccumulator in Cd-contaminated soils, while P. weldenii behaved rather as a Cd excluder. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of added biostimulants and Cd behavior in soil and plants. We recognize the need for further research so that the mechanisms dictating Cd behavior after biostimulant application can be better elucidated.
32
Peerzada, Arslan Masood, Alwyn Williams, Chris O’Donnell e Steve Adkins. "Effect of Soil Moisture Regimes on the Glyphosate Sensitivity and Morpho-Physiological Traits of Windmill Grass (Chloris truncata R.Br.), Common Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.), and Flaxleaf Fleabane [Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.]". Plants 10, n. 11 (29 ottobre 2021): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112345.
Abstract (sommario):
The glasshouse study was conducted with the objectives of (i) investigating the effect of soil moisture variations on the control efficiency of glyphosate on windmill grass (Chloris truncata R.Br.), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.), and flaxleaf fleabane [Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.], (ii) evaluating the tolerance of tested weed species under soil moisture variations, and (iii) determining the morphological and physiological characteristics of these species to partially explain herbicide tolerance under periods of reduced soil moisture availability (RSM). The species’ tolerance to glyphosate increased significantly under reduced soil moisture availability (p < 0.001). The lethal dose to cause herbicide injury or biomass reduction by 50% (LD50) and 80% (LD80) in relation to untreated control for water-stressed plants [i.e., moderate soil moisture availability (MSM) and RSM] was significantly higher than that of plants grown under high soil moisture availability (HSM). The tolerance factor (TF) for C. truncata, S. oleraceus, and C. bonariensis, in terms of biomass reduction under RSM, was 2.6, 2.4, and 2.6, respectively, as compared to HSM. The results showed that the glyphosate sensitivity, especially at the sub-lethal rates, of the three weed species under study decreased as soil moisture availability reduced (p< 0.01). Overall glyphosate efficacy, in relation to the recommended rate, was unaffected, except for C. truncata; the weed survived the highest tested glyphosate rate [750 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1] under RSM. There was significant interaction between weed species and soil moisture regimes for weed morpho-physiological traits (p < 0.001), with reduced soil moisture having a more influential impact on the growth of C. bonariensis and S. oleraceus compared to C. truncata. Changes in the leaf characteristics, such as increased leaf thickness, higher leaf chlorophyll content, reduced leaf area, and limited stomatal activity for all the tested weed species under MSM and RSM in relation to HSM, partially explain the tolerance of species to glyphosate at sublethal rates.
33
Jacobs, Timothy M., Ashraf M. Tubeileh e Scott J. Steinmaus. "Thermal-Time Hazard Models of Seven Weed Species Germinability following Heat Treatment". Agronomy 14, n. 2 (26 gennaio 2024): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020275.
Abstract (sommario):
Determining the amount of heat units required to kill weed seeds is a crucial aspect for the success of weed control through soil solarization. Lab experiments were designed to determine the duration of exposure for weed seeds that is required to suppress germination at temperatures (40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 °C) in the range of those typically achieved during soil solarization in California. The species tested were annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.), bristly oxtongue (Picris echioides L.), nettleleaf goosefoot (Chenopodium murale L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), little mallow (Malva parviflora L.), and redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium L.). Germination tests were performed to assess the germinability of the weed seeds. The germination suppression by the lab-simulated solarization temperatures differed among the species based on their seasonality. The cool-season annuals S. oleraceus and P. echioides were more susceptible to the heat treatments than the warm-season annuals P. oleracea, A. retroflexus, and C. murale. The hard-seeded weed species M. parviflora and E. cicutarium were the least susceptible to the heat treatments. The germination rates of S. oleraceus, P. echioides, and C. murale were reduced at all of the temperatures that were tested. The germination rates for A. retroflexus and M. parviflora were not affected by temperatures below 40 °C. The germination rates for P. oleracea were not affected by temperature below 45 °C and the germination of E. cicutarium was not affected by any of the temperatures that were tested. The duration (hours) of exposure and percent of germination suppression of the weed seeds were used to create thermal-time hazard models for weed seeds using logistic regression.
34
Walker, S. R., I. N. Taylor, G. Milne, V. A. Osten, Z. Hoque e R. J. Farquharson. "A survey of management and economic impact of weeds in dryland cotton cropping systems of subtropical Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, n. 1 (2005): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03189.
Abstract (sommario):
In dryland cotton cropping systems, the main weeds and effectiveness of management practices were identified, and the economic impact of weeds was estimated using information collected in a postal and a field survey of Southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Forty-eight completed questionnaires were returned, and 32 paddocks were monitored in early and late summer for weed species and density. The main problem weeds were bladder ketmia (Hibiscus trionum), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), barnyard grasses (Echinochloa spp.), liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides) and black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), but the relative importance of these differed with crops, fallows and crop rotations. The weed flora was diverse with 54 genera identified in the field survey. Control of weed growth in rotational crops and fallows depended largely on herbicides, particularly glyphosate in fallow and atrazine in sorghum, although effective control was not consistently achieved. Weed control in dryland cotton involved numerous combinations of selective herbicides, several non-selective herbicides, inter-row cultivation and some manual chipping. Despite this, residual weeds were found at 38–59% of initial densities in about 3-quarters of the survey paddocks. The on-farm financial costs of weeds ranged from $148 to 224/ha.year depending on the rotation, resulting in an estimated annual economic cost of $19.6 million. The approach of managing weed populations across the whole cropping system needs wider adoption to reduce the weed pressure in dryland cotton and the economic impact of weeds in the long term. Strategies that optimise herbicide performance and minimise return of weed seed to the soil are needed. Data from the surveys provide direction for research to improve weed management in this cropping system. The economic framework provides a valuable measure of evaluating likely future returns from technologies or weed management improvements.
35
Kostyuk, A. V., e N. G. Lukacheva. "Estimation of efficiency and phytotoxicity of Adengo herbicide in corn crops". Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 50, n. 1 (27 marzo 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2020-1-5.
Abstract (sommario):
The study was conducted in the Primorsky Territory in 2017-2018 in the corn crops of the hybrid population P 8521 for grain. The soil of the experimental plots was meadow-brown podzolized, containing 3.5% humus in the arable horizon. Agricultural technology used was based on non-moldboard soil tillage system. The predecessor was soya. Adengo herbicide was used before seedling, in phases of 2-3 and 5-6 leaves in corn. The experiment was carried out in two plots: the first grown with weeds, at a consumption rate of 0.5 l/ha, the second – clean from weeds with regular manual weeding, at a consumption rate of 0.5 and 1.0 l/ha (twice the recommended rate). The infestation of the first plot averaged 272–626 plants per 1 m 2 with a total above-ground mass of 4181–4305 g/m2 . About 80% of weeds were annual grasses and common ragweed. Adengo herbicide, applied after sowing and before seedlings of corn and weeds, prevented the germination of St. Paul’s wort, velvet leaf, lamb’s quarters and smartweed. Common ragweed, Asian copperleaf and annual grasses sprouted 96, 65 and 78%, respectively, less than in the control. When applying treatment in the phase of 2–3 leaves in corn, the herbicidal activity of the preparation increased compared to its preemergence application from 46 to 71%. When applied during these periods, Adengo did not affect perennial dicotyledonous weeds. The main advantage of the studied preparation, applied in the 5–6 leaf phase, was herbicidal activity against perennial dicotyledonous weeds – the creeping thistle and field sowthistle. When using Adengo in phases 2–3 and 5–6 leaves, 5.34 and 5.46 tons of grain/ha were saved, respectively, which was more than when it was applied before germination at 4.76 t/ha (in the control 0.76 t/ha). In the second weed-free experiment, the phytotoxic effect of the herbicide on corn plants, regardless of the timing of application during the growing season, reduced grain yield. In all variants with the use of the preparation, 0.08–0.78 t/ha less grain was received than in the control (without herbicides – 8.64 t/ ha). When Adengo was applied in the phase of 5–6 leaves at a consumption rate of 1.0 l/ha (twice the recommended value), corn plants significantly lagged in growth and development; the obtained yield was by 0.78 t/ha lower than the control variant. In practically all variants of the experiment, the weight, length of the ear and the number of grains from it, and the mass of 1000 grains were recorded significantly less than in the control.
36
Кудин, Sergey Kudin, Кошеляев, Vitaliy Koshelyaev, Кошеляева e Irina Koshelyaeva. "THE INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES WITH VARIOUS RANGE OF EFFECTS FOR STRESS RESISTANCE AND YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS". Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 1, n. 1 (18 marzo 2016): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18330.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of the research is to substantiate the scheme of plant protection of winter wheat against perennial and annual weeds, including monocotyledonous weed species. This scheme provides high grain yield and quality standardized seeds output. To achieve this goal the production experiment was conducted. The experiment was repeated three times, the location of the plots was systematic. The predecessor was peas. The main weeds of winter wheat were representatives of the classes: Asteraceae (field sowthistle, Canada thistle, chamomile odorless), ranging from 15% to 24%, Cabbage – Brassicaceae Burnett (field pennycress) – 7-14%, Goosefoot family – Chenopodiaceae (pigweed white) – 1-6%, Vonkova – Convolvulaceae (convolvulus arvensis) – 10-8% and Poaceae (PPE foxtail, millet, chicken, wild oat common) – from 24 to 42%. The species composition of the weed is suppressed almost completely when using the tank mixture of graminicide together with the broad-spectrum herbicide (Lastik Top 0.5 l/ga + Balerina 0.4 l/ga). In average, per years of research the biological efficiency of this variant was 96%. The plants of winter wheat under treatment of crops with protection means against weeds receive stress, which is manifested in a sharp decrease of chlorophyll concentration in the leaves. The inhibition of plants is manifested regardless of the application of graminicide, herbicide or tank mixtures. Under favorable weather conditions for plant growth and development the chlorophyll concentration in leaves restores after 8 days of applying plant protection means up to normal. The highest yield of winter wheat, maximum yield of quality standardized seeds and the propagation coefficient factor of varieties is formed when using a tank mix Lastik Top (0.5 l/ga) + Balerina (0.4 l/ga), regardless of variety and year of growing. The use of graminicide Lastik Top (0.5 l/ga) in tank mix with herbicide Balerina (0.4 l/ga) suppresses the development of monocotyledonous species of weeds of the same Botanical group that includes winter wheat. The second component tank mix herbicide Balerina suppresses the entire spectrum of dicotyledonous weeds. This results in the improvement of conditions for the growth and development of plants, providing higher grain yield, quality standardized seeds output and the rate of reproduction of varieties.
37
Thornby, David, Jeff Werth e Steven Walker. "Managing glyphosate resistance in Australian cotton farming: modelling shows how to delay evolution and maintain long-term population control". Crop and Pasture Science 64, n. 8 (2013): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13109.
Abstract (sommario):
Glyphosate resistance is a rapidly developing threat to profitability in Australian cotton farming. Resistance causes an immediate reduction in the effectiveness of in-crop weed control in glyphosate-resistant transgenic cotton and summer fallows. Although strategies for delaying glyphosate resistance and those for managing resistant populations are qualitatively similar, the longer resistance can be delayed, the longer cotton growers will have choice over which tactics to apply and when to apply them. Effective strategies to avoid, delay, and manage resistance are thus of substantial value. We used a model of glyphosate resistance dynamics to perform simulations of resistance evolution in Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) and Echinochloa colona (awnless barnyard grass) under a range of resistance prevention, delaying, and management strategies. From these simulations, we identified several elements that could contribute to effective glyphosate resistance prevention and management strategies. (i) Controlling glyphosate survivors is the most robust approach to delaying or preventing resistance. High-efficacy, high-frequency survivor control almost doubled the useful lifespan of glyphosate from 13 to 25 years even with glyphosate alone used in summer fallows. (ii) Two non-glyphosate tactics in-crop plus two in-summer fallows is the minimum intervention required for long-term delays in resistance evolution. (iii) Pre-emergence herbicides are important, but should be backed up with non-glyphosate knockdowns and strategic tillage; replacing a late-season, pre-emergence herbicide with inter-row tillage was predicted to delay glyphosate resistance by 4 years in awnless barnyard grass. (iv) Weed species’ ecological characteristics, particularly seed bank dynamics, have an impact on the effectiveness of resistance strategies; S. oleraceus, because of its propensity to emerge year-round, was less exposed to selection with glyphosate than E. colona, resulting in an extra 5 years of glyphosate usefulness (18 v. 13 years) even in the most rapid cases of resistance evolution. Delaying tactics are thus available that can provide some or many years of continued glyphosate efficacy. If glyphosate-resistant cotton cropping is to remain profitable in Australian farming systems in the long-term, however, growers must adapt to the probability that they will have to deal with summer weeds that are no longer susceptible to glyphosate. Robust resistance management systems will need to include a diversity of weed control options, used appropriately.
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RISHI RAJ, T.K. DAS, AMAL GHOSH, PRABHU GOVINDASAMY, VIKASH KUMAR, SUBHASH BABU, PRIYANKA SAHA et al. "Crop-establishment methods and weed management effects on weeds, wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield and economics under a conservation agriculture-based rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat system". Indian Journal of Agronomy 67, n. 4 (12 gennaio 2023): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v67i4.138.
Abstract (sommario):
A field experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute during the winter (rabi) season of 2018–19 and 2019–20 involving 6 tillage and residue practices, viz. T1 , zero-till (ZT) direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) (ZTDSR)–zero-till wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol] (ZTW); T2 , ZTDSR + wheat residue (WR)–ZTW + rice residue (RR); T3 , ZTDSR + WR + brown manuring (BM) – ZTW+RR; T4 , ZTDSR–ZTW– ZT mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] (ZTMB); T5, ZTDSR + mungbean residue (MBR) – ZTW + RR – ZTMB+WR; T6 , puddled transplanted rice (PTR)–conventional till wheat (CTW) in main plot; and 4 weed-control treatments, i.e. W1 , un-weeded control; W2 , Total (ready mix of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl) 0.040 kg/ha at 30 day after sowing (DAS); W3 , tank-mixture of clodinafop-propargyl 0.060 kg/ha + metsulfuron-methyl 0.004 kg/ha at 30 DAS; W4 , tank-mixture of clodinafop-propargyl 0.060 kg/ha + carfentrazone-ethyl 0.02 kg/ha at 30 DAS in sub-plot under a split-plot design and replicated thrice. Treatment T6 resulted in significantly higher population and dry weight of littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), yellow sweet clover [Melilotus indica (L.) All.] and swine cress [Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith] than other treatments, whereas, population and dry weight of common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), sour dock (Rumex dentatus L.) and annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) were significantly higher under T1 and T4 treatments. The treatment T5 registered ~62, 44, 35, 31 and 24% lower population of P. minor than T6 , T1 , T4 , T2 and T3 treatments, respectively. Similarly, total weed population and total weed dry weight were ~38 and 33% lower under T5 compared with T6 treatment respectively. Better wheat growth and lower weed interference under T5 treatment led to 14.6% higher wheat grain yield under this treatment than T6 . The tank- mix of clodinafop-propargyl + metsulfuron significantly reduced the population and dry weight of all weeds compared to UWC and it led to 88.9% weed-control efficiency (WCE) and 89.4% weed-control index (WCI) in wheat. Therefore, growing of wheat under zero-till triple cropping system with rice, wheat and mungbean residues (T5 ) combined with tank-mix application of clodinafop + metsulfuron at 30 DAS may be recommended for better weed management, and higher productivity and profitability from wheat in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India and in similar agro-ecologies of the tropics/ sub-tropics.
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Beckie, Hugh J., Chris Lozinski, Scott Shirriff e Clark A. Brenzil. "Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the Canadian Prairies: 2007 to 2011". Weed Technology 27, n. 1 (marzo 2013): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00095.1.
Abstract (sommario):
A late-summer survey of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds was conducted in Alberta in 2007, Manitoba in 2008, and Saskatchewan in 2009, totaling 1,000 randomly selected annually cropped fields. In addition, we screened 1,091 weed seed samples (each sample from one field) submitted by Prairie growers between 2007 and 2011. Of 677 fields where wild oat samples were collected, 298 (44%) had an HR biotype. Group 1 (acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor)-HR wild oat was confirmed in 275 fields (41%), up from 15% in previous baseline surveys (2001 to 2003). Group 2 (acetolactate synthase)-HR wild oat was found in 12% of fields (vs. 8% in 2001 to 2003). Group 8 (triallate, difenzoquat)-HR wild oat was identified in only 8% of fields (not tested in 2001 to 2003); the frequency of occurrence of group 1+2-HR wild oat was similar (8%, vs. 3% in 2001 to 2003). Group 1-HR green foxtail was found in 27% of 209 fields sampled for the weed (vs. 6% in 2001 to 2003). Group 2-HR spiny sowthistle was confirmed in all Alberta fields sampled (vs. 67% in 2001); common chickweed was found mainly in Alberta in 40% of fields (vs. 17% in 2001). Group 2-HR weed biotypes not previously detected in the baseline surveys included false cleavers mainly in Alberta (17% of fields) and Saskatchewan (21%), Powell amaranth in Manitoba (16% of fields), wild mustard (three populations in Saskatchewan and Manitoba), and wild buckwheat (one population in Alberta). No sampled weed populations across the Prairies were found to be resistant to herbicides from group 4 (synthetic auxins), group 9 (glyphosate), or group 10 (glufosinate). Based on the proportion of total field area at each site infested with HR weeds, it is estimated that 7.7 million ha (29% of annually cropped land) are infested with HR weeds (eight-fold increase from 2001 to 2003), in a total field area of 9.9 million ha (37%)—over a two-fold increase. Of 816 cases of HR wild oat identified from submitted samples, 69% were group 1-HR, 15% group 2-HR, and 16% group 1+2-HR. Additionally, there were 10 populations of group 1-HR green foxtail in Saskatchewan or Manitoba, and six populations of group 1-HR Persian darnel in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Various group 2-HR broadleaf weeds were identified, including 17 wild mustard populations mainly from Saskatchewan and 39 cleavers populations across the three Prairie provinces. Herbicide-use data from 2006 to 2010 indicated continued reliance on group 1 herbicides in cereal crops and group 2 herbicides in pulse crops.
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Ariunaa, O., e M. Otgonsuren. "RESULT OF HERBICIDES APPLIED AGAINST OF WEEDS IN SOYBEAN FIELD". Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13, n. 2 (22 giugno 2015): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v13i2.521.
Abstract (sommario):
Herbicides, if used properly, are safe and effective in controlling weeds in soybean. The choice of herbicide, however, depends on the predominant weed species and the availability of the herbicide. Chemical control is currently the most widely used control for soybean crops, due to its ease of control and to the small areas planted in Mongolia. In the soybean field the 15species of weeds belonging to 9 families, 12 genus including 62.5 % annual, 37.5%perennial weeds are distributed.The major grassy weeds; Common millet-(Panicummiliaceum L), Couch grass-(Agropyronrepens L), Bristlegrass-(Seteriaviridis L) sp and broadleaved weeds Redroot Pigweed-(Amaranthtusretro flexus),lambs guarters-(Chenopodium album), AristateGoosfoot-(Chenopodiumaristatum L), Black bindweed-(Polygonum convolvulus), Mallow weed-(Malvamochileviensis Down), Field bindweed-(Convolvulus arvensis), Bristhly thistle-(Cirsiumsetosum ), Dwarf bifurcate cinquefoil -(Potentillabifurca), Perennial Sowthisle-(Sonchusarvensis L) weeds have been distributed in the soybean field.In soybean field the Forward herbicide were applied in doses of 1.0-1.2l/ha have reduced the number of weeds by 90.1-91.6%, weight by 59.5-66.1% and super herbicide Gallantsuper applied in doses of 0.45-0.65l/ha have reduced the number of weeds by 91.0-95.0%, weight by 39.5-59.8% while Cobra herbicide applied in doses of 0.45-0.55l/ha used in broadleaved weed distributed field, have reduced the number of weeds by 90.2-94.6% and weight by 42.7-50.7%. The herbicide application increased of yield hectare by 3.6-9.0 center.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 76-79
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Rojas-Sandoval, J., P. Acevedo-Rodríguez e A. I. Popay. "Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle)". CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (7 gennaio 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.50584.
Abstract (sommario):
This datasheet on Sonchus oleraceus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
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"Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle)". PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (7 gennaio 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.50584.
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Peerzada, Arslan Masood, Chris O’Donnell e Steve Adkins. "Biology, impact, and management of common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.)". Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 41, n. 8 (16 luglio 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2920-z.
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Alaib, Mohamed, Ali El-Bakkosh e Majda Alsuhbi. "Study of Allelopathic Activity of Common Sowthistle Weed (Sonchus oleraceus L.)". Libyan Journal of Science &Technology 5, n. 1 (18 settembre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.37376/ljst.v5i1.2169.
Abstract (sommario):
The present work was conducted to study the allelopathic activity of Common Sowthistle weed (Sonchusoleraceus L.) belongs to family Asteraceae growing in agricultural fields in Benghazi using Radish(Raphanus sativus L.) as test plant. Flowers, leaves, stems and roots aqueous extracts of Sonchusoleraceus L. at 1%,5% and 10% concentrations were applied to determine their effect on seedgermination, germination index (GI), speed/rate of germination (SG/RG), seedling vigor index (SVI), rootlength (RL), hypocotyle length (HL), seedlings fresh weight (FW) and seedlings dry weight (DW) of Radishunder laboratory conditions. The aqueous extracts of all plant parts caused inhibitory effects on allmeasurement, which increased progressively on increasing the concentration of extracts. On the otherhand, at low concentration (1%) stimulation of some traits of different plant parts was recorded. Theseresults could be explained in the light of the facts that a higher plants release a diversity ofallelochemicals into the environment, which include phenolics, alkaloids, long-chain fatty acids,terpenoids, and flavanoids. The compounds exhibit a wide range of mechanisms of action effect on DNA(alkaloids), photosynthic and mitochondrial function (quinines), phytohorme activity, ion uptake andwater balance (phenolics).
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Brown, Bryan, Eric R. Gallandt, Antonio DiTommaso, Paul Salon, Richard G. Smith, Matthew R. Ryan e Stéphane Cordeau. "Improving Weed Management Based on the Timing of Emergence Peaks: A Case Study of Problematic Weeds in Northeast USA". Frontiers in Agronomy 4 (21 giugno 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.888664.
Abstract (sommario):
We reviewed the timing of the peak rate of emergence for 15 problematic weed species as well as ways to use this knowledge to improve control. Much of the previous literature modeled emergence based on growing-degree-days. For these models, we input average temperature data from several zones of Northeast USA. Within species, model-predicted peak emergence in the warmest and coolest zones differed by an average of 39 days. Also within species, there was some variation between models, likely reflecting different conditions in study locations and population-level differences that will need to be addressed in future modelling efforts. Summarizing both observed and modelled results, emergence typically peaked early-season for barnyardgrass, Canada thistle, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, giant foxtail, large crabgrass, perennial sowthistle, and smooth crabgrass. Emergence typically peaked mid-season for hairy galinsoga, mouseear chickweed, and red sorrel. Emergence typically peaked late-season for annual bluegrass. Several species emerged in a protracted manner, including common chickweed, quackgrass, and redroot pigweed. With this improved knowledge, farmers may target key problematic species of a particular field in several ways. Weed seedling control efforts can be timed at the highest densities or most vulnerable phenological stage. Residual herbicides and suppressive mulches can be timed to maximize effectiveness prior to their breakdown. And if management flexibility allows, crop selection and associated planting dates may be adjusted to improve crop competition or facilitate seedbank depletion through timely bare fallow periods. Such improvements to weed management based on timing of emergence will likely become even more impactful as predictive model reliability continues to improve.