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Amenan Lydie Clarisse, Mangoula-Allali, Kone Tiangoua, Messou Aman, Nikebie Koffi Olivier Fabrice e Coulibaly Lacina. "Valorisation Energetique des Dechets Agricoles : cas de la Pomme de Cajou dans le Departement de Tanda (Côte d’Ivore)". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, n. 27 (31 agosto 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n27p142.
Abstract (sommario):
Cette étude s’est proposée de valoriser la pomme de cajou e combustible. Le matériel est constitué de pommes de cajou séchée non carbonisée (PCSNC), pommes de cajou fermentées séchées carbonisées (PCFSC),, pommes de cajou séchées et carbonisées (PCSC), briquettes comportant 100% de pommes carbonisées et 0% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC100), briquettes comportant 80% de pommes carbonisées et 20% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC80), briquettes comportant 70% de pommes carbonisées et 30% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC70), briquettes comportant 60% de pommes carbonisées et 40% de sciure de bois carbonisée (BPC60). Ces combustibles ont été caractérisés en déterminant la quantité de chaleur dégagée, la durée de combustion, le temps d’ébullition, le niveau de dégagement de fumée, la masse de suie après combustion et le taux de cendres. Les valeurs obtenues pour ces paramètres ont été comparées à celles du charbon de bois. Il ressort que les quantités de chaleur dégagées par PCFNC (963 KJ) et PCSNC (943 kJ) sont relativement proches de celle (1122 kJ) du charbon de bois. Pour la durée de combustion, ce sont les briquettes et le charbon de bois témoin qui mettent plus de temps à se consumer (60 minutes, environ). Le temps le plus court d’ébullition de l’eau est obtenu avec BPC100 (10,98 minutes contre 15,45 minutes pour le charbon de bois). Les combustibles à base de pommes de cajou ont tous dégagé de la fumée et ont favorisé un dépôt de suie après la combustion contrairement au charbon de bois. Au niveau de la cendre, BPC60 et BPC70 ont produit moins de cendre (10g) que le charbon de bois (12,5g). Au vu de ces résultats, si certaines caractéristiques de la pomme de cajou sont améliorées, sa valorisation énergétique est possible.
This study intended to valorize the cashew apple or cashew nut into fuel. The material consists of cashew apples and sawdust, which allowed us to obtain 8 types of fuel. This includes dried cashew apples without carbonization (PCSNC), dried fermented cashew apples with carbonization (PCFSC), dried cashew apples with carbonization (PCSC), and briquettes with 100% carbonized apples and 0% sawdust with carbonization (BPC100), briquettes with 80% carbonized apples and 20% carbonized sawdust (BPC80), briquettes with 70% carbonized apples and 30% carbonized sawdust (BPC70), briquettes with 60% carbonized apples and 40% carbonized sawdust (BPC60). These fuels were characterized by determining the amount of released heat, combustion time, boiling time, level of smoke release, soot mass after combustion, and ash content. The values obtained for these parameters were compared with those of charcoal. The heat release of PCFNC (963 kJ) and PCSNC (943 kJ) is relatively close to that of charcoal (1122 kJ). The briquettes and the control charcoal take longer to burn (about 60 minutes, in terms of burning time. The shortest water boiling time was obtained with BPC100 (10.98 minutes versus 15.45 minutes for charcoal). Cashew apple fuels all gave off smoke and promoted soot deposition after combustion. This was not the same as charcoal’s case. Regarding ash generation, BPC60 and BPC70 produced less ash (10g) than charcoal (12.5g). Considering these results, if some characteristics of the cashew apple are improved, its energy valorization is possible.
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Bernard, C., M. L. Rabot-Querci, Y. Rogaume, C. Rogaume e A. Zoulalian. "Optimiser la combustion pour un développement durable du bois-énergie". Oil & Gas Science and Technology 61, n. 2 (marzo 2006): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2006014x.
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Robert, L. "Épuration des polluants issus de la combustion domestique du bois". Oil & Gas Science and Technology 61, n. 2 (marzo 2006): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2006015x.
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KASEKETE, Désiré Katembo, Nils BOURLAND, Michel GERKENS, Dominique LOUPPE, Jolien SCHURE e Jean-Pierre MATE. "Bois-énergie et plantations à vocation énergétique en République démocratique du Congo : cas de la province du Nord-Kivu – Synthèse bibliographique". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 357 (1 ottobre 2023): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2023.357.a36927.
Abstract (sommario):
L’énergie d’origine ligneuse est largement utilisée en République démocratique du Congo (RDC) où elle satisfait plus de 90 % des besoins énergétiques des ménages et de certains professionnels. Cette étude dresse l’état des lieux des connaissances sur la filière bois-énergie et les plantations dédiées en RDC, en particulier dans la province du Nord-Kivu, et cherche à relever les éventuelles lacunes dans l’information qui nécessiteraient d’être comblées. La revue des études a révélé un caractère fragmentaire de la recherche sur la filière. La consommation en bois-énergie n’est connue que pour quelques villes, avec des estimations questionnables pour certaines d’entre elles dont Butembo au Nord-Kivu. L’extraction du bois-énergie se fait dans toutes les zones boisées accessibles dont les forêts naturelles, les terres agricoles et les plantations forestières. Certaines pratiques sont illégales et ont lieu dans les aires protégées. Depuis les années 1980, environ 69 400 ha de plantations à vocation énergétique ont été réalisés en RDC par 15 projets. Ces plantations sont encore marginales, trop jeunes et incapables de satisfaire la demande actuelle ou future. Elles fourniraient, combinées avec les plantations initiées hors projets, environ 9, 30, 32 et 54 % du bois-énergie consommé respectivement à Kinshasa, Bukavu, Goma et Butembo. À part celles sur les plantations du plateau Batéké et du Nord-Kivu, il n’existe pas encore de publications scientifiques sur les autres plantations à vocation énergétique de la RDC. Pour gérer durablement la ressource et sécuriser les approvisionnements, des actions sont indispensables en ce qui concerne prioritairement : la diversification des sources d’approvisionnement en bois-énergie, à travers notamment de larges programmes de plantations forestières et agroforestières ainsi que l’aménagement des forêts naturelles ; l’amélioration des techniques d’exploitation du bois et de sa carbonisation ; la réduction de la consommation en bois-énergie grâce aux foyers de combustion améliorés et au recours à des énergies alternatives au bois. Cela exige aussi la formalisation et la structuration de la filière bois-énergie suivant des dispositions réglementaires spécifiques à édicter. Des recherches complémentaires sont nécessaires en vue d’améliorer l’exploitation, la transformation et d’optimiser l’utilisation du bois-énergie.
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Augou, Ovo Sandrine Flora, Souleymane Ouattara, Conand Honoré Kouakou, Koffi Clément Kouadio, Aka Alexandre Assande e Edjikémé Emeruwa. "Influence de la pression de compactage sur les caractéristiques physiques et la durée de combustion de combustible à base de sciure de bois et de liant végétal". Matériaux & Techniques 108, n. 4 (2020): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2021001.
Abstract (sommario):
Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du recyclage des déchets industriels (sciure de bois). L’élaboration du charbon de bois et la production de la sciure de bois par les scieries en Côte d’Ivoire entraînent des problèmes environnementaux, climatiques et sanitaires. La présente étude propose, une solution palliative à ces problèmes à partir de l’élaboration de charbon dénommé biocharbon, réalisé avec ces déchets. Cependant, le problème prédominant est la pression de compactage optimale pour confectionner les combustibles. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer cette pression de compactage. Les matières premières utilisées sont la sciure de bois de l’Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) carbonisée et l’amidon de manioc (Manioht exculenta) transformé en empois d’amidon (EA). Pour les agglomérer, quatre formulations de rapport EA/Sb égale à 0,75, 0,87, 1 et 1,125 sont employés avec une pression de compactage variant de 100 à 500 kPa par pas de 100. Les résultats obtenus à partir des essais montrent que les biocharbons élaborés avec la formulation de rapports 0,75 ne sont pas bien consolidés quelque soit la pression de compactage. Ceux de rapport 1,125 ne nécessitent pas de pression de compactage et ceux de rapport 0,87 et 1 se consolident à 500 kPa. Concernant la masse volumique, elle augmente avec la pression de compactage et on observe une perte de matière pour le rapport 1,125 lorsque la pression est supérieure à 300 kPa. Les essais de combustion révèlent la présence d’odeurs et un dégagement de fumée pour les biocharbons de rapport 1,125. Ainsi, pour l’élaboration des biocharbons, les rapports 0,87 et 1 sous une pression de compactage de 500 kPa sont à retenir pour la formulation idéale.
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Haurissa, Jusuf, e Helen Riupassa. "Analisa Konveksi Paksa (Pemaksaan Udara Masuk) pada Proses Pembakaran Briket Ampas Sagu". Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 11, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2020): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2020.011.03.5.
Abstract (sommario):
In previous studies, the initial process of burning briquettes still takes a long time, i.e. app 15-20 minutes. In normal briquette burning, a flame comes out from the briquette hole surface. The purpose of this research is to find a solution to accelerate the burning process and then the solution to use this process easily. The main objective of this research is to examine the amount of heat generated from the briquettes burning process with the number of holes as much as 10, 12, and 14, and to measure the time of initial briquette burning until the first time the flame came out on the briquettes surface. The basic ingredients of briquettes used in this study were sago waste. The tools used are a moisture meter to measure the water content, an infrared thermometer, a temperature measuring instrument, a Stopwatch to measure time, a digital anemometer to measure the airflow speed. From this study, the results obtained indicate that the combustion process in a forced air convection conditions, resulting in the rate of heat transfer as follows: a). For using the 10 holes briquettes, the heat transfer rate is about 8.51 watts, b). In the burning of 12 holes briquettes, the resulting heat transfer rate is about 16.57 watts, c). While on the 14 holes briquettes burning, the rate of heat transfer is about 20.43 watts. When heat energy is applied to boil 5 liters of water, with a 10-hole briquette, the water boils within 23.54 minutes. When using 12 holes briquettes, the water boils in 21.31 minutes, and in the use of 14 holes briquettes, the water boils in 20.21 minutes. It is concluded that the shortest time to boil 5 liters of water is when using briquettes with 14 holes, which boils in 23.34 minutes. These results indicate that forced convection can speed up the briquette burning process and produce a fairly high temperature.
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Luz, Leandro Domingos, e Mauro Parolin. "Caracterização dos Sedimentos Turfosos em Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brasil (Characterization of Peat Bogs in Campo Mourão, Paraná State, Brazil )". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 7, n. 2 (2 giugno 2014): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v7.2.p319-326.
Abstract (sommario):
Foi caracterizado os sedimentos turfosos da planície dos rios Água dos Papagaios e Ranchinho no município de Campo Mourão, PR. Para tanto, foram determinados: a) a datação absoluta (14C); b) a caracterização dos sedimentos via escala de von Post; c) o percentual de queima do material, sólido e volátil e d) a determinação granulométrica do sedimento. Os depósitos no rio Água dos Papagaios apresentaram idades entre ~7.280 anos cal AP. (75 cm) e ~3.280 anos cal AP. (45 cm), portanto formada durante o Holoceno. Por sua vez o depósito do rio Ranchinho apresentou idades mais antigas, de ~48.800±270 anos AP. (95 cm) e ~41.460 anos cal AP. (45 cm). Os depósitos apresentaram alto grau de decomposição entre as classes H6 e H9 (hêmica e sáprica). Os percentuais de combustão volátil e sólido foram maiores no testemunho rio Água dos Papagaios (29,89% e 45,06% respectivamente). No entanto, em virtude da presença de conteúdo mineralógico e dos valores médios de combustão o uso de ambas as turfeiras como combustível não é viável. A B S T R A C T Were characterized the peaty sediments of rivers Água dos Papagaios and Ranchinho floodplain in Campo Mourão, PR. Thus, we determined: a) the absolute dating (14C); b) the characterization of sediments with von Post scale; c) the percentage of the burning material, solid and volatile; d) sediments granulometry. The deposits ages in the river Água dos Papagaios were between ~ 7280 years cal BP. (75 cm) and ~ 3280 years cal BP. (45 cm) thus formed during the Holocene. Turn the deposit of the river Ranchinho presented higher age of ~ 48,800 ± 270 years BP. (95 cm), and ~ 41,460 years cal BP. (45 cm). The deposits showed a high degree of decomposition between classes H6 and H9. The percentage of volatile and solid combustion were higher in the Água dos Papagaios core (29.89% and 45.06 % respectively). However, due to the presence of mineral content and average values of the combustion use of both peats as fuel is not feasible. Key words: Peat, von Post scale, Pleistocene, Holocene.
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Benscoter, Brian W., e R. Kelman Wieder. "Variability in organic matter lost by combustion in a boreal bog during the 2001 Chisholm fire". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2003): 2509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-162.
Abstract (sommario):
Fire directly releases carbon (C) to the atmosphere through combustion of biomass. An estimated 1470 ± 59 km2 of peatland burns annually in boreal, western Canada, releasing 4.7 ± 0.6 Tg C to the atmosphere via direct combustion. We quantified within-site variation in organic matter lost via combustion in a bog peatland in association with the 116 000-ha Chisholm, Alberta, fire in 2001. We hypothesized that for peatlands with considerable small-scale microtopography (bogs and treed fens), hummocks will burn less than hollows. We found that hollows exhibit more combustion than hummocks, releasing nearly twice as much C to the atmosphere. Our results suggest that spatial variability in species composition and site hydrology within a landform and across a landscape could contribute to considerable spatial variation in the amounts of C released via combustion during peatland fire, although the magnitude of this variation may be dependent on fire severity.
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Suluh, Sallolo, Dennis Lorenza, Rigel Sampelolo, GAN Pongdatu, Dina Ramba e Agus Widyianto. "Evaluation of a biomass combustion furnace using different kinds of combustion chamber casing materials". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, n. 8 (125) (31 ottobre 2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.288834.
Abstract (sommario):
This research systematically evaluates a biomass combustion furnace, focusing on the influence of varying combustion chamber casing materials. The study employs controlled laboratory experiments to investigate the impact of different casing materials on combustion performance, thermal efficiency, and practical applications such as water boiling capacity. The research uses distinct materials, including clay, steel, and aluminum, for combustion chamber casings while maintaining consistent dimensions. The central experimental apparatus, an aluminum stove, was meticulously crafted, adhering to precise measurements. Coconut shell briquettes served as the primary fuel source for this investigation. The results reveal intriguing dynamics in combustion behavior. Notably, the choice of combustion chamber casing material significantly affects fire temperature, sleeve wall temperature, thermal efficiency, and the ability to boil water. Clay emerges as a standout performer, achieving high thermal efficiency (56.8 %), substantial water boiling capacity (25 liters), and efficient fuel consumption (1.28 kg of burnt briquettes). However, steel casing materials excel in generating the highest fire temperatures (up to 557 °C), underscoring their exceptional heat-conducting properties. Aluminum has fast temperature responses but may not retain heat like clay. The findings help optimize biomass combustion furnaces and associated applications. Material selection is crucial to attaining combustion goals like efficiency, temperature generation, or practical heat. These discoveries could lead to more efficient and ecologically friendly biomass combustion systems for sustainable energy and resource use
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Johnston, D. C., M. R. Turetsky, B. W. Benscoter e B. M. Wotton. "Fuel load, structure, and potential fire behaviour in black spruce bogs". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, n. 7 (luglio 2015): 888–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0334.
Abstract (sommario):
Boreal peatlands in Canada comprise a substantial store of soil organic carbon (peat), and this peat is vulnerable to extensive burning during periods of extended drying. Increased frequency of extreme weather events in boreal regions is expected with future climate change, and the conditions that would support sustained smouldering peat combustion within peatlands may be more common. Organic soils tend to burn by smouldering combustion, a very slow-moving process in fuels such as those found in peatlands. Thus the most extreme conditions for carbon loss to the atmosphere due to the burning of peat likely occur when widespread propagation of flaming combustion leads to widespread initiation of smouldering. To investigate the potential for large-scale, high-intensity fire spread across forested bogs, we examined the fuel conditions in forested bogs necessary to support active crown fire. We measured surface and canopy fine fuels (those available to contribute to the propagating energy flux of the main flaming front) across a postfire chronosequence of forested boreal bog from central Alberta, Canada. We found that fuel load of fine surface material remained relatively constant across the chronosequence and at levels large enough to support crown fire initiation. Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) regeneration begins to fill in the crown space with increasing time since disturbance and achieves crown bulk densities similar to black spruce upland forests. We estimated that after about 80 years, the black spruce canopy has developed enough available fuel to support active crown fire on between 10% to 40% of days in a typical fire season in central Alberta, Canada. Broad-scale propagation of high-intensity fire across a peatland when coincident with drought-induced lower moisture in deep peatland layers has the potential to lead to a substantial release of stored terrestrial carbon.
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Hadijah, Siti, Azizah Mutiarani, Masturi e Ian Yulianti. "Analisis Nilai Kalor dan Laju Pembakaran Arang Cangkang Buah Karet". JIPFRI (Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika dan Riset Ilmiah) 6, n. 2 (30 novembre 2022): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30599/jipfri.v6i2.787.
Abstract (sommario):
Rubber fruit shells are found as agricultural waste. Many farmers have not used rubber fruit shells. Therefore, the researchers made alternative fuels from rubber fruit shells containing 60-80% cellulose and 5-20% lignin. The research objective was to analyze the calorific value and burning rate of rubber fruit shell charcoal. The combustion rate test is carried out by burning charcoal and measuring how long it takes to turn into ash, and the mass of the burned ash. The heating value is done by making a simple furnace from a can filled with charcoal with a mass of 5g, 10g, 15g, 20g, 25g and 30g. 200ml of water is placed on the stove until it boils, measure the time and temperature when it boils. The result of the longest burning rate is 2.12g / minute. The heating value that results in high temperatures and large coals is 332.4 kJ. The conclusion of this study is that rubber fruit shells which have a large mass are very good to be used as an alternative fuel with a very high combustion rate and calorific value.
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Zoltai, S. C., L. A. Morrissey, G. P. Livingston e W. J. Groot. "Effects of fires on carbon cycling in North American boreal peatlands". Environmental Reviews 6, n. 1 (1 marzo 1998): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-002.
Abstract (sommario):
Boreal peatlands occupy about 1.14 x 106 km2 in North America. Fires can spread into peatlands, burning the biomass, and if moisture conditions permit, burning into the surface peat. Charred layers in peat sections reveal that historically bogs in the subhumid continental regions and permafrost peatlands of the subarctic regions have been the most susceptible to fires. Fire return periods were estimated from the numbers and ages of the charred peat layers. Based on average moisture conditions of the surface, about 0.5% of the peatlands (6420 km2) can be expected to burn annually, but the surface peat layer is expected to burn only in a small portion of this area (1160 km2). Carbon losses from aboveground combustion, in the form of CO2, CO, CH4, and nonmethane hydrocarbons, are the highest in forested swamps at 2.03 Tg C ·year-1. Carbon losses due to combustion of surface peat is the highest in the driest peatlands (e.g., raised bogs underlain by permafrost) at 5.82 Tg C ·year-1. The total estimated carbon release due to aboveground combustion is 2.92 Tg C ·year-1 and due to belowground peat combustion is 6.72 Tg C ·year-1. These estimates of direct carbon emissions to the atmosphere due to wildfires suggest a globally significant, but relatively small source in contrast with emissions from wildfires in uplands. The effects of a possible climate change are expected to be most prominent in the continental and northern parts of North America. A lower water table would result in increased CO2 but decreased CH4 emissions from the peatlands. A drier climate may mean increased fire frequency and intensity, resulting in more fires in peatlands and an increased probability of the fires consuming part of the peat.Key words: fire, peatlands, carbon, boreal, permafrost, gas flux.
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Laodee, P., W. Setthapun e C. Sawatdeenarunat. "The Combustion Characteristics of Biomass Stove with Preheated-Air by Porous Medium". AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 3, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2019): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v3i1.13.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aims to characterize the combustion of the biomass stove filled with a porous medium for air pre-heating to enhance the biomass decomposition. An equivalence ratio, one of the important parameters for the combustion, was investigated to evaluate the completeness of the combustion process. Thermal efficiency was used as the indicator to reflect the performance of the biomass stove. Which was divided into two parts namely the pre-combustion (PCC) and the combustion chamber (CC). The CC volume was 28 liters for fuel storage, and it was insulated for reducing heat loss. The stove was made of 2 mm steel plate and the porous medium was a round-shape ceramic with a diameter of 10 mm. The boiling test was performed using corn cobs as a single solid fuel to boil water in the vessel. The temperature of the stove was measured using a thermocouple Type-K and a data recorder was used to collect the experimental data. The airflow rate was determined using an airflow meter and the fuel consumption rate was calculated using the aforementioned experimental data. Finally, the designed biomass stove will be demonstrated at the community to simultaneously enhance the community-scale energy and reduce the environmental issues.
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Setiawan, Yudi, Saparin, Jeri Ariksa, Zamziri e E. S. Wijianti. "Variation Of Air Speed On Energy-Saving Stoves With Waste Coconut Oil Frying Getas". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1267, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1267/1/012012.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Waste coconut oil (WCO) from brittle draining can be used as fuel for multifuel stoves and can be used to boil water. Combustion air velocity is one of the factors that affect the combustion process. Air velocity in a multi-fuel stove with WCO fuel greatly affects the character of the fire produced. The research was conducted with the aim of obtaining the character of the fire and the temperature of the water boiling process at variations in air speed and the length of the WCO combustion flame. This research process was carried out with a multifeul stove by measuring the temperature and boiling time of 0.5 liters of water using variations in air velocity of 10 m / s, 12 m / s and 14 m / s by using 20 ml of WCO for each test. The results at a speed of 14 m / s tejadi the highest flame this occurs high air flow velocity causes a faster temperature rise. The greater the air supplied will accelerate the oxidation process, so that the fuel decomposition process will be faster.
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Breidenich, Peter, e Stefan Jurga. "Saacke Gas Combustion Unit -Safety and Economical Backup for Boil-Off Gas Treatment". Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 40, n. 3 (2005): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.40.3_334.
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De Simio, Luigi, Sabato Iannaccone, Piersabato Gambino e Dario Catanese. "Use of Small Internal Combustion Engines for LNG Boil-Off Gas Conversion: An Experimental and Numerical Analysis". Processes 11, n. 1 (21 dicembre 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010014.
Abstract (sommario):
LNG technologies have long been used but only recently found widespread employment on medium and small scales compared to the traditional cycle of liquefaction, transport by ship, regasification and injection into the gas network. This has increased the direct use of LNG with the problem of limiting greenhouse gas emissions, linked to gas released principally in the event of prolonged absence of fuel drawing from the cryogenic tank. This study analyzes the energetic exploitation of BOG in small internal combustion engines. The effect on CO2 equivalent emissions was evaluated, making a comparison with the BOG emission into the atmosphere directly or after burning. A 1 kW gasoline engine was selected for a 500-litre LNG tank and converted to gas fueling. The measured consumption and emissions resulted in compliance with a lower environmental impact compared to direct BOG release into the atmosphere despite simplified technical solutions, such a cheap and light 2-stroke engine. In contrast, only a 4-stroke engine has performance such as achieving a reduction in GHG emissions, up to zero, even compared to the case of BOG combustion before releasing it into the atmosphere.
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Punitha, S., e L. C. Nehru. "Direct Synthesis of Iron Oxide (α-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles by the Combustion Approach". Advanced Science Letters 24, n. 8 (1 agosto 2018): 5608–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12159.
Abstract (sommario):
A facile and rapid combustion method was developed to synthesis to produce iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanopowder using dissolution of iron nitrate (as the oxidant) and glycine (as fuel) as the starting materials. Generally, combustion synthesis of different oxides involves a self-sustained reaction between a metal nitrates (oxidizer) and a urea, glycine, citric acid, hydrazine (fuel). Stoichiometric amounts of iron nitrate and glycine were dissolved in deionized water and poured into a quartz container can be mixed well by magnetic stirring for 1/2 h, which makes them almost as homogeneous mixtures, which was placed in a furnace at 300 °C. Initially, the solution boils and undergoes dehydration followed by decomposition with the evolution of large amount of gases with white fumes coming out from the exhaust opening provided on the top of the furnace in 15 minutes. After the solution reaches the point of spontaneous combustion, it begins burning and releases lots of heat, vaporizes all the solution instantly and becomes a foamy white solid powder. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that the resultant powder with well-crystalline structure of pure α-Fe2O3 are produced using a single approach while simultaneously avoiding additional calcination procedures. Morphological analysis of the spherical structure of nanoparticle was achieved by SEM analyses is in the range of 35 nm and the study of the chemical the Fe2O3 bonds created was made possible by FTIR analysis. The XRD, FTIR and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of rhombohedral structural α-Fe2O3. Overall glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis has an outstanding potential for producing pure powder form of α-Fe2O3 nano particles, which leads to use in applications require high strength crystalline material.
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Suluh, Sallolo, Mohammad Yusuf, Muhammad Irsyad Fauzi, Novriany Amaliyah, Zuryati Djafar e Wahyu Haryadi Piarah. "The Performance of Clay-based Biomass Briquette Stove with Three Geometry Shape Variations". PROtek : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro 10, n. 2 (13 maggio 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.33387/protk.v10i2.5845.
Abstract (sommario):
Biomass briquette stove is a cooking tool that is still widely used by the people of the interior of South Sulawesi. Even in urban areas, it is not uncommon to find their use because of the ease of obtaining briquettes and its relatively good efficiency. This study aims to determine the best performance of a biomass stove from three types of clay material stove shapes in different configurations of geothermal variations. The three variations of the geometric shape of the stove are cylindrical, rectangular and hexagonal using biomass material from coconut shell charcoal in the shape of a honeycomb with an inner diameter of 15 mm and an outer diameter of 65 mm and a height of 45 mm. The uniqueness of this stove is the addition of a sleeve diameter of 180mm in the stove's combustion chamber as heat insulation so that the combustion process in the combustion chamber can be more perfect. The test results show that the presence of a flat surface on the stove wall will accelerate heat loss compared to the cylindrical surface. This is in line with the results which show that the highest rate of heat loss occurs in a rectangular shape, then a six-square shape, and the last is a cylindrical shape. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the cylindrical stove is the superior of the two in terms of flame temperature, ability to boil water and thermal efficiency of 798°C, 30 liters and 73.66%, respectively.
19
Tolpysheva, Tatiana Yu, e Ekaterina A. Shishkonakova. "Lichens of pristine and disturbed oligotrophic bogs of the Samotlor oil field". Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii 128, n. 2023. T. 128. Vyp. 4. (21 gennaio 2024): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0027-1403-bb-2023-128-4-59-75.
Abstract (sommario):
Decades of active development of the natural resources of the Middle Ob region of Western Siberia have significantly changed the natural landscapes at the most large oil fields, which has affected the composition of the flora of this area. This process was especially reflected in large areas of oligotrophic bogs, the vegetation of which is a sensitive indicator of environmental disturbance. For the first time, a list of epigeic and epiphytic lichens collected on the territory of the Samotlor oil field on native oligotrophic bogs and in secondary anthropogenically modified landscapes that have originated from them is given. A total of 80 species of lichens have been registered. Epigean lichens are mainly represented by species of genus Cladonia, which, in addition to native sites, are also found in technogenically transformed habitats. Species capable of developing in oil-contaminated areas have been identified. The average period of the initial colonization of oil and salt-contaminated oligotrophic peat soils by lichens ranges from 6–7 to 12–15 years. Among epiphytic lichens, there is a spread of some species to an atypical substrate for them, which may indicate both air pollution by products of combustion of gas flares and an increase in the general dust content of the atmosphere of oil fields.
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Шевчук, В., А. Німич, О. Черненко, О. Сидоров e М. Іванов. "ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВОДНИХ ЕМУЛЬСІЙ ВІДПРАЦЬОВАНИХ МОТОРНИХ МАСТИЛ В ЯКОСТІ ВИСОКОЕФЕКТИВНОГО ГОРЮЧОГО". Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, n. 20 (14 dicembre 2023): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2023.20.139-148.
Abstract (sommario):
This work presents the methodology of using wasted lubricants as a highly efficient fuel as water-fuel emulsions, which containing up to 70% water. They burning in burners under conditions of action high-frequency electrical discharges. It has been shown that the viscosity of a water-oil emulsion with a high water part (more than 50%) outweighs the viscosity of pure oil. With a low water part (10-20%), the emulsion is the most stable. With more water, the semi-delamination time decreases. Therefore, it is necessary to spray the emulsion near the site of the making. The results of natural experiments and prospects of the proposed methodology are given. Combustion of a water-in-oil emulsion with a volume content of 50-70% water is possible in the presence of a discharge of high-frequency signals. Independent combustion of the emulsion without the support of a small diesel fuel torch is possible with sufficient heating of the combustion chamber. To implement combustion, the burner for liquid fuels was modernized by adding a pre-chamber between the burner and the nozzle or boiler. To organize effective spraying of water-oil emulsion with a large amount of water (up to 70%), it is necessary to ensure sufficient heating of the emulsion in the pipelines. First, this reduces its viscosity, making it easier to pump the emulsion through the supply systems of the spraying device. Otherwise, it is necessary to serve under a pressure, so that the water at a high temperature (above 100 ° C) is remained liquid. When leaving the nozzle under pressure, the water “boils” (“micro-bump” drops of emulsion), which further disperses the burning liquid. The peculiarity of this burner is the action of a high-frequency streamer in the area of spraying emulsion droplets inside the forechamber. The use of water-fuel emulsions allows to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, reduce its fire and explosion hazard during transportation and storage. Effectiveness assessment of this complex showed that energy expenditures can reach percents of levels compared to full heat release.Thus, the possibility of using such water-oil emulsions as alternative fuels is shown. Keywords: water-oil emulsion, high-frequency electric discharge, combustion, torch.
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Suyitno, Budhi Muliawan, Ismail e Reza Abdu Rahman. "An experimental study on the development of multipurpose biomass burner for cooking stove and thermal generator for household application". Acta Innovations, n. 45 (20 dicembre 2022): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.45.7.
Abstract (sommario):
The present study proposes a novel concept of a solid biomass burner for household applications. The designed biomass stove is a multipurpose burner that can be used as a cooking stove and thermal generator. It works as a basic model of a biomass cooking stove and is coupled with a coil heat exchanger for thermal generation. The experimental evaluation is conducted by using the time-to-boil (TTB) method to measure the effective energy that can be harnessed from the combustion process. It shows that the maximum temperature outlet from the coil heat exchanger is 62.2 °C. The effective energy uptake for the coil heat exchanger is 41.9%, whereas the overall energy uptake, including the kettle, is obtained by more than 50%. Therefore, the proposed model can improve the efficiency of solid biomass burners for household ware.
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Zin, Nurul Aisyah Mohd, e Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman. "Operating Characteristics of Gasifier Cookstove Using Different Biomass Materials". Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (settembre 2013): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.516.
Abstract (sommario):
Biomass energy technology such as gasifier is increasingly receiving attention as a promising renewable energy source because of the ever rising costs of fossils fuels especially diesel and kerosene. Gaseous products of gasifier based cookstove are relatively clean and environmental friendly than direct combustion cookstove. The objective of this workwas to characterize the basic operating properties of a gasifier-based biomass cookstove using different types of biomass fuels. The main characteristics evaluated were the efficiencyof the stove. The biomass considered were oil palm fronds, dry leaves and pressed sugarcane. The efficiency of the stove was tested using water boiling tests.Other characteristics such as its ignition duration and the time required to boil 2.5 kg of water were also observed. The performance of each fuel was studied by analyzing the parameters involved during water boiling tests. It was found that oil palm frond has the highest thermal efficiency among all the fuels tested.
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Gerke, Björn, Simon-Nis Peters, Nils Marquardt, Christian Huhmann, Volker Michael Hannen, Michael Holtkamp, Uwe Karst et al. "Suppression of electrical breakdown phenomena in liquid TriMethyl Bismuth based ionization detectors". Journal of Instrumentation 17, n. 09 (1 settembre 2022): P09029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/p09029.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Organometallic liquids provide good properties for ionization detectors. TriMethyl Bismuth (TMBi) has been proposed as a detector medium with charge and Cherenkov photon readout for Positron Emission Tomography. In this work, we present studies for the handling of TMBi at different electric fields and under different environmental conditions to find applicable configurations for the suppression of electrical breakdowns in TMBi at room temperature. A simple glass cell with two electrodes filled with TMBi was constructed and tested under different operation conditions. Working at the vapour pressure of TMBi at room temperature of about 40 mbar and electric fields of up to 20 kV/cm in presence of a small oxygen contamination we found the formation of a discharge channel in the liquid and a steady increase in the current. Further reduction of pressure by pumping caused the TMBi to boil and a spontaneous combustion. Eliminating the oxygen contamination led the TMBi under the same condition to only decompose. When operating the setup under an argon atmosphere of 1 bar we did not observe breakdowns of the electrical potential up to field strengths of 20 kV/cm. Still, in presence of a small oxygen contamination fluctuating currents in the nA range were observed, but no decomposition or combustion. We conclude from our experiments that TMBi at room temperature in a pure argon atmosphere of 1 bar remains stable against electrical breakdown at least up to electric field strengths of 20 kV/cm, presumably because the formation of gaseous TMBi was prevented.
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Reinhardt, Elizabeth D., Robert E. Keane e James K. Brown. "Modeling fire effects". International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, n. 4 (2001): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01035.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper was presented at the conference ‘Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management’, Boise, Idaho, USA, June 1999 Fire effects are modeled for a variety of reasons including: to evaluate risk, to develop treatment prescriptions, to compare management options, and to understand ecosystems. Fire effects modeling may be conducted at a range of temporal and spatial scales. First-order fire effects are those that are the direct result of the combustion process such as plant injury and death, fuel consumption and smoke production. Modeling these effects provides an important cornerstone for models that operate at larger spatial and temporal scales. Detailed physical models of heat transfer and the combustion process under development should provide a vehicle for quantifying fire treatment and predicting fire effects. Second-order fire effects are indirect consequences of fire and other post-fire interactions such as weather. They may take place a few hours to many decades after a fire. Some important second-order fire effects are smoke dispersion, erosion, and vegetation succession. Many approaches have been used to model fire effects including empirical, mechanistic, stochastic, and combinations of all three. Selection of the appropriate model approach and scale depends on the objectives of the modeler, as well as the quality and quantity of available data. This paper is not meant to provide an exhaustive review of fire effects models. Instead, it presents a background in approaches to modeling fire effects to provide managers a basis for selecting and interpreting simulation tools.
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Ayodeji Rapheal, Ige, Elinge Cosmos Moki, Aliyu Muhammad, Gwani Mohammed, Lawal Gusau Hassan e Abubakar Umar BirninYauri. "Physico-chemical and combustion analyses of bio-briquettes from biochar produced from pyrolysis of groundnut shell". International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 9, n. 2 (10 agosto 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v9i2.31641.
Abstract (sommario):
The initiative of using biomass as a preference source of energy is vindicated by its availability, abundance, easy accessibility and its eco-friendly nature. This therefore calls for the conversion of agricultural wastes to usable form. This study is aimed to investigate the physicochemical and combustion properties of briquettes obtained from pyrolyzed biochar of groundnut shell. The groundnut shell biochar briquette bonded with cassava starch as binder were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, ultimate analyses, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the fabricated briquettes. A high heating value of 45.20 MJ/Kg was recorded for groundnut shell biochar briquette compared to 25.20 MJ/Kg of raw groundnut shell briquette. While the ash contents of 5.12 % and 6.40 % were recorded for raw groundnut shell briquette and groundnut shell biochar briquette respectively. It took groundnut shell biochar briquette approximately 10 minutes to boil 1000 cm3 of water, while raw groundnut shell briquette boiled same quantity of water in 20 minutes. The finding of this study shows that the biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of groundnut shell is suitable for fuel briquette production.
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Sani, J., T. Abubakar e M. Mawoli. "COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF RICE HUSK BRIQUETTES PRODUCED USING DIFFERENT BINDING AGENTS". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, n. 7 (28 luglio 2020): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i7.2019.746.
Abstract (sommario):
Briquettes samples were manually produced using a hydraulic press from rice husk using starch and gum Arabic resin as binders. The proximate analysis of the samples reveals that the briquette produced using starch binder has the moisture value (9.26±0.251), Ash (16.29±0.172), Volatile matter (64.17±0.306), and fixed carbon content of (9.55±0.502) respectively whereas the gum Arabic bonded briquette has the moisture value (10.68±0.214), Ash (19.89±0.775), Volatile matter (60.84±0.250), and fixed carbon content of (8.26±0.535) respectively. The physical characteristics of the samples shows that the starch bonded briquette has the compressive strength of (0.668± 0.012 N/mm2), density (0.68±0,028 g/cm3), ignition time (0.17±0.01 cm/s), afterglow (313±6.123 sec), and calorific value (10.35±0.135 MJ/Kg) respectively whereas the gum Arabic bonded briquette has the compressive strength of (0.559±0.031 N/mm2), density (0.575±0.031 g/cm3), ignition time (0.13±0.007 cm/s), afterglow (187±7.035 sec), and calorific value (9.47±0.095 MJ/Kg) respectively. Water boiling test shows that both the starch and gum Arabic bonded briquettes boil water to 1000C at 18 and 22 minutes respectively. The thermal efficiency of the briquettes during water boiling test shows that the starch bonded briquette has the highest thermal efficiency.
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Linganiso, Ella Cebisa, Boitumelo Tlhaole, Lindokuhle Precious Magagula, Silas Dziike, Linda Zikhona Linganiso, Tshwafo Elias Motaung, Nosipho Moloto e Zikhona Nobuntu Tetana. "Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils: A South African Outlook". Sustainability 14, n. 4 (10 febbraio 2022): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14041983.
Abstract (sommario):
The viability of large-scale biodiesel production ultimately boils down to its cost of commercialisation despite other very important factors such as the negative environmental and health effects caused by the direct combustion of fossil diesel. How much each country’s economy will be influenced by the production of biodiesel will be determined by the commitment of various stakeholders to the much-needed transition from petroleum-based resources to renewable resources. Biodiesel production is largely determined by the cost of the feedstock (>70%) and this review focuses on the use of waste oil resources as biodiesel feedstock with a special focus on waste cooking oil (WCO). Generating value from waste oil provides an alternative waste management route as well as a positive environmental and economic contribution. The transesterification process for biodiesel production, its catalysis and some important technical and economic aspects are covered in this communication with a special focus on the South African framework. An overview of the current research and its implications going forward is discussed.
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Okwara, Wilberforce, Daudi Nyaanga, Peter Kabok, Baqe Doti e Mercy Mboya. "EFFECT OF PROCESSING TECHNIQUES ON FUEL BRIQUETTES". Journal of Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment 10, n. 1 (18 marzo 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37017/jeae-volume10-no1.2024-3.
Abstract (sommario):
Densification of agroforestry biomass for energy production has positively impacted the energy sector across the globe. Wood fuel consumption has led to deforestation and degradation. Recently, much has been discussed on biomass briquetting technologies and their influence. However, knowledge about appropriate technique for briquetting to achieve high-quality briquettes is yet to be explored. Thus, efforts were made to critically evaluate briquetting techniques on briquettes’ combustion performance properties. The Water Boiling Test was used in the determination of various parameters. High (screw press); and low (drum agglomerator and hand making) pressure briquetting techniques were distinctly different in ignition time (minutes), time to boil (minutes) burning rate (g/min), specific fuel consumption (g/ml) and power output (kW) values as (1.3,1.0,0.9; 14, 12, 11: 0.8, 1.1, 1.3; 0.11, 0.13, 0.15; and 1.8, 1.4, 0.75). Briquetting technology, based on pressure, is thus a factor that influence performance properties of briquettes. This knowledge is therefore useful when converting waste biomass into briquettes as alternate energy source towards realization of Sustainable Development Goal #7 on affordable and clean energy.
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Ferriz Bosque, Elena, Luisa M. Muneta, Gregorio Romero Rey e Berta Suarez. "Using Design Thinking to Improve Cook Stoves Development in Mexico". Sustainability 13, n. 7 (31 marzo 2021): 3843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073843.
Abstract (sommario):
A traditional use of bioenergy is the main source of residential energy in developing countries, essentially using firewood to cook, boil water or heating affecting people in developing countries. Improved kitchens are more efficient and less polluting, and there is a need to evaluate different design options to facilitate their adoption. There are different types of very economical improved cook stoves with high combustion efficiency. In Mexico, multiple projects about cook stoves have been carried out, the root of this study being one of them, the Patsari cook stoves. The goal of this project was to modify previous designs to align with the habits and traditions. This study shows the importance of including the participation of the users in the design of the portable model of the Patsari cook stoves, applying Design Thinking methodology. Many designs or design changes have been done on cook stoves by different researchers, but users do not adapt to them. This article, through a field study, shows the importance of theoretical analyses along with user experiences to facilitate the adoption of these improves cook stoves and ensure their success.
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Ji, Sangmin, Wongwan Jung e Jinkwang Lee. "Techno-Economic Evaluation of Direct Low-Pressure Selective Catalytic Reduction for Boil-Off Gas Treatment Systems of NH3-Fueled Ships". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, n. 5 (24 aprile 2024): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050698.
Abstract (sommario):
This study proposes a feasible solution for boil-off gas (BOG) treatment to facilitate NH3 fuel use by ocean-going ships, which is currently considered an alternative fuel for ships. Two systems were designed and analyzed for BOG in IMO Type-A NH3 fuel storage tanks for 14,000 TEU container ships. First, BOG lost inside the storage tank minimized economic losses through the onboard re-liquefaction system. The total energy consumed by the system to process NH3 gas generated in the fuel tank at 232.4 kg/h was 51.9 kW, and the specific energy consumption (SEC) was 0.223 kWh/kg. Second, NH3 was supplied to the direct Low-Pressure Selective Catalytic Reduction (LP-SCR) system to treat marine pollutants generated by combustion engines. The feasible design point was determined by calculating the NH3 feed flow rate using three methodologies. The energy consumed by the direct LP-SCR system was 3.89 and 2.39 kW, and the SEC was 0.0144 at 0.0167 kWh/kg at 100% and 25% load, respectively. The feasibility was indicated via economic analysis. Depending on the life cycle cost, the competitiveness of the re-liquefaction system depends on the price of NH3, where a higher price yields a more economical solution. In conclusion, the direct LP-SCR system has a low overall cost because of its low energy consumption when supplying NH3 and its reduced amount of core equipment.
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Kartika, Ahmad Maulana, Aa Setiawan, Dedi Suwandi e Wardika Wardika. "Rancang Bangun Boiler Pemanas Tahu Kapasitas 90 kW Dengan Tungku Gasifikasi Berbahan Bakar Sekam Padi". MECHANICAL 8, n. 2 (15 aprile 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/mech.v8.i2.201708.
Abstract (sommario):
Boilers that used in the tofu industry in Indramayu are still use firewood as a fuel. The use of firewood as a fuel in boiler is not effective because it affects the destruction of forests as producers of plants (timber) and oxygen in earth. On the other hand there are also many rice husks that mount in the rice mill and has not been utilized by the surrounding community. Therefore, this research is conducted to utilize rice husk as fuel in boiler for cooking tofu with boiler. This research begins by doing a survey in the field of industry to know about the capacity of traditional wood-fired boilers, which capacity is obtained of 90kW capacity. Then the next step is making boiler husk based on the existing calculations to determine the size of the boiler to be made. Data retrieval is carried out until the temperature of the air boils with a tolerance of up to 30 minutes. Based on the results of the test, the rice husk boiler that has a capacity of 98.3 kW, greater than the value of designing that only 90 kW capacity of combustion and able to heat 190 kg of water within 35 minutes, so it can be used as a substitute of firewood boiler.
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Permatasari, Rosyida, Muthia Atikayanti e Elisanti Sugitha Ginting. "Characteristic Tests of Bio-pellets Made of Calliandra Wood as a Renewable Alternative Fuel". International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering 5, n. 2 (30 giugno 2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.5.2.45-49.
Abstract (sommario):
Calliandra wood is a kind of forest biomass located in Baturaden Adventure Forest (BAF). The availability of which is quite abundant, so it has such an outsized potential to be processed into biopellets. This study was aimed at creating biopellets made of Calliandra wood and assessing their calorific value and their proximate value, and doing the mechanical and the combustion tests. This wood was converted into bio-pellets by employing several processes such as the drying, crushing, and milling processes, as well as the process of a 60-mesh sifting and the process of printing the bio-pellets with a starch adhesive of 16% Calliandra wood powder mass. Based on the results of this study, it was found out that the characteristics of the Calliandra wood biopellets taken from BAF had met the standards recommended by SNI 8021:2014, namely that of an over 4000 cal/gr calorific value, 3.6 % maximum moisture content, 69.4% maximum volatile matter content, 0.95% maximum ash content and 26% minimum fixed carbon content. The tests found out that the maximum stress value was 2.5MPa. and 66gram Calliandra wood bio-pellet could boil 500 ml of water in 6.5 minutes. Therefore, the biopellets can highly effectively be used as an alternative fuel.
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Benscoter, B. W., D. K. Thompson, J. M. Waddington, M. D. Flannigan, B. M. Wotton, W. J. de Groot e M. R. Turetsky. "Interactive effects of vegetation, soil moisture and bulk density on depth of burning of thick organic soils". International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, n. 3 (2011): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08183.
Abstract (sommario):
The boreal biome is characterised by extensive wildfires that frequently burn into the thick organic soils found in many forests and wetlands. Previous studies investigating surface fuel consumption generally have not accounted for variation in the properties of organic soils or how this affects the severity of fuel consumption. We experimentally altered soil moisture profiles of peat monoliths collected from several vegetation types common in boreal bogs and used laboratory burn tests to examine the effects of depth-dependent variation in bulk density and moisture on depth of fuel consumption. Depth of burning ranged from 1 to 17 cm, comparable with observations following natural wildfires. Individually, fuel bulk density and moisture were unreliable predictors of depth of burning. However, they demonstrated a cumulative influence on the thermodynamics of downward combustion propagation. By modifying Van Wagner’s surface fuel consumption model to account for stratigraphic changes in fuel conditions, we were able to accurately predict the maximum depth of fuel consumption for most of the laboratory burn tests. This modified model for predicting the depth of surface fuel consumption in boreal ecosystems may provide a useful framework for informing wildland fire management activities and guiding future development of operational fire behaviour and carbon emission models.
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Medeiros, R. L. B. A., A. A. S. Oliveira, V. R. M. Melo, H. P. Macedo, A. F. M. Carvalho, D. M. A. Melo e M. A. F. Melo. "Estudo da influência da razão combustível/oxidante e da potência do micro-ondas na formação da α-Al 2 O 3 via reação de combustão". Cerâmica 63, n. 367 (settembre 2017): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132017633672055.
Abstract (sommario):
Resumo Os óxidos de alumínio (Al2O3) nanoestruturados vêm recebendo apreciável atenção nos últimos anos em diversas áreas. Em especial, a α-Al2O3 que é uma fase estável, se destaca por sua estabilidade térmica e química em diversas aplicações. Entre as técnicas de síntese da α-Al2O3, o processo de combustão assistida por micro-ondas tem recebido notável importância por se tratar de um método rápido, com facilidade de processamento e baixo custo, que possibilita a obtenção de pós cerâmicos com boas características estruturais. Apesar da sua simplicidade em termos de processamento, vários parâmetros podem influenciar nas propriedades finais dos pós cerâmicos. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da razão combustível/oxidante (Rco) e da potência do micro-ondas (Pmic) na quantidade de α-Al2O3 formada, no tamanho de cristalito e na cristalinidade dos pós formados. Para isso, foram utilizados três Rco (1:1, 2,5:1 e 5:1) e três Pmic (450, 675 e 900 W) para realizar as reações de combustão. Os materiais obtidos foram calcinados a 900 ºC por 2 h para verificar a influência dos parâmetros na formação da α-Al2O3. Para avaliar melhor a influência dos parâmetros da síntese foi utilizado o planejamento fatorial 2² com quatro pontos centrais. As técnicas de difração de raios X e de microscopia eletrônica por varredura foram utilizadas para investigar a estrutura cristalina e a morfologia dos pós formados. Os resultados mostraram que tamanhos de cristalitos de 10 a 13 nm foram obtidos utilizando mistura pobre em combustível (Rco de 1:1), independente da potência utilizada. A influência dos parâmetros de síntese também foi observada na morfologia, onde espécies de carbonatos de alumínio foram observadas após a reação de combustão quando o experimento foi realizado usando mistura rica em combustível.
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Bamisaye, Abayomi, e Ige Ayodeji Rapheal. "Influence of Alkali Pre-Treatment on Properties Of Watermelon Peels Briquettes". Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 48, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2022): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.116.
Abstract (sommario):
Urbanization has significantly increased the rate of waste generation as well mount pressure on the available resources for continual existence of human on planet earth. This therefore necessitated the conversion of agricultural wastes to usable form. This study is aimed to investigate the influence of alkali pre-treatment on briquettes produced from watermelon peels. The macerated starch-bonded watermelon peel (MSWP) and unmacerated starch-bonded watermelon peel (USWP) samples were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, FourierTransform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the fabricated briquettes. The recorded calorific values of both MSWP and USWP were 22.43±0.14MJ/Kg and 13.45±0.1 MJ/Kg respectively at p < 0.05. While the volatile matter values were 59.98±0.19 and 67.01±0.32 for MSWP and USWP respectively. It took USWP approximately 15.14 minutes to boil 1000 cm3 of water, while MSWP boiled same quantity of water in 11.219 minutes. Both FTIR and SEM show a morphological restructuring with C-O vibrational stretch of 1037 cm-1 in USWP and at 1019 cm-1 for mercerized MSWP. The finding of this study shows that both the alkali-treated and untreated water melon peel can be used for fuel briquette production. However mercerization improves the combustion property when compared to the untreated briquette samples.
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Park, Eunyoung, e Jungho Choi. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis by LNG Fuel Tank Size through Life Cycle". Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 35, n. 6 (31 dicembre 2021): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2021.071.
Abstract (sommario):
As greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport are increasing, the International Maritime Organization is continuously working to strengthen emission regulations. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel is less advantageous as a point of CO2 reduction due to the methane leakage that occurs during the bunkering and operation of marine engines. In this study, greenhouse gas emissions from an LNG-fueled ship were analyzed from the perspective of the life cycle. The amount ofmethane emission during the bunkering and operation procedures with various boil-off gas (BOG) treatment methods and gas engine specifications was analyzed by dynamic simulation. The results were also compared with those of other liquid fuel engines. As a result, small LNG-fueled ships without a BOG treatment facility emitted 32% more greenhouse gas than ships utilizing marine gas oil or heavy fuel oil. To achieve a greenhouse gas reduction via a BOG treatment method, a gas combustion unit or re-liquefaction system must be mounted, which results in a greenhouse gas reduction effect of about 25% and 30%. As a result of comparing the amount of greenhouse gas generated according to the BOG treatment method used with each tank size from the perspective of the operating cycle with the amounts from using existing marine fuels, the BOG treatment method showed superior effects of greenhouse gas reduction.
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Fernández, Ignacio Arias, Manuel Romero Gómez, Javier Romero Gómez e Luis M. López-González. "Generation of H2 on Board Lng Vessels for Consumption in the Propulsion System". Polish Maritime Research 27, n. 1 (1 marzo 2020): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2020-0009.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractAt present, LNG vessels without reliquefaction plants consume the BOG (boil-off gas) in their engines and the excess is burned in the gas combustion unit without recovering any of its energy content. Excess BOG energy could be captured to produce H2, a fuel with high energy density and zero emissions, through the installation of a reforming plant. Such H2 production would, in turn, require on-board storage for its subsequent consumption in the propulsion plant when navigating in areas with stringent anti-pollution regulations, thus reducing CO2 and SOX emissions. This paper presents a review of the different H2 storage systems and the methods of burning it in propulsion engines, to demonstrate the energetic viability thereof on board LNG vessels. Following the analysis, it is identified that a pressurised and cooled H2 storage system is the best suited to an LNG vessel due to its simplicity and the fact that it does not pose a safety hazard. There are a number of methods for consuming the H2 generated in the DF engines that comprise the propulsion plant, but the use of a mixture of 70% CH4-30% H2 is the most suitable as it does not require any modifications to the injection system. Installation of an on-board reforming plant and H2 storage system generates sufficient H2 to allow for almost 3 days’ autonomy with a mixture of 70%CH4-30%H2. This reduces the engine consumption of CH4 by 11.38%, thus demonstrating that the system is not only energy-efficient, but lends greater versatility to the vessel.
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Mrzljak, Vedran, Igor Poljak e Vedran Medica-Viola. "Efficiency and losses analysis of low-pressure feed water heater in steam propulsion system during ship maneuvering period". Pomorstvo 30, n. 2 (23 dicembre 2016): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.30.2.6.
Abstract (sommario):
Dominant propulsion systems of today’s LNG carriers are steam propulsion systems. Although a number of alternatives are developed, only steam propulsion systems in LNG carriers can fulfill a double function: the function of propulsion and on the other side the combustion of large amounts of BOG (Boil Off Gas) in one or more steam generators. In this paper was provided an analysis of the low-pressure feed water heater, as one of the important components of LNG carrier steam propulsion system. Based on the measured data for all flowing substances throughout the low-pressure feed water heater, it was performed numerical analysis of his energy and exergy efficiency, as well as calculation of energetic and exergetic power losses. The measurements were performed during LNG carrier maneuvering period, what enables insight into the operating parameters of heat exchanger during partial loads of steam propulsion system. From the energetic point of view the low-pressure feed water heater is a nearly perfect balanced device. Analyzed heat exchanger noticeable problems can be seen in exergy efficiency and exergy losses. Exergy represent the maximum available energy potential of any observed component in relation to the environment state. Impact of ambient temperature on the size of the exergy losses has been investigated at the end of conducted analysis. The low-pressure feed water heater is an example of a device which is very well balanced on the one side, even in the conditions of the steam system partial loads, and on the other side his available exergy potential is very poorly exploited.
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Paranjak, R. P., B. V. Gutyj, N. A. Lytvyn e Yu O. Didorenko. "Problems of environmental protection as an aspect of military confrontation". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 25, n. 98 (31 marzo 2023): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9832.
Abstract (sommario):
One of the aspects of military conflicts is environmental. A specific and rather intense impact accompanies the conduct of hostilities and preparations for war on the environment. Although ecological damage is not usually a goal of warfare, such damage is integral to most armed conflicts. There is no single model of how war affects the environment. At the same time, war, like most human activity, changes the environment, damaging natural ecosystems and destroying human habitats. Numerous attempts to classify the environmental consequences of military confrontation boil down to the fact that it is expedient to distinguish direct and indirect implications on different scales and at various stages of military conflict. The destruction of natural systems of Ukraine during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and the accompanying environmental challenges are numerous and diverse: the use of ammunition and damage to enterprises of various industries, including the chemical industry, the rise of radioactive dust into the air due to the movement of heavy equipment in the Chornobyl zone and strikes on nuclear power plants and associated infrastructure facilities, destruction of gas pipelines and oil storage facilities, numerous fires in populated areas, mining of large areas and the impact of shock waves and combustion products on the components of natural and anthropogenically altered ecosystems, etc. The consequences of hostilities will affect nature, people, and society even after these actions are over. Among other things, the territories and objects of the PZF are in the risk zone. It is essential to record and document the facts of environmental crimes and develop long-term plans to neutralize their consequences.
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Shuvalov, Anatoliy, Alexey Mashkov e Dmitriy Tikhomirov. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SMOOTH POWER CONTROL SCHEME OF GAS BURNER DEVICE". SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, n. 2 (27 aprile 2024): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2024-2-47-54.
Abstract (sommario):
Large-scale gasification of agricultural enterprises, personal subsidiary plots and farms, for which the most energy-intensive processes are the preparation of feed, food, and home heating, has revealed the need to automate digesters. The peculiarity of the operation of digesters is due to the fact that as the contents of the cooking container are heated to boiling temperature, the heat consumption decreases, and when the product boils, the heat consumption drops below 10%. It has been established that the lack of automatic gas control leads to excessive heat release into the atmosphere during the combustion of gaseous fuel. Previously, a gas burner unit was developed based on a partially automatic industrially produced gas burner device of the AGU-T-M type for digesters, which makes it possible to regulate gas flow in proportion to the consumed heat flow. The task was set to develop a promising scheme that would make it possible to regulate the gas flow in the digester in proportion to the consumed heat flow. This article describes two variants of schemes for proportional control of gas flow in a digester: the first is an improved scheme based on an automated gas burner device of the AGU-T-M type; the second is a circuit developed on the basis of Peltier semiconductor modules, a control solenoid with a gate valve. An assessment is given indicating the advantages and disadvantages of these schemes. It is shown that the first scheme is efficient and energy-independent; its use is most effective in remote settlements where there are frequent interruptions in the centralized power supply. The second scheme corresponds to the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress.
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Zdanevuch, V., S. Yanyk, V. Malikov e S. Litvinovski. "APPLICATION OF ALCOHOL-ACETONE SOLVENTS AS ADDITIVES TO GASOLINE". Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 1, n. 13 (30 dicembre 2020): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.13.1.170-175.
Abstract (sommario):
The article considers the influence of alcohol-acetone solvents on the performance properties of motor gasolines in order to be able to use methanol-acetone solvent as an additive to increase the detonation resistance of gasoline. Currently, there are biocompatible gasolines that contain a variety of aliphatic alcohols. Thus, according to DSTU 7687: 2015 in gasoline allowed methanol up to 3%, ethanol up to 10%, isopropyl alcohol up to 12%, isobutyl alcohol up to 15% and a significant amount of other oxygen-containing compounds. When using gasoline with a high end of boiling in internal combustion engines with spark ignition, soot is formed, which adversely affects the operation of the engine and largely depends on the composition of gasoline.The ability of the fuel to form a homogeneous, without detonation combustible mixture. To improve the energy properties of methanol it can be used as a solution with other hydrocarbons The reason of testing is the possibility of using methanol-acetone mixture to improve the performance of biocompatible gasolines, including pumping, evaporation, flammability, flammability, prone to compatibility and toxicity. Starting properties of gasoline, largely depend on the number of fractions that boil within the temperature range from the beginning of distillation to 10% of gasoline distillation, as well as determining the saturated vapor pressure, but in the presence of low-boiling fractions in gasoline, under certain operating conditions, can cause interruptions in the supply of gasoline, which is associated with the formation of steam plugs in the fuel system of engines. In the modern literature there is no analysis and the possibility of using alcohol-acetone solutions as additives to biogasolines in order to improve their performance. Keywords: production, application, alcohol-acetone solvents, biogasolines, oxygen-containing hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, octane number
42
Shinjo, J., J. Xia, L. C. Ganippa e A. Megaritis. "Puffing-enhanced fuel/air mixing of an evaporating -decane/ethanol emulsion droplet and a droplet group under convective heating". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 793 (18 marzo 2016): 444–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.130.
Abstract (sommario):
Puffing of a decane/ethanol emulsion droplet and a droplet group under convective heating and its effects on fuel/air mixing are investigated by direct numerical simulation that resolves all of the liquid/gas and liquid/liquid interfaces. With distinct differences in the boiling point between decane and ethanol, the embedded ethanol sub-droplets can be superheated and boil explosively. Puffing, i.e. ejection of ethanol vapour, occurs from inside the parent decane droplet, causing secondary breakup of the droplet. The ejected ethanol vapour mixes with the outer gas mixture composed of air and vapour of the primary fuel decane, and its effects on fuel/air mixing can be characterised by the scalar dissipation rates (SDRs). For the primary-fuel SDR, the cross-scalar diffusion due to ethanol vapour puffing plays a dominant role in enhancing the micromixing. When the vapour ejection direction is inclined towards the wake direction, the wake is elongated, but the shape of the stoichiometric mixture fraction isosurface is not changed much, indicating a limited effect on droplet grouping in a spray. On the other hand, when the ejection direction is inclined towards the transverse direction, the stoichiometric surface is pushed further away in the transverse direction, and its topology is changed by the puffing. The trajectories of ejected ethanol vapour pockets can be predicted by the correlation obtained for a jet in cross-flow, and the vapour pockets may reach a few diameters away from the droplet. Therefore, in a multiple-droplet configuration, the transverse ethanol vapour ejection due to puffing may transiently change the droplet grouping characteristics. In simulation cases with multiple droplets, the interaction changing the droplet grouping due to puffing has been confirmed, especially for droplets in the most upstream position in a spray. This implies that puffing should be accurately included in the mixing and combustion modelling of such a biofuel-blended diesel spray process.
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Amiro, B. D., B. J. Stocks, M. E. Alexander, M. D. Flannigan e B. M. Wotton. "Fire, climate change, carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest". International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, n. 4 (2001): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01038.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper was presented at the conference ‘Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management’, Boise, Idaho, USA, June 1999 Fire is the dominant stand-renewing disturbance through much of the Canadian boreal forest, with large high-intensity crown fires being common. From 1 to 3 million ha have burned on average during the past 80 years, with 6 years in the past two decades experiencing more than 4 million ha burned. A large-fire database that maps forest fires greater than 200 ha in area in Canada is being developed to catalogue historical fires. However, analyses using a regional climate model suggest that a changing climate caused by increasing greenhouse gases may alter fire weather, contributing to an increased area burned in the future. Direct carbon emissions from fire (combustion) are estimated to average 27 Tg carbon year–1 for 1959–1999 in Canada. Post-fire decomposition may be of a similar magnitude, and the regenerating forest has a different carbon sink strength. Measurements indicate that there is a net carbon release (source) by the forest immediately after the fire before vegetation is re-established. Daytime downward carbon fluxes over a burned forest take 1–3 decades to recover to those of a mature forest, but the annual carbon balance has not yet been measured. There is a potential positive feedback to global climate change, with anthropogenic greenhouse gases stimulating fire activity through weather changes, with fire releasing more carbon while the regenerating forest is a smaller carbon sink. However, changes in fuel type need to be considered in this scenario since fire spreads more slowly through younger deciduous forests. Proactive fuel management is evaluated as a potential mechanism to reduce area burned. However, it is difficult to envisage that such treatments could be employed successfully at the national scale, at least over the next few decades, because of the large scale of treatments required and ecological issues related to forest fragmentation and biodiversity.
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Rudianto, Rudianto, Zulhamidi Zulhamidi, Pharmayeni Pharmayeni, Irna Ekawati e Gustiarini Rika Putri. "Instalasi Digester dan Pelatihan Pembuatan Biogas dari Kotoran Sapi Untuk Bahan Bakar Industri dan Rumah Tangga". Journal of Industrial Community Empowerment 1, n. 2 (31 ottobre 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52759/jice.v1i2.146.
Abstract (sommario):
The issue of renewable energy sources has become a concern, especially after energy sources using fossil fuels are running low. One form of renewable energy that has not been managed optimally is a source of energy that comes from livestock waste from livestock. This livestock waste contains potential that is beneficial to the community. LIvestock waste in the form of cow dung is processed into biogas and can be used as a source of fuel for the community. Dairy farming in Nagari Lasi, Canduang District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra Province, has had a very positive influence on the community, including in the economic aspect. Since then, individuals or communities have started to open businesses, both similar businesses and businesses related to livestock activities. Currently the number of cattle in Nagari Lasi has reached around 1000 heads, plus other livestock such as buffalo and goats. The number of livestock so that the source of cow dung waste is also widely available to be processed as a renewable energy source. One of the tri dharma of higher education for lecturers is to carry out community service. For this reason, the lecturer of the Department of Agro-Industrial Engineering at the ATI Polytechnic Padang carries out service in a dairy farm in Nagari Lasi, Canduang District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra Province. For the initial stage, a digester is built which is a device that becomes a place where organic matter (cow dung) is broken down by bacteria anaerobically (without air) into CH4 and CO2 gases. This CH4 gas is called biogas which can be used as fuel. In addition to producing biogas, the leftover sludge from the dried process will become compost. This compost can also be used by the community for agriculture. The fermentation process that occurs in the digester has produced biogas and can be used as fuel. For 50 liters of cow dung, after being fermented it produces biogas which can fully fill a 500 liter capacity package in three hours. And that amount of gas can be used for burning in the stove for two hours continuously. Combustion using the biogas produced is able to boil water with a capacity of three liters in about ten minutes.
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Sukach, R., V. Kovalyshyn e Y. Kyryliv. "REDUCING THE FIRE HAZARD OF PEATLANDS, METHODS AND FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THEIR EXTINGUISHING". Fire Safety 35 (26 febbraio 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.35.2019.12.
Abstract (sommario):
The article describes that peat has been used for energy and agricultural needs for a long time in several countries of the world. According to statistics from the International Peat Society (IPS), world peat reserves are over 400 million ha, of which more than 305 million ha are under development. In Ukraine, more than 2,500 peat deposits with an average depth of 1.4 m have been identified. Of these, about 81% of producing peat is used as fuel, and 19% is for agricultural purposes. However, every year hundreds of thousands cubic meters of peat deposits suffered from fires. Statistics of peat fires remains disappointing in the world in recent years. A similar situation is observed in Ukraine. Peat fires most often occur in places of peat extraction, as a rule, due to improper handling, from lightning discharges or spontaneous combustion. Peat fires often cover large areas and are difficult to extinguish, especially when a peat layer of considerable thickness burns. Peat can burn in all directions, regardless of the direction and strength of the wind, and under the soil it burns even with moderate rain and snowfall.
The existing methods for preventing fires in peat-forest ecosystems are analyzed and, on this basis, methods for improving and developing new ones are proposed.
One of the most effective means of preventing peat fires is to limit the spread of fire due to dug ditches and wide ditches along forests. Another way of protection is the flooding of drained peatlands. The most effective method of extinguishing is to ditch the territory with enclosing ditches. It is necessary to dig up to mineral soil or groundwater. The fire is extinguished by digging the burning peat and pouring it with plenty of water. Modeling the enclosing ditches, taking into account the moisture content of the litter and peat bogs, wind, and ambient temperature, makes it possible to determine their optimal sizes and location to increase the efficiency of the quenching process.
Increasing the efficiency of extinguishing peat fires by improving the design of the fire barrel allows improving the supply of fire extinguishing substances to the combustible layer when extinguishing fires at a depth of 2 to 7 meters. Extinguishing is carried out throughout the deployment depth and ensures safe working conditions for firefighters during the elimination of deep fires.
Improvement of existing fire extinguishing wetting solutions and the development of new ones allows achieving fire extinguishing and penetrating properties and increasing the extinguishing efficiency at depths of up to 7 meters
46
Apriliani, Nurul Fitria, e Gading Wilda Aniriani. "ANALISIS UJI MIKROBIOLOGI DAN LOGAM BERAT PADA SCRUB BERBAHAN DASAR KAPUR SIRIH". JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 17, n. 2 (11 ottobre 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.17.2.2017.17279.
Abstract (sommario):
ANALISIS UJI MIKROBIOLOGI DAN LOGAM BERAT PADA SCRUB BERBAHAN DASAR KAPUR SIRIHABSTRAKKapur sirih dibuat dari pengolahan batu kapur hasil pembakaran yang direndam dalam air dalam waktu satu sampai dua minggu sampai hancur dan berbentuk seperti pasta. Kapur sirih ini pada zaman dahulu digunakan oleh para orang tua sebgai campuran ramuan untuk merawat gigi.sedangkan pada pengobatan-pengobatan tradisional juga digunakan sebagai obat mengatasi gusi bengkak,bisul,masalah haid serta penyakit kulit seperti menghilangkan jerawat, menghilangkan bau badan serta memutihkan ketiak. Atas dasar itulah penelitian ini menggunakan bahan dasar kapur sirih agar bisa digunakan sebagai alternatif pemanfaatan kapur sirih. Pembuatan scrub di buat dengan bahan dasar kapur sirih dicampur dengan bahan lain seperti beras, minyak zaitun, minyak lavender,metil paraben,dan air jeruk nipis. Scrub dibuat dengan variasi penambahan kapur sirih. Dari formulasi yang dibuat kemudian diamati yang paling bagus berdasarkan pengamatan organoleptik dan dilakukan beberapa uji. Uji mikrobiologi sampel menunjukkan bahwa hasil dari Uji Angka Lempeng Total sebesar 5,0 x 105 Cfu/g dan Angka Kapang Khamir sebesar 1,6 x 104 Cfu/g tidak memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh BPOM. Sedangkan cemaran bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans serta cemaran logam berat Pb dan Hg adalah negatif.Kata Kunci : Kapur sirih, Scrub dan Mikrobiologi ANALYSIS OF MICROBIOLOGY AND HEAVY METALS TEST IN SCRUB FROM LIME BETELABSTRACTLime betel made from the processing of limestone combustion results are immersed in water within one to two weeks until destroyed and shaped like a paste. This Lime betel is used in the past by the parents sebgai mix of ingredients to treat teeth. While on traditional treatments are also used as a remedy to overcome swollen gums, boils, menstrual problems and skin diseases such as eliminating acne, eliminate body odor and whiten armpits. On that basis this research using the basic ingredients of Lime betel to be used as an alternative utilization of Lime betel . Preparation of scrubs made with basic ingredients of lime betel mixed with other ingredients such as rice, olive oil, lavender oil, methyl paraben, and lime juice. Scrub made with variations of addition of Lime betel . From the formulation made then the best observed based on organoleptic observation and conducted several tests. The sample microbiological test showed that the results from the Total Plate Numbers Test of 5.0 x 105 Cfu / g and the Kapang Khamir Figures of 1.6 x 104 Cfu / g did not meet the requirements set by BPOM. While bacterial contamination Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and heavy metal contamination Pb and Hg is negative. Key Words: Lime betel, Scrub,Microbiology
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Miller, Mark A., e H. J. Ramey. "Effect of Temperature on Oil/Water Relative Permeabilities of Unconsolidated and Consolidated Sands". Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, n. 06 (1 dicembre 1985): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/12116-pa.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Over the past 20 years, a number of studies have reported temperature effects on two-phase relative permeabilities in porous media. Some of the reported results, however, have been contradictory. Also, observed effects have not been explained in terms of fundamental properties known to govern two-phase flow. The purpose of this study was to attempt to isolate the fundamental properties affecting two-phase relative permeabilities at elevated temperatures. Laboratory dynamic-displacement relative permeability measurements were made on unconsolidated and consolidated sand cores with water and a refined white mineral oil. Experiments were run on 2-in. [5.1-cm] -diameter, 20-in. [52.-cm] -long cores from room temperature to 300F [149C]. Unlike previous researchers, we observed essentially no changes with temperature in either residual saturations or relative permeability relationships. We concluded that previous results may have been affected by viscous previous results may have been affected by viscous instabilities, capillary end effects, and/or difficulties in maintaining material balances. Introduction Interest in measuring relative permeabilities at elevated temperatures began in the 1960's with petroleum industry interest in thermal oil recovery. Early thermal oil recovery field operations (well heaters, steam injection, in-situ combustion) indicated oil flow rate increases far in excess of what was predicted by viscosity reductions resulting from heating. This suggested that temperature affects relative permeabilities. One of the early studies of temperature effects on relative permeabilities was presented by Edmondson, who performed dynamic displacement measurements with crude performed dynamic displacement measurements with crude and white oils and distilled water in Berea sandstone cores. Edmondson reported that residual oil saturations (ROS's) (at the end of 10 PV's of water injected) decreased with increasing temperature. Relative permeability ratios decreased with temperature at high water saturations but increased with temperature at low water saturations. A series of elevated-temperature, dynamic-displacement relative permeability measurements on clean quartz and "natural" unconsolidated sands were reported by Poston et al. Like Edmondson, Poston et al. reported a decrease in the "practical" ROS (at less than 1 % oil cut) as temperature increased. Poston et al. also reported an increase in irreducible water saturation. Although irreducible water saturations decreased with decreasing temperature, they did not revert to the original room temperature values. It was assumed that the cores became increasingly water-wet with an increase in both temperature and time; measured changes of the IFT and the contact angle with temperature increase, however, were not sufficient to explain observed effects. Davidson measured dynamic-displacement relative permeability ratios on a coarse sand and gravel core with permeability ratios on a coarse sand and gravel core with white oil displaced by distilled water, nitrogen, and superheated steam at temperatures up to 540F [282C]. Starting from irreducible water saturation, relative permeability ratio curves were similar to Edmondson's. permeability ratio curves were similar to Edmondson's. Starting from 100% oil saturation, however, the curves changed significantly only at low water saturations. A troublesome aspect of Davidson's work was that he used a hydrocarbon solvent to clean the core between experiments. No mention was made of any consideration of wettability changes, which could explain large increases in irreducible water saturations observed in some runs. Sinnokrot et al. followed Poston et al.'s suggestion of increasing water-wetness and performed water/oil capillary pressure measurements on consolidated sandstone and limestone cores from room temperature up to 325F [163C]. Sinnokrot et al confirmed that, for sandstones, irreducible water saturation appeared to increase with temperature. Capillary pressures increased with temperature, and the hysteresis between drainage and imbibition curves reduced to essentially zero at 300F [149C]. With limestone cores, however, irreducible water saturations remained constant with increase in temperature, as did capillary pressure curves. Weinbrandt et al. performed dynamic displacement experiments on small (0.24 to 0.49 cu in. [4 to 8 cm3] PV) consolidated Boise sandstone cores to 175F [75C] PV) consolidated Boise sandstone cores to 175F [75C] with distilled water and white oil. Oil relative permeabilities shifted toward high water saturations with permeabilities shifted toward high water saturations with increasing temperature, while water relative permeabilities exhibited little change. Weinbrandt et al. confirmed the findings of previous studies that irreducible water saturation increases and ROS decreases with increasing temperature. SPEJ P. 945
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Hayuningrat, Aji Nur Muhammad, Andriana Marwanto e Mely Gustina. "Analisis Kualitas Briket Tempurung Kelapa Muda (Cocos nucifera L.) sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif". Mitra Raflesia (Journal of Health Science) 15, n. 2 (30 dicembre 2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.51712/mitraraflesia.v15i2.297.
Abstract (sommario):
<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p><strong>Latar Belakang</strong>: Pemanfaatan briket arang tempurung kelapa muda merupakan salah satu solusi dalam usaha eksplorasi sumber energi alternatif maupun pengurangan polusi lingkungan. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan usaha peningkatan pemahaman dan kesadaran masyarakat, masih banyaknya timbulan sampah kelapa muda dipantai Panjang Bengkulu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis potensi tempurung kelapa muda sebagai briket.</p><p><strong>Metode :</strong> Metode Penelitian ini adalah penelitian <em>Quasi Experimental Designs</em>. Pelaksanaan penelitian diawali dengan penyiapan bahan yang akan digunakan, setelah itu pembuatan arang/karbonisasi, dan percetakan briket. Proses pengujian yang dilakukan adalah daya bakar briket, Uji ketahanan banting briket dan uji nyala api.</p><p><strong>Hasil : </strong>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa briket yang memiliki daya bakar paling lama adalah briket dengan perekat 300 gram selama 2 jam 3 menit dengan berat 100 gram. Tingkat kepanasan briket yang paling cepat dalam memanaskan air 1 liter sampai mendidih yaitu briket perekat 100 gram dengan berat 200 gram. Briket dengan perekat yang memiliki ketahanan banting yang bagus adalah yang menggunakan komposisi perekat 100 gram.</p><p><strong>Simpulan : </strong>Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa tempurung kelapa muda mempunyai potensi sebagai bahan bakar alternative briket bioarang.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci :</strong> Briket, Tempurung Kelapa Muda, Perekat Tapioka</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Background</em></strong><strong><em> : </em></strong><em>Utilization of young coconut shell charcoal briquettes is one of the solutions in exploring alternative energy sources and reducing environmental pollution. For this reason, it is necessary to make efforts to increase public understanding and awareness, there are still many young coconut waste generated on Bengkulu's Panjang beach. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of young coconut shells as briquettes. </em></p><p><strong><em>Method : </em></strong><em>This research method is a Quasi Experimental Designs research. The implementation of the research begins with preparing the materials to be used, after that making charcoal/carbonization, and printing briquettes. The testing process carried out is the combustion power of the briquettes, the hardiness test of the briquettes and the flame test.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results</em></strong><em> : The results showed that the briquettes that had the longest burning power were briquettes with 300 grams of adhesive for 2 hours 3 minutes with a weight of 100 grams. The briquette heat level that is the fastest in heating 1 liter of water to a boil is 100 gram adhesive briquettes with a weight of 200 grams. Briquettes with adhesive that have good hardiness are those using 100 grams of adhesive composition. </em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><em> : </em><em>From this study it can be concluded that young coconut shells have potential as an alternative fuel for bioarang briquettes.</em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em> </strong><em>Briquettes, Coconut Shell Charcoal, Tapioca Adhesive</em>
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Gallenkemper, G. "Über die Wirkung von (Schwarz-) Teeumschlägen auf die Haut". Phlebologie 38, n. 06 (2009): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622281.
Abstract (sommario):
SummaryMillennia-old experience with application of tea extracts as an external treatment prove beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory lesions of various origins, in particular but also in the context of venous disorders. The legends that abound in the discovery of tea are innumerable. One tells of how a coincidence the Chinese Emperor Shen Nung (2737 BC), who took great care to ensure cleanliness and cooked for this reason his drinking water, the tea flavour brought: A gust of wind blew some tea leaves into the kettle with boiling water, this golden colored it and gave him a pleasant aroma. The emperor tasted the drink and felt refreshed. Tea was then the drink in the „Middle Kingdom“, just as long – but probably even longer – it is used there as a remedy. Later in the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD) tea was discovered as a commodity, and it developed into a vibrant China's tea trade with its neighbors, this time the tea was probably also brought about by land to Europe. A wide distribution in the population took place in Europe but only after the first tea transport from Japan to Amsterdam with sailboats in 1610. The application of (herbal) tea extracts in the context of compresses for the treatment of skin diseases was embedded in the population in Europe but much earlier. So this is described in the books of Hildegard von Bingen (*1098; † September 17, 1179). Nowadays, the application of black tea extract in the topical treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases in traditional medicine is widespread and established in dermatology, paediatrics, combustion medicine, radiotherapy, gynaecology and allergology.The beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory lesions applies also to skin affections in the context of venous disorders. This could be demonstrated here in a not placebo controlled, non-randomized study: The treatment of 40 patients with inflammatory skin changes at the lower legs, mostly in the context of venous disorders, with black tea compresses started on the first day of patient contact and was always carried out in addition to a causal treatment of the underlying disease. In no case there was a worsening of the findings. In all cases a fast decay of redness, oozing, erosion, itching, pain, tenderness and edema within 2 to 3 days was observed after initiation of treatment.An analysis of the evidence for the mechanisms of action by review of the extensive literature shows that well-founded knowledge on anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, anticancer, differentiation-promoting and antiaging properties is available. A detailed description of the pathophysiologic findings on the various effects is thus given. Conclusion: The good tolerability of this treatment combined with good effect, especially in combination with other therapies and the experience of probably millions of people for many centuries is a recommendation to apply this treatment more frequently, particularly as an adjunctive treatment of inflammatory lesions. The findings on the protective effects against chemical, physical and microbial aggressions mean that tea extracts can be potent agents in the prevention of skin diseases in the context of chemical loads in the (working) life, of natural and unnatural radiation exposure and in people with a tendency for inflammatory skin diseases such as eczema appear to seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis or vitiligo. Moreover, there is evidence that tea extracts are able to stop the skin aging process, not only, but even reverse it. All these arguments are sufficient as a reason for a more frequent use of tea and tea extracts in the treatment and prevention of skin diseases.Treatment protocol: Preparation of tea compresses: Take tea bags individually or 4 in 500 ml of water or 5 teaspoons tea leaves ~ 10 g tea leaves in 500 ml water. Bring water to boil. Pour tea leaves / tea bags with hot water and wait more than 10 (to 30) minutes, strain tea leaves, remove bags, cool tea and tea bags (e. g. in a refrigerator at 8° C). Application of tea compresses: Put cool, damp (not dripping-wet) tea bags of affected skin or for larger affectes skin areas soak ironed handkerchief or cotton cloth with cold tea and put it cool, damp (not dripping-wet) to the affected skin, e. g. wrap the affected extremity. Do not forget to put inferior to it an old towel or paper for tea stains strongly yellow-brown! Leave tea bags or tea compresses for 5 to 15 min to take effect. Repeat treatment 2–3x/day until acute symptoms are relieved or disappeared.
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Apanasyuk, O. N., S. L. Gavrilov, S. A. Shikin e A. E. Pimenov. "Study of the Influence of Forest and Peat Fires on the Radiation Situation in the South-Western Regions of the Bryansk Region". Safety of Technogenic and Natural System, n. 1 (9 marzo 2004): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2023-1-16-27.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. The paper considers the influence of radiation forest and peat fires on the spread of radioactive contamination, which affects the well-being of thousands of people. The state of the environment in vast territories is deteriorating; negative socio-economic processes are developing. This is a serious problem of two states: the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. The objectives of the presented work are to study the radiation situation in forests and peat bogs located in the border areas of the Bryansk region, as well as to study the possibility of transferring radioactive materials during forest and peat fires. Materials and Methods. The facts that clarified the theoretical basis of the presented research are highlighted in the scientific literature. The authors took into account, in particular, that: – the activity of radionuclides in the soil decreases in direct proportion to the depth; – a peat fire is an uncontrolled burning; – emissions of caesium-137 fractions (137Cs) during a fire can reach 3–4 %. We know the areas of forests in radiation-contaminated territories (RCT) of the Bryansk region from the applied literature and official sources. The most problematic areas from this point of view have been identified.A mobile radiometric laboratory, a scintillation gamma-ray spectrometer MKS-AT6101S were involved in the expedition research. The results of field gamma-ray spectrometry were recorded in three localities. The calculations for a hypothetical fire were carried out using the SAUR AIUS RSCHS 2030 software tool. Results. The consequences of large and prolonged fires in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant are analyzed. It is established that the incidents did not lead to dangerous consequences for the population. The total effective dose of inhalations was ~0.003 % of the permissible level of irradiation. It is noted, however, that the forest soil of the Bryansk region has received significant damage from 137Cs pollution. The density of such pollution exceeded 5 Ci/km2 in 40 % of the affected forests. Of these, an indicator of 15-40 Ci/km2 and more was recorded in 16 %, in some quarters — up to 200 Ci/km2. It is established that zones with a high contamination density (40 Ci/km2) will remain in the region until 2026. Five districts are particularly problematic: Gordeevsky, Zlynkovsky, Klintsovsky, Krasnogorsky and Novozybkovsky. When fixing and predicting harm, the authors of the presented work proceeded from the following fact: during fires, the combustion products (forest litter, grass and undergrowth) contain more radioactive substances than the crowns of trees. In this regard, measurements were not made at a significant height. The field study route was chosen based on the available data on the maximum level of radioactive contamination. The ambient dose equivalent rate (ADER) of gamma radiation recorded at 2,757 points did not exceed 1.2 μSv/h (with an average value of 0.2-0.3 μSv/h). Measurements in the marshes did not reveal traces of 137Cs at a depth of more than 40 cm. The maximum activity of 137Cs was observed in the upper (0–4 cm) soil layer (up to 65 %). Taking into account the data obtained, the possibility of radioactive containation in the event of a forest fire was assessed. According to the calculations in the software environment, radioactive contamination will spread to 348 hectares. The density of radioactive contamination of the area may increase by 5–10 % (from the initial one). 33 people will suffer; there is a threat of death of 1 person. It has been established that a burning peat bog is the most powerful and long-term source of radioactive contamination, therefore it is important to prevent peat and forest fires. This will reduce the transfer of radionuclides and emissions of radioactive fumes. Remote and surface radiation monitoring facilities should be developed. Discussion and Conclusion. The registered ADER is not dangerous for the health of the population of the Bryansk region. However, frequent fires significantly increase the likelihood of transferring active 137Cs to residential areas. In this sense, timely monitoring and forecasting of fires is relevant. The authors formulated proposals to improve the technical and technological components of the solution of the considered problem. 1. To clarify the radiation situation, all-terrain vehicles should be equipped with: – means of registering the radiation situation; – software and hardware complex for automatic collection, analysis of information and its fixation in databases. 2. There should be a reliable cellular communication between all rapid response units in the emergency zone. Further research is focused on the creation of fast-deployable radiation monitoring modules and mobile aerial photography complexes using drones in the emergency zone.