Tesi sul tema "Combustion du bois"
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Florea, Tudor. "Simulation numérique de la combustion du bois dans une chaudière automatique de 400 kW". Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/50dbded6-e6b8-4d98-be2c-f710442567f9.
This work presents the implementation of a numerical tool, which can predict as best as possible the woodchips combustion within a medium power reciprocating grate boiler. In order to do so, several global and local measurements were conducted. The first category concerns the operating parameters of the installation. The local measurements concern the profiles of temperature, velocity and gas concentrations inside the furnace. The measurements allowed the ascertaining the operating regimes, the turbulent nature of the flow and the unsteadiness of the flames. Later, these measurements served to analyze the numerical simulations. The approach used for the furnace modelling is based on the computational fluid dynamics code - 2D code coupling. The numerical study was firstly oriented towards the volatiles combustion above the fuel bed, using the code Fluent. A semi-global reaction mechanism (6 reactions, 9 species) was first used. These elements allowed us to evaluate the impact of the secondary air distribution. Thus, the CO emission can be reduced by a factor of three when the secondary air configuration is changed from asymmetrical to symmetrical. The numerical computation is able to reproduce these tendencies, but the semi-global mechanism overestimates the CO concentration. Following these observations, a reduced mechanism (40 reactions, 17 species) was introduced, which proved to be much more accurate as far as the CO, O2 and CO2 are concerned. Regarding the flow analysis, a good agreement was found between the measured and computed velocities. In addition, the computed location of the recirculation zones corresponds globally with the experimental observations. Further, the 40 reactions mechanism was compared, using the CHEMKIN II code, to the experimental results and the 49 reactions (22 species) mechanism of Leroy et al. (2008). The first was found to be more reactive then the last one. However, the 40 reactions mechanism is in a good agreement with the experimental at low temperature (700 - 1000 K) and low fuel to air ratio (0. 6 - 1)
Flity, Hassan. "Modélisation de la dégradation et combustion du bois de construction". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0250.
The use of wood in construction offers numerous advantages, but also poses fire safety risks. Several studies available in the literature, whether experimental or numerical, have investigated the fire behavior of wood. However, the diverse and varied results do not allow the identification of the intrinsic behavior of wood, and regulatory frameworks have to rely on numerous simplifying assumptions. The objective of this thesis is to study the thermal degradation of wood at the cone calorimeter scale. The uniqueness of the study lies in the adoption of an increasingly complex approach, the use of meticulous metrology, and the most comprehensive characterization of the properties of the wood samples under investigation. Degradation involves numerous interacting processes such as drying, pyrolysis, and combustion with or without flames, resulting in heat and mass transfer. Given the complexity of studying all these phenomena simultaneously, the strategy adopted was to separate the different phenomena as much as possible through models and specific experiments. In order to overcome the problem of drying and hydric transfer, all the work was carried out on dry wood. First, specific characterization methods were used to determine the thermal properties of wood and charcoal. These experiments helped to establish behavioral laws for some of these properties, facilitating their integration into a model. Subsequently, an experimental campaign was conducted at the material scale of wood using techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry under an inert atmosphere. At this scale, wood is thermally thin, which allowed the development of a kinetic model capable of predicting mass loss, mass loss rate, and heat absorbed or generated by wood during pyrolysis as a function of temperature. Next, an experimental campaign was carried out on wood samples at the scale of the cone calorimeter in an inert atmosphere to validate the 3D pyrolysis model developed to predict wood pyrolysis in the absence of combustion, driven primarily by heat transfer within the material. Finally, tests in an air environment were conducted for a comprehensive modeling of dry wood combustion, which requires a precise characterization of char combustion, the associated heat generated, and the heat flux supplied by the flame
Bernard, Claude Zoulalian André. "Caractérisation et optimisation de la combustion de bois fragmenté en chaufferies automatiques". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2005_0206_BERNARD.pdf.
Haas, Frédéric. "Etude de la post-combustion des créosotes dans des appareils de chauffage au bois". Mulhouse, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MULH0158.
Riviere, Gaëtan. "Conception d’un micro-cogénérateur aux granulés de bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0321/document.
As part of the AGATCO ANR project (Turbine Advance GAz for cogeneration), which began at the end of 2012, the design of a micro-cogeneration generating 1.5 kW of electricity and 10 kW of heat was started and presented in this manuscript. Based on the technology of an externally fired gas turbine, this micro-CHP uses the combustion of pellets coupled to a heat exchanger and a micro-turbine. This technology requires the design of a new fireplace (burner and combustion chamber) suitable to produce fumes at high temperatures (1200°C). The challenge is significant because the desired smoke flow is important (27 g/s) and the fuel power is low (15 kW). Two solutions are proposed to solve the problem, the first uses fresh air at ambient temperature and the second uses recycled hot fumes. The high temperature of the fumes makes it possible to obtain a turbine inlet temperature of 1100°C after the transfer of heat into the exchanger. Experimental and numerical simulation characterization of the exchanger makes it possible to verify its performances. The micro-turbine uses a new technology using channel instead of blades allowing it to have small dimensions for the desired performance. The work carried out made it possible to highlight several results: the realization of the high temperature combustion in very unfavorable conditions, the very interesting performances of the heat exchanger while proposing improvements to optimize the exchanges and the improvements to be brought to the turbine
Bernard, Claude. "Caractérisation et optimisation de la combustion de bois fragmenté en chaufferies automatiques". Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0206_BERNARD.pdf.
The development of automatic fed boilers using broken wood follows an upward trend nowadays. These boilers have to fulfil the heating needs despite the heterogeneity of wood. The boiler has to fit its power and allow the use of wood which size and humidity may fluctuate. Our study uses an automatic fed boiler with moving grates of 200 kW. 1000 hours of combustion experiments with sawdust and chips, with different moistures varying according to 3 stages of power enable to achieve a representation of CO emitted from combustion depending on the humidity, the power and the air flow. This model allows to assess the environmental impact of different types of combustion regulations. A new logic of regulation has been then proposed : it enables to reduce up to 40% of the total CO emissions by a simple re-programming of the automaton and works whatever the wood characteristics or the demanded power
Rabot-Querci, Marie-Laure. "Etude d'un dispositif de traitement des imbrûlés des appareils de chauffage indépendants au bois". Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0119_RABOT-QUERCI.pdf.
The main source of pollution from residential wood stoves is due to unburned gas and solid phase compounds in the fumes. In order to reduce these pollutants, we propose to use an exhaust gas-treating device to trap the particles in the chimney and to expose them to microwave to break them down. We first evaluated the emissions and the particulate matter (PM) characteristics from different fireboxes. Then we studied separately each function of the system : we trapped 50 % of PM with a 5 cm layer of refractory cement marbles placed in the chimney and then we heated the filter with microwave. About 200 kJ allowed us to clean completely the filter. This study showed that a microwave post-combustion system is particularly well adapted to particulate matter issued from wood combustion, in comparaison with other sources of energy regeneration. We also described the complete specifications of our device
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331/document.
The objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
François, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071/document.
Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
François, Jessica. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale des filières de cogénération par combustion et gazéification du bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0071.
Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy source in Europe. Its use as a substitute to fossil energy is expected to mitigate climate change. However, potential drawbacks are also feared with large scale development. In order to assess the environmental impacts of the biomass-to-energy chain, we firstly developed a model of the bioenergy system, from the forest to the energy production. We focused on two biomass power plants for combined heat and power (CHP) production: one is based on the conventional direct combustion process while the other is based on the more advanced gasification process. Gasification offers higher electrical efficiency, but its development is still facing technical difficulties. In case of the gasification process, we defined the best operating conditions regarding energetic and exergetic efficiencies, as well as the syngas quality requirements. Secondly, we calculated the carbon and mineral flows taken from the forest through energy wood harvesting, along with the forested area required to feed the CHP plant. The other resources and emissions related to the plant operation were also predicted. We observed that more extensive forestry practices led to an increase in the mineral exports. Finally, we evaluated the environmental performance of the two biomass CHP plants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Within French energy context, we found that both CHP technologies had very similar impacts with a slight advantage toward the combustion process. It appears of particular benefit to replace current fossil energy systems with biomass CHP plants to reduce climate change
Fateh, Talal. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la cinétique de décomposition thermique de contreplaqués en bois". Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667332.
Marcoux, Hugo-Bastien. "Réduction de l'émission de particules fines issues de la combustion dans les poêles à bois". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26965.
Shah, Narendra. "Carbonisation discontinue du bois en four à combustion partielle : contribution à la connaissance des phénomènes et recherche d'une méthode de gestion". Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD289.
Boni, Adipoh. "Préparation, rhéologie et combustion de mélanges ternaires de charbon de bois décendré : liquides ou bio-ultracarbofluides". Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD423.
Baraket, Nada. "Étude et compréhension de la formation et de la destruction de dioxines lors de la combustion de déchets bois en chaudières automatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0369.
Within the framework of the energy transition, the energy valorization of biomass is bound to be increased, mainly as regards the uses in industrial or collective boiler rooms, for heat or cogeneration applications. In order to limit possible conflicts of use, forest biomass is also solicited for applications such as materials, construction, chemistry, etc. The use of end-of-life wood tends to develop rapidly for energy applications. These types of fuels have characteristics (lower calorific value, ash content, elemental composition, etc.) that are radically different from those of the forestry chips that are still mainly used; they are wood collected from waste disposal sites, industrial by-products or part of furniture or demolition waste for example. These new types of fuels, coming from different sources and having very different compositions, may contain pollutants that favour new types of emissions, in particular dioxins. Dioxins are a family of organochlorine molecules, heterocyclic and having two oxygen atoms in an aromatic ring. This family includes PCDD/F (PolyChloroDibenzoDioxins and PolyChloroDibenzoFurans) and PCB (dioxin-like). Tests in laboratories or on pilot sites have shown some cases of dioxin formation during the combustion of some wood at the end of its life. Moreover, it became clear that these emissions can last over time, even when first quality wood is used after the passage of more or less polluted wood. In the case of these emissions, the solutions implemented are very often of secondary types with treatment devices set up in the smoke. However, these techniques weigh on the economic viability of the sector. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to adapt the existing knowledge on the mechanisms of formation, destruction, deposition, release, etc. of PCDD/F in order to propose primary solutions for the reduction of emissions at the exit, applicable to our sector. In addition to an exhaustive bibliographical analysis, the work is based on an experimental approach using the LERMAB pilot boiler (instrumented and equipped with sampling systems) to carry out combustion tests and existing devices in the laboratory: macro-TG and model reactor, to try to better understand the phenomena of formation/destruction and release of PCDD/Fs on the surface of the ash, the objective being to make recommendations to the operators
Thi, Van Diem. "Modélisation du comportement au feu des structures en bois". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0363/document.
Numerical modelling of timber structures in fire conditions requires the knowledge of the variation with temperature of the physical properties of the wood material (the thermal conductivity, the specific heat and the density) in order to take into account the thermal degradation of wood under high temperatures during the drying, pyrolysis and combustion phases, as well as the temperature profiles in the thickness of the surfaces exposed to fire. In particular, this work focusses on the thermomechanical behaviour of timber. The heat transfer analysis is described by the standard equations of heat conduction. It includes the three modes of heat transfer: conduction, radiation and convection. The structural response is modelled within the framework of thermodynamics of irreversible processes using the notion of state variables. It takes into account the coupling between the orthotropic elastic behaviour, the anisotropic plastic behaviour with isotropic nonlinear hardening, and isotropic damage. The numerical integration of the equilibrium equations is carried out with an iterative implicit scheme combining the technique of radial re- turn with the reduction of the number of equations. The thermomechanical coupling is carried out according to the approach recommended by Eurocode 5 for the fire resistance of timber structures by applying the reduction factor Kθ to the strength of a softwood. The theoretical aspects and boundary conditions associated with the thermomechanical model are also discussed. The parameters of the model are identified with experimental data obtained from actual fire tests available in the literature. Several comparative applications are carried out. The finite element model accurately reproduces the distribution of the temperature profile in the thickness of timber planks, the formation of the charred layer, and the evolution of the mechanical resistance during exposure to fire
Cremona, Pierre. "Caractérisation expérimentale et numérique des scenarii de feu impliquant un conduit de fumée d'appareils de combustion bois". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0023/document.
The structural evolution of residential buildings due to thermal, environmental regulations and roll out of the Construction Products Regulation generate major challenge for chimney manufacturers, in particular with regard to the safety of residents during a fire. Two fire resistance scenarios are eloquent in European Regulations: the one associated with the development of fire in the room where the chimney is located and the last reported on the development of fire in the chimney itself, by ignition of the deposits. In both cases, the chimney must not be a vector for propagating fire to adjacent rooms and combustible materials. In this context, the present study aims to characterize the main thermal transfers involved in the two scenarios and to better understand the kinetics of formation, decomposition, ignition and combustion of the deposits within the chimney. To do this, an experimental and numerical approach was adopted. The experimental part allows to determine the chemical characteristics (elemental and chemical analyzes) and thermo-physical characteristics (density, conductivity, effusivity and thermal capacity, porosity, calorific value) of 24 residues from real installations or created in laboratory under representative conditions of combustion. These residues are then studied in thermogravimetric analyzers (TGA) and Cone Calorimeters in order to determine the thermal decomposition steps as well as the flammability and combustibility properties, in cases of piloted and auto-ignition. A consequent database of the set of properties has then been generated. A fire-resistant furnace (according to EN 1366-13) allowed the study of the chimney participation in the propagation of fire from one room to another, through the measurement of temperature fields, above the ceiling. The tests allow the acquisition of data essential to the definition of the initial conditions and the limits necessary for the development and the validation of a numerical model developed under Fluent. This model describes heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. It makes possible to estimate the temperature level on the outer wall of the chimney above the furnace, which is required in the EI performance declaration tests according to EN 1366-13, regardless of the configuration of the chimney (diameter, materials...). The results obtained correspond to the need for Poujoulat, whose challenge is to have an experimental and numerical tool for the development of fire-resistant chimney and a database relating to deposits in order to advise the habitants
Gargouri, Thameur. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de la combustion-incinération des effluents atmosphériques engendrés par la carbonisation du bois". Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0580.
Theoretical and experimental study of the incineration of wood carbonisation smokes is investigated. The model equations coupled with heat transfer and chemical kinetics are solved by using an implicit difference shame and the zone method. The numerical model shows the effect of smokes flow, heat radiation transfer and air excess on the incineration process. A pilot plan of carbonisation, equipped with smokes incineration, is realised and installed in sfax (tunisia). The experimental study shows a matter balance of 31% and an energy balance of 79%. The theoretical and experimental results prove the efficiency of the incineration process
Khalfi, Az-Eddine. "Etude du comportement dans diverses conditions de combustion, de déchets de bois, représentatifs de la filière ameublement". Mulhouse, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MULH0610.
Riviere, Gaëtan. "Conception d’un micro-cogénérateur aux granulés de bois". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0321.
As part of the AGATCO ANR project (Turbine Advance GAz for cogeneration), which began at the end of 2012, the design of a micro-cogeneration generating 1.5 kW of electricity and 10 kW of heat was started and presented in this manuscript. Based on the technology of an externally fired gas turbine, this micro-CHP uses the combustion of pellets coupled to a heat exchanger and a micro-turbine. This technology requires the design of a new fireplace (burner and combustion chamber) suitable to produce fumes at high temperatures (1200°C). The challenge is significant because the desired smoke flow is important (27 g/s) and the fuel power is low (15 kW). Two solutions are proposed to solve the problem, the first uses fresh air at ambient temperature and the second uses recycled hot fumes. The high temperature of the fumes makes it possible to obtain a turbine inlet temperature of 1100°C after the transfer of heat into the exchanger. Experimental and numerical simulation characterization of the exchanger makes it possible to verify its performances. The micro-turbine uses a new technology using channel instead of blades allowing it to have small dimensions for the desired performance. The work carried out made it possible to highlight several results: the realization of the high temperature combustion in very unfavorable conditions, the very interesting performances of the heat exchanger while proposing improvements to optimize the exchanges and the improvements to be brought to the turbine
Dusserre, Patrick. "Etude des chaudières à bois : contribution à la mesure des émissions de composés imbrûlés, à l’évaluation des rendements énergétiques et à la modélisation de la combustion". Lyon, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAL0003.
Pelletier, Chloé. "Analyse environnementale et économique des filières bois-énergie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0331.
The objective of this thesis is to conduct the environmental and economic analysis of several wood-to-energy production chains based on various wood combustion technologies. The material and energy balances of the production chains are determined with modeling of forest growth and of wood combustion. The wood combustion models use the emission factors from real-scale experimental tests on stoves and boilers. Forest growth is modeled for maritime pine and beech plantations, according to several forest management schemes. The data on the harvest, transformation, and transport steps, as well as the economic data, were taken from the literature. The environmental analysis compares the impacts calculated by two methods: ReCiPe and CML 2001. A dynamic analysis of the “climate change” impact complements the discussion on the environmental impacts of energy wood. Finally, we open a broader perspective with modeling of land use and production costs of bioenergy on a global scale. The results of the Life Cycle Analysis show the importance of both combustion quality (linked to combustion technology), and the transformation and transport steps. For instance, pellet stoves and boilers have excellent efficiencies, but suffer from the consumption of fossil fuels to dry the biomass. These technologies are also much more expensive to buy than log stoves or boilers. The dynamic analysis shows that the intensification of wood production via the shortening of growth cycles leads to higher impacts that are not completely offset by the higher production rate
Rouvière, Aurélie. "Impact des combustions du bois de chauffage sur les atmosphères extérieures et intérieures : étude de la dégradation d'un traceur spécifique en enceinte de simulation : le créosol". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10185.
Currently, few studies related to Volatile Organic compounds (VOC) emissions in indoor air were realised from combustion sources (heating, cooking. . . ). Indeed, the use of fireplaces will increase next years due to oil price: wood valorisation is one of the alternative sources for residential heating. There are not many studies about this subject because analytical techniques to determine weak concentration are difficult to implement. The main goal of this work is to evaluate the impact of VOC emissions due to wood combustion, and more particularly in indoor air. In order to understand the role of compounds emitted on air quality, a kinetic study of a specific marker was carried out in an atmospheric simulation chamber. Thus, after having studied the possibilities of news analytical supports containing carbon nanostructures (CNS), we evaluated VOC emissions from different wood fireplace. This study showed it was possible to find a marker in relation to wood type burning. Creosol was highlighted as this marker and its kinetic study showed that it was very reactive (very high constant). This compound was also at the origin of secondary compounds sometimes more toxic for human health. Finally at this time the CNS showed unequalled analytical qualities and requires complementary studies for a reliable analytical application
Heurtebise, Catherine. "Influence de la pression sur la combustion d'un charbon de bois : determination des constantes de vitesse a partir d'un mecanisme heterogene simplifie". Orléans, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ORLE2032.
Lauraguais, Amélie. "Contribution de la combustion du bois à la qualité de l'air et étude de la réactivité atmosphérique des méthoxyphénols en chambre de simulation". Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0364/document.
One of the objectives of the Grenelle Environment Forum is to increase the quantity of the renewable energy up to 23% in the final energy consumption in France in 2020, to reduce fossil fuel consumption and thus restrict the level of greenhouse gas emissions. The wood-energy represents an alternative to fossil fuel, but it also a source of atmospheric pollutants. It is necessary to determine its potential contribution to the degradation of air quality (indoor and outdoor). During this PhD, my works focused on the study, in simulation chambers, of the atmospheric degradation of compounds emitted by wood combustion : the methoxyphenols. In the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA) of the Universite of Littoral-Côte d’Opale (ULCO), tests were carried out to be sure that the walls of the chamber (in PMMA PolyMethacrylate of Methyl) are not a source of artifacts during its irradiation and chemical reactions with ozone, hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals. The rate coefficient of the reaction of syringol with OH radicals was determinate at (294 ± 2) K and is 9,65 x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹. Then the atmospheric lifetime was calculated : it is about 2 hours during the day. During the oxidation of guaiacol and syringol, we observed the formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) with yields ranging from of 0.003 to 0.87 and from 0.10 to 0.36, respectively. Oxidation products study in the gas- and particle- phases for the reaction of guaiacol with OH radicals showed principally the presence of nitroguaiacols in the gas phase, which may be potential wood combustion tracers due to their low atmospheric reactivity. The kinetic studied of NO₃ radicals with guaiacol, 3-methoxyphenol and syringol were realized at (294 ± 3) K. They were leaded to rate coefficients in the range of (1,15 – 21,7) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹ and so associated atmospheric lifetimes about 2 minutes, overnight. At the Bergische Universität Wuppertal (Germany), the reaction of a series of methoxylated aromatic compounds (anisole, 2-methylanisole, guaiacol, 3-methoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, syringol and 2,3-dimethoxyphenol) with hydroxyl radicals were studied leading to the following rate coefficients for methoxybenzenes and metoxyphenols, (2,12 -4,64) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹ and (5,75 -8,10) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, respectively. The estimated atmospheric lifetimes are in the range from 4 to 8 hours and from 2 to 3 hours, for methoxybenzenes and methoxyphenols, respectively. For these compounds, we also determined, the rate coefficients for their reaction with chlorineatoms, which are between (1,07 – 1,20) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, for methoxybenzenes, and (2,71 – 4,73) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, for methoxyphenols. Thus, their respective atmospheric lifetimes are 46-52 hours and 12-21 hours. This study of tropospheric oxidation of methoxyphenols is to our knowledge the first one. It allows underlining a high reactivity of these compounds during the day and overnight and also their contribution to SOA formation. The wood-energy is thus both a source of primary and secondary aerosols. Its use therefore impacts human health and the environment
Dusserre, Patrick. "Etude des chaudières à bois contribution à la mesure des émissions de composés imbrûlés, à l'évaluation des rendements énergétiques et à la modélisation de la combustion". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597360f.
Boizi, Elloe Martin. "Co-valorisation de déchets lignocellulosiques en tant qu'adsorbants appliqués en dépollution aqueuse et production de chaleur par combustion". Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1246.
Christodoulou, Mélina. "Pyrolyse de bois dans les conditions d'un lit fluidisé : étude expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0200/document.
This study contributes to the French biomass gasification project: Gaya project. It is a large R&D project financed by ADEME and coordinated by GDF SUEZ. The project GAYA will develop a demonstration platform for a new biomass gasification and methanation process. In this context, our objective is to build a biomass pyrolysis model, representative of the conditions encountered in the fluidized bed gasifier developed in this project. An experimental machine, the vertical image furnace, has been developed to reproduce the heat conditions of the fluidized bed gasifier at 850°C. This experimental model permits to collect all the pyrolysis products for a later analysis. Then, kinetics parameters are determined from both the physico-chemical process and the optimization of experimental results. The thermal cracking of condensable vapours, is studied during the first 300th milliseconds after their ejection from the biomass particle. For this purpose, cracking experiments are led on the experimental machine which combines a tubular pyrolysis reactor and a continuous self-stirred tank cracking reactor. The model developed allows us to represent the biomass pyrolysis introduced in the gasification reactor
Chevrier, Florie. "Chauffage au bois et qualité de l’air en Vallée de l’Arve : définition d’un système de surveillance et impact d’une politique de rénovation du parc des appareils anciens". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU020/document.
Biomass burning is one of the major sources of atmospheric particles during wintertime in Alpine valleys, and more especially in the Arve valley where exceedances of the European regulated limit value are regularly observed. This situation led to the establishment of an important program of replacement of old wood stoves with new ones as part of an action of an Atmospheric Protection Plan (APP), the “Fonds Air Bois”. The research program DECOMBIO (“DÉconvolution de la contribution de la COMbustion de la BIOmasse aux PM10 dans la vallée de l’Arve”) has been set up in October 2013 to estimate the impact of this wood stoves renewal policy on air quality. This thesis works be incorporated within this program and have for main objective to validate methodologies used in routine to enable a fast deconvolution of the biomass burning source and to compare any observed changes with progress of wood stove changeout.To complete this work, three sites, representing the different situations of the Arve valley, were instrumented (Marnaz, Passy and Chamonix) to monitor the continuing evolution of atmospheric concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) and molecular markers enabling to distinguish between the biomass burning contribution and that of other types of combustion. A large dataset was acquired between November 2013 and October 2014 thanks to regular filter samples enabling a vast chemical characterization of PM10. The use of statistical analysis “Positive Matrix Factorization” (PMF) has led to an enhanced appreciation of particle emission sources within this valley with a focus on biomass burning emissions. The development of this methodology of identification and source apportionment based on the use of specific organic markers, specific constraints and data from carbonaceous matter deconvolution is an important progress in definition of factors from this model.The developed methodologies during this work, enabling an improvement of knowledges and source apportionment, are tools directly usable by French Accredited Associations for Air Quality Monitoring, especially for the quantitative assessment of actions introduced to improve air quality as part of Atmospheric Protection Plans, for example the one in the Arve valley
Sarvaramini, Amin. "New routes to enhance the efficiency of biomass torrefaction and gasification processes (Potentials for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and mining residues)". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30571/30571.pdf.
The aim of the proposed research was to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of biomass torrefaction and to propose practical methods to improve the efficiency of this process. As for the mechanism, torrefaction of two woody biomass samples from Quebec forests (aspen and birch) and their main constituents, i.e., lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose is studied in details using different experimental techniques and a kinetic model is developed for their torrefaction. Our studies on the mechanism and kinetics of biomass torrefaction also revealed the slow rate of biomass torrefaction which motivated us to propose and develop a new ionic-liquid assisted torrefaction process with the aim of increasing the rate of biomass torrefaction. Although torrefaction improves the physicochemical properties of biomass fuel, release of oxygenated hydrocarbons (in the form of volatiles) from biomass reduces its overall energy. To recover volatiles energy, a new combination of biomass torrefaction and chemical looping volatiles combustion was studied. In this regard, the already comminuted, abundant and cheap iron and magnesium bearing silicate minerals found widely in the form of mining residues in the province of Quebec were tested as solid oxygen carrier and up to 96% of volatiles conversion at 700°C was achieved in CLC reactor. As a supplementary work, we were also interested to explore the potential of mining residues containing sizeable quantities of iron for catalytic cracking of tar released during the gasification of biomass. For this purpose, iron-bearing mining residues and minerals obtained from the mining activities in Quebec were evaluated comparatively to olivine (known as an active mineral for tar cracking) for benzene cracking in simulated syngas. It was found that chrysotile showed up to four-fold increase in benzene and methane conversion than olivine.
Colombiano, Jérémy. "Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de la réaction au feu sur un matériau bois. Développement d'une méthodologie pour l'ingénierie de la sécurité incendie. Validation of a Pyrolysis Model of Wood Thermal Decomposition under Cone Calorimeter". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0017.
Increasingly, fire safety relies on fire safety engineering. This involves, in particular, using calculation codes, performing numerical simulations aimed at defining the safety rules to be applied. Thus, numerous studies have made it possible to improve the calculation codes and define the bases and technical guides to be respected for carrying out these studies. However, while this is true in the field of fire resistance, evacuation or smoke control, it is not yet the case in the field of reaction to fire. The latter represents how the material will behave as a fuel and it characterizes the ability of that material to ignite and contribute to a fire.In this context, the objective of this thesis work is to study and predict the kinetics of thermal decomposition, combustion and flame propagation of wood material. For this, the working method adopted is multi-scale, both experimental and digital. This approach allows initially to simplify the phenomena in order to determine the properties of the material, then to add complexity on an increasing scale, in order to identify the processes controlling the propagation of flame and to define the bases for an engineering study. In total, 4 working scales were studied:- At a small scale, which concerns only the solid phase. It permits to extract some properties of the material by working on samples of the order of a milligram. The properties extracted are the thermal and kinetic properties, essential to characterize the heating and thermal decomposition of the material on a larger scale.- At medium scale, including the influence of the gas phase within particularly the development of the flame on the surface of the sample. The samples are of the order of a hundred grams with a thickness identical to the final application of the product. The objective is first to identify the combustion parameters of the material, such as the heat of combustion, the rate of formation of soot, carbon monoxide, etc. Secondly, it concerns the numerical validation of all the properties extracted (thermal, kinetic and combustion properties) by comparison with the experimental data (rate of heat release, loss of mass, temperatures, etc. ).- At the intermediate scale, using samples of the order of one kilogram. It takes into account the propagation of flame on the surface of the sample. Therefore, the processes driving this propagation are studied. This scale is used to assess the ability of the code to predict the kinetics of flame propagation. Two modes of propagation are investigated: counter-current and co-current. This scale also makes it possible to establish certain bases for carrying out a reaction to fire engineering study.- At final scale, two studied modes of propagation are coupled. The objective is then to validate the observations made at the previous scale and to support the basis for an engineering study
Zeng, Kuo. "Solar pyrolysis of biomass at laboratory scale". Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0008/document.
Concentrated solar energy provides heat to drive biomass pyrolysis reactions, which upgrades the feedstock energy by storing solar energy in chemical forms (bio-gas, bio-oil and bio-char). Thanks to high temperature and fast heating rate, more pyrolytic gas with high lower heating value (LHV) can be produced by direct solar pyrolysis. Experiments have highlighted the effect of solar pyrolysis parameters on products yields, composition and properties. The total gas LHV dramatically increases (5-fold) with increasing temperature (from 600°C to 1200°C) and sample heating rate (from 5°C/s to 50°C/s), which is mainly due to variations in the CO and H2 yields. The interaction between temperature and heating rate enhances at both high ranges. The maximum gas products LHV (14 589 kJ/kg of beech wood) was obtained at 2000°C and 450°C/s heating rate. The collected char and tar were analyzed and characterized, which emphasizes the temperature and heating rate effects. And the energy upgrade factor is determined as about 1.5 independent of temperature. At the same time, a 2D unsteady CFD particle model (simplified assumption using first-order Arrhenius type reactions) with heat and mass transfers was developed for solar pyrolysis. Numerical model predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations. Stoichiometric coefficients about the mass fraction of primary tar converted by the reaction to gas and secondary tar were determined at different temperatures and heating rates for the first time. The evolution of the final products and mass losses of biomass are enhanced with temperature and heating rate increase
Heinz, Christine. "Dynamique des végétations holocènes en Méditerranée nord occidentale d'après l'anthracoanalyse de sites préhistoriques : méthodologie et paléoécologie". Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20217.
Qin, Xiaowen. "Modeling Study of Pyrolysis of Composite Materials : Application to Wood and Carbon/Epoxy Composite". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ESMA0006.
Composite materials occupy a critical position in industrial applications or more broadly in our daily life. Synthetic composites substitute metallic materials due to their lightweight properties to achieve identical mechanical performance. They are widely used in the fields of energy transportation and storage. Natural composites (wood) are also widely used, especially in construction industry. The disadvantage of these materials involves the disability in maintaining their mechanical characteristics in a fire scenario, and the study of their fire resistance is therefore a major issue. This thesis aims to develop a mathematical model of thermal decomposition of composite materials subjected to different heating conditions. The simulations of different cases of thermal decomposition make it possible to study the interactions among the processes of heat and mass transfer as well as chemical reactions within the solid. The developed 3D model describes the gas transport within the pores of materials at the Darcy scale. Thermal conductivity is formulated in a tensor form allowing the definition of heat transfer in three directions of the domain. For the two types of materials, a multi-step reaction scheme is defined to describe the pyrolysis process. The cone calorimeter tests used to validate the model were carried out under an inert atmosphere (Nitrogen) which makes it possible to eliminate the presence of flame on the material surface as well as the heterogeneous reactions which can occur in the presence of oxygen. Therefore, the defined boundary conditions are quite simple and well-controlled to characterize without considering the unsteady flame. Pyrolysis gasses are assembled into inert gas, therefore, the gas reactions in the pore are neglected and the local thermal equilibrium between the solid and gas phase is assumed. The implementation of this pyrolysis model follows a scale separation process with two types of materials. The different heat and mass transfer processes, as well as chemical reactions, are studied separately to avoid the interactions, then the model is reconstructed to take these interactions into account. The pyrolysis behavior is firstly studied at a "0D" scale to develop the part of chemical reactions. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used at this scale and related experiments are conducted at different heating rates under an inert atmosphere. At this scale, only the chemical reactions are involved with known kinetics, and the heat and mass transport within the solid can be neglected with homogeneous temperature distribution. The different chemical reactions are described with the Arrhenius-type equation. The kinetic parameters are calculated by the inverse modeling method. The influence of the heating rate on the pyrolysis process is analyzed and 2D simulations are conducted at two heating rates to analyze the evolution of thermal and pressure gradients within the solid. The phenomena of heat and mass transport are considered and studied by bench-scale experiments which are conducted in the cone calorimeter. The corresponding simulations are implemented under two heat flux. The interactions among the heat and mass transport as well as chemical reaction processes are studied by analyzing the local time and length scales to identify what are the dominant phenomena through the whole pyrolysis process
Ricquebourg, Emilie. "Etude de la réactivité et de la toxicité des particules de méthoxyphénols : analyse de leur action in vivo chez le rat en atmosphère contrôlée sur la fonction cardiaque et les paramètres du stress oxydant". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4711.
In general, inhalation of particles is at the origin of inflammatory and oxidative reactions who are responsible of the degradation of biological cellular constituents, and could have a strong cardiovascular impact. The wood combustion is a major source of semivolatile organic compounds such as the methoxyphenols (MPs) including coniferyl aldehyde (CA), syringaldehyde (SR), or acetosyringone (AS). The MPs are however few studies into literature while toxicity of other compounds also from biomass combustion, as carbon monoxide, soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon are intensively studies.This work has shown by GC/MS that aging in simulated atmosphere (ozone + light rays) degraded CA in secondary products less cytotoxic, studies on fribroblastes culture but keep the atmospherical level of SR and AS which have a toxicity proved.A device of MPs particle production original by atomization, with a check system (height, composition, weight) and exposition flow continuous (Ø~50 nm, N~7E4 particles/cm3, m~5 µg/m3) adapted to little animals, was developed and validated, allowed the first study in vivo with these molecules. Between 1 and 3 month of exposition to rat Wistar, show modified antioxidant defences and cardiac modification (ischaemia/reperfusion) principally with AS, then CA and less SR. The adaptatives processes (remodeling) are demonstrated after 5 month of exposition.Furthermore, it is showed in vitro on lung adenocacinum cell lines (A549), CA induced a monolayer destructuration and apoptosis (caspase 3) but no effect proinflammatory (IL8, Cox-2 and iNOS).To conclude, this work contributes to study the impact of MPs in vitro and in vivo
Ricquebourg, Emilie. "Etude de la réactivité et de la toxicité des particules de méthoxyphénols : analyse de leur action in vivo chez le rat en atmosphère contrôlée sur la fonction cardiaque et les paramètres du stress oxydant". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4711.
In general, inhalation of particles is at the origin of inflammatory and oxidative reactions who are responsible of the degradation of biological cellular constituents, and could have a strong cardiovascular impact. The wood combustion is a major source of semivolatile organic compounds such as the methoxyphenols (MPs) including coniferyl aldehyde (CA), syringaldehyde (SR), or acetosyringone (AS). The MPs are however few studies into literature while toxicity of other compounds also from biomass combustion, as carbon monoxide, soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon are intensively studies.This work has shown by GC/MS that aging in simulated atmosphere (ozone + light rays) degraded CA in secondary products less cytotoxic, studies on fribroblastes culture but keep the atmospherical level of SR and AS which have a toxicity proved.A device of MPs particle production original by atomization, with a check system (height, composition, weight) and exposition flow continuous (Ø~50 nm, N~7E4 particles/cm3, m~5 µg/m3) adapted to little animals, was developed and validated, allowed the first study in vivo with these molecules. Between 1 and 3 month of exposition to rat Wistar, show modified antioxidant defences and cardiac modification (ischaemia/reperfusion) principally with AS, then CA and less SR. The adaptatives processes (remodeling) are demonstrated after 5 month of exposition.Furthermore, it is showed in vitro on lung adenocacinum cell lines (A549), CA induced a monolayer destructuration and apoptosis (caspase 3) but no effect proinflammatory (IL8, Cox-2 and iNOS).To conclude, this work contributes to study the impact of MPs in vitro and in vivo
Daouk, Elias. "Etudes expérimentale et numérique de la pyrolyse oxydante de la biomasse en lit fixe". Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0241/document.
Wood Multi-staged gasification in a fixed bed reactor is suitable for small-scale electricity generation. In these processes, the pyrolysis is performed in a continuous downward fixed bed reactor. The main feature of this reactor is the autothermal operation. Energy for heating, drying and pyrolysis is supplied by partial combustion of wood, known as “oxidative pyrolysis”. The air introduced from the top of the reactor induces a combustion front that propagates countercurrent with the solids and gazes flows. The work presented in this document aimed to achieve a better description of this process. A multi-scale approach was considered. Therefore, we have firstly studied the behavior of an isolated particle before focusing on the overall fixed bed. At the particle scale, we have quantified the effect of oxygen and of particle size on the oxidative pyrolysis kinetics. This led us to the setup of a kinetic model for this transformation.At the fixed bed scale, the propagation of the combustion front was studied considering the experimental and numerical approaches, which provides a better understanding of this step of the wood staged gasifiers
Rouviere, Aurélie. "IMPACT DES COMBUSTIONS DU BOIS DE CHAUFFAGE SUR LES ATMOSPHERES EXTERIEURES ET INTERIEURES.ETUDE DE LA DEGRADATION D'UN TRACEUR SPECIFIQUE EN ENCEINTE DE SIMULATION : LE CREOSOL". Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122591.