Tesi sul tema "Collaboration Horizontale"

À cause des stratégies de production et de marketing de plus en plus ambitieuses tellesque le Juste-À-Temps et la production adaptée au client, les approches de collaboration logistique verticale qui sont courantes atteignent une limite d'efficacité notamment en transport. La collaboration logistique horizontale (CLH) et plus particulièrement la mutualisation, dont l'efficacité a été prouvée dans la littérature et dans les cas réels, a attiré l'attention des chercheurs ainsi que des praticiens. Cependatn, un des obstacles principaux à la mise en œuvre des CLHs est l'absence d'un mécanisme de collaboration raisonné, en particulier un mécanisme de partage des gains. Nous identifions deux formes d'organisation des CLHs : centralisée limité en pratique à de petites coalitions et décentralisée pouvant comprendre de nombreux participants. Pour des CLHs centralisées, nous proposons un modèle de collaboration qui est un processus de conduite qui intègre les outils d'aide à la décision. Nous développons également un mécanisme de partage par la théorie des jeux. Ce mécanisme est applicable aux différentes catégories des CLHs centralisées, qui peuvent être modélisées par des jeux coopératifs super-additif et non-super-additifs. Afin de proposer un plan de partage crédible aux collaborateurs, ce mécanisme de partage prend en compte la contribution de chacun des collaborateurs, la stabilité de la coalition et leur pouvoir de négociation. Ce cadre est illustré par des exemples numériques issus de cas logistiques. Pour la mise en œuvre des CLHs décentralisées, nous proposons un cadre de travail de logistique collaborative qui est ouvert aux participants potentiels, et avons conçu des protocoles fondés sur le mécanisme d'enchère combinatoire, qui spécifient l'allocation de demande de livraison et la détermination de paiement pour faciliter les collaborations. Cette dernière partie s'appuie sur la théorie dite de Mechanism design.

Seit einiger Zeit kann zunehmend die Bildung von Unternehmensnetzwerken und Kooperationen beobachtet werden. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit horizontalen Logistikkooperationen. Hierbei streben Unternehmen die Erzielung von Größen- und Verbundeffekte mit Unternehmen auf der gleichen Wertschöpfungsstufe an. In der Arbeit wird ein strukturiertes Vorgehensmodell entwickelt, welches Unternehmen bei der Entscheidungsfindung für oder gegen eine horizontale Kooperation unterstützt. Dazu zerlegt der Autor den Prozess der Kooperationsetablierung in einzelne Teilphasen, die er sowohl mit empirischen Erkenntnissen aus der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung als auch mit Methoden zur Bearbeitung dieser Phasen verknüpft. Dabei werden die Partnerauswahl und der Synergieermittlung ganzheitlich analysiert und zu einem klaren Vorgehensmodell ausgearbeitet.

Les préoccupations liées au développement durable influencent de plus en plus le comportement des clients ainsi que les stratégies des entreprises. Ainsi, l'optimisation des réseaux de distribution par la collaboration horizontale devient une nécessité. Après une analyse exhaustive de la littérature, nous avons constaté que la plupart des travaux proposant des approches quantitatives abordent le niveau de décision opérationnelle par le biais de l'optimisation de la planification du transport. Par conséquent, nous traitons dans cette thèse les deux niveaux de décision : stratégique et tactique. Le premier niveau est étudié à travers le problème de conception des réseaux de distribution collaboratifs, tandis que le deuxième niveau s'intéresse au problème de répartition des coûts et des émissions de CO2. En outre, nous pensons que réduire tous les aspects de la durabilité en un seul objectif n'est pas recommandé. Dans ce contexte, nous abordons les deux problèmes en tenant compte de la durabilité économique, environnementale et sociale. Nous proposons des modèles mathématiques pour concevoir des réseaux de distribution à deux et à trois échelons. Par ailleurs, l'implication des indicateurs de durabilité lors du partage des bénéfices permet de récompenser les partenaires qui participent au mieux à la durabilité. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé deux approches qui utilisent les niveaux de durabilité et de flexibilité de chaque partenaire dans le but de répartir d'une manière équitable les bénéfices de la collaboration. D'autre part, plusieurs scénarios sont comparés sur la base des indicateurs proposés. Au niveau de la résolution des modèles mathématiques, l'optimisation mono-objectif est effectuée d'une façon exacte et en utilisant l'algorithme génétique et le recuit simulé, tandis que l'optimisation multi-objectif est réalisée par la méthode ε-contrainte et le NSGA-II. Les résultats et les analyses obtenus montrent que la collaboration offre toujours une meilleure performance par rapport à la non-collaboration sur tous les niveaux de durabilité. Plusieurs décisions managériales sont présentées pour appliquer correctement la collaboration horizontale et améliorer davantage sa performance en termes de durabilité
Sustainability issues are increasingly influencing customer behavior and corporate strategy. Consequently, the optimization of distribution networks through horizontal collaboration is becoming a necessity. After a comprehensive review of the literature, we found that most studies proposing quantitative approaches address the operational decision level through the optimization of transport planning. Therefore, in this thesis we deal with both strategic and tactical decision levels. The first level is studied by the collaborative distribution network design problem, while the second level is studied by the cost and CO2 emission allocation problem. Furthermore, we believe that reducing all sustainability dimensions to a single objective is not desirable. In this context, we address both problems by taking into account economic, environmental and social sustainability. We have developed mathematical models to design two- and three-echelon distribution networks. In addition, the inclusion of sustainability indicators in the profit-sharing process makes it possible to reward partners who best contribute to sustainability. In this context, we have developed two approaches that use the levels of sustainability and flexibility of each partner in order to distribute the benefits of the collaboration in a fair way. Furthermore, several scenarios are compared on the basis of the proposed indicators. Regarding the resolution of the mathematical models, the single-objective optimization is carried out in an exact way and by using the genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing, while the multi-objective optimization is carried out by the ε-constraint method and the NSGA-II. The results and analyses obtained show that collaboration always provides better performance compared to non-collaboration on all sustainability levels. Several managerial decisions are presented to properly apply horizontal collaboration and further improve its sustainability performance

In this work, we investigate horizontal collaboration, mainly on road transportation, among different companies, carriers and shippers. Background motivations are: a still prevalent way of moving around goods in different parts of the world, an increasing pressure on logistic providers and an higher customer expectations about requested service. Therefore, we examine the existing literature on horizontal collaboration classifying different models and techniques used. An extensive literature review about these problems is given. We study profit, benefit and cost allocation procedures in order to better investigate the impact and the effectiveness of collaboration for the collecting of profits and the cutting of costs. Then, we develop a new profitable arc routing model to address a centralized partial cooperation among multiple carriers. We study two different formulations of this problem taking into account the impact of collaboration on the stand alone carrier profit. In the first one the goal is the maximization of the total profit of the coalition of carriers, independently of the individual profit of each carrier. The second variant includes a lower bound on the individual profit of each carrier. We formulate mixed integer programming models for the two variants of the problem and study their properties and their relations with well-known arc routing problems. We solve them with a branch-and-cut algorithm and quantify the impact of collaboration on a large set of instances. Finally, we develope two metaheuristic solution methods based on a Large Neighborhood Search and a Ruin and Repair heuristic framework. On one hand, we have a Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS), on the other hand, we have an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS). Both metaheuristics perform very well on a large set of instances solving almost all of them within few seconds. Moreover, both find feasible solutions on larger and more realistic instances within few minutes.

Underutilized capacity, long shipping lead time, high cost and lack of sufficient scale are examples of logistics inefficiencies that have troubled many supply chain operations. Logistics horizontal collaboration (LHC) is believed to be an innovative approach to tackle the increasing logistics challenges. This kind of collaborative logistics is quickly gaining momentum in practice but relevant contributions in literature are scarce. So far it remains unclear how LHC could be structured and operated given the limited understanding of the various characteristics and forms of LHC between companies. Furthermore, the explicit impact of LHC on the participating partners, as well as on the supply chain system is understudied. Very few studies have explored the process of collaboration and how it links to performance behaviours. Case studies and Agent-Based Simulation are employed in this thesis to study the research gaps identified above. Case studies are initially conducted to examine the key elements which can support the design of LHC, and to make a classification of models for collaboration. These are followed by Agent-Based Simulation to model a typical collaboration process and work out what benefits would emerge if participating in horizontal collaboration and how the collaboration can produce the impacts on the supply chain operations for individuals and the system as a whole. The case studies suggest that “collaboration structures”, “collaboration objectives”, “collaboration intensity”, and “collaboration modes” are the four key elements critical to the design of a LHC project. Each element represents an important aspect of the collaboration and exhibits different characteristics and forms. Based on these key elements, several typologies are derived which together provide a comprehensive view to explain the different types of LHC in practice. The simulation modelling demonstrates that LHC can significantly benefit the logistics efficiency in terms of capacity utilization and customer service in the sense of order fill-rate, and such beneficial effects are consistently observed in different supply chain environments. In particular, LHC can produce better logistics performance in a relationship-based supply chain network where downstream customers can support upstream shippers with more stable and predictable demand. On the other hand, information sharing in the collaboration, for the most part, does not facilitate the higher collaboration gains for partners. Specifically, sharing either the demand or supply information in the horizontal collaboration is not helpful in increasing collaboration gains. Hence there is a difference for the value of information sharing in the context of horizontal collaboration as opposed to vertical collaboration, the latter of which is often justified as providing more beneficial gains. The research findings provide insights for practitioners and scholars about how to develop a type of collaboration project or study, as well as enabling a better understanding of the dynamic collaboration effects.

Truck-based freight transportation continues to play a vital role in the delivery of goods in the United States. Despite its size and importance, the truck transportation industry continues to struggle with fulfilling transportation requests in an efficient and sustainable manner. One potential solution to alleviate many of the current truck industry problems is for transportation service providers (TSPs) to collaborate by sharing volume, resources, and facilities. This research introduces the Transportation Service Provider Collaboration Problem (TSP-CP) to demonstrate the benefits of using optimal freight routing and consolidation decisions for collaborating TSPs. A mathematical model for the TSP-CP is introduced to describe the problem in detail. Additionally, two separate adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) heuristics are developed to provide solutions to industry representative problem instances. Finally, the benefits and insights achieved by enabling collaboration between TSPs using the TSP-CP are identified using industry representative data sets. The representative data sets were derived from actual freight data provided by a freight pooling company that manages collaboration among TSPs. Carriers were chosen from the industry data to evaluate collaborative partnerships and to gain insights on the effects of partnership characteristics on overall benefit as well as the benefits obtained by individual carriers. The computational results suggested collaboration among TSPs offers the potential for substantial reductions in the total distance required to deliver all loads, in the number miles that were traveled completely empty, and the number of containers required for delivery compared to individual performance. Additionally, collaboration increased delivery resource capacity utilization as measured by the percentage of weighted full miles. Detailed analysis of the results from the TSP-CP revealed new insights into the collaboration between full truckload and less-than truckload carriers that have not been quantified or highlighted in previous research. These insights included the effect that an individual carrier's type and size had on the amount of benefit received to each carrier. Finally, the results highlighted the importance of building collaborative partnerships that consider a carrier's geographic location.
Ph. D.

Over the last half-century, the development of physical distribution management has led to the establishment of logistics, which itself has developed into one of the key components of supply chain management. As different models of competition have developed in parallel, so the concept of competition between supply chains, as opposed to between firms, has been described. These two trends are striking in the context of UK grocery retailing. This market sector is described as at the leading edge of innovation and is arguably among the most efficient in the one world. The speed and efficiency of these retail supply chains has underpinned customer offerings of range and freshness and has contributed to the growth of supermarket chains and thus the concentration of retail power in the UK grocery market. These trends then raise two issues. Innovation in logistics and distribution management appears to be easy to copy and thus goods ideas tend to be adopted by competitors and best practise is quickly and uniformly applied. Competitive advantage is, therefore, short term only. Secondly, new organisational paradigms, such as the extended or virtual enterprise, support the concept of competition between vertically integrated supply chains. However, it is not necessarily the case that all elements of the supply chain must be in competition. Whilst range, branding and procurement policies may continue to offer competitive advantage over time, the logistics elements of the supply chain might afford an opportunity for collaboration between competing supply chains, as these elements contribute no long term advantage to individual firms. New models for corporate strategy argue that collaboration between competitors is not only possible but desirable in certain areas of operations and under certain circumstances. Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) offers a set of tools for exploring potential areas of collaboration in the retail and grocery markets. However, in spite of collaboration in other areas and predictions by authors of collaboration in logistics operations, there is little evidence of applications in practise. This research set out to explore why this might be so. Research in the UK grocery market led to the proposition of a series of enablers and inhibitors for horizontal logistics collaborations, which were then tested in two other UK retail contexts.

This thesis examines the extent to which horizontal collaboration is being undertaken in the logistics industry, the different ways horizontal collaboration is being implemented in the logistics industry and the performance enhancements that can be achieved by logistics companies through horizontal collaboration partnerships. Research into the subject of horizontal collaboration has only in the past 5 years gained enough momentum and support to become a topic in its own right, rather than a footnote to research on vertical collaboration. For this reason existing research on the topic has been confined to a small number of areas and very little literature exists on comparing the performance enhancements of different types of horizontal collaboration. This research involved a large-scale survey to investigate general patterns and perceptions of horizontal collaboration in the logistics industry and following that a number of case studies were undertaken to gain in-depth knowledge of how horizontal collaboration can be successfully undertaken. The results from these were then developed into a set of guidelines which can be used by logistics companies implementing horizontal collaboration by providing information on issues such as problems that can be addressed using horizontal collaboration, necessary partner requirements, necessary internal requirements, duration and formality of the collaboration, benefits, risks and obstacles for each of the four main types of horizontal collaboration being undertaken in the logistics industry. Horizontal collaboration was found to be a wide-spread practice in the UK Logistics industry across companies of all sizes and types. The most common form of horizontal collaboration is ‘shared services’, however, ‘joint ventures’ are perceived to be the most effective form of collaboration.

Since the dawn of the European Union, insurance and banking undertakings claimed to be subject to a special status vis-à-vis the application of EU competition law, due to the quasi social nature of the services they provide. Within the financial services industry, anti-trust concerns do arise in relation to mergers and acquisitions, possible abuses of dominant position and state aid; however Art. 101 TFEU and the regulation of forms of co-operation arguably represent the paramount and most intricate aspects of the application of the EU competition rules to the financial services sector. This is due to the fact that the insurance and banking industries historically have been characterised by intense forms of horizontal co-operation between undertakings deemed necessary for the correct functioning of the financial services industry. On a general level, any agreement establishing a homogeneous pricing structure vis-à-vis consumers represents a blatant violation of Art. 101 TFEU giving rise to serious anti-trust concerns. Nevertheless, as will be explored in this thesis, in the financial services sector the Commission has often allowed what the doctrine has correctly defined as “forms of horizontal agreements concerning a relevant cost element making up the final price vis-à-vis customers”1 through its decisions relating 1 See Faull & Nikpay, “The EC Law of Competition” OUP 2007, p. 636.to interbank fees in payment systems and through the enactment of a block exemption for the insurance industry. Art. 101 thus seems to manifest a common element for these two industries, presenting interesting and intricate teleological quandaries. This thesis endeavours to break the impasse down into questions to which an answer may be provided: Ought Art. 101 to apply to the financial services sector at all? If so, to what extent? Is there any justification for a block exemption in the insurance sector? Indeed, should the banking sector too benefit from a block exemption? This thesis endeavours to answer the above questions and thereby to contribute to the identification of an ideal regulatory framework for forms of horizontal co-operation in the financial services sector.

In Brasile l’informalità urbana è un fenomeno in aumento dovuto all'incontrollata urbanizzazione che, alterando l’equilibrio delle città, ha portato alla nascita delle prime favelas negli anni ’60 del Novecento. A partire dagli anni ‘30, con l’impulso di creare una città più efficiente, furono prodotti i primi piani di edilizia popolare, che, però, si rivelarono incapaci di rispondere al crescente deficit abitativo. Nel contempo, i tentativi di recupero degli insediamenti illegali, con azioni troppo puntuali e inadeguate, non risposero alle esigenze delle classi sociali più precarie. A Belo Horizonte, città pianificata alla fine del XIX secolo, la crisi abitativa si manifestò sin dalla sua origine e, negli ultimi anni, la sua regione metropolitana fu luogo di molte occupazioni urbane. In tale contesto si colloca la comunità ‘Dandara’, nata nel 2009, che, ad oggi, è la più grande occupazione organizzata del Brasile. L’attuale strumento di regolarizzazione, il Piano di Regolarizzazione Urbana (PRU), si è dimostrato poco flessibile e dinamico, portando all'obsolescenza dei piani e generando tensioni tra potere pubblico e beneficiari. Allo scopo di produrre un PRU per l’occupazione Dandara, il comune di Belo Horizonte si è rivolto ad un team di tecnici specializzati in Geodesign, per risolvere i problemi della pianificazione tradizionale. Il Geodesign rappresenta una metodologia interdisciplinare che segue una ‘framework’ definita ma flessibile rispetto al contesto, basata su una struttura collaborativa tra ‘stakeholders’. Lo scopo della tesi è quello di proporre una strategia che traduca le proposte, risultanti dal workshop collaborativo, in un PRU per la Comunità. Attraverso la ricostruzione del quadro conoscitivo delle dinamiche attuali, tramite analisi spaziali GIS, gli interventi, settorializzati nelle dimensioni strategiche individuate, sono gerarchizzati allo scopo di produrre un programma temporale che tenga conto delle risorse disponibili.

Les organisations virtualisées sous multi-gouvernance sont des organisations co-gouvernées simultanément par plusieurs organisations indépendantes. Les distances organisationnelles et géographiques leur incitent à mettre en place des équipes virtuelles à grande échelle. Ces organisations des acteurs hétérogènes adoptent un mode de contrôle particulier riche d'enseignements pour la théorie du contrôle. En complément du contrôle interorganisationnel, leur système de contrôle est combiné d'un contrôle interactif informel. L'e-collaboration est le mode de travail essentiel. Les objets-frontières jouent un rôle important dans le contrôle interactif informel et dans l'e-collaboration des équipes au-delà des frontières organisationnelles, géographiques et temporelles
Virtualised organizations with multi-governance are co-governed simultaneously by several independent organizations. Organizational and geographical distances encourage them to set up virtual teams on a large scale. These organizations adopt a particular control mode. In addition to the inter-organizational control, their control system is combined with an informal interactive control. The e-collaboration is their important way of work. The boundary objects play an important role in the and in the informal interactive control and in the e-collaboration, beyond organizational boundaries, geographical and temporal

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the logistic and collaborative actions with three associative supermarket networks located in the State of Rio de Janeiro. This research assumes that the business logistic and collaborative actions (vertical and horizontal) have important roles to obtain competitive advantages in an area that is getting more and more unstable, where the only ones to survive are the companies that are able to aggregate value to the client by offering quicker and more efficient answers. The field research is characterized by a multiple case study of qualitative approach, that happens in three associative supermarket network constituted of small and medial business owners. For the database research were elaborated three semi structured and distinctive scripts that allowed the implementation of sixteen interviews. The subjects of the research were the associates or buyers, managers and presidents, members of the three networks. It was concluded that the three networks studied in this research were able to develop throughout their years in business, feelings of trust and reciprocity capable of strengthening the relational coherency between associates. Although, it is important to highlight that the said networks still have a long way to improve until they can really become the "Business Network", nomenclature for which they were designated in this paper. The results found in this research indicate that the three networks need to amplify the scope of their collaborative actions in a way to transcend the stage of joint negotiation and reach a level of cooperation that allows to also be working together. Furthermore, it is necessary that the capacity to provide better gains and offer complementary resources could be extrapolate to something beyond buying or marketing shares, pervading the development of instate a strategy with associates and suppliers, that can contemplate: the improvement of merchandise transportation, managing the stock, managing by categories, defining a mix of products suitable for sale, integrated usage of technology tools of logistic support, amongst others.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as pr?ticas log?sticas e as a??es colaborativas observadas na atua??o de tr?s redes associativistas de supermercados localizadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As implica??es dessa pesquisa pressup?em que a log?stica empresarial e a??es as colaborativas (verticais e horizontais) t?m pap?is importantes para obten??o de vantagens competitivas, em mercados cada vez mais vol?teis, onde sobrevivem de fato, as empresas que conseguem agregar valor ao cliente oferecendo respostas mais r?pidas e eficientes. A pesquisa de campo caracteriza-se por um estudo de caso m?ltiplo, de abordagem qualitativa, que se d? em tr?s redes associativistas de supermercados formadas por pequenos e m?dios empres?rios. Para coleta de dados foram elaborados tr?s roteiros semiestruturados distintos, que permitiram a realiza??o de dezesseis entrevistas. Os sujeitos da pesquisa s?o os associados ou compradores, gestores e presidentes, integrantes das tr?s redes. Conclui-se que as redes estudadas nessa pesquisa conseguiram desenvolver ao longo dos seus anos de atua??o sentimentos de confian?a e reciprocidade capazes de tornar mais forte a coes?o relacional entre os associados. Entretanto, ? importante ressaltar que as referidas redes ainda t?m um longo caminho evolutivo a percorrer at? que possam realmente fazer jus ? nomenclatura de ?Centrais de Neg?cios?, pela qual foram designadas nesse trabalho. Os resultados encontrados nessa pesquisa indicam que as tr?s redes precisam amplificar o escopo de suas a??es colaborativas, de maneira a transcender a fase de negociar em conjunto e alcan?ar um est?gio de coopera??o que permita tamb?m operar em conjunto. Desta forma, ? necess?rio que a capacidade de proporcionar os ganhos em escala e oferecer recursos complementares seja extrapolada para ir al?m da compra e das a??es marketing, perpassando o desenvolvimento de estrat?gias integradas com associados e fornecedores que contemplem: a melhoria do transporte de mercadorias, gerenciamento de estoque, gerenciamento por categoria, defini??o de um mix de produtos adequado ? venda, uso integrado de ferramentas tecnologias de apoio log?stico, entre outras.

The agricultural sector is considered fundamental for the supply of food needs of humanity, given the population growth. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world population is estimated to be 9 billion people by the year 2050 and where the conditions of climate change can decrease crop yield up to 25%. This triggers greater vulnerability to the neediest population, being the rural sector the one hosting the poorest people. The rural area of Colombia represents 94% of extend the national territory, where 24% of the population lives a scenario of multiple problems that affect the country, such as the armed conflict of more than five decades, the presence of illicit crops and social inequality. Proof of this is that 0.4% of the Agricultural Production Units (UPA) have 41.1% of the total rural area registered by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE [3].That is, the land is the property or responsibility of a single producer natural or legal. The concentration of land leads to factors of inequality, where 41.4% of the population is in conditions of poverty and 18% in extreme poverty. These factors deteriorate given the low productivity, where about 36 million hectares are dedicated to livestock production and could have agricultural or forestry use, generating speculation in prices and a greater concentration of land and wealth. In Colombia, of the total of the rural area (excluding natural forests) only 12.7% goes to crops. Approximately 7.12 million hectares have agricultural vocation and whose production supplies the basic food needs of about 70% of the total of the Colombian population, mostly from small and medium-sized farmers. An exponent of colombian agriculture reality and whose production allows the livelihood of millions of people, is the agricultural sector of the potato. The potato is the object of study of this research and whose origin goes back to the Andes mountain range of South America. 7000 years ago, the wild plant was traded around the Titicaca river and began its process of domestication by hunters and gatherers who inhabited the area. Later, around the year 1400 the Incas improved the agricultural advances of their predecessors, where as well as corn, the potato was essential to make sure the food security of their empire that stretched from what is known today as Argentina to Colombia. With the Spanish invasion, the Inca civilization ended, however, the same did not happen with the potato, which spread to Europe between 1532 and 1572, where the aristocracy admired the potato flower but considered it a food not suitable for human consumption. Towards 1770, continental Europe was hit by famine, which opened the way to recognize the potato as a high-value food and food security. From that moment and during the nineteenth century it helped to meet the demographic growth of Europe, the United States and the British region. This is how the potato presents a strong global expansion, occupying the fifth place of the staple foods of higher production, after sugarcane, corn, rice and wheat, where its world production is estimated at 368 million tons per year. In Colombia, 80% of the cultivated area corresponds to agro industrial crops, tubers, bananas and cereals, which together represent 63% of agricultural production. The potato is the fourth product of greater national production [9] and the second when excluding the products of the agro industrial group, such as sugarcane and palm oil. During the last decade, the cultivated area decreased 2.51%. The yield only increased by 0.84% and the production fell 1.69%, behaviour opposite to the growth of the population, which in the same period was 1.32%. The yield of the crop in Colombia, is estimated between 15 and 17 tons per hectare cultivated, a low performance compared to the average presented by the countries with higher productivity, such as Belgium (45.3 tons / ha), New Zealand (45.1 tons / ha), Holland (43.8 tons / ha) and the United States (42.1 tons / ha). In Colombia around 90,000 families [10] are directly related to the production of potatoes, corresponding to 44,966 agricultural production units (UPA) and where the departments of Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Nariño represent 85.3% of national production. According to the amount of hectares planted, the producers are classified as small, medium and large, where the small producer's share represents 90%, with land up to 3 hectares and which generates 45% of the production. Followed by the medium producer with a 7% share, planting between 3 and 10 hectares and 35% of the production. Finally, the large producer with extensions of more than 10 hectares, represents 3% of the producers generating 20% of the production. This is how small farmers have a fundamental role in national production, despite restricted access to technology and better agricultural practices. The potato presents seasonality in its production, depending on the rainy season due to absent artificial irrigation systems, the in elasticity of the demand for prices, and the lack of proper storage systems. This facilitates an unbalanced environment between supply and demand, reflected in a high volatility of prices to the detriment of the producer and which, when added to the high costs of the crop, generates low financial returns. These are reflected in the investments made in hectares cultivated in the next period. These characteristics highlight the need to transform the countryside. They seek to strengthen agricultural competitiveness to consolidate the sector as a generator of employment and wealth for rural inhabitants. These requires comprehensive interventions in territorial planning, provision of public goods and social services, productive inclusion of the farmers, as well as develop mechanisms that bring small producers closer to the city markets. The above frames the challenge of infrastructure as a trigger of develop the field, to reducing transport costs and improving the conservation of products along the logistics chain. Precisely the deficient quantity and quality of infrastructure has generated the appearance of a large number of intermediaries in the supply network, weakening the commercial position of the producers. On the other hand, the low-level of associativity of Colombian agricultural producers, which according to the national agricultural census of 2014, shows how 73.7% of producers declare not belonging to any association or union [3]. This reduces the possibility of access to best practices that improve their conditions, and reducing the potential of their competitiveness and positioning in the logistics network. Through greater synergies, reflected among other aspects, in costs, opportunity and innovation, that is, it produces a greater capacity of the process to serve increasingly dynamic markets. This is how in recent years, and as it has been defined in various world forums, the international community has reaffirmed the need to formulate agricultural strategies that allow its sustained growth and that address develop the rural population. However, despite the interest collective and given the diversity of conditions surrounding agricultural development, it is not enough to stick to traditional policies such as import controls, subsidies or credit policies, among others. That is why this research addresses agricultural development from a perspective of collaborative logistics. In addition to encouraging develop the producer, this allows us to consider global realities such as climate change, the growing need for food, the increase in population and the volatility of the prices of food, which together threaten the food security of nations and where Colombia can play a strategic role, thanks to its natural characteristics, but which need policies and actions to achieve it. This implies the need for developing strategies to face these challenges, considering disintegrate the processes as an over effort among the members of the logistics network, with collaboration as a driving force for competitiveness in value chains being fundamental. The integration of agricultural logistics processes depends directly on the aggregate planning of supply chain requirements and this is where this research recognizes the distribution centers, as central nodes of the network, by directly influencing the planning and development of other logistics activities. These include : the supply of materials and supplies, inventory management, co-packing, added value processes and planning to distribute merchandise, as well as a mediator between the producer and the consumer. In this way, for logistics networks, the challenge arises when balancing the variability of supply and demand conditions with capacity models. To reduce uncertainty in decision-making, in a sector that in addition to technical assistance to improve crop yields, this also requires the formulation and implementation of public policies that encourage better logistical practices to trigger greater producer development. This research has the purpose of analysing the dynamic performance of the agricultural supply of potatoes in Colombia and the incidence of horizontal collaborative processes in distribution centers. This allows defining guidelines to formulate public policies for improving the performance of the rural sector, measured through production costs, crop yield and financial gross margin obtained by the producer. To do the purpose stated above, the problem is addressed through the different chapters, where the first chapter is based on the modeling of the agricultural sector of the potato. This integrates parameters of previous studies associated with the possible effects of the armed post-conflict in the target country and the effect on the crop in conditions of climate change, allowing the generation of diverse scenarios, contrasted through performance measures. Subsequently, in the second chapter, public policy scenarios that impel collaborative relationships between producers through specialized logistics infrastructures, such as distribution centers, are integrated into the modeling of the system. This considers public-private partnerships evaluated at different agreement times and promotion of the State for the associative participation of the producers, where simulate the different scenarios allows us to find the elements to be considered as guidelines to formulate public policies. Finally, the third chapter focuses on the scenario with the best performance obtained and is addressed through sensitivity analysis on policy levers, that is, on those elements that the decision maker can intervene to reinforce the feedback loops and to encourage the performance measures analysed. This is how the complexity of the system is addressed, analysing a possible strategy to develop collaborative distribution centers through public-private partnerships that stimulate the sector. This gives more power of actuation and decision making to the producer. The understanding of the system through the obtained results will allow us to identify basic guidelines to consider in the definition of public policies that impact the performance of the sector.
The agricultural sector is considered fundamental for the supply of food needs of humanity, given the population growth. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world population is estimated to be 9 billion people by the year 2050 and where the conditions of climate change can decrease crop yield up to 25%. This triggers greater vulnerability to the neediest population, being the rural sector the one hosting the poorest people. The rural area of Colombia represents 94% of extend the national territory, where 24% of the population lives a scenario of multiple problems that affect the country, such as the armed conflict of more than five decades, the presence of illicit crops and social inequality. Proof of this is that 0.4% of the Agricultural Production Units (UPA) have 41.1% of the total rural area registered by the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE [3].That is, the land is the property or responsibility of a single producer natural or legal. The concentration of land leads to factors of inequality, where 41.4% of the population is in conditions of poverty and 18% in extreme poverty. These factors deteriorate given the low productivity, where about 36 million hectares are dedicated to livestock production and could have agricultural or forestry use, generating speculation in prices and a greater concentration of land and wealth. In Colombia, of the total of the rural area (excluding natural forests) only 12.7% goes to crops. Approximately 7.12 million hectares have agricultural vocation and whose production supplies the basic food needs of about 70% of the total of the Colombian population, mostly from small and medium-sized farmers. An exponent of colombian agriculture reality and whose production allows the livelihood of millions of people, is the agricultural sector of the potato. The potato is the object of study of this research and whose origin goes back to the Andes mountain range of South America. 7000 years ago, the wild plant was traded around the Titicaca river and began its process of domestication by hunters and gatherers who inhabited the area. Later, around the year 1400 the Incas improved the agricultural advances of their predecessors, where as well as corn, the potato was essential to make sure the food security of their empire that stretched from what is known today as Argentina to Colombia. With the Spanish invasion, the Inca civilization ended, however, the same did not happen with the potato, which spread to Europe between 1532 and 1572, where the aristocracy admired the potato flower but considered it a food not suitable for human consumption. Towards 1770, continental Europe was hit by famine, which opened the way to recognize the potato as a high-value food and food security. From that moment and during the nineteenth century it helped to meet the demographic growth of Europe, the United States and the British region. This is how the potato presents a strong global expansion, occupying the fifth place of the staple foods of higher production, after sugarcane, corn, rice and wheat, where its world production is estimated at 368 million tons per year. In Colombia, 80% of the cultivated area corresponds to agro industrial crops, tubers, bananas and cereals, which together represent 63% of agricultural production. The potato is the fourth product of greater national production [9] and the second when excluding the products of the agro industrial group, such as sugarcane and palm oil. During the last decade, the cultivated area decreased 2.51%. The yield only increased by 0.84% and the production fell 1.69%, behaviour opposite to the growth of the population, which in the same period was 1.32%. The yield of the crop in Colombia, is estimated between 15 and 17 tons per hectare cultivated, a low performance compared to the average presented by the countries with higher productivity, such as Belgium (45.3 tons / ha), New Zealand (45.1 tons / ha), Holland (43.8 tons / ha) and the United States (42.1 tons / ha). In Colombia around 90,000 families [10] are directly related to the production of potatoes, corresponding to 44,966 agricultural production units (UPA) and where the departments of Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Nariño represent 85.3% of national production. According to the amount of hectares planted, the producers are classified as small, medium and large, where the small producer's share represents 90%, with land up to 3 hectares and which generates 45% of the production. Followed by the medium producer with a 7% share, planting between 3 and 10 hectares and 35% of the production. Finally, the large producer with extensions of more than 10 hectares, represents 3% of the producers generating 20% of the production. This is how small farmers have a fundamental role in national production, despite restricted access to technology and better agricultural practices. The potato presents seasonality in its production, depending on the rainy season due to absent artificial irrigation systems, the in elasticity of the demand for prices, and the lack of proper storage systems. This facilitates an unbalanced environment between supply and demand, reflected in a high volatility of prices to the detriment of the producer and which, when added to the high costs of the crop, generates low financial returns. These are reflected in the investments made in hectares cultivated in the next period. These characteristics highlight the need to transform the countryside. They seek to strengthen agricultural competitiveness to consolidate the sector as a generator of employment and wealth for rural inhabitants. These requires comprehensive interventions in territorial planning, provision of public goods and social services, productive inclusion of the farmers, as well as develop mechanisms that bring small producers closer to the city markets. The above frames the challenge of infrastructure as a trigger of develop the field, to reducing transport costs and improving the conservation of products along the logistics chain. Precisely the deficient quantity and quality of infrastructure has generated the appearance of a large number of intermediaries in the supply network, weakening the commercial position of the producers. On the other hand, the low-level of associativity of Colombian agricultural producers, which according to the national agricultural census of 2014, shows how 73.7% of producers declare not belonging to any association or union [3]. This reduces the possibility of access to best practices that improve their conditions, and reducing the potential of their competitiveness and positioning in the logistics network. Through greater synergies, reflected among other aspects, in costs, opportunity and innovation, that is, it produces a greater capacity of the process to serve increasingly dynamic markets. This is how in recent years, and as it has been defined in various world forums, the international community has reaffirmed the need to formulate agricultural strategies that allow its sustained growth and that address develop the rural population. However, despite the interest collective and given the diversity of conditions surrounding agricultural development, it is not enough to stick to traditional policies such as import controls, subsidies or credit policies, among others. That is why this research addresses agricultural development from a perspective of collaborative logistics. In addition to encouraging develop the producer, this allows us to consider global realities such as climate change, the growing need for food, the increase in population and the volatility of the prices of food, which together threaten the food security of nations and where Colombia can play a strategic role, thanks to its natural characteristics, but which need policies and actions to achieve it. This implies the need for developing strategies to face these challenges, considering disintegrate the processes as an over effort among the members of the logistics network, with collaboration as a driving force for competitiveness in value chains being fundamental. The integration of agricultural logistics processes depends directly on the aggregate planning of supply chain requirements and this is where this research recognizes the distribution centers, as central nodes of the network, by directly influencing the planning and development of other logistics activities. These include : the supply of materials and supplies, inventory management, co-packing, added value processes and planning to distribute merchandise, as well as a mediator between the producer and the consumer. In this way, for logistics networks, the challenge arises when balancing the variability of supply and demand conditions with capacity models. To reduce uncertainty in decision-making, in a sector that in addition to technical assistance to improve crop yields, this also requires the formulation and implementation of public policies that encourage better logistical practices to trigger greater producer development. This research has the purpose of analysing the dynamic performance of the agricultural supply of potatoes in Colombia and the incidence of horizontal collaborative processes in distribution centers. This allows defining guidelines to formulate public policies for improving the performance of the rural sector, measured through production costs, crop yield and financial gross margin obtained by the producer. To do the purpose stated above, the problem is addressed through the different chapters, where the first chapter is based on the modeling of the agricultural sector of the potato. This integrates parameters of previous studies associated with the possible effects of the armed post-conflict in the target country and the effect on the crop in conditions of climate change, allowing the generation of diverse scenarios, contrasted through performance measures. Subsequently, in the second chapter, public policy scenarios that impel collaborative relationships between producers through specialized logistics infrastructures, such as distribution centers, are integrated into the modeling of the system. This considers public-private partnerships evaluated at different agreement times and promotion of the State for the associative participation of the producers, where simulate the different scenarios allows us to find the elements to be considered as guidelines to formulate public policies. Finally, the third chapter focuses on the scenario with the best performance obtained and is addressed through sensitivity analysis on policy levers, that is, on those elements that the decision maker can intervene to reinforce the feedback loops and to encourage the performance measures analysed. This is how the complexity of the system is addressed, analysing a possible strategy to develop collaborative distribution centers through public-private partnerships that stimulate the sector. This gives more power of actuation and decision making to the producer. The understanding of the system through the obtained results will allow us to identify basic guidelines to consider in the definition of public policies that impact the performance of the sector.

In 2014 the Swedish government concluded from an investigation that Swedish insights into the EU were lacking. Therefore, in 2016 the EU-handshake was an initiative from the government to strengthen the relationship between the local level and the EU. The EU handshake was non-mandatory and where municipalities joined. In 2018 the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR) analysed the results of the municipalities and regions with the EU-handshake and concluded that 90 percent of the work was done in collaboration with actors from vertical-and horizontal levels. The study from SALAR did not however discuss how different actors from different levels made it possible for the municipalities to carry out their EU-handshake, and there is also no discussion on why the results of the EU-handshake differs. This study is going to concern itself with these knowledge gaps and investigate using a multilevel-governance theory as well as interviews with six municipalities´ from the south of Sweden. This study also provides new insights into municipalities role in EU-related work. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that: the relationship to EU has been strengthened through the execution of the municipalities´ EU-handshake with actors from the regional and local level.

Les phases préliminaires du processus de conception sont celles qui influencent le plus le résultat. Elles sont caractérisées par l’incertitude : le processus ne peut être précisément défini à l’avance. L’approche Design Thinking est particulièrement adaptée pour gérer cette spécificité. L’introduction de supports numérique pendant ces phases de conception préliminaire a été identifiée comme une piste de recherche à fort potentiel. L’analyse de ces phases amont a permis de définir des postulats à partir desquels construire ces nouveaux supports numériques. Ces dispositifs sont constitués de deux surfaces tactiles, multi-utilisateurs ; une orientée horizontalement pour favoriser le foisonnement, l’autre orientée verticalement pour favoriser la focalisation. Par conséquence, ces plateformes ont été identifiées avec l’acronyme HOVER (HORizontale VERticale). La méthodologie de recherche comporte deux phases. Lors de la première phase, des expérimentations ont permis de comparer les dispositifs numériques avec les dispositifs actuels. Cette phase avait pour objectif de déterminer si les dispositifs numériques étaient acceptables dans la situation d’usage préconisée. Lors de la deuxième phase, les dispositifs numériques ont été testés dans des situations de travail réelles, afin de déterminer s’ils améliorent ces situations de travail. Ces expérimentations, ont été faites sur une spécifique plateforme HOVER, dénommés plateforme TATIN-PIC (Table Tactile Interactive –Plateforme Intelligente de Conception), construite à l’Université de Technologie de Compiègne. Les quatre expérimentations de la première phase ont révélées un niveau d’acceptabilité satisfaisant. En outre, cette phase permis d’identifier plusieurs pistes d’amélioration notamment au niveau des interactions homme-machines. La prise en compte des données collectées lors de cette phase a conduit à la conception d’une nouvelle version des dispositifs numériques. Cette nouvelle version, dénommée plateforme Digital Project Space (DPS), a été utilisée pour tester le dispositif dans des situations d’utilisation réelles. Les résultats de ces tests préliminaires montrent que les utilisateurs sont satisfaits des améliorations apportées par la plateforme DPS, et que ses performances, sont au pire, comparable aux meilleures prestations des supports papier actuellement disponibles. Des tests complémentaires sont néanmoins nécessaires pour avoir des résultats généralisables. Les perspectives sont de continuer la dissémination des dispositifs DPS dans la sphère productive afin d’obtenir des données quantitatives sur l’efficacité et l’efficience. L’objectif étant d’identifier des modèles prescriptifs de l’impact des dispositifs sur le processus de conception préliminaire
The early preliminary phases of the design process are the most impactful on the final outcomes. However, they are ill defined, the path to follow is not clear. Design-thinking approaches are a good solution to tackle the incertitude of these phases. The introduction of computer tools during these phases has been identified as an interesting research path to explore. Through the analysis of these early preliminary design phases, a list of high-level assumptions has been made. These high-level assumptions delimited the perimeter of action for the design of a new kind of computer supported design platforms. These platforms are composed of two multi-touch, multi-users surfaces; one is horizontal to favor divergent thinking, while the other is vertical to favor convergent thinking. By this fact, I identified them with then name “HOVER” (HORizontal - VERtical) platforms. The preconized research methodology has two steps. The first step consists in the experimental comparison of the new tool with existing ones. The aim of this evaluation is to determine if HOVER platforms are applicable to the situation for which they have been designed. The second step consists in ethnographic observations of real case studies to establish if HOVER platforms have successfully improved the existing situation. This study has been conducted on a specific HOVER platform, the TATIN-PIC platform (French acronym for Table Tactile Interactive – Plateforme Intelligente de Conception) built at the Université de Technologie de Compiègne. The first step, composed of four quasi-experimental observations, showed a satisfying level of applicability. Besides, it provided multiple indications for the improvement of the HOVER platforms regarding Human Machine interactions. For example, it has confirmed the need for an interconnected vertical and horizontal surface, the need for a natural manipulation of intermediary objects, the need for a smooth circulation among design methods and, as well, the need for new design methods to be implemented. Thanks to these indications, a second version of a HOVER platform has been made. This improved platform, called Digital Project Space (DPS) platform, has been used for success evaluation in a real context. From these preliminary tests emerged that users are satisfied by the support of the DPS platform. Performances are in the worst-case scenario, as good as actual tools. Further and more accurate real case studies are needed to generalize these findings. This outlines the future perspectives, such as the definition of prescriptive models of the impact of such device on the early preliminary design phases
Le fasi preliminari del processo di progettazione sono caratterizzate dall’incertezza, sia in termini di conoscenza che di azioni da compiere. Al contempo, pero, sono le fasi cruciali per il risultato globale del processo di progettazione. L’approccio Design Thinking è particolarmente adatto per le caratteristiche di queste fasi. L’introduzione di strumenti digitali durante il processo di progettazione preliminare è stata identificata come una pista di ricerca interessante da esplorare. L’analisi di queste fasi ha permesso di emettere una lista di postulati su cui progettare nuovi strumenti digitali. Questa classe di strumenti ha le sembianze di una piattaforma composta da due superfici tattili multi-utilizzatore; una è orizzontale per favorire il pensiero divergente, mentre l’altra è verticale per favorire il processo convergente. A causa di ciò, abbiamo deciso di identificare queste piattaforme con l’acronimo HOVER (HORizontal and VERtical). Il forte divario in termini di curva d’apprendimento tra i dispositivi esistenti (principalmente basati su carta) e le piattaforme HOVER, ha richiesto la definizione di una metodologia di ricerca adeguata. Questa metodologia ha inoltre il compito di garantire un rigore metodologico nell’approccio di ricerca. Due fasi di questa metodologia sono state eseguite. Nella prima fase, il nuovo dispositivo è comparato sperimentalmente con i dispositivi esistenti al fine di determinare se è applicabile alla situazione per cui è stato concepito. Nella seconda fase, il dispositivo è valutato in una situazione reale al fine di determinare se ha apportato, con successo, un miglioramento alla situazione esistente. Questi studi sono stati condotti su una specifica HOVER platform chiamata TATIN-PIC (acronimo francese per Table Tactile Interactive – Plateforme Intelligente de Conception), progettata e construita all’Université de Technologie de Compiègne. La prima fase, che ha visto quattro esperimenti, ha mostrato un livello di applicabilità soddisfacente, ha inoltre fornito molteplici piste di miglioramento in termini d’interazione uomo macchina. Grazie a questi feedback una seconda versione del dispositivo è stata creata. Tale versione, chiamata piattaforma Digital Project Space (DPS) è stata utilizzata per testare il successo del dispositivo in situazioni di reale utilizzo. Da questi test preliminari è emerso che gli utilizzatori sono rimasti soddisfatti dell’apporto fornito dal dispositivo, e che le performance sono nel caso peggiore equivalenti alla situazione attuale. Ulteriori e approfondite osservazioni di uso in situazioni reale sono necessarie per avere dei riscontri generalizzabili. Questo traccia gli scenari per il futuro; continuando la disseminazione nell’ambito industriale del dispositivo, sarà possibile ottenere dei riscontri quantitativi in termini diefficienza ed efficacia, grazie ai quali, estrapolare dei modelli prescrittivi dell’impatto del dispositivo sul processo di progettazione preliminare

This thesis argues that from June 1940 when German soldiers occupied Lorient, France until May 8, 1945 when the Lorient "Pocket" surrendered, although the women of this port city faced drastic changes, they took control of their everyday lives. They did what it took to feed and clothe their families, working, standing in lines, buying on the black market, bartering, demonstrating, and recycling. They developed relationships with German soldiers which ran the gamut. Due to aerial raids in the context of the Battle of the Atlantic, they sought shelter, buried their dead, took care of their wounded, looked for new lodging, and helped each other. They even tried to have some fun. After evacuation in early 1943, scattered to the four winds, in the American held "Lorient Sector," they served as advocates for others and made inquiries to the American 66th Infantry Division Counter-Intelligence Service. At the Liberation women were easy targets for blame, and some from Lorient were punished, notably for "horizontal collaboration" with Germans. When the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Liberation of Lorient was celebrated in 1995, the story of the women of Lorient was essentially left out.
Master of Arts

This study explores the overlapping of platform technology and cooperative processes in logistics and how this can be of interest to make the industry more environmentally sustainable. It examines the literature regarding platform technology, horizontal collaboration, and environmental sustainability in logistics. Data was collected through interviews with experts in the logistics industry, representatives from logistics companies and a software solutions provider, to obtain a nuanced image from the industry. A framework was created to provide answers to how digital platforms can better be utilized for cooperation in logistics to improve environmental sustainability. In order to fulfill this, incentives and challenges for small- and medium-sized enterprises to cooperate through platform technology were identified. The incentives that were found were classified into driving and pushing. The driving incentives refer to evident benefits for small- and medium-sized enterprises of joining cooperative logistics platforms, while pushing incentives are based on external factors and current issues that potentially could be solved through a cooperative platform. The identified challenges to cooperating through digital platforms are related to cooperative processes, technology and digitalization, and environmental sustainability. These were analyzed from a systems perspective to understand how these affect the problem on several levels in the industry of logistics. Together, the incentives and challenges form the final framework and illustrate how platforms for cooperation can be realized in the logistics industry.
Denna studie undersöker överlappningen av digitala plattformar och samarbetsprocesser inom  logistik och hur detta kan vara av intresse för att göra industrin mer miljömässigt hållbar. Studien utforskar forskningslitteraturen om digitala plattformar, horisontellt samarbete och miljömässig hållbarhet inom logistik. Data samlades in genom intervjuer utförda med experter inom logistikindustrin och representanter från en mjukvarulösningsleverantör och från små- och medelstora företag inom logistik, för att få en nyanserad bild från branschen. Ett ramverk skapades för att ge svar på hur digitala plattformar kan användas bättre för samarbete inom logistik för att förbättra miljömässig hållbarhet. För att uppfylla detta så identifierades incitament och utmaningar för små- och medelstora företag för samarbete genom plattformsteknik. De incitament som hittades klassificerades som drivande och pressande. De drivande incitamenten syftar till de uppenbara fördelar för små- och medelstora företag att ansluta sig till kooperativa logistikplattformar, medan de drivande incitamenten baseras på externa faktorer och problem som potentiellt kan lösas genom en samarbetsplattform. Utmaningarna för att samarbeta via digitala plattformar identifierades relaterat till samarbetsprocesser, teknik och digitalisering, samt miljömässig hållbarhet. Dessa utmaningar identifierades sedan ur ett systemperspektiv för att förstå hur de påverkar problemet på flera nivåer inom logistikbranschen. Tillsammans utgör incitamenten och utmaningarna det slutgiltiga ramverket och illustrerar hur plattformar för samarbete kan förverkligas mer inom logistikindustrin.

La presente investigación pretende abordar la relación entre cine y activismo. Más concretamente, la manera en que estos dos elementos se han articulado en la actual coyuntura -tras la última crisis económica y sus consecuentes protestas sociales-, en el marco de la ciudad de Barcelona. Proyectos que, adoptando diversas modalidades, coinciden en la voluntad de prescindir, lo más posible, de los mecanismos comerciales o institucionales a la hora de elaborar, distribuir o exhibir materiales fílmicos. Proponiendo, al tiempo, contenidos críticos, independientes, contrainformativos y de denuncia. ¿Cómo nacen? ¿Cuál es su conexión con los referentes del pasado? ¿Cómo es su estructura organizativa? ¿Cómo entienden la cultura?¿Por qué hacen del cine su herramienta para la praxis política?¿Qué temáticas son las que producen o difunden?¿Cuál es su incidencia en el entorno en que se sitúan? Interrogantes todas que encontrarán respuesta en la aproximación a cada uno de ellos, revelando sus experiencias, dificultades, logros y contradicciones cotidianas, así como la manera en que han asumido la labor cinematográfica desde el empoderamiento colectivo, la intercooperación y la autoorganización.
This investigation addresses the relationship between cinema and social activism. Particularly the way this two elements have been brought together nowadays in Barcelona-after the latest economic crisis and its resulting social protests. Several projects adopt different methods and agree to avoid as much as possible all commercial or institutional mechanisms when it comes to distributing or showing film material. They suggest critical, independent and denunciative content. How are they born? How they connect with past references? How are they organized? How they understand culture? Why they use cinema as a tool for politics? What topics are being produced and spread? How they affect their surroundings? All this questions will be answered reveling their experiences, difficulties, achievements, and daily contradictions, as well as the way they have assumed the cinematographic task from collective empowerment, inter cooperation and self-organization.

Seit einiger Zeit kann zunehmend die Bildung von Unternehmensnetzwerken und Kooperationen beobachtet werden. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit horizontalen Logistikkooperationen. Hierbei streben Unternehmen die Erzielung von Größen- und Verbundeffekte mit Unternehmen auf der gleichen Wertschöpfungsstufe an. In der Arbeit wird ein strukturiertes Vorgehensmodell entwickelt, welches Unternehmen bei der Entscheidungsfindung für oder gegen eine horizontale Kooperation unterstützt. Dazu zerlegt der Autor den Prozess der Kooperationsetablierung in einzelne Teilphasen, die er sowohl mit empirischen Erkenntnissen aus der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung als auch mit Methoden zur Bearbeitung dieser Phasen verknüpft. Dabei werden die Partnerauswahl und der Synergieermittlung ganzheitlich analysiert und zu einem klaren Vorgehensmodell ausgearbeitet.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abbildungsverzeichnis IV Tabellenverzeichnis VII Abkürzungsverzeichnis VIII 1 Einführung - 1 - 1.1 Motivation und Problemstellung - 1 - 1.2 Betrachtungsfokus der Arbeit - 4 - 1.3 Stand der Forschung und Zielsetzung der Arbeit - 6 - 1.4 Forschungsmethodische Einordnung der Arbeit - 15 - 1.5 Gang der Untersuchung - 21 - 2 Horizontale Kooperationen in der Distributionslogistik als Untersuchungsgegenstand - 24 - 2.1 Grundlegende Betrachtung der Logistik - 24 - 2.1.1 Der Logistikbegriff - 24 - 2.1.2 Phasenspezifische Einordnung der Distributionslogistik ins Logistiksystem - 29 - 2.1.3 Leistung und Kosten der Distributionslogistik - 32 - 2.1.4 Planungsaufgaben der Distributionslogistik - 37 - 2.2 Kooperationen als logistische Gestaltungsoptionen - 56 - 2.2.1 Begriffsdefinition und Abgrenzung des Kooperationsbegriffs - 56 - 2.2.2 Ausprägungen von Kooperationen - 58 - 2.3 Outsourcing von Logistikleistungen - 70 - 2.3.1 Motive zum Outsourcing - 70 - 2.3.2 Klassifikation logistischer Dienstleister - 73 - 2.4 Kooperationsmotive - 75 - 3 Grundlagen zur Entwicklung eines Vorgehensmodells zur Kooperationsetablierung in der Logistik - 81 - 3.1 Planungsmethoden als Grundstein der Modellbildung - 81 - 3.1.1 Der Planungsbegriff - 81 - 3.1.2 Strukturierung von Problemen zur Reduktion der Komplexität - 84 - 3.2 Modellbildung in der Logistik - 87 - 3.2.1 Der Modellbegriff - 87 - 3.2.2 Bildung von Modellen - 90 - 3.2.3 Darstellung der wesentlichen Modellarten - 94 - 3.3 Entwicklung von Vorgehensmodellen - 96 - 3.3.1 Grundlagen zum Modellcharakter - 96 - 3.3.2 Die Systemtheorie als Methode zur Problemstrukturierung - 99 - 3.4 Kooperationsetablierungsmodelle in der Literatur - 104 - 3.5 Erläuterung und Abgrenzung der Kooperationsetablierungsphasen - 107 - 3.6 Phasenspezifische Berücksichtigung empirischer Ergebnisse - 115 - 3.6.1 Erfolgsfaktoren - 115 - 3.6.2 Hemmnisse und Risiken - 119 - 4 Vorgehensmodell zur strategischen Positionierung horizontaler Distributionskooperationen - 123 - 4.1 Analyse der Ist-Situation des initiierenden Unternehmens - 123 - 4.1.1 Charakterisierung der Ist-Aufnahme - 123 - 4.1.2 Eingrenzung des Untersuchungsbereiches - 125 - 4.1.3 Erhebung der Ist-Situation - 128 - 4.1.4 Analyse der Ist-Situation - 131 - 4.2 Zielbildung in Distributionskooperationen - 138 - 4.2.1 Charakterisierung der Zielbildungsproblematik - 138 - 4.2.2 Vorgehen zur Zielformulierung - 139 - 4.3 Suche nach geeigneten Kooperationspartnern - 145 - 4.3.1 Charakterisierung der Partnersuchphase - 145 - 4.3.2 Erstellung eines Anforderungsprofils - 147 - 4.3.3 Identifikation möglicher Partner - 157 - 4.3.4 Bewertung und Vorauswahl möglicher Partner - 159 - 4.4 Analyse der Kooperationsauswirkungen - 170 - 4.4.1 Charakterisierung der Wirkungsanalyse - 170 - 4.4.2 Kostenbezogene Wirkungsanalyse - 172 - 4.4.3 Leistungsbezogene Wirkungsanalyse - 200 - 4.5 Auswahl von Kooperationspartnern - 207 - 4.5.1 Charakterisierung der Partnerauswahlphase - 207 - 4.5.2 Zusammenführung und Bewertung der Informationen zur zielgerichteten Partnerauswahl - 208 - 4.6 Zusammenfassende Darstellung der strategischen Positionierungsphase - 211 - 5 Exemplarische Modellanwendung mit empirischem Datenmaterial - 213 - 5.1 Darstellung der Methodik zur Auswertung der Fallstudie - 213 - 5.2 Darstellung des Kooperationsprojektes der Fallstudie - 219 - 5.3 Durchführung und Evaluation der strategischen Positionierungsphase - 219 - 5.3.1 Problemwahrnehmung - 220 - 5.3.2 Ist-Analyse des initiierenden Unternehmens - 220 - 5.3.3 Ziele des Initiators - 224 - 5.3.4 Suche nach potenziellen Projektpartnern - 225 - 5.3.5 Wirkungsanalyse - 232 - 5.4 Ergebnis der Fallstudie - 247 - 6 Abschlussbetrachtung und Ausblick - 249 - 6.1 Zusammenfassung und kritische Würdigung der Forschungsarbeit - 249 - 6.2 Ausblick auf weiteren Forschungsbedarf - 255 - Literaturverzeichnis - 258 -

碩士
國立成功大學
國際經營管理研究所
105
As one of the important aspect of a business, supply chain operations should be optimized by each firm within the industries. The complexity of supply chain is beyond measure, considering the number of firms involved in the competition and also another various effect, such as information asymmetry and competition asymmetry. This research try to introduce the concept of horizontal collaboration, which firms are collaborating with another firms in the same level. Collaboration in supply chain is difficult to conduct, this research took one of the simplest form of collaboration which is information sharing. Competition asymmetry is not a new thing for the supply chain, therefore, this research also considers this condition by utilizing the Stackelberg game. The results show that under information sharing firms earn greater profit compared to when they act individually. Number of participants in a collaboration would affect the individual profit of each participant.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
92
With the advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology and the trend of “System on a Chip”, “Intellectual Property (IP)”, which is reusable IC design component, has become an important concept in IC design industry. Since 90s, IC design industry has gradually disintegrated into three major businesses: IC product design, IP component, and design service. Since most IP providers have different IP technology and core competences, more and more IP providers start to collaborate with one another in order to obtain complementary resources or abilities to provide complete IC design solutions to customers. A trend of “horizontal collaboration” has been happening. The goal of this research is then to explore how each IP provider collaborates with one another under the new business paradigm. Seventeen IP providers were first selected as the sample companies and classified into four patterns of business models, which include (1) IP vendors who provide Star-IP or specialized techniques, (2) IP vendors who provide IP components with multiple functions, (3) IP vendors who provide EDA tools as their core business, and (4) IP vendors who provide design service and turnkey service as their core businesses. Within the four patterns of business models, five representative IP providers are further chosen as the focus of case study and in-depth interviews were conducted within these five companies. Through interviews and information collection of these five companies, we found that the most common horizontal collaboration model in IP industry is the collaboration between two companies to provide a complete solution to customers by combining complementary IP services such as EDA tools, core IP technology and design service. During the collaboration process, however, some difficulties might occur before and after the contract stage. We used Transaction Cost theory to explain why the collaboration will mostly occur and how to solve the difficulties during the collaboration process. At last, twelve quasi-propositions are proposed which can be used for the future validation research directions.

In the past thirty or so years, an increasing number of organisations have formed business-to-business relationships as an alternative to traditional market exchange. Much of the literature in this area focuses on the nature of dyadic relationships or vertical networks between heterogeneous businesses in a supply chain. Far less research has examined how competitors interact at a network level, and, more specifically, why these organisations would choose to engage in collaborative marketing. This thesis examines the nature of horizontal networks and collaborative marketing in the context of the Tasmanian wine industry. It uses network theory to explore the phenomena of inter-producer relationships within a specific wine region of Australia. The research is guided by the following questions: why do Tasmanian wine producers join horizontal networks, what types of collaborative marketing do Tasmanian wine producers engage in within horizontal networks, and what factors affect collaborative marketing between Tasmanian wine producers in horizontal networks. Qualitative data were gathered via in-depth interviews with firstly, industry informants, and secondly, individual wine producing businesses. These data were supplemented with information drawn from websites, industry publications, and news sources. A key aim of the study was to explore how horizontal networks are perceived by Tasmanian wine producers, and to what extent these businesses engage in collaborative marketing. Analysis of the data revealed that there are three horizontal networks within the Tasmanian wine industry, which are all of a formal nature. While these networks share a similar purpose, there was divergence between how successful each network‟s attempts at collaborative marketing had been. Furthermore, certain horizontal networks in the industry boasted higher levels of member trust, commitment, mutual benefit, and camaraderie. These factors have led to differences in the way each network is perceived, and the benefits of collaboration each offers. Parallels between Tasmania‟s only state-wide industry association and the state‟s largest sub-regional network, have resulted in some conflict and rivalry which, going forward, may restrict the implementation of collaborative marketing at a state-wide level.

碩士
東海大學
工業工程與經營資訊學系
93
It’s can be found from the evolution of industry’s history, ‘small and beautiful’ model has already replaced ‘great and the whole’ model for international operation gradually, become important developing direction that international enterprises management; and the division of labor network of the industry can be regarded as the important background that facilitate organizational knowledge formation and interorganizational knowledge transfer. On the other hand, the context also has strong influence on the generation of knowledge and interactive relationship of interorganization. Therefore, to sharp the proper context, in order to enable the conversion and transmission of knowledge, is crucial to succeed in the interorganization knowledge transfer. In this study, with the view of context, try to suggest an analysis framework and characteristics for interorganizational knowledge transfer. At first, propose two kinds of knowledge types in terms of division of labor of the industry, and then find out two different interactive relationship orientations according to the interorganizational interactive relationship, construct out of four kinds of knowledge transfer types: ‘the vertical task type’, ‘the horizontal task type’, ‘the horizontal partner type’ and ‘the vertical partner type’. To collocate knowledge conversion model with the context view, explore the processes of knowledge conversion of various kinds of knowledge transfer types further, contributing to grasping the key elements of influencing knowledge transfer by this, increasing the chance that organization succeed in finishing knowledge transfer. The result discussed from the case study can show, this analysis framework of knowledge transfer, not only provided the theoretical foundation with academy, but also quite worth for reference as to the enterprise in practice world.

碩士
義守大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
98
The study of privacy preserving data mining has become more important in recent years due to the increasing amount of personal data in public, the increasing sophistication of data mining algorithms to leverage this information, and the increasing concern of privacy breaches. Association rule hiding in which some of the association rules are suppressed in order to preserve privacy has been identified as a practical privacy preserving application. Most current association rule hiding techniques assume that the data to be sanitized are in one single data set. However, in the real world, data may exist in distributed environment and owned by non-trusting parties that might be willing to collaborate. In this work, we propose a framework to hide collaborative recommendation association rules where the data sets are horizontally partitioned and owned by non-trusting parties. Algorithms to hide the collaborative recommendation association rules and to merge the sanitized data sets are introduced. Performance and various side effects of the proposed approach are analyzed numerically. Comparisons with trusting-third-party approach are reported. The proposed non-trusting-third-party approach shows better processing time, with similar side effects.

碩士
逢甲大學
財經法律研究所
99
The collaborations among competitors by forming a joint venture have increasingly become more important and popular ways in today’s international trading due to the advantage of certain collaborations which promote the competence and speed up the growth of collaborators. However, because of the potential “anticompetitive” natures of horizontal joint venture result from the collaboration of competitors, complex issues of “restrain of competition” accompany the fast developing of these ventures. Compare with the United States’ and European Union’s aggressive improving their “competition law” to adopt their needs properly, the amending of Taiwan’s Fair Trade Law is slow. This thesis will mainly research the regulations and guidelines in the United States as well as the same in European Union for regulating horizontal joint ventures. By learning and analyzing the intentions of Antitrust Law and Competition Law from United States and European Union, hopefully this thesis will be helpful to those who want to find out the criteria for improving the relevant regulations in our Fair Trade Law.

Horizontal displays, such as tabletop systems, are emerging as the de facto platform for engaging participants in collaborative tasks. Despite significant efforts in improving the interactivity of information on such systems, very little research has been invested in understanding how groups of people view data visualizations in such environments. Numerous studies introduced different techniques to support viewing visualization for groups of people, such as duplicating or reorienting the visual displays. However, when visualizations compete for pixels on the display, prior solutions do not work effectively. In this thesis, I explore whether orientation on horizontal displays impacts the legibility of simple visualizations such as graphs. I have found that users are best at reading a graph when it is right side up, and takes them 20% less time than when it is read upside down. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate whether the readability and understandability of simple graphs can be improved. I have introduced the Orientation Agnostic Graph (OA-Graph) which is legible regardless of orientation. The OA-Graph uses a radial layout which has several interesting properties such as implicit orientation, points equidistant to center, and flexible rearrangement. OA-Graphs perform better than graphs that are presented upside down. I have converted several popular types of graphs into their OA counterpart for improved legibility on tabletop systems. Guidelines are presented that describe how other visualizations can be converted to being orientation agnostic.

碩士
國立政治大學
資訊管理學系
90
In recent years, the computer hardware industry contributes a splendid performance in Taiwan. In addition to the export to foreign country, some even have a well-known brand. With no doubt, we can see the whole picture of the intact-division of labor in the hardware industry, and the outstanding performance of its carrying out supply chain management. Although the definition of division between upstream and downstream is not so clear in the software industry, there do exist a division of labor to some degree. As the popularity and progress of the concepts and technologies of the software component, the possibility of specialization in division of labor will get increasing in the software industry. There is an interesting research topic, which form of division of labor will exist in the software industry after all. The focus of this study is on the collaborative mechanism of software component supply chain in the software industry. We try to figure out how to refer to the successful experience of hardware industry implementing supply chain management to drive the supply chain management of the software component in domestic software industry. This study will takes the ERP package vendors as the study object to propose a methodology of horizontal integration of different software packages and to do further implementation for verification. Technically, this study applies an ebXML-like process-oriented integration technology, and facilitates the purpose of low coupling between components by using XML and web service technology. If the integration among the modules of different ERP packages could be made to some extent, the picture of division of labor in the software industry could be outlined, and it also will brings the software vendors some chance to re-allocate. In addition to solve the bottlenecks of technical problems of software horizontal integration, the future model of division of labor in software industry will be also a subject to address in this study.

One approach to dealing with complexity in a public policy context is horizontality, the act of working across the various ministries and divisions of a government in order to harness the organization’s capacity and resources and direct them towards the addressing of complex problems. And one prominent mechanism for promoting horizontality is greater organization-wide collaboration, knowledge sharing and active knowledge seeking amongst a network of government knowledge workers commonly referred to as policy analysts. The emergent use of Web 2.0 tools and approaches within organizations has raised the possibility that we have entered a new knowledge era - Enterprise 2.0 - that can address the horizontality problem, facilitate the sharing of knowledge between policy analysts and across organizations, and promote transformative governance. This research investigated how policy formulation processes in the government of the Canadian province of British Columbia are being affected by the adoption of Web 2.0 tools internally within the organization as a way to facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration amongst government policy analysts. Semi-structured interviews with members of corporate policy units in the Government of British Columbia were conducted (n = 14), and an on-line questionnaire was completed by Government of British Columbia policy analysts (n = 129). These mixed methods form the basis for a triangulation approach to assessing the research questions. Respondents conceptualized policy analysis as rooted in an apolitical synthesis of evidence and best practices from a variety of sources, leading to a recommendation designed to support decision-making. The diversity and reach of the policy analyst’s organizational social network is related to their length of service in the organization and is an important supplement to the analyst’s knowledge base. There was little evidence that technology networks generally, and Web 2.0 tools specifically, play a prominent role in facilitating the knowledge organization; in fact, policy analysts may refrain from sharing knowledge with colleagues using technology networks in order to avoid contributing to their colleagues' information overload. Following the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991), attitudes, followed by subjective norms, were the strongest and most consistent predictors of the policy analyst’s intention to collaborate and share knowledge with their colleagues. Perceived behavioural control was not a factor, leading to the possibility that while policy analysts may believe and be told that knowledge sharing and collaboration are advantageous, they may not feel they have the authority, latitude or ability to do so. A significant gender result was consistently revealed, that women were found to be less supportive of knowledge sharing and collaboration than men, a result possibly due to a culture dominated by masculine characteristics. The findings have implications for public sector organizations seeking to provide support for knowledge workers to make effective use of the organizational social network, new collaboration technologies and organizational capacity to address complex public policy problems. Interested readers should consult http://jlphdcand.wordpress.com for updated versions of this research, and related work.
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