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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Cognitive control processes"

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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 gennaio 2023

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1

Jarrett, Matthew A., Ansley Tullos Gilpin, Jillian M. Pierucci e Ana T. Rondon. "Cognitive and reactive control processes". International Journal of Behavioral Development 40, n. 1 (10 marzo 2015): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415575625.

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be identified in the preschool years, but little is known about the correlates of ADHD symptoms in preschool children. Research to date suggests that factors such as temperament, personality, and neuropsychological functioning may be important in understanding the development of early ADHD symptomatology. The current study sought to extend this research by examining how cognitive and reactive control processes predict ADHD symptoms. Data were drawn from a larger study that measured the cognitive, social, and emotional functioning of preschool children. Eighty-seven children (aged 4–6 years) were evaluated using teacher report and laboratory task measures relevant to cognitive control (i.e., conscientiousness, working memory) and reactive control (i.e., neuroticism, delay of gratification) processes. In multiple regression analyses, cognitive control variables added unique variance in the prediction of both inattention and hyperactivity, but only reactive control variables added unique variance in the prediction of hyperactivity. The current findings align with past research suggesting that cognitive control processes (e.g., conscientiousness) are related to both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, while reactive control processes (e.g., neuroticism) are more strongly related to hyperactivity/impulsivity in preschool children. Future longitudinal research utilizing various methods and measures is needed to understand how cognitive and reactive control processes contribute to ADHD symptom development.

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Whitehead, Peter S., Gene A. Brewer e Chris Blais. "Are cognitive control processes reliable?" Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 45, n. 5 (maggio 2019): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000632.

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Kopp, Claire B. "Cognitive processes and effortful control". Infant Behavior and Development 21 (aprile 1998): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(98)91405-9.

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4

Cho, Yon Joo. "Learner Control, Cognitive Processes, and Hypertext Learning". Journal of Educational Technology 11, n. 2 (30 dicembre 1995): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17232/kset.11.2.103.

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5

Manza, Peter, Ehsan Shokri-Kojori e Nora D. Volkow. "Reduced Segregation Between Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Cannabis Dependence". Cerebral Cortex 30, n. 2 (18 giugno 2019): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz113.

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Abstract Addiction is characterized by an erosion of cognitive control toward drug taking that is accentuated by negative emotional states. Here we tested the hypothesis that enhanced interference on cognitive control reflects a loss of segregation between cognition and emotion in addiction. We analyzed Human Connectome Project data from 1206 young adults, including 89 with cannabis dependence (CD). Two composite factors, one for cognition and one for emotion, were derived using principal component (PC) analyses. Component scores for these PCs were significantly associated in the CD group, such that negative emotionality correlated with poor cognition. However, the corresponding component scores were uncorrelated in matched controls and nondependent recreational cannabis users (n = 87). In CD, but not controls or recreational users, functional magnetic resonance imaging activations to emotional stimuli (angry/fearful faces > shapes) correlated with activations to cognitive demand (working memory; 2-back > 0-back). Canonical correlation analyses linked individual differences in cognitive and emotional component scores with brain activations. In CD, there was substantial overlap between cognitive and emotional brain–behavior associations, but in controls, associations were more restricted to the cognitive domain. These findings support our hypothesis of impaired segregation between cognitive and emotional processes in CD that might contribute to poor cognitive control under conditions of increased emotional demand.

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Altmann, Erik M. "Fine-Grain Episodic Memory Processes in Cognitive Control". Zeitschrift für Psychologie 221, n. 1 (gennaio 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000127.

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Previous task-switching research raises a question concerning the role of episodic memory processes in cognitive control. The question is framed by the contrast between two procedures, explicit cuing and randomized runs, one of which presents a task cue perceptually on every trial and the other of which involves uncued trials. The present study compares performance across these procedures. Performance errors sensitive to errors in focusing on the correct task were higher under explicit-cuing conditions than under randomized-runs conditions, consistent with a high level of proactive interference from old task information. The results support an account in which control codes stored in episodic memory play an integral role in cognitive control, even under conditions in which all information needed for performance is perceptually available.

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Dreher, J. C., e K. F. Berman. "Fractionating the neural substrate of cognitive control processes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, n. 22 (21 ottobre 2002): 14595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.222193299.

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8

LENIOR, T. M. J. "Analyses of cognitive processes in train traffic control". Ergonomics 36, n. 11 (novembre 1993): 1361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139308968005.

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9

Rubinstein, Joshua S., David E. Meyer e Jeffrey E. Evans. "Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27, n. 4 (2001): 763–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.4.763.

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Smith, Edward E., Teal S. Eich, Deniz Cebenoyan e Chariklia Malapani. "Intact and impaired cognitive-control processes in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research 126, n. 1-3 (marzo 2011): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.022.

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Erb, Christopher D., Jeff Moher, David M. Sobel e Joo-Hyun Song. "Reach tracking reveals dissociable processes underlying cognitive control". Cognition 152 (luglio 2016): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.03.015.

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Amorim, Jéssica Florinda, e Sarah Cassimiro Marques. "Cognitive Processes on Tradicional, Pentecostal and Neopentecostal Views on Protestant Religion". Fragmentos de Cultura 27, n. 4 (27 febbraio 2018): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/frag.v27i4.6028.

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This article produces a relative research accomplished to the gospel population as experimental group, and, as control group, subjects that doesn’t attend any religious institution. Based on neuropsychology and psychology of religion, its purpose to evaluate the flexibility cognition of subjects that are immersed in several protestant contexts. This results pointed significant differences among researched groups. Processos Cognitivos nas Vertentes Tradicional, Pentecostal e Neopentecostal da Religião Protestante O presente artigo apresenta uma pesquisa comparativa realizada com a população evangélica como grupo experimental, e como grupo controle indivíduos que não frequentam instituições religiosas. Baseada na neuropsicologia e na psicologia da religião, objetivou-se avaliar a flexibilidade cognitiva de indivíduos inseridos nos diversos contextos protestantes. Os resultados apontaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos estudados.

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Scherbaum, Stefan, Simon Frisch, Anna-Maria Holfert, Denis O'Hora e Maja Dshemuchadse. "No evidence for common processes of cognitive control and self-control". Acta Psychologica 182 (gennaio 2018): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.11.018.

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Eisenreich, Benjamin R., Rei Akaishi e Benjamin Y. Hayden. "Control without Controllers: Toward a Distributed Neuroscience of Executive Control". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, n. 10 (ottobre 2017): 1684–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01139.

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Executive control refers to the regulation of cognition and behavior by mental processes and is a hallmark of higher cognition. Most approaches to understanding its mechanisms begin with the assumption that our brains have anatomically segregated and functionally specialized control modules. The modular approach is intuitive: Control is conceptually distinct from basic mental processing, so an organization that reifies that distinction makes sense. An alternative approach sees executive control as self-organizing principles of a distributed organization. In distributed systems, control and controlled processes are colocalized within large numbers of dispersed computational agents. Control then is often an emergent consequence of simple rules governing the interaction between agents. Because these systems are unfamiliar and unintuitive, here we review several well-understood examples of distributed control systems, group living insects and social animals, and emphasize their parallels with neural systems. We then reexamine the cognitive neuroscience literature on executive control for evidence that its neural control systems may be distributed.

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Haykin, Simon. "Cognitive Dynamic Systems". International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 5, n. 4 (ottobre 2011): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcini.2011100103.

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The main topics covered in this paper address the following four issues: 1) Distinction between how adaptation and cognition are viewed with respect to each other, 2) With human cognition viewed as the framework for cognition, the following cognitive processes are identified: the perception-action cycle, memory, attention, intelligence, and language. With language being outside the scope of the paper, detailed accounts of the other four cognitive processes are discussed, 3) Cognitive radar is singled out as an example application of cognitive dynamic systems that “mimics” the visual brain; experimental results on tracking are presented using simulations, which clearly demonstrate the information-processing power of cognition, and 4) Two other example applications of cognitive dynamic systems, namely, cognitive radio and cognitive control, are briefly described.

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KERNS, JOHN G. "Experimental manipulation of cognitive control processes causes an increase in communication disturbances in healthy volunteers". Psychological Medicine 37, n. 7 (16 gennaio 2007): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009718.

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Background. Although communication disturbances (CD) have been associated with poor cognitive control, it is unclear whether they are associated specifically with poor cognitive control or with poor cognition in general. The current research examined whether (a) two specific components of cognitive control, working memory and interference resolution, were associated with CD, and (b) associations between CD and cognitive control could be accounted for by generalized poor cognitive performance.Method. In this study, as healthy volunteers spoke, the level of cognitive demands was experimentally increased, thereby simulating cognitive deficits (i.e. a reduction in the degree to which certain types of cognitive processes could be used for speech). Hence, this research examined whether simulated cognitive deficits would cause an increase in CD. Participants also completed separate cognitive tasks that assessed working memory, interference resolution and general cognitive ability.Results. An increase in working memory demands caused an increase in CD. Moreover, working memory demands interacted with interference resolution demands, with the greatest amount of CD caused by both high working memory and high interference resolution demands. By contrast, increasing another cognitive demand, sustained attention, did not increase CD. Furthermore, performance on separate working memory and interference resolution tasks interacted to predict CD on the experimental speech task. However, performance on a psychometrically matched cognitive task did not predict CD.Conclusion. Overall, the current study provides evidence that working memory and interference resolution may be specifically associated with CD and that manipulations of these cognitive control processes can cause an increase in CD.

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Shende, Shraddha A., Lydia T. Nguyen, Elizabeth A. Lydon, Fatima T. Husain e Raksha A. Mudar. "Cognitive Flexibility and Inhibition in Individuals with Age-Related Hearing Loss". Geriatrics 6, n. 1 (5 marzo 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6010022.

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Growing evidence suggests alterations in cognitive control processes in individuals with varying degrees of age-related hearing loss (ARHL); however, alterations in those with unaided mild ARHL are understudied. The current study examined two cognitive control processes, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition, in 21 older adults with unaided mild ARHL and 18 age- and education-matched normal hearing (NH) controls. All participants underwent comprehensive audiological and cognitive evaluations including Trail Making Test-B, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, and two Go/NoGo tasks. Group differences in cognitive flexibility and inhibition as well as associations between peripheral and central hearing ability and measures of cognitive flexibility and inhibition were investigated. Findings revealed that the ARHL group took significantly longer to complete the Stroop task and had higher error rates on NoGo trials on both Go/NoGo tasks relative to the NH controls. Additionally, poorer peripheral and central hearing were associated with poorer cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. Our findings suggest slower and more inefficient inhibitory control in the mild ARHL group relative to the NH group and add to decades of research on the association between hearing and cognition.

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Kweitel, Ruth, e Felicity C. L. Allen. "Cognitive Processes Associated with Gambling Behaviour". Psychological Reports 82, n. 1 (febbraio 1998): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.147.

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Gambling behaviours can be pathological if positive response is extreme, but very little is known about the psychological precursors of pathological gambling in Australia. This study examined the relationships between self-reported gambling behaviours and scores on locus of control measures. The sample of 80 male and 75 female undergraduate students completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen and Levenson's multidimensional Locus of Control Scale. No significant association was found for the self-reported gambling behaviours with scores on the Internal scale but a positive one obtained between scores on the Powerful Others subscale. Self-reported gambling behaviours differed significantly for men reported that they gambled more than women. For these Australian undergraduates an additional question on borrowing money increased the apparent frequency of pathological gambling. Thus an avenue for further research is the development of a valid and reliable measure of gambling behaviours in an Australian sample.

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Wylie, G. R., D. C. Javitt e J. J. Foxe. "Cognitive control processes during an anticipated switch of task". European Journal of Neuroscience 17, n. 3 (31 gennaio 2003): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02474.x.

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Schneider, Darryl W., e Gordon D. Logan. "Hierarchical control of cognitive processes: Switching tasks in sequences." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 135, n. 4 (2006): 623–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.623.

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Davelaar, Eddy J. "Processes Versus Representations: Cognitive Control as Emergent, Yet Componential". Topics in Cognitive Science 3, n. 2 (17 marzo 2011): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01138.x.

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Postigo-Alonso, B., M. Hofmann, A. Kühn e W. J. Neumann. "P21. Neural correlates of cognitive control in motor processes". Clinical Neurophysiology 129, n. 8 (agosto 2018): e75-e76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.04.663.

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Chevalier, Nicolas, Shaina Bailey Martis, Tim Curran e Yuko Munakata. "Metacognitive Processes in Executive Control Development: The Case of Reactive and Proactive Control". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, n. 6 (giugno 2015): 1125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00782.

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Young children engage cognitive control reactively in response to events, rather than proactively preparing for events. Such limitations in executive control have been explained in terms of fundamental constraints on children's cognitive capacities. Alternatively, young children might be capable of proactive control but differ from older children in their metacognitive decisions regarding when to engage proactive control. We examined these possibilities in three conditions of a task-switching paradigm, varying in whether task cues were available before or after target onset. RTs, ERPs, and pupil dilation showed that 5-year-olds did engage in advance preparation, a critical aspect of proactive control, but only when reactive control was made more difficult, whereas 10-year-olds engaged in proactive control whenever possible. These findings highlight metacognitive processes in children's cognitive control, an understudied aspect of executive control development.

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Agelink van Rentergem, Joost A., Ivar E. Vermeulen, Philippe R. Lee Meeuw Kjoe e Sanne B. Schagen. "Computational Modeling of Neuropsychological Test Performance to Disentangle Impaired Cognitive Processes in Cancer Patients". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 113, n. 1 (1 aprile 2020): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djaa039.

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Abstract There is a need to better identify impaired cognitive processes to increase our understanding of cognitive dysfunction caused by cancer and cancer treatment and to improve interventions. The Trail Making Test is frequently used for evaluating information-processing speed (part A) and executive function (part B), but interpretation of its outcomes is challenging because performance depends on many cognitive processes. To disentangle processes, we collected high-resolution data from 192 non–central nervous system cancer patients who received systemic therapy and 192 cancer-free control participants and fitted a Shifted-Wald computational model. Results show that cancer patients were more cautious than controls (Cohen d = 0.16). Patients were cognitively slower than controls when the task required task switching (Cohen d = 0.16). Our results support the idea that cancer and cancer treatment accelerate cognitive aging. Our approach allows more precise assessment of cognitive dysfunction in cancer patients and can be extended to other instruments and patient populations.

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Bechtel, William. "Resituating cognitive mechanisms within heterarchical networks controlling physiology and behavior". Theory & Psychology 29, n. 5 (ottobre 2019): 620–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319873725.

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Cognitive science has traditionally focused on mechanisms involved in high-level reasoning and problem-solving processes. Such mechanisms are often treated as autonomous from but controlling underlying physiological processes. I offer a different perspective on cognition which starts with the basic production mechanisms through which organisms construct and repair themselves and navigate their environments and then I develop a framework for conceptualizing how cognitive control mechanisms form a heterarchical network that regulates production mechanisms. Many of these control mechanisms perform cognitive tasks such as evaluating circumstances and making decisions. Cognitive control mechanisms are present in individual cells, but in metazoans, intracellular control is supplemented by a nervous system in which a multitude of neural control mechanisms are organized heterarchically. On this perspective, high-level cognitive mechanisms are not autonomous, but are elements in larger heterarchical networks. This has implications for future directions in cognitive science research.

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KRYLOV, SERGEY M. "FORMAL TECHNOLOGY AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES". International Journal of General Systems 24, n. 3 (febbraio 1996): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081079608945119.

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Carey, David. "Book Review: Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, n. 4 (ottobre 2002): 1385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000251.

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van Driel, Joram, Ilja G. Sligte, Jara Linders, Daniel Elport e Michael X. Cohen. "Frequency Band-Specific Electrical Brain Stimulation Modulates Cognitive Control Processes". PLOS ONE 10, n. 9 (25 settembre 2015): e0138984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138984.

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Dreisbach, Gesine, e Svenja Böttcher. "How the social-evaluative context modulates processes of cognitive control". Psychological Research 75, n. 2 (4 luglio 2010): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-010-0298-z.

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Ozgoren, Murat, Onur Bayazit, Sibel Kocaaslan, Necati Gokmen e Adile Oniz. "Probing into cognitive control: Auditory processes in different conscious states". International Journal of Psychophysiology 77, n. 3 (settembre 2010): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.321.

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Golub, Matthew D., Steven M. Chase, Aaron P. Batista e Byron M. Yu. "Brain–computer interfaces for dissecting cognitive processes underlying sensorimotor control". Current Opinion in Neurobiology 37 (aprile 2016): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2015.12.005.

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Higgs, S. "Interactions Between Metabolic, Reward And Cognitive Processes In Appetite Control". Appetite 132 (gennaio 2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.09.025.

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Harada, Etsuko, Satoru Suto, Ryuta Takawaki e Eriko Ankyu. "Cognitive control under choking occurred by unstable task rhythm: Investigating dual processes cognitive control with healthy older adults". Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (8 settembre 2020): PI—028—PI—028. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_pi-028.

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Suto, Satoru, Ryuta Takawaki, Eriko Ankyu e Etsuko Harada. "Cognitive control under choking occurred by unstable task rhythm (1): Investigating dual processes cognitive control with AX-CPT70". Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (8 settembre 2020): PI—027—PI—027. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_pi-027.

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Leschziner, Vanina, e Gordon Brett. "Beyond Two Minds: Cognitive, Embodied, and Evaluative Processes in Creativity". Social Psychology Quarterly 82, n. 4 (20 agosto 2019): 340–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519851791.

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Scholars in sociology and social psychology typically represent creativity as an imaginative and deliberate mental activity. Such a perspective has led to a view of creativity as disconnected from the body and the senses as well as from nonanalytic cognition. In this article, we demonstrate that creativity is more grounded in bodily and sensory experience and more reliant on a combination of cognitive processes than has been typically recognized. We use literature on social cognition and embodiment to build our arguments, specifically, the embodied simulation perspective and tripartite process models. We draw from data on elite chefs to show how actors rely on embodied simulations, continually switch between heuristic and analytical thinking, and monitor and control their cognitive processing during the creative process. We outline the implications of this study for the understanding of creativity and extant models of cognition and action more generally.

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Kramer, Arthur F., e Sherry L. Willis. "Enhancing the Cognitive Vitality of Older Adults". Current Directions in Psychological Science 11, n. 5 (ottobre 2002): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00194.

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Aging is associated with decline in a multitude of cognitive processes and brain functions. However, a growing body of literature suggests that age-related decline in cognition can sometimes be reduced through experience, cognitive training, and other interventions such as fitness training. Research on cognitive training and expertise has suggested that age-related cognitive sparing is often quite narrow, being observed only on tasks and skills similar to those on which individuals have been trained. Furthermore, training and expertise benefits are often realized only after extensive practice with specific training strategies. Like cognitive training, fitness training has narrow effects on cognitive processes, but in the case of fitness training, the most substantial effects are observed for executive-control processes.

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Drigas, Athanasios, e Maria Karyotaki. "Attentional Control and other Executive Functions". International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 12, n. 03 (27 marzo 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i03.6587.

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Current article aims to shed light on the reciprocal relation between attentional control and emotional regulation. More specifically, there is a verified relation between attention and cognitive, metacognitive and emotional processes, such as memory, perception, reasoning as well as inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, self-monitoring and positive moods. In addition, positive mood has been already reciprocally related to a broad attentional scope as well as to an increased cognitive flexibility. Future research should focus on the effects of attentional control on cognitive control processes, thereby, on individuals’ emotional regulation, as a whole. Evidently, an advanced research in the relation of attentional control and emotional regulation could develop a comprehensive methodology for counterbalancing the difficulties facing individuals with ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder or even depression.

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Kızılırmak, J. M., F. Rösler e P. H. Khader. "Control processes during selective long-term memory retrieval". NeuroImage 59, n. 2 (gennaio 2012): 1830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.041.

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de Barros, Graça Monteiro, Filipe Melo, Josefa Domingos, Raul Oliveira, Luís Silva, Júlio Belo Fernandes e Catarina Godinho. "The Effects of Different Types of Dual Tasking on Balance in Healthy Older Adults". Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, n. 9 (18 settembre 2021): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11090933.

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Numerous of our daily activities are performed within multitask or dual task conditions. These conditions involve the interaction of perceptual and motor processes involved in postural control. Age-related changes may negatively impact cognition and balance control. Studies identifying changes related to dual-task actions in older people are need. This study aimed to determine the effects of different types of dual-tasking on the balance control of healthy older adults. The sample included 36 community-living older adults, performing two tests—a sway test and a timed up-and-go test—in three conditions: (a) single motor task; (b) dual motor task; and (c) dual motor task with cognitive demands. Cognitive processes (dual-task and cognition) affected static balance, increasing amplitude (p < 0.001) and frequency (p < 0.001) of the center of mass displacements. Dynamic balance revealed significant differences between the single motor condition and the other two conditions during gait phases (p < 0.001). The effect of dual-tasking in older adults suggests that cognitive processes are a main cause of increased variability in balance and gait when under an automatic control. During sit-to-stand, turning, and turn-to-sit movements under dual-tasking, the perceptive information becomes the most important focus of attention, while any cognitive task becomes secondary.

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Furman, Daniella J., Robert L. White, Jenna Naskolnakorn, Jean Ye, Andrew Kayser e Mark D'Esposito. "Effects of Dopaminergic Drugs on Cognitive Control Processes Vary by Genotype". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, n. 5 (maggio 2020): 804–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01518.

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Dopamine (DA) has been implicated in modulating multiple cognitive control processes, including the robust maintenance of task sets and memoranda in the face of distractors (cognitive stability) and, conversely, the ability to switch task sets or update the contents of working memory when it is advantageous to do so (cognitive flexibility). In humans, the limited specificity of available pharmacological probes has posed a challenge for understanding the mechanisms by which DA, acting on multiple receptor families across the PFC and striatum, differentially influences these cognitive processes. Using a within-subject, placebo-controlled design, we contrasted the impact of two mechanistically distinct DA drugs, tolcapone (an inhibitor of catechol- O-methyltransferase [COMT], a catecholamine inactivator) and bromocriptine (a DA agonist with preferential affinity for the D2 receptor), on the maintenance and switching of task rules. Given previous work demonstrating that drug effects on behavior are dependent on baseline DA tone, participants were stratified according to genetic polymorphisms associated with cortical (COMT Val158Met) and striatal (Taq1A) DA system function. Our results were partially consistent with an inverted-U-shaped relationship between tolcapone and robust rule maintenance (interaction with COMT genotype) and between bromocriptine and cued rule switching (interaction with Taq1A genotype). However, when task instructions were ambiguous, a third relationship emerged to explain drug effects on spontaneous task switching (interaction of COMT genotype and bromocriptine). Together, this pattern of results suggests that the effects of DA drugs vary not only as a function of the DA system component upon which they act but also on subtle differences in task demands and context.

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41

Stephan, K. E. "Lateralized Cognitive Processes and Lateralized Task Control in the Human Brain". Science 301, n. 5631 (18 luglio 2003): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1086025.

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42

Cooper, Patrick S., Aaron S. W. Wong, W. Ross Fulham, Renate Thienel, Elise Mansfield, Patricia T. Michie e Frini Karayanidis. "Theta frontoparietal connectivity associated with proactive and reactive cognitive control processes". NeuroImage 108 (marzo 2015): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.028.

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43

Mecklinger, Axel. "The control of long-term memory: Brain systems and cognitive processes". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 34, n. 7 (giugno 2010): 1055–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.020.

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44

Westerhausen, René, Susanne Passow e Kristiina Kompus. "Reactive cognitive-control processes in free-report consonant–vowel dichotic listening". Brain and Cognition 83, n. 3 (dicembre 2013): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.006.

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45

Xiao, Yuchen, Chien-Chen Chou, Garth Rees Cosgrove, Nathan E. Crone, Scellig Stone, Joseph R. Madsen, Ian Reucroft et al. "Cross-task specificity and within-task invariance of cognitive control processes". Cell Reports 42, n. 1 (gennaio 2023): 111919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111919.

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46

Tsotsos, John K., Omar Abid, Iuliia Kotseruba e Markus D. Solbach. "On the control of attentional processes in vision". Cortex 137 (aprile 2021): 305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2021.01.001.

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47

Boag, Russell J., Niek Stevenson, Roel van Dooren, Anne C. Trutti, Zsuzsika Sjoerds e Birte U. Forstmann. "Cognitive Control of Working Memory: A Model-Based Approach". Brain Sciences 11, n. 6 (28 maggio 2021): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060721.

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Abstract (sommario):

Working memory (WM)-based decision making depends on a number of cognitive control processes that control the flow of information into and out of WM and ensure that only relevant information is held active in WM’s limited-capacity store. Although necessary for successful decision making, recent work has shown that these control processes impose performance costs on both the speed and accuracy of WM-based decisions. Using the reference-back task as a benchmark measure of WM control, we conducted evidence accumulation modeling to test several competing explanations for six benchmark empirical performance costs. Costs were driven by a combination of processes running outside of the decision stage (longer non-decision time) and inhibition of the prepotent response (lower drift rates) in trials requiring WM control. Individuals also set more cautious response thresholds when expecting to update WM with new information versus maintain existing information. We discuss the promise of this approach for understanding cognitive control in WM-based decision making.

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48

Baumeister, Sarah, Sarah Hohmann, Isabella Wolf, Michael M. Plichta, Stefanie Rechtsteiner, Maria Zangl, Matthias Ruf et al. "Sequential inhibitory control processes assessed through simultaneous EEG–fMRI". NeuroImage 94 (luglio 2014): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.023.

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49

Schmajuk, Mariana, Mario Liotti, Laura Busse e Marty G. Woldorff. "Electrophysiological activity underlying inhibitory control processes in normal adults". Neuropsychologia 44, n. 3 (gennaio 2006): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.005.

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50

Holloway, Ralph L. "Language and tool making are similar cognitive processes". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, n. 4 (15 giugno 2012): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11002019.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstractDesign features for language and stone toolmaking (not tool use) involve similar if not homologous cognitive processes. Both are arbitrary transformations of internal “intrinsic” symbolization, whereas non-human tool using is mostly an iconic transformation. The major discontinuity between humans and non-humans (chimpanzees) is language. The presence of stone tools made to standardized patterns suggests communicative and social control skills that involved language.

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