Articoli di riviste: "Cognition Testing"

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Henry, Julie D., David G. Cowan, Teresa Lee e Perminder S. Sachdev. "Recent trends in testing social cognition". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 28, n. 2 (marzo 2015): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000139.

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Zauszniewski, Jaclene A. "Development and Testing of a Measure of Depressive Cognitions in Older Adults". Journal of Nursing Measurement 3, n. 1 (gennaio 1995): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.3.1.31.

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Assessment of cognitive processes that predispose or contribute to clinical depression in elders is important for planning interventions that facilitate positive cognitive appraisal and effective coping strategies. Instruments evaluating severity of depression exist; however, none measure specific depressive cognitions. This paper describes the development and pilot testing of the Depressive Cognitions Scale (DCS) for older adults. Derived from Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, the 8 items comprising the scale were selected by clinical experts from a pool of 24 items. Each item reflects a depressive cognition that may arise from less than successful resolution of one of Erikson’s developmental phases. Psychometric testing of the DCS was conducted with 60 functionally independent, community dwelling older adults (age 65+). An alpha of .78 indicated acceptable internal consistency. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlation with measures of psychosocial development. Further psychometric study of the DCS is recommended.

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Jos, Prickaerts. "S.5.1 - TESTING COGNITION ENHANCERS IN ANIMALS". Behavioural Pharmacology 24 (ottobre 2013): e5-e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.fbp.0000434700.53518.5c.

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Khan, Anam M., Philippa Clarke, Jessica Finlay, Carina Gronlund, Robert Melendez, Ketlyne Sol, Suzanne Judd e Virginia Wadley. "TOO HOT OR TOO COLD? EXPOSURE TO EXTREME TEMPERATURES AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS". Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (novembre 2019): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.104.

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Abstract Research on temperature and cognition is sparse, including effects of outdoor air temperature on cognitive testing performance. Furthermore, little is known about the modifying role of region and seasonality in temperature-cognition associations. We linked daily temperature data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather stations to REGARDS participants by cognitive assessment date. Controlling for season, generalized linear models including spline terms for temperature showed an adverse effect of hotter temperatures on cognition. At higher temperatures (30°C vs 0°C), there was a significant decrease in cognitive performance on the Word List Learning test (β=-0.68; 95% CI: -1.1, -0.25). Results also show regional differences in testing scores on hotter and colder days. The findings provide new understanding of cognitive susceptibility to extreme temperatures and factors that exacerbate or buffer this association. This can inform development of evidence-based public health guidelines and mitigation strategies aimed at reducing temperature-related morbidity in older adults.

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Hakim, Nicole, Daniel J. Simons, Hui Zhao e Xiaoang Wan. "Do Easterners and Westerners Differ in Visual Cognition? A Preregistered Examination of Three Visual Cognition Tasks". Social Psychological and Personality Science 8, n. 2 (24 settembre 2016): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550616667613.

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When performing cognitive tasks, Easterners often process information more holistically and contextually than Westerners. This is often taken as evidence for fundamental differences in basic cognition, including attention and perception. Yet, evidence for such basic cognitive differences is inconsistent, many studies are based on small samples, and few have been replicated. We report a preregistered replication of three prominent findings of cultural differences in visual cognition, testing a substantially larger sample than the original studies. Our comparisons of American and Asian International students living in the United States provided relatively little evidence for robust and consistent cultural differences in global/local biases, relative and absolute length judgments, or change detection performance. Although we observed some differences in change detection performance when comparing Chinese to American students, those differences were inconsistent across measures. We discuss the need for larger scale replications that adequately control for the testing context and demand characteristics.

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Zbainos, Dimitrios, e Charis Sagia. "Dynamic Assessment of Creativity for Diagnostic Purposes". European Psychologist 27, n. 3 (luglio 2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000476.

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Abstract. The present paper aims to propose the dynamic assessment of creativity for diagnostic purposes, which combines the sociocultural approach to creativity with the findings of creative cognition research. A traditional theorization viewed creativity mainly as an ability of individuals and its expression depending on the extent to which their environment allows and supports it. According to the individualistic approach of creativity, static testing has been its predominant psychological assessment. However, the traditional approach to creativity has been criticized from a sociocultural theoretical perspective that regards creativity as distributed cognition between the mind and culture in recent years. Based on sociocultural theory, dynamic assessment of creativity is an alternative process to static testing for assessing creative potential. Besides testing, in dynamic assessment, the cognitive strategies of creativity that creative cognition research has revealed are mediated in children as symbolic tools or signs. Therefore, in dynamic assessment, sociocultural theory is combined with creative cognition. In the present paper, initially, we present the relevant theory and research on dynamic assessment and creative cognition. Next, studies applying dynamic assessment to children of different ages and devising the mediation protocol will be discussed. Finally, we will consider the psychological and educational implications of dynamic assessment of children’s creativity.

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Churnin, Ian, Jamiluddin Qazi, Cyrelle R. Fermin, James H. Wilson, Spencer C. Payne e Jose L. Mattos. "Association Between Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Cognition in Older Adults". American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 33, n. 2 (11 gennaio 2019): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892418824451.

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Background The association between olfactory dysfunction (OD) and cognitive decline is becoming apparent in the emerging literature. However, the literature demonstrating a similar effect between gustatory dysfunction (GD) and cognition is not well established. Objective To determine whether OD and GD are independently associated with cognitive impairment. Methods The 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was queried for 1376 older adults, corresponding to a weighted population sample of 50 816 529, to assess olfactory and gustatory status and cognition using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. OD and GD were determined using objective measurements with validated protocols. Participants were stratified as normal or abnormal cognition status using accepted cutoff values as indicated for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological test, Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Results OD was associated with both mild cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] 1.809, P = .004) and dementia (OR 3.173, P < .001) with CERAD testing, abnormal AFT (OR 2.424, P < .001), and abnormal DSST (OR 4.028, P < .001). GD based on 1M NaCl whole mouth taste testing was associated with dementia on CERAD testing (OR 2.217, P = .004). When smell and taste parameters were included together in the regression model, both OD and GD remained significant independent predictors of dementia status based on CERAD testing (OR 3.133, P < .001, OR 1.904, P = .015). Conclusions OD and severe GD represent independent predictors of cognitive impairment in a nationally representative sample of older adults.

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Whetung, Cliff. "FINDING THE MINDS OF OUR ELDERS: TESTING THE MINORITY STRESS AND COGNITION MODEL WITH INDIGENOUS OLDER ADULTS". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1687.

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Abstract This study used data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data to investigate how an understudied group of Indigenous Older Adults (IOAs) in the United States fared over a 14-year period (2006-2020) in the domain of global cognitive function. The number of IOAs, defined here as Native American and Alaska Natives, will more than double in the next 30 years. Concurrently, the number of IOAs living with cognitive impairments will also increase. Guided by the Minority Stress and Cognition Model, we tested the hypothesis that discriminatory stress increases the risk of cognitive impairment in later life. Using a robust set of psychosocial (e.g. educational quality, perceived everyday discrimination experiences), behavioral (e.g. substance use, exercise), and physiological (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, obesity) risk factors, we modeled the cognition trajectories 186 IOAs using mixed growth curves. We found that one third of these IOAs reported experiencing everyday discrimination at least once per month, the highest of any ethnic group. They also reported high rates of other risk factors for cognitive impairment like low education, SES, and physical activity, and high rates of depression and chronic health conditions. Our analysis found that everyday discrimination was negatively associated with total cognition among IOAs but that this relationship was mediated by allostatic loads. On average, the total cognition scores of IOAs declined significantly faster than those of Whites. This study has important implications for the integration of stress as a mechanism for cognitive decline and the health equity of Indigenous older adults.

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Moore, Katrina, Rhian S. Convery e Jonathan D. Rohrer. "Study protocol: computerised cognitive testing in a cohort of people with frontotemporal dementia". BMJ Open 12, n. 8 (agosto 2022): e055211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055211.

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IntroductionThe term frontotemporal dementia (FTD) refers to a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders affecting the frontal and temporal lobes. Cognitively, impairment of executive function and social cognition predominates across the FTD spectrum, although other domains can be affected. Traditionally, cognition is tested through standard ‘pen and paper’ tasks in FTD. However, recent attempts have been made across other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease to develop computerised batteries that allow more accurate and sensitive detection of cognitive impairment.Methods and analysisThis paper describes the development of a novel battery of tests for a tablet computer, particularly focused on FTD. It consists of 12 different tasks which aim to tap into information processing speed, various aspects of executive function, social cognition, semantic knowledge, calculation and visuospatial skills. Future studies will focus on validating the battery in a healthy control cohort, comparing it against a standard ‘pen and paper’ psychometric battery, and finally testing it within an FTD cohort, including those with genetic forms of FTD where we will be able to assess its ability to detect very early cognitive deficits prior to the onset of symptoms.Ethics and disseminationNormative data will be produced in the initial validation study (approved by the UCL Ethics Committee, project ID 17691/002) and will be made available online.

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D’mello, Sidney, e Stan Franklin. "A cognitive model’s view of animal cognition". Current Zoology 57, n. 4 (1 agosto 2011): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.4.499.

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Abstract Although it is a relatively new field of study, the animal cognition literature is quite extensive and difficult to synthesize. This paper explores the contributions a comprehensive, computational, cognitive model can make toward organizing and assimilating this literature, as well as toward identifying important concepts and their interrelations. Using the LIDA model as an example, a framework is described within which to integrate the diverse research in animal cognition. Such a framework can provide both an ontology of concepts and their relations, and a working model of an animal’s cognitive processes that can compliment active empirical research. In addition to helping to account for a broad range of cognitive processes, such a model can help to comparatively assess the cognitive capabilities of different animal species. After deriving an ontology for animal cognition from the LIDA model, we apply it to develop the beginnings of a database that maps the cognitive facilities of a variety of animal species. We conclude by discussing future avenues of research, particularly the use of computational models of animal cognition as valuable tools for hypotheses generation and testing.

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Galantino, Mary Lou, Dorothy Cimino Brown, Carrie Tompkins Stricker e John T. Farrar. "Development and Testing of a Cancer Cognition Questionnaire". Rehabilitation Oncology 24, n. 2 (2006): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01893697-200624020-00004.

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Lerner, A., C. Brier, W. Woyczynski, S. Smyth, A. Rao-Frisch e A. Jack. "Integrating Social Cognition Measures with Neuropsychological Testing (P02.054)". Neurology 78, Meeting Abstracts 1 (22 aprile 2012): P02.054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p02.054.

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Srivastava, Hemant, Allen Joop, Raima A. Memon, Jennifer Pilkington, Kimberly H. Wood, Marissa Natelson Love e Amy W. Amara. "Taking the Time to Assess Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease: The Clock Drawing Test". Journal of Parkinson's Disease 12, n. 2 (15 febbraio 2022): 713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jpd-212802.

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Background: Cognitive impairment is common and disabling in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Cognitive testing can be time consuming in the clinical setting. One rapid test to detect cognitive impairment in non-PD populations is the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), which calls upon the brain’s executive and visuospatial abilities to draw a clock designating a certain time. Objective: Test the hypothesis that PD participants would perform worse on CDT compared to controls and that CDT would correlate with other measures of cognition. Methods: This study evaluated two independent CDT scoring systems and differences in CDT performance between PD (N = 97) and control (N = 54) participants using a two-sample t-test. Pearson’s correlations were conducted between the CDT and tests of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and vigilance (Psychomotor Vigilance Test); executive function (Trails B-A); and global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine cut points on the CDT that identify individuals who need additional cognitive testing. Results: PD participants had worse performance on CDT compared to controls. The CDT was correlated with executive function (Trails B-A) and global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment). The CDT correlated with vigilance (Psychomotor Vigilance Task) only in healthy controls. However, the CDT was not correlated with measures of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) in either group. A cut point of 9 on the Rouleau scale and 18 on the Mendez scale identified PD participants with cognitive impairment. Conclusion: The CDT is a rapid clinical cognitive assessment that is feasible in PD and correlates with other measures of cognition.

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Schofield, Peter W., e Lee Stephen. "P1-121 Home-based testing of cognition with the tape-administered cognitive screen". Neurobiology of Aging 25 (luglio 2004): S129—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(04)80435-4.

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Hayes, Scott M., Daniel E. Forman e Mieke Verfaellie. "Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated With Cognitive Performance in Older But Not Younger Adults". Journals of Gerontology: Series B 71, n. 3 (20 dicembre 2014): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu167.

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Abstract Objectives: Aging is associated with declines in executive function and episodic memory. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been associated with enhanced executive function in older adults (OA), but the relationship with episodic memory remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between CRF and cognition in young and OA and whether CRF mitigates age-related cognitive decline. Methods: Participants completed exercise testing to evaluate CRF (peak VO 2 ) and neuropsychological testing to assess cognition. Results: In OA, peak VO 2 was positively related to executive function, as well as to accuracy on an experimental face–name memory task and visual episodic memory. In young adults (YA), a relationship between peak VO 2 and cognition was not evident. High-fit OA performed as well as YA on executive function measures. On episodic memory measures, YA performed better than high-fit OA, who in turn performed better than low-fit OA. Conclusions: CRF is positively associated with executive function and episodic memory in OA and attenuates age-related cognitive decline. We provide preliminary support for the age-dependence hypothesis, which posits that cognition and CRF relationships may be most readily observed during lifetime periods of significant neurocognitive development.

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Frain, J. A., e L. Chen. "1018 Sleep and Fatigue: Examining the Impact on Cognitive Function in Older Adults Living with HIV". Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (aprile 2020): A387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1014.

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Abstract Introduction Poor sleep affects 75% of older adults living with HIV, negatively impacting health. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between sleep, fatigue and cognitive function in older adults living with HIV with well-controlled HIV virus. Methods Forty-three adults aged 50 years and older living with HIV were recruited for this study. Participants provided demographic and health information. Participants wore actigraph watches continuously for one week, while completing a daily sleep diary, fatigue instrument, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. After one week participants returned and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and performed cognitive testing including the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results Fluid cognition (measured with the Cognition Battery) positively correlated with hours of sleep measured via actigraph the night immediately prior to testing (p = .008), but not by average hours slept over the week. Average daily fatigue and daytime sleepiness were also correlated with fluid cognition (p = .012, p = .032 respectively). Similar results were found when cognition was measured using the MoCA, with sleep (p = .001), average fatigue (p = .017), and daytime sleepiness (p = .028) all correlated with cognition. When sleep was measured subjectively, Pearson correlation indicated that there was a statistically significant negative relationship of moderate strength between global sleep and cognitive function (r = -.47, p = .015). Conclusion The study provides evidence that poor sleep, measured objectively or subjectively, is associated with cognitive impairment. Despite we-controlled HIV virus, 86% of study participants had global sleep scores indicating poor sleep. Sleep measured objectively resulted in less nightly sleep than by subjective measure, 4.5 vs 6.07 average hours per night. Studying effective interventions to improve sleep should be a next step as a way of improving cognitive function for this population. Support This study was supported through a grant funded by Sigma Theta Tau International and the National Gerontological Nurses Association.

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Bieri, Rahel, Michael Jäger, Nicole Gruber, Tobias Nef, René M. Müri e Urs P. Mosimann. "A novel computer test to assess driving-relevant cognitive functions – a pilot study". International Psychogeriatrics 26, n. 2 (29 ottobre 2013): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021300183x.

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ABSTRACTBackground:The assessment of driving-relevant cognitive functions in older drivers is a difficult challenge as there is no clear-cut dividing line between normal cognition and impaired cognition and not all cognitive functions are equally important for driving.Methods:To support decision makers, the Bern Cognitive Screening Test (BCST) for older drivers was designed. It is a computer-assisted test battery assessing visuo-spatial attention, executive functions, eye–hand coordination, distance judgment, and speed regulation. Here we compare the performance in BCST with the performance in paper and pencil cognitive screening tests and the performance in the driving simulator testing of 41 safe drivers (without crash history) and 14 unsafe drivers (with crash history).Results:Safe drivers performed better than unsafe drivers in BCST (Mann–Whitney U test: U = 125.5; p = 0.001) and in the driving simulator (Student's t-test: t(44) = –2.64, p = 0.006). No clear group differences were found in paper and pencil screening tests (p > 0.05; ns). BCST was best at identifying older unsafe drivers (sensitivity 86%; specificity 61%) and was also better tolerated than the driving simulator test with fewer dropouts.Conclusions:BCST is more accurate than paper and pencil screening tests, and better tolerated than driving simulator testing when assessing driving-relevant cognition in older drivers.

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Faust-Socher, Achinoam, Sarah Duff-Canning, Arthur Grabovsky, Melissa J. Armstrong, Brandon Rothberg, Paul J. Eslinger, Christopher A. Meaney et al. "Responsiveness to Change of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini-Mental State Examination, and SCOPA-Cog in Non-Demented Patients with Parkinson’s Disease". Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 47, n. 4-6 (2019): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496454.

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Background: Clinical monitoring of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) for cognitive decline is an important element of care. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has been proposed to be a sensitive tool for assessing cognitive impairment in PD. The aim of our study was to compare the responsiveness of the MoCA to decline in cognition to the responsiveness of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Scales for Outcomes of Parkinson’s disease-cognition (SCOPA-Cog). Methods: PD patients without dementia were enrolled at 6 North American movement disorders centers between 2008 and 2011. Participants received annual evaluations including the MoCA, MMSE, and SCOPA-Cog followed by formal neuropsychological testing. The gold standard for change in cognition was defined as the change on the neuropsychological test scores over the annual assessments. The Reliable Change Method was used to provide an estimate of the probability that a given difference score would be obtained by chance. The sensitivity of the MoCA, MMSE, and SCOPA-Cog to change was quantified using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Results: One hundred seventeen patients were included in the analysis. Participants were followed at mean intervals of 11 ± 2 months for a median of 2 (maximum 5) visits. According to the reliable change index, 56 intervals of cognitive testing showed a decline in global cognition. ROC analysis of change in MoCA, MMSE, and SCOPA-Cog global scores compared to gold standard testing found an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.55 (95% CI 0.48–0.62), 0.56 (0.48–0.63), and 0.63 (0.55–0.70) respectively. There were no significant differences in the AUCs across the tests. The sensitivity of the MoCA, MMSE, and SCOPA-Cog to change at various thresholds for decline in scores reached a maximum of 71% for a cut-off of 1 point change on the SCOPA-Cog. Conclusion: Using neuropsychological testing as a gold standard comparator, the performance of the MoCA, MMSE, and SCOPA-Cog for detecting decline in non-demented PD patients over a 1-year interval is poor. This has implications for clinical practice; stable scores may not be taken as reassurance of the absence of cognitive decline.

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Bell, Vaughan, Kathryn L. Mills, Gemma Modinos e Sam Wilkinson. "Rethinking Social Cognition in Light of Psychosis: Reciprocal Implications for Cognition and Psychopathology". Clinical Psychological Science 5, n. 3 (10 febbraio 2017): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702616677079.

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The positive symptoms of psychosis largely involve the experience of illusory social actors, and yet our current measures of social cognition, at best, only weakly predict their presence. We review evidence to suggest that the range of current approaches in social cognition is not sufficient to explain the fundamentally social nature of these experiences. We argue that social agent representation is an important organizing principle for understanding social cognition and that alterations in social agent representation may be a factor in the formation of delusions and hallucination in psychosis. We evaluate the feasibility of this approach in light of clinical and nonclinical studies, developmental research, cognitive anthropology, and comparative psychology. We conclude with recommendations for empirical testing of specific hypotheses and how studies of social cognition could more fully capture the extent of social reasoning and experience in both psychosis and more prosaic mental states.

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Mioduszewska, Berenika, Mark O’Hara e Rafał Stryjek. "Novelty at dawn: Exploration, low neophobia and crepuscular activity in a wild Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)". Avian Biology Research 14, n. 4 (novembre 2021): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17581559211052422.

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Raptor cognition has received limited research attention, despite the importance of comparative investigations for reconstructing the evolution of complex cognition. Field studies provide essential ecological context for cognition in the natural habitat, although this approach is often challenging due to extensive procedures involved in cognitive testing. One predisposition suggested to contribute to problem-solving behaviour is the response to novel stimuli. In this pilot study, a novel object test was conducted on an outdoor feeding platform to assess the neotic responses of a single wild free-ranging Common Buzzard ( Buteo buteo), a generalist/opportunist diurnal predator species. Additionally, data on its daily activity were collected. As predicted, the subject expressed low neophobia and some exploratory behaviours. Interestingly, it repeatedly arrived on the platform in low light conditions. This study highlights the influence of foraging ecology on cognitive predispositions and offers a field method for research on raptor cognition.

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Wimmer, Lena, Gregory Currie, Stacie Friend e Heather Jane Ferguson. "Testing Correlates of Lifetime Exposure to Print Fiction Following a Multi-Method Approach: Evidence From Young and Older Readers". Imagination, Cognition and Personality 41, n. 1 (20 febbraio 2021): 54–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276236621996244.

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Two pre-registered studies investigated associations of lifetime exposure to fiction, applying a battery of self-report, explicit and implicit indicators. Study 1 ( N = 150 university students) tested the relationships between exposure to fiction and social and moral cognitive abilities in a lab setting, using a correlational design. Results failed to reveal evidence for enhanced social or moral cognition with increasing lifetime exposure to narrative fiction. Study 2 followed a cross-sectional design and compared 50–80 year-old fiction experts ( N = 66), non-fiction experts ( N = 53), and infrequent readers ( N = 77) regarding social cognition, general knowledge, imaginability, and creativity in an online setting. Fiction experts outperformed the remaining groups regarding creativity, but not regarding social cognition or imaginability. In addition, both fiction and non-fiction experts demonstrated higher general knowledge than infrequent readers. Taken together, the present results do not support theories postulating benefits of narrative fiction for social cognition, but suggest that reading fiction may be associated with a specific gain in creativity, and that print (fiction or non-fiction) exposure has a general enhancement effect on world knowledge.

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Alexandris, Kostas, Rodoula H. Tsiotsou e Jeffrey D. James. "Testing a Hierarchy of Effects Model of Sponsorship Effectiveness". Journal of Sport Management 26, n. 5 (settembre 2012): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.5.363.

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The objective of this research was to test the application of an alternative hierarchy of effects model (affect, cognition, and conation) in the context of sponsorship. Activity involvement and team attachment (affect) were proposed to influence sponsor image and attitudes toward sponsorship (cognition), which in turn were proposed to influence consumer behavioral intentions (conation). Fans of a professional basketball team in Greece (N= 384) participated in the study. The results provided support for the alternative hierarchy of effects model and its application in the context of sponsorship. Team attachment (affect) was shown to have both a direct and indirect relationship with behavioral intentions (conation), through its influence on sponsor image and attitudes toward sponsorship (cognition). Furthermore, the attraction dimension of involvement was shown to influence team attachment. The theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed.

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Kauliņa, Anda. "Cognitive Analysis of 9 to 11-Year-Old Children With Intellectual Development Disorders". Journal of Pedagogy and Psychology "Signum Temporis" 9, n. 1 (20 dicembre 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sigtem-2017-0006.

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Abstract Cognitive development significantly influences efficiency and results of child’s understanding and comprehension of the world. Attention and cognition play a significant role to ensure academic achievement and success. Attention is essential for purposeful planning of action and systematic work. Attention is necessary to follow the study material and for physical survival in everyday life. Cognition is significant in decision making and evaluating possible outcomes, being especially important in children with cognitive development disorders. The aim of the present study was to find out the peculiarities of the cognitive processes in 9 to 11-year-old children with cognitive development disorders. Previous literature suggests that children with intellectual development disorders are at increased risk of general cognitive disorders. To test this assumption and establish cognitive abilities in children with intellectual development disorders, the following subtests of the Vienna Test System (VTS) were used: CPM/S2 (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices), B19 (Double Labyrinth Test) and WAFF (Perception and Attention Functions: Focused Attention). VTS is one of the leading computer-based psychophysiological testing systems in Europe. In addition to testing, behavioural observations were also carried out. Study results reveal that children with a shared diagnosis are not as similar when it comes to cognition and attention. Not all children within the sample group exhibited reduced attention and concentration, although the whole participant sample was diagnosed with intellectual development disorder. Meanwhile, risk factors hindering normal cognitive development were identified.

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Shepeleva, E. A., E. A. Valueva e E. M. Lapteva. "Need for Cognition: the comparative analysis of different researches and psycho-diagnostic approaches". Современная зарубежная психология 7, n. 3 (2018): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2018070311.

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The article analyzes national and foreign approaches to study and diagnostics of need for cognition. It discusses the results of researches demonstrating the relevance of diagnostics of students’ needs for cognition in order to predict their academic achievements at school. The article also analyzes the relationship between the students’ needs for cognition with their cognitive abilities. It gives consideration to the research perspectives of the need for cognition as depending on the specificity of child’s individual family background. The article specifies results of primary testing the online version of the scale of needs for cognition (Cacioppo et al. (2013) carried out in Russia and examines the psychometric properties of its original online version with the existing blank version of this tool. The annex contains the Russian translation of Cacioppo’s scale made by the author of the article.

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Koyama, Alain K., Kaitlin A. Hagan, Olivia I. Okereke, Marc G. Weisskopf, Bernard Rosner e Francine Grodstein. "Evaluation of a Self-Administered Computerized Cognitive Battery in an Older Population". Neuroepidemiology 45, n. 4 (2015): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000439592.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the utility of the Cogstate self-administered computerized neuropsychological battery in a large population of older men. Methods: We invited 7,167 men (mean age of 75 years) from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a prospective cohort of male health professionals. We considered individual Cogstate scores and composite scores measuring psychomotor speed and attention, learning and working memory and overall cognition. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the association between risk factors measured 4 and 28 years prior to cognitive testing and each outcome. Results: The 1,866 men who agreed to complete Cogstate testing were similar to the 5,301 non-responders. Many expected risk factors were associated with Cogstate scores in multivariate adjusted models. Increasing age was significantly associated with worse performance on all outcomes (p < 0.001). For risk factors measured 4 years prior to testing and overall cognition, a history of hypertension was significantly associated with worse performance (mean difference of -0.08 standard units (95% CI -0.16, 0.00)) and higher consumption of nuts was significantly associated with better performance (>2 servings/week vs. <1 serving/month: 0.15 (0.03, 0.27)). Conclusions: The self-administered Cogstate battery showed significant associations with several risk factors known to be associated with cognitive function. Future studies of cognitive aging may benefit from the numerous advantages of self-administered computerized testing.

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Hickey, Daniel, e Tripp Harris. "Reimagining online grading, assessment, and testing using situated cognition". Distance Education 42, n. 2 (3 aprile 2021): 290–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2021.1911627.

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Palei, Elena Vadimovna. "TESTING BY KNOWLEDGE: EDUCATION AS FORMATION OF COGNITION SUBJECT". Manuscript, n. 11-2 (novembre 2018): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/manuscript.2018-11-2.22.

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Schwartz, Gerri, J. Bisserbe, Dianne Bradford, C. Sennef e L. Hollister. "Late Clinical Testing of Cognition Enhancers: Demonstration of Efficacy". Pharmacopsychiatry 23, S 2 (febbraio 1990): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1014535.

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Morris, Jenny, Martin R. Yeomans e Sophie Forster. "Testing a load theory framework for food-related cognition." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 149, n. 12 (dicembre 2020): 2406–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000786.

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Brickman, Adam M., Karen L. Siedlecki, Jordan Muraskin, Jennifer J. Manly, José A. Luchsinger, Lok-Kin Yeung, Truman R. Brown, Charles DeCarli e Yaakov Stern. "White matter hyperintensities and cognition: Testing the reserve hypothesis". Neurobiology of Aging 32, n. 9 (settembre 2011): 1588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.10.013.

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Scheifele, Peter M., Kristine E. Sonstrom, Karen L. Overall e Arthur E. Dunham. "Middle latency response testing for auditory cognition in canines". Journal of Veterinary Behavior 10, n. 5 (settembre 2015): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.07.007.

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Sturdy, Christopher B., e Ronald G. Weisman. "Rationale and methodology for testing auditory cognition in songbirds". Behavioural Processes 72, n. 3 (giugno 2006): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2006.03.007.

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Cubelli, Roberto, Clelia Marchetti, Giuseppina Boscolo e Sergio Della Sala. "Cognition in Action: Testing a Model of Limb Apraxia". Brain and Cognition 44, n. 2 (novembre 2000): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brcg.2000.1226.

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Ansorge, Ulrich, Markus Kiefer, Shah Khalid, Sylvia Grassl e Peter König. "Testing the theory of embodied cognition with subliminal words". Cognition 116, n. 3 (settembre 2010): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.05.010.

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Harnad, Stevan. "Distributed processes, distributed cognizers, and collaborative cognition". Cognitive Technologies and the Pragmatics of Cognition 13, n. 3 (20 dicembre 2005): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.13.3.06har.

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Abstract (sommario):

Cognition is thinking; it feels like something to think, and only those who can feel can think. There are also things that thinkers can do. We know neither how thinkers can think nor how they are able to do what they can do. We are waiting for cognitive science to discover how. Cognitive science does this by testing hypotheses about what processes can generate what doing (“know-how”).This is called the Turing Test. It cannot test whether a process can generate feeling, hence thinking — only whether it can generate doing. The processes that generate thinking and know-how are “distributed” within the heads of thinkers, but not across thinkers’ heads. Hence there is no such thing as distributed cognition, only collaborative cognition. Email and the Web have spawned a new form of collaborative cognition that draws upon individual brains’ real-time interactive potential in ways that were not possible in oral, written or print interactions.

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Yoshida, Koji, Kuniaki Ogasawara, Hiroaki Saura, Hideo Saito, Masakazu Kobayashi, Kenji Yoshida, Kazunori Terasaki, Shunrou Fujiwara e Akira Ogawa. "Post-carotid endarterectomy changes in cerebral glucose metabolism on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography associated with postoperative improvement or impairment in cognitive function". Journal of Neurosurgery 123, n. 6 (dicembre 2015): 1546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.jns142339.

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OBJECT Cognitive function is often improved or impaired after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for patients with cerebral hemodynamic impairment. Cerebral glucose metabolism measured using positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) correlates with cognitive function in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to determine whether postoperative changes in cerebral glucose metabolism are associated with cognitive changes after CEA. METHODS In patients who were scheduled to undergo CEA for ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (≥ 70% narrowing), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to acetazolamide were assessed preoperatively using brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). CBF measurement using SPECT was also performed immediately after CEA. For patients with reduced preoperative CVR to acetazolamide in the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to surgery, cerebral glucose metabolism was assessed using FDG-PET before surgery and 3 months after surgery and was analyzed using 3D stereotactic surface projection. Neuropsychological testing was also performed preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS Twenty-two patients with reduced preoperative CVR to acetazolamide successfully underwent FDG-PET studies and neuropsychological testing before and after CEA. Seven, 9, and 6 patients were defined as showing improved, unchanged, and impaired postoperative cognition, respectively, based on the neuropsychological assessments. The cortical area with increased postoperative glucose metabolism was greater in patients with improved postoperative cognition than in those with unchanged (p < 0.001) or impaired (p < 0.001) postoperative cognition. The cortical area with decreased postoperative glucose metabolism was greater in patients with impaired postoperative cognition than in those with improved (p < 0.001) or unchanged (p < 0.001) postoperative cognition. All 7 patients with improved cognition exhibited postoperative hemispheric increases in glucose metabolism, while 5 of the 6 patients with impaired cognition exhibited postoperative hemispheric decreases in glucose metabolism. Brain perfusion SPECT revealed that the latter 6 patients experienced postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion, and 2 of the 6 patients exhibited cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. The cortical area with decreased postoperative glucose metabolism in these 2 patients was greater than that in other patients. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative changes in cerebral glucose metabolism, as measured using FDG-PET, are associated with cognitive improvement and impairment after CEA.

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Gilbert, E., e Amy H. Wahlquist. "Transdermal Nicotine Improves Testing But Not Overall Cognition in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment". Journal of the National Medical Association 104, n. 5-6 (maggio 2012): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30169-3.

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Chaar, Dima L., Kim Nguyen, Yi-Zhe Wang, Scott M. Ratliff, Thomas H. Mosley, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Jennifer A. Smith e Wei Zhao. "SNP-by-CpG Site Interactions in ABCA7 Are Associated with Cognition in Older African Americans". Genes 13, n. 11 (18 novembre 2022): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13112150.

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SNPs in ABCA7 confer the largest genetic risk for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in African Americans (AA) after APOE ε4. However, the relationship between ABCA7 and cognitive function has not been thoroughly examined. We investigated the effects of five known AD risk SNPs and 72 CpGs in ABCA7, as well as their interactions, on general cognitive function (cognition) in 634 older AA without dementia from Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA). Using linear mixed models, no SNP or CpG was associated with cognition after multiple testing correction, but five CpGs were nominally associated (p < 0.05). Four SNP-by-CpG interactions were associated with cognition (FDR q < 0.1). Contrast tests show that methylation is associated with cognition in some genotype groups (p < 0.05): a 1% increase at cg00135882 and cg22271697 is associated with a 0.68 SD decrease and 0.14 SD increase in cognition for those with the rs3764647 GG/AG (p = 0.004) and AA (p = 2 × 10−4) genotypes, respectively. In addition, a 1% increase at cg06169110 and cg17316918 is associated with a 0.37 SD decrease (p = 2 × 10−4) and 0.33 SD increase (p = 0.004), respectively, in cognition for those with the rs115550680 GG/AG genotype. While AD risk SNPs in ABCA7 were not associated with cognition in this sample, some have interactions with proximal methylation on cognition.

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Boogert, Neeltje J., Joah R. Madden, Julie Morand-Ferron e Alex Thornton. "Measuring and understanding individual differences in cognition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, n. 1756 (13 agosto 2018): 20170280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0280.

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Individuals vary in their cognitive performance. While this variation forms the foundation of the study of human psychometrics, its broader importance is only recently being recognized. Explicitly acknowledging this individual variation found in both humans and non-human animals provides a novel opportunity to understand the mechanisms, development and evolution of cognition. The papers in this special issue highlight the growing emphasis on individual cognitive differences from fields as diverse as neurobiology, experimental psychology and evolutionary biology. Here, we synthesize this body of work. We consider the distinct challenges in quantifying individual differences in cognition and provide concrete methodological recommendations. In particular, future studies would benefit from using multiple task variants to ensure they target specific, clearly defined cognitive traits and from conducting repeated testing to assess individual consistency. We then consider how neural, genetic, developmental and behavioural factors may generate individual differences in cognition. Finally, we discuss the potential fitness consequences of individual cognitive variation and place these into an evolutionary framework with testable hypotheses. We intend for this special issue to stimulate researchers to position individual variation at the centre of the cognitive sciences. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

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Ashton, Benjamin J., Alex Thornton e Amanda R. Ridley. "An intraspecific appraisal of the social intelligence hypothesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, n. 1756 (13 agosto 2018): 20170288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0288.

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The prevailing hypotheses for the evolution of cognition focus on either the demands associated with group living (the social intelligence hypothesis (SIH)) or ecological challenges such as finding food. Comparative studies testing these hypotheses have generated highly conflicting results; consequently, our understanding of the drivers of cognitive evolution remains limited. To understand how selection shapes cognition, research must incorporate an intraspecific approach, focusing on the causes and consequences of individual variation in cognition. Here, we review the findings of recent intraspecific cognitive research to investigate the predictions of the SIH. Extensive evidence from our own research on Australian magpies ( Cracticus tibicen dorsalis ), and a number of other taxa, suggests that individuals in larger social groups exhibit elevated cognitive performance and, in some cases, elevated reproductive fitness. Not only do these findings demonstrate how the social environment has the potential to shape cognitive evolution, but crucially, they demonstrate the importance of considering both genetic and developmental factors when attempting to explain the causes of cognitive variation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.

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Moriarty, Terence, Kelsey Bourbeau, Bryanne Bellovary e Micah N. Zuhl. "Exercise Intensity Influences Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation during Cognitive Testing". Behavioral Sciences 9, n. 8 (26 luglio 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9080083.

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Activation changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions have been linked to acute exercise-induced improvements in cognitive performance. The type of exercise performed may influence PFC activation, and further impact cognitive function. The present study aimed to compare PFC activation during cognitive testing after moderate-intensity, high intensity, and yoga exercises, and to determine if PFC activation is linked to cognitive performance. Eight subjects (four male and four female), aged 35 ± 5 completed a control, high intensity, moderate intensity, and yoga exercises followed by administration of a cognitive task (NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition). Left and right PFC activation (LPFC and RPFC, respectively) were evaluated by measuring hemoglobin difference (Hbdiff) changes during post-exercise cognitive assessment using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Activation during the cognitive test was higher in the LPFC after moderate intensity exercise compared to control, high intensity, and yoga (5.30 ± 6.65 vs. 2.26 ± 2.40, 2.50 ± 1.48, 2.41 ± 2.36 μM, p < 0.05, respectively). A negative relationship was detected between LPFC and processing speed after exercise. PFC activation did not align with cognitive performance. However, acute exercise, regardless of type, appeared to alter neural processing. Specifically, less PFC activation was required for a given neural output after exercise.

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Lamar, Melissa, Debra Fleischman, Sue Leurgans, Konstantinos Arfanakis e Lisa Barnes. "Relationship of Indicators of Cardiovascular Health With Change in Cognition in Older Blacks". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 dicembre 2020): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2827.

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Abstract Older Blacks perform more poorly on cognitive testing than older Whites. Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVD-RFs) among Blacks compared to Whites contribute to these disparities. We investigated whether white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in late-life, a consequence of mid-life CVD-RFs, modify the association between late-life CVD-RFs and cognition in 167 Blacks (age~75yrs; non-demented at baseline). Participants were evaluated for blood pressure (BP) markers of cardiovascular health (systolic/diastolic BP, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP) hypertension), WMH volumes adjusted for intracranial volume, and cognition (global and domain-specific at baseline and annually, ~8yrs). Adjusted models revealed differential associations between BP markers and baseline cognition; diastolic BP and MAP predicted faster decline in episodic memory. Hypertension was not significant in any model; however, when adding WMH, the hypertension*WMH interaction was significant for baseline cognition. Cognition among older Blacks is a complex function of BP markers of cardiovascular health and WMH.

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Stites, Shana. "The CoGenT3 Study: Cognition and Gender Trends in Three American Generations". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 dicembre 2020): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2975.

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Abstract Many studies find gender differences in how older adults’ report on their memory, perform on cognitive testing, and manage functional impairments that can accompany cognitive impairment. Thus, understanding gender’s effects in aging and Alzheimer’s research is key for advancing methods to prevent, slow, manage, and diagnosis cognitive impairment. Our study, CoGenT3 – The study of Cognition and Gender in Three Generations – seeks to disambiguate the effects of gender on cognition in order to inform a conceptual model, guide innovations in measurement, and support future study. To accomplish this ambitious goal, we have gathered an interdisciplinary team with expertise in psychology, cognition, sexual and gender minorities, library science, measurement, quantitative methods, qualitative methods, and gender and women’s studies. The team benefits from the intersections of expertise in being able to build new research ideas, gain novel insights, and evaluate a wide-range of actions and re-actions but this novelty can also raise challenges.

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Lee, Sukwon, Bum Kwon, Jiming Yang, Byung Lee e Sung-Hee Kim. "The Correlation between Users’ Cognitive Characteristics and Visualization Literacy". Applied Sciences 9, n. 3 (31 gennaio 2019): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030488.

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One of the ultimate goals of studies on visualization literacy is to improve users’ visualization literacy through education and training. Even though users’ cognitive characteristics may significantly affect learning and responding processes in general, studies have addressed the relationships between users’ cognitive characteristics and visualization literacy. As a first step toward discovering the relationships, we conducted an empirical study to investigate the correlation between cognitive characteristics and visualization literacy. Our first study focuses on testing the correlation between visualization and three cognitive characteristics: numeracy, need for cognition, and visualizer-verbalizer style. In this study, we measured 178 participants’ visualization literacy and the level of the three cognitive characteristics using the Visualization Literacy Assessment Test (VLAT), the Decision Research Numeracy Test (DRNT), the Need for Cognition Scale (NCS), and the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ) through a crowdsourcing experiment. Our test results confirmed that a correlation exists between visualization literacy and both numeracy and need for cognition. Based on our test results, we discuss the implications for education to enhance visualization literacy and future studies to investigate on related user characteristics.

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Coro, Daniel G., Amanda D. Hutchinson, Kathryn A. Dyer, Siobhan Banks, Bogda Koczwara, Nadia Corsini, Agnes Vitry e Alison M. Coates. "‘Food for Thought’—The Relationship between Diet and Cognition in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Survivors: A Feasibility Study". Nutrients 14, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010071.

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Survivors of cancer frequently experience persistent and troublesome cognitive changes. Little is known about the role diet and nutrition plays in survivors’ cognition. We explored the feasibility of collecting cross-sectional online data from Australian survivors of breast and colorectal cancer to enable preliminary investigations of the relationships between cognition with fruit and vegetable intake, and the Omega-3 Index (a biomarker of long chain omega 3 fatty acid intake). A total of 76 participants completed online (and postal Omega-3 Index biomarker) data collection (62 breast and 14 colorectal cancer survivors): mean age 57.5 (±10.2) years, mean time since diagnosis 32.6 (±15.6) months. Almost all of the feasibility outcomes were met; however, technical difficulties were reported for online cognitive testing. In hierarchical linear regression models, none of the dietary variables of interest were significant predictors of self-reported or objective cognition. Age, BMI, and length of treatment predicted some of the cognitive outcomes. We demonstrated a viable online/postal data collection method, with participants reporting positive levels of engagement and satisfaction. Fruit, vegetable, and omega-3 intake were not significant predictors of cognition in this sample, however the role of BMI in survivors′ cognitive functioning should be further investigated. Future research could adapt this protocol to longitudinally monitor diet and cognition to assess the impact of diet on subsequent cognitive function, and whether cognitive changes impact dietary habits in survivors of cancer.

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Branch, Carrie L., Benjamin R. Sonnenberg, Angela M. Pitera, Lauren M. Benedict, Dovid Y. Kozlovsky, Eli S. Bridge e Vladimir V. Pravosudov. "Testing the greater male variability phenomenon: male mountain chickadees exhibit larger variation in reversal learning performance compared with females". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, n. 1931 (15 luglio 2020): 20200895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0895.

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The greater male variability phenomenon predicts that males exhibit larger ranges of variation in cognitive performance compared with females; however, support for this pattern has come exclusively from studies of humans and lacks mechanistic explanation. Furthermore, the vast majority of the literature assessing sex differences in cognition is based on studies of humans and a few other mammals. In order to elucidate the underpinnings of cognitive variation and the potential for fitness consequences, we must investigate sex differences in cognition in non-mammalian systems as well. Here, we assess the performance of male and female food-caching birds on a spatial learning and memory task and a reversal spatial task to address whether there are sex differences in mean cognitive performance or in the range of variation in performance. For both tasks, male and female mean performance was similar across four years of testing; however, males did exhibit a wider range of variation in performance on the reversal spatial task compared with females. The implications for mate choice and sexual selection of cognitive abilities are discussed and future directions are suggested to aid in the understanding of sex-related cognitive variation.

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Smith, Jason, Laura Gibbons, Dan Mungas, Maria Glymour, Laura Zahodne, Elizabeth Mayeda, Richard Jones e Alden Gross. "ADAPTATION OF FACE-TO-FACE COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTS FOR TELEPHONE ADMINISTRATION: A POTENTIAL THREAT TO VALIDITY". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.912.

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Abstract Telephone-administered cognitive assessments are a cost-effective, feasible, and sometimes necessary alternative to in-person assessments. However, there is a scarcity of information in large cohort studies concerning mode effects, or differences in cognitive performance attributable to assessment method instead of underlying cognition, as a potential measurement threat. We evaluated mode effects on individual cognitive items and overall cognitive score using a population-based sample of community-living older adults aged 65-79 in the US in the 2014 Health and Retirement Study for whom interview mode was randomized (n=6825). We assessed mode differences in test means and reliability, whether mode modifies associations of cognition with criterion variables, and formal measurement invariance testing by mode. Relative to those assessed face-to-face, people assessed by telephone tended to have higher scores for memory and calculation items (0.06 to 0.013 standard deviations (SD)) and lower scores for non-memory items (-0.09 to -0.01 SD). We also found evidence that estimated cognition was significantly differentially related to IADL score depending on mode of assessment, observing a stronger association among participants completing telephone interviews. Measurement invariance testing identified the largest mode differences in memory and attention items: immediate noun recall, delayed noun recall, and serial 7s scores were higher when administered by telephone. Differences by telephone vs face-to-face mode of administration are apparent in cognitive measurement in older adults, and most pronounced for tests of memory and attention that can be easier to answer via telephone. Future investigations are warranted to further evaluate methods to correct for such differences.

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Foley, Jennifer A., Charlotte Dore e Lisa Cipolotti. "Correspondence between MMSE and detailed neuropsychological testing in Parkinson’s disease". Neuropsychologist 1, n. 13 (aprile 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsneur.2022.1.13.9.

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Although the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) has long been criticised as being insufficiently sensitive to cognitive decline, it is still considered fundamental for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease, with many papers continuing to use this tool to characterise cognition. This study investigates how intact performance on the MMSE in Parkinson’s disease relates to performance on detailed neuropsychological testing, and how intact performance on individual MMSE subtests corresponds to performance on cognate neuropsychological tests. We examined the wider neuropsychological performance of 264 PD patients screened using the MMSE. 85.7 per cent of PD patients passing the MMSE demonstrated impairment upon detailed neuropsychological assessment, more frequently on non-MMSE domains (76.1 per cent) than MMSE domains (40.8 per cent). Furthermore, despite performing flawlessly on individual MMSE domains, up to 22.6 per cent failed cognate tests upon detailed neuropsychological testing. We conclude that the MMSE is inadequate for the accurate detection or characterisation of cognitive impairment in PD.

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Zarrella, Giuliana, Alice Perez, Jorg Dietrich e Michael Parsons. "NCOG-70. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A NEW SELF-REPORT INDEX OF COGNITIVE CONCERNS IN BRAIN TUMOR PATIENTS". Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (novembre 2020): ii145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.608.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Subjective cognitive dysfunction is an important outcome measure in neuro-oncology and may provide additional information beyond performance-based neuropsychological testing. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br) is a frequently used quality of life (QoL) measure that includes indices of physical, emotional, social, and neurologic aspects of disease, but does not measure cognitive concerns. This study seeks to develop and validate an index of self-reported cognition derived from existing items on the FACT-Br. METHODS 145 patients (Mage=51.08, Medu=15.63) with heterogeneous brain tumor diagnoses completed neuropsychological evaluation including cognitive testing and self-report measures. Nine FACT-Br items regarding cognition were combined to form the Cognitive Index (CI). Reliability of the CI was measured with Cronbach’s alpha. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating the CI with the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Cognitive Abilities-8 or PROMIS Cognitive Concerns-8. Discriminant validity was assessed by correlation of the CI with other FACT-Br indices and the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories (BDI, BAI). RESULTS Internal consistency within the CI was high (Cronbach’s a 0.864). The CI correlated strongly with the PROMIS-Abilities (r =.680; p< 0.001) and PROMIS-Concerns (r=.780; p< 0.001) indicating high convergent validity. Moderate correlations were observed between the CI and the physical and functional subscales of the FACT (r=.453 and .555), whereas correlations with the social and emotional functioning subscales were weaker (r=.381 and .325). The FACT-Br-CI correlated strongly with BDI (r=-.622) and more weakly with the BAI (r=-.344). Consistent with prior literature, the CI showed modest correlations with neuropsychological measures, including verbal memory encoding (r=.300), verbal fluency (r=.252) and a composite measure of cognition (r=.249; all p’s< .01). CONCLUSIONS The FACT-Br-CI is a reliable and valid measure of self-reported cognition. Studies that include the FACT-Br could be retrospectively analyzed to assess self-reported cognitive outcomes, enriching the information gained from prior research.

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Hamilton, Gillian, Sarah E. Harris, Gail Davies, David C. Liewald, Albert Tenesa, John M. Starr, David Porteous e Ian J. Deary. "Alzheimer's Disease Genes Are Associated with Measures of Cognitive Ageing in the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936". International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/505984.

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Alzheimer's disease patients have deficits in specific cognitive domains, and susceptibility genes for this disease may influence human cognition in nondemented individuals. To evaluate the role of Alzheimer's disease-linked genetic variation on cognition and normal cognitive ageing, we investigated two Scottish cohorts for which assessments in major cognitive domains are available: the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921 and the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1936, consisting of 505 and 998 individuals, respectively. 158 SNPs from eleven genes were evaluated. Single SNP analyses did not reveal any statistical association after correction for multiple testing. One haplotype fromTRAPPC6Awas associated with nonverbal reasoning in both cohorts and combined data sets. This haplotype explains a small proportion of the phenotypic variability (1.8%). These findings warrant further investigation as biological modifiers of cognitive ageing.

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