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1
Wang, Xian’en, Tingyu Hu, Junnian Song e Haiyan Duan. "Tracking Key Industrial Sectors for CO2 Mitigation through the Driving Effects: An Attribution Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 21 (7 novembre 2022): 14561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114561.
Abstract (sommario):
The heavy pressure to improve CO2 emission control in industry requires the identification of key sub-sectors and the clarification of how they mitigate CO2 emissions through various actions. Focusing on 30 Chinese provincial regions, this study quantifies the contribution of each industrial sector to regional CO2 mitigation by combining the logarithmic mean Divisia index with attribution analysis and extract the key sectors of CO2 mitigation for each region. Results indicate that during 2010–2019, significant emission reduction was achieved through energy intensity (74%) in Beijing, while emission reductions were attained through industrial structure changes for Anhui (50%), Henan (45%), and Chongqing (45%). The contribution to emission reduction through energy structures is not significant. The production and supply of power and heat (PSPH) is a central factor in CO2 mitigation through all three inhibitive factors. Petroleum processing and coking (PPC) generally contributes to emission reduction through energy structures, while the smelting and pressing of ferrous metals (SPMF) through changes in industrial structures and energy intensity. PSPH and SPMF, in most regions, have not achieved the emission peak. Except in the case of coal mining and dressing (CMD), CO2 emissions in other key sectors have almost been decoupled from industrial development. CMD effectively promotes CO2 mitigation in Anhui, Henan, and Hunan, with larger contribution of PPC in Tianjin, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, and that of smelting and pressing of nonferrous metals in Yunnan and Guangxi. The findings help to better identify key sectors across regions that can mitigate CO2 emissions, while analyzing the critical emission characteristics of these sectors, which can provide references to formulating region- and sector-specific CO2 mitigation measures for regions at different levels of development.
2
Untari, Edy H. P. Melmambessy e David Oscar Simatupang. "Carbon Emissions And Mitigation Actions In Merauke". E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187302009.
Abstract (sommario):
Merauke district is one of the areas developing still need clearing land required for the expansion of farming land, Plantations and land clearing to a new settlement.Using forward looking method, Clearing land for the benefit of development produce carbon emissions. Carbon emissions 2014 to 2025 of 40.4 million tons CO2-eq with a total emission clean 20.7 tons CO2-eq. While carbon emissions Merauke in 2030 decreased to 37.3 million tons CO2-eq with a total emission clean of 15.4 million tons CO2-eq. To reduce carbon emissions, Merauke do 6 action plan mitigation in unit agricultural planning wetlands and agriculture dry land, production forest, natural heritage land, an absorbing area, mangrove forests and plantation.The carbon emissions reduction in 2030 namely 15.41 % equivalent to 51.5 million tons CO2-eq decline emissions from 6 mitigation action.
3
Sosulski, Tomasz, Tomasz Niedziński, Tamara Jadczyszyn e Magdalena Szymańska. "Influence of Reduced Tillage, Fertilizer Placement, and Soil Afforestation on CO2 Emission from Arable Sandy Soils". Agronomy 12, n. 12 (7 dicembre 2022): 3102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123102.
Abstract (sommario):
Extreme meteorological phenomena resulting from climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) require the implementation of CO2 mitigation practices from various industries, including agriculture. Owing to varying soil, climatic, and agrotechnical characteristics, they may have different efficiencies in mitigating soil CO2 emissions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three mitigation practices (reduced tillage, deep fertilizer placement, and soil afforestation) on CO2 emissions from sandy soils in Central and Eastern Europe allowing the prediction of the mitigation effectiveness of these methods. The average soil CO2-C flux under a moldboard plow system ranged from 218.4 ± 108.4 to 263.7 ± 176.6 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1 and under a reduced tillage system ranged from 169.7 ± 118.7 to 163.6 ± 115.2 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1 in a year with normal meteorological conditions and under extreme drought conditions, respectively. In the dry growing season, similar amounts of CO2-C were released from the soil fertilized to the soil surface and after mineral fertilizers application at a depth of 10 cm and 20 cm (133.7 ± 155.8, 132.0 ± 147.5 and 131.0 ± 148.1 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1, respectively). Meanwhile, from the forest soil, the average CO2-C emission in the dry growing season was 123.3 ± 79 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1. The obtained results revealed that reduced tillage on sandy soil allowed for reduced CO2 emissions from the soil by 28.7–61.2% in normal and drought weather, respectively. Under drought conditions, deep fertilizer placement did not reduce CO2 emissions from sandy soil, and CO2 emissions from forest soils were even higher than from arable soils.
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Habib, Ghulam. "Estimation and mitigation of GHG emissions from ruminant livestock in Pakistan". Animal Production Science 59, n. 8 (2019): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17743.
Abstract (sommario):
The study examined baseline emissions of greenhouse gases from ruminant livestock in Pakistan for the year 2014 and evaluated feasible interventions for mitigating the sector emissions. Total emissions (as CO2-equivalents) from livestock supply chain from cradle to farm gate were estimated at 431007 × 103 t. Major part (77%) of the emissions was produced by the mixed system and the remaining 23% was contributed by the grazing system. Methane emissions were 62.5% of the total emissions, followed by N2O at 29.4% and CO2 at 8.1%. Bulk of milk (87.6%) and meat (59.4%) was produced by the mixed system, which was associated with three-fold higher emissions at 332248 × 103 t than when they were produced by the grazing system. The emission intensity (kg CO2-eq/kg protein) of milk and meat averaged 183.4 and 443.2 respectively, and ranked higher than the global average values. Buffaloes were responsible for the major proportion of emissions, followed by cattle. Average emissions per animal in buffalo, cattle, sheep and goat were 4.27, 3.27, 0.28 and 0.25 t CO2-eq/year respectively. The emission intensities (kg CO2-eq/kg commodity protein) of both milk and meat remained lower in cattle than buffalo and were calculated as 166.1 and 299.7 in cattle and 189.5 and 527.9 in buffaloes respectively. The carbon footprint of milk and meat in sheep and goats also remained high and averaged 189.0 and 472.6 kg CO2-eq/kg protein respectively. Overall, the emission intensity of meat was slightly higher in the grazing system than mixed system, but remained much higher in non-dairy herds than in dairy herds (1006.6 vs 46.6 kg CO2-eq/kg meat protein). Interventions such as improving diet quality through increased fodder supply, vaccination for adequate health control and genetic improvement reduced emission intensities of milk (kg CO2-eq/kg protein), varying from 20.3% to 36.8% compared with the baseline in dairy cows and buffaloes and this was associated with a positive productivity outcome of enhanced milk production by 25–50%. More significant reduction in emission intensities of milk between 48.1% and 53.1%, together with a 100% increase in milk yield above baseline, resulted from combined application of the three interventions as a single package.
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Zhang, Caiqing, Mi Zhang e Nan Zhang. "Identifying the Determinants of CO2 Emission Change in China’s Power Sector". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2626418.
Abstract (sommario):
Power sector is significantly important for China to achieve the CO2 emission reduction targets. In this study, we analyze the features of CO2 emissions and environment effect in China’s power sector, investigate the driving factors of CO2 emission change based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, and evaluate the mitigation potential of CO2 emissions in China’s power sector. Results show that CO2 emissions in China’s power sector increased rapidly from 492.00 Mt in 1990 to 3049.88 Mt in 2014 while CO2 emission intensity experienced an unsteady downward trend during the study period. Industrial scale effect is the key contributor to CO2 emission growth in China’s power sector, and its contribution degree reaches 123.97%. Energy intensity effect contributes most to the decrease in CO2 emissions, with a contribution degree of −20.01%. Capital productivity effect is another important factor leading to CO2 emissions increase. The aggregate CO2 emission reduction would reach 17973.86 million tons (Mt) during 2015–2030 in the ideal emission reduction scenario. Finally, policy recommendations are made for future energy-saving and CO2 emission reduction in China’s power sector.
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Wang, Xianen, Baoyang Qin, Hanning Wang, Xize Dong e Haiyan Duan. "Carbon Mitigation Pathways of Urban Transportation under Cold Climatic Conditions". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 8 (11 aprile 2022): 4570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084570.
Abstract (sommario):
Climate heterogeneity has enormous impacts on CO2 emissions of the transportation sector, especially in cold regions where the demand for in-car heating and anti-skid measures leads to high energy consumption, and the penetration rate of electric vehicles is low. It entails to propose targeted emission reduction measures in cold regions for peaking CO2 emissions as soon as possible. This paper constructs an integrated long-range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP) model that incorporates multi-transportation modes and multi-energy types to predict the CO2 emission trend of the urban transportation sector in a typical cold province of China. Five scenarios are set based on distinct level emission control for simulating the future trends during 2017–2050. The results indicate that the peak value is 704.7–742.1 thousand metric tons (TMT), and the peak time is 2023–2035. Energy-saving–low-carbon scenario (ELS) is the optimal scenario with the peak value of 716.6 TMT in 2028. Energy intensity plays a dominant role in increasing CO2 emissions of the urban transportation sector. Under ELS, CO2 emissions can be reduced by 68.66%, 6.56% and 1.38% through decreasing energy intensity, increasing the proportion of public transportation and reducing the proportion of fossil fuels, respectively. Simultaneously, this study provides practical reference for other cold regions to formulate CO2 reduction roadmaps.
7
Hong, Yijun, Huijuan Cui, Junhu Dai e Quansheng Ge. "Estimating the Cost of Biofuel Use to Mitigate International Air Transport Emissions: A Case Study in Palau and Seychelles". Sustainability 11, n. 13 (27 giugno 2019): 3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133545.
Abstract (sommario):
International air transport is one of the fast-growing sources of CO2 emissions. However, it has always been omitted from the international emission mitigation pledges. The delayed mitigation process in this area may slow down the process of global CO2 emission control. In this article, we evaluated the potential to realize the emission mitigation targets in air transport through biofuel and estimated the corresponding cost. The emission from international air transport of Palau and Seychelles was taken as the example. Then, the emission caused by each airline to these two islands was calculated by the distance-based method, with information of the travelers’ arrival data, fuel consumption of different aircraft types, routes, and aircraft seat data. Future scenarios with and without commitment to CO2 mitigation targets were predicted to evaluate the emission difference. Then, we estimated the amount of biofuel required to fill the emission gap, and the corresponding cost based on the future biofuel price prediction. The results show that distance is the determining factor of international air transport emission per capita. The component of origin can decrease the aggregated emission per capita to small island destinations by 0.5–2%. The accumulated emission gaps are 3.15 Mt and 9 Mt for Palau and Seychelles, which indicates that 7.64 and 19.34 Mb of biofuel are needed for emission mitigation, respectively. The corresponding costs are $27–163 million and $72–424 million per year.
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Panepinto, Deborah, Vincenzo A. Riggio e Mariachiara Zanetti. "Analysis of the Emergent Climate Change Mitigation Technologies". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 13 (24 giugno 2021): 6767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136767.
Abstract (sommario):
A climate change mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases. Mitigation can mean using new technologies and renewable energies, making older equipment more energy efficient, or changing management practices or consumer behavior. The mitigation technologies are able to reduce or absorb the greenhouse gases (GHG) and, in particular, the CO2 present in the atmosphere. The CO2 is a persistent atmospheric gas. It seems increasingly likely that concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will overshoot the 450 ppm CO2 target, widely seen as the upper limit of concentrations consistent with limiting the increase in global mean temperature from pre-industrial levels to around 2 °C. In order to stay well below to the 2 °C temperature thus compared to the pre-industrial level as required to the Paris Agreement it is necessary that in the future we will obtain a low (or better zero) emissions and it is also necessary that we will absorb a quantity of CO2 from the atmosphere, by 2070, equal to 10 Gt/y. In order to obtain this last point, so in order to absorb an amount of CO2 equal to about 10 Gt/y, it is necessary the implementation of the negative emission technologies. The negative emission technologies are technologies able to absorb the CO2 from the atmosphere. The aim of this work is to perform a detailed overview of the main mitigation technologies possibilities currently developed and, in particular, an analysis of an emergent negative emission technology: the microalgae massive cultivation for CO2 biofixation.
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Malahayati, Marissa, e Toshihiko Masui. "Challenges in Implementing Emission Mitigation Technologies in Indonesia Agricultural Sector: Criticizing the Available Mitigation Technologies". Open Agriculture 3, n. 1 (1 marzo 2018): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0006.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions in the agricultural sector is the main target for reducing non-CO2 emissions. In Indonesia, the agricultural sector is the third largest GHG emitter, far behind that from Land Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) and the energy sector. However, the agricultural sector is the biggest contributor of non-CO2 emissions and is also the most vulnerable sector to climate change. The Indonesian government is committed to reduce total emission inform current levels by 29% by 2030 under Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). This will require reductions in emissions from all sectors including agriculture. Several mitigation technologies have been recommended by UNFCCC for implementation such as replacing urea with ammonium sulfate fertilizer; replacing nitrogen fertilizer with multicontent fertilizer; water irrigation management; replacing roughage with concentrate as livestock feed; and building biogas digesters. From our Computer General Equilibrium (CGE) simulation, if the focus of mitigation technology implementation in agriculture is to reduce non-CO2 emissions gases such as CH4 and N2O, then a comprehensive approach is needed. If the government implements the technology partially, we predict there will be a trade-off between CH4 and N2O emission. However, our simulation shows the loss to GDP caused by a new emission mitigation policy is very high even though Indonesia has invested for mitigation technology in agriculture. This is because we consider the additional investment needed will be costly and some technologies may not be suitable for implementation in Indonesia. In this research, we review current literature and examine each technology and its cost and compatibility with Indonesian situations in order to make policy recommendations for implementation by the Indonesia government.
10
Ahmed Ali, Khozema, Mardiana Idayu Ahmad e Yusri Yusup. "Issues, Impacts, and Mitigations of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Building Sector". Sustainability 12, n. 18 (10 settembre 2020): 7427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187427.
Abstract (sommario):
Climate change has become a considerable concern for humanity during this anthropocentric era. Scientists believe that the rate of global warming and climate change varies directly with the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. Urbanization is happening at a higher rate in this era than in any other generation. It was reported that the building sector plays a critical role in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Construction of buildings, operation, and utilization of the built environment has led to emissions of a large number of CO2 into the ambient air. Various issues and challenges arise from the building sector in reducing CO2 emissions. The exploitation of non-renewable energy resources, poor building design, and lack of sustainability consideration in urbanization has been holding back CO2 emission mitigation measures in the building sector. Therefore, CO2 emission mitigation plans and schemes are necessary alongside standardized frameworks and guidelines. The strategies to reduce CO2 in the building sector are enforcing standards and policy, conducting impact assessment, adopting low carbon technology, and restricting energy utilization. All stakeholders must play their roles efficiently to reduce CO2 emissions and aid in the fight against climate change.
11
Alda Erfian, Arie Dipareza Syafei e Fathiah Binti Mohamed Zuki. "Penentuan Beban Emisi Karbon Dioksida PLTU Batubara Pulau Jawa dari Hasil Pengukuran CEMS". Jurnal Serambi Engineering 9, n. 1 (13 gennaio 2024): 8087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32672/jse.v9i1.828.
Abstract (sommario):
Climate change is a real phenomenon that occurs and is felt by all living things that live on earth. The increase in earth's surface temperature is one of the impacts of climate change that continues to occur and has the potential to threaten the sustainability of human life. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas that exacerbates this condition. One of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions comes from the energy sector, namely coal-fired power plants (CFPP). Java Island has CFPP’s with the largest total installed capacity in Indonesia, even the capacity will continue to be added by 8,5 GW or 39,4% until 2030. In its operation, the CFPPs have an air emission measuring device before being discharged into the atmosphere which works continuously called the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). To be able to take appropriate climate change mitigation and adaptation steps, CO2 emission load data that has high accuracy and is analyzed directly is needed. The CO2 emission load generated from 20 CFPP units as the object of research is 88,56 million tons of CO2/year. The greater the generating capacity, the greater the CO2 emissions produced. The higher the quality of coal used, the lower the CO2 emissions tend to be. To support global efforts to combat climate change, mitigation actions are needed to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.
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Neumann, Katharina. "The Forgotten Sector: Establishing the Need for Stronger Regulation of Livestock Emissions in the European Union – An Emergency Law Perspective". LSE Law Review 8, n. 3 (13 marzo 2023): 396–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.61315/lselr.484.
Abstract (sommario):
The current EU emission mitigation framework manifests the narrative that CO2 emissions are the predominant source of anthropogenic climate change. However, this approach fails to acknowledge the intense impact that non-CO2 GHG, primarily from animal agriculture, has on global warming. This paper establishes the near exemption that livestock emissions are given within EU climate change policies, leading to inherently inadequate mitigation efforts. Although climate emergency declarations are continuously cited as efficient tools to break governments’ complacency regarding climate policy through normative force, an investigation of the European Parliament’s Climate Emergency Declaration suggests that the EU failed to exploit the potential of its climate emergency declaration as it maintains livestock emissions’ free pass within its current emission mitigation framework. The paper proposes sectoral emergency intervention as an alternative to the current climate emergency declaration to incite necessary climate action in the livestock sector.
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Mamatok, Yuliya, Yingyi Huang, Chun Jin e Xingqun Cheng. "A System Dynamics Model for CO2 Mitigation Strategies at a Container Seaport". Sustainability 11, n. 10 (16 maggio 2019): 2806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102806.
Abstract (sommario):
With the rapid development of the container shipping industry, the mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from container seaport activities have become an urgent problem. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate dynamic problems in mitigation strategies at a container seaport. As a result, a system dynamics model for CO2 mitigation strategies at a container seaport was established. Three methods were combined to construct the system dynamics model: the activity-based method to estimate CO2 emissions; the representation of a container seaport as a system with several sub-systems; the system dynamics modeling for strategic decision-making in CO2 mitigation strategies. The key model component was the amount of CO2 emissions produced by container seaport activities. The other components represented container seaport operations and the main spots of CO2 concentration at berth, yard, gates, and region areas. Several CO2 mitigation strategies were included in the model to be simulated. The real case of Qingdao Port in China was used to simulate the scenarios of the current situation with CO2 emission amounts and the increasing container throughput. The other scenarios demonstrate the effects from CO2 mitigation strategies, such as operating time optimization, spatial measures, equipment modernization, and modal shift. The obtained results enable container seaport executives to evaluate which mitigation scenario is more effective for every container seaport area. The system dynamics model serves as a useful decision-making mechanism providing flexibility and variability in strategic planning.
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Mathieu, P. "MITIGATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS USING LOW AND NEAR ZERO CO2 EMISSION POWER PLANTS". Clean Air: International Journal on Energy for a Clean Environment 4, n. 1 (2003): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjenercleanenv.v4.i1.20.
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Xiaoping, Zhu, Stanisław Baran, Wojciech Cel e Yucheng Cao. "Sustainable Approach to Mitigation of CO2 Emission". Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, n. 4 (2 febbraio 2015): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2014-0044.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The discussion about greenhouse gases emission mitigation focuses on the reduction of fossil fuels usage, which is extremely costly from the economic and social viewpoint. The analyses of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in the environment showed that intensifying natural photosynthesis and respiration process may significantly contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases emission. It has been proven that the intensity of photosynthesis in land ecosystems could compensate for the increase of CO2 emission from anthropological sources.
16
Zhao, Tian, e Zhixin Liu. "Drivers of CO2 Emissions: A Debt Perspective". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 3 (6 febbraio 2022): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031847.
Abstract (sommario):
CO2 emissions and debt accumulation are twin threats to sustainable development. To fill the gap that few studies can untangle the reasons behind CO2 emissions from the debt perspective, we illustrate debt can cause CO2 emissions through various channels. We then examined how debt-based drivers impact emission trajectories. We use the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method to decompose the emission changes into five factors. We make decomposition analyses between different country groups to identify their respective characteristics. Further, to investigate the potential financial crisis impacts, we consider the full period 2001–2019 and two sub-periods (pre- and post-2008). The results show that the gross domestic product (GDP) is always the biggest contributor to emissions, whose effect on advanced economies saw a bigger decrease after 2008 than that on emerging economies. Debt–GDP is second only to GDP in contributing to emissions. It has a similar impact on emissions before and after 2008 for advanced economies, while it rockets after 2008 for emerging economies. Private debt financing of fossil fuels is the prominent inhibitor for both economies, especially for emerging economies. It has a stronger mitigation impact after 2008 than before for emerging economies, while has the opposite change for advanced economies. Debt structure and fossil CO2 intensity have relatively smaller effects on emissions. The crisis is an opportunity to promote low-carbon development. Since the COVID-19 pandemic is analogous to the 2008 crisis in terms of debt level and emission change, we provide recommendations for emission mitigation in the post-pandemic context.
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Verma, Ram Lal, e Guilberto Borongan. "Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Ho Chi Minh City of Viet Nam". Urban Science 6, n. 4 (7 novembre 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci6040078.
Abstract (sommario):
Accurate estimation of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is required for making effective climate change mitigation policies at the national level. Among major sources, municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important source of GHGs, such as methane (CH4), generated during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. In Viet Nam, the emissions of GHGs are not well quantified, in particular from the MSW management system. In this study, we estimated emissions of GHGs from the MSW management system of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), considering the current waste management practices. In HCMC, landfilling has been a common practice of solid waste management. About 85 percent of the total MSW generated in the city has been landfilled at two landfill sites. Our estimates show that landfilling was the significant source of GHGs in HCMC, with a net contribution of 781.05 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq.) per tonne of MSW landfilled. From the whole MSW management system, the direct GHG emission was 768.61 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) with avoided emissions of 72.47 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) through composting and recycling of MSW. The net GHG emission from the MSW management system was 696.14 kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW (≈1.665 million tonnes of CO2-eq. per year). The GHG emission data of this study may be useful to policymakers for making effective climate change mitigation policies.
18
Liu, Chao, Sen Huang, Peng Xu e Zhong-ren Peng. "Exploring an integrated urban carbon dioxide (CO2) emission model and mitigation plan for new cities". Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, n. 5 (18 gennaio 2017): 821–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516686972.
Abstract (sommario):
Mitigating carbon emission efforts in urban planning and design phase have become increasingly popular due to climate change. However, it is difficult to verify whether the carbon mitigation target could be achieved for a new city in the absence of quantitative analysis methods. About 100 new cities have emerged every year in the past decades, yet few of them employed low carbon strategies within proper prediction methods. In response, this paper offers an integrated analysis method of assessment and mitigation for urban carbon dioxide (CO2) of new cities. Building sector, transportation sector, and green land sector are considered as urban CO2 sources and sink. Life cycle analysis was employed in building sector to estimate its emissions. Based on the current and predicted emission data, a mitigation goal was then set and allocated efficiently through different sectors. To elaborate on this process, a case study of Shanghai Lingang New City was presented. The urban low carbon roadmap was planned and a variety of recommendations concerning policy were offered to assist the local government and policy makers in order to achieve the low carbon development goal as well.
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Raupach, M. R., M. Gloor, J. L. Sarmiento, J. G. Canadell, T. L. Frölicher, T. Gasser, R. A. Houghton, C. Le Quéré e C. M. Trudinger. "The declining uptake rate of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> by land and ocean sinks". Biogeosciences Discussions 10, n. 11 (27 novembre 2013): 18407–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-18407-2013.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. Through 1959–2012, an airborne fraction (AF) of 44% of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions remained in the atmosphere, with the rest being taken up by land and ocean CO2 sinks. Understanding of this uptake is critical because it greatly alleviates the emissions reductions required for climate mitigation. An observable quantity that reflects sink properties more directly than the AF is the CO2 sink rate (kS), the combined land-ocean CO2 sink flux per unit excess atmospheric CO2 above preindustrial levels. Here we show from observations that kS declined over 1959–2012 by a factor of about 1 / 3, implying that CO2 sinks increased more slowly than excess CO2. We attribute the decline in kS to four mechanisms: slower-than-exponential CO2 emissions growth (~ 35% of the trend), volcanic eruptions (~ 25%), sink responses to climate change (~ 20%), and nonlinear responses to increasing CO2, mainly oceanic (~ 20%). The first of these mechanisms is associated purely with extrinsic forcings, and the last two with intrinsic, nonlinear responses of sink processes to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Our results indicate that the effects of these intrinsic, nonlinear responses are already detectable in the global carbon cycle. Although continuing future decreases in kS will occur under all plausible CO2 emission scenarios, the rate of decline varies between scenarios in non-intuitive ways because extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms respond in opposite ways to changes in emissions: extrinsic mechanisms cause kS to decline more strongly with increasing mitigation, while intrinsic mechanisms cause kS to decline more strongly under high-emission, low-mitigation scenarios as the carbon–climate system is perturbed further from a~near-linear regime.
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Beck, Matthew R., e Logan Thompson. "20 Methane Accounting and Its Importance to the Beef industry’s Implied Contribution to Climate Warming". Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_3 (6 novembre 2023): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.110.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract At 27% of U.S. methane (CH4) emissions (3% of U.S. total emissions), enteric CH4 emissions represent the largest source of U.S. CH4 emissions, surpassing natural gas systems according to the latest report from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Total manure CH4 emissions represent 1% of total U.S. emissions. Enteric and manure CH4 emissions from the beef industry represent 2.1% and 0.03%, respectively, of U.S. total emissions. These contributions of CH4 emissions to total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are determined by relating CH4 emissions to a carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent basis (CO2-e) by multiplying the amount of CH4 emissions by its global warming potential (EPA uses 25 for CH4 on a 100-y basis; GWP100). The GWP100 method was adopted following the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and ever since this time its appropriateness for short-lived climate forcers (SLCF; e.g., CH4 has a 12-y atmospheric lifespan) has been debated. This debate exists because GWP100 is a misnomer, as it is known to have no relationship with the contribution of a gas to warming. Since CH4 is a SLCF, when emission rates are decreasing there is a decreasing concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere. To account for SLCF, an alternative accounting methodology, termed GWP-star (GWP*), has been proposed to convert SLCF to a CO2-warming equivalence (CO2-we). The CO2-we values from GWP* methodology has been demonstrated to closely relate to warming contributions compared with the CO2-e value from the GWP100 method. Applying the GWP* metric to enteric and manure CH4 emissions from the beef industry reduces the implied contribution to climate warming of these emission sources by 92% and 62%, on average from 2010-2020, respectively, compared with the GWP100 methodology. There are currently promising mitigation technologies emerging for mitigating enteric CH4 emission. For example 3-nitrooxypropanol may reduce enteric CH4 by 30% and Asparagopsis seaweed may reduce it by 80%. We explored the effects of these technologies on CO2-we if they had 100% adoption by the beef industry and if these mitigation potentials were consistent across all production systems (admittedly a big assumption). Both technologies would result in negative CO2-we for 20-y, after which a new baseline would be achieved and the CH4 emissions would begin contributing to warming again (i.e., accumulating CH4 in the atmosphere). During the 20-y of net-cooling, a 30% and 80% reduction in enteric CH4 would result in -143 (3% of U.S. total CO2 emissions) and -461 (10% of U.S. total CO2 emissions) million metric tons of CO2-we/y, respectively. Ultimately, adopting GWP* not only provides estimates that actually relate to contributions to climate warming, therefore providing a more appropriate metric than what is currently used, but also provides a means for the beef industry to leverage mitigation strategies to be a solution for climate change.
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Raupach, M. R., M. Gloor, J. L. Sarmiento, J. G. Canadell, T. L. Frölicher, T. Gasser, R. A. Houghton, C. Le Quéré e C. M. Trudinger. "The declining uptake rate of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> by land and ocean sinks". Biogeosciences 11, n. 13 (2 luglio 2014): 3453–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3453-2014.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. Through 1959–2012, an airborne fraction (AF) of 0.44 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions remained in the atmosphere, with the rest being taken up by land and ocean CO2 sinks. Understanding of this uptake is critical because it greatly alleviates the emissions reductions required for climate mitigation, and also reduces the risks and damages that adaptation has to embrace. An observable quantity that reflects sink properties more directly than the AF is the CO2 sink rate (kS), the combined land–ocean CO2 sink flux per unit excess atmospheric CO2 above preindustrial levels. Here we show from observations that kS declined over 1959–2012 by a factor of about 1 / 3, implying that CO2 sinks increased more slowly than excess CO2. Using a carbon–climate model, we attribute the decline in kS to four mechanisms: slower-than-exponential CO2 emissions growth (~ 35% of the trend), volcanic eruptions (~ 25%), sink responses to climate change (~ 20%), and nonlinear responses to increasing CO2, mainly oceanic (~ 20%). The first of these mechanisms is associated purely with the trajectory of extrinsic forcing, and the last two with intrinsic, feedback responses of sink processes to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2. Our results suggest that the effects of these intrinsic, nonlinear responses are already detectable in the global carbon cycle. Although continuing future decreases in kS will occur under all plausible CO2 emission scenarios, the rate of decline varies between scenarios in non-intuitive ways because extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms respond in opposite ways to changes in emissions: extrinsic mechanisms cause kS to decline more strongly with increasing mitigation, while intrinsic mechanisms cause kS to decline more strongly under high-emission, low-mitigation scenarios as the carbon–climate system is perturbed further from a near-linear regime.
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Al Hasibi, Rahmat Adiprasetya. "The Analysis of CO2 Emission Reduction Scenarios in Industry Sector of Yogyakarta Province of Indonesia". Semesta Teknika 14, n. 1 (16 dicembre 2015): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/st.v14i1.568.
Abstract (sommario):
The final energy demand and energy-related CO2 emission in industrial sector of Yogyakarta Province were analyzed in this study. The potential of energy saving and reduction of CO2 emission were estimated. The analysis was based on energy model. The model was constructed by LEAP model that describe the pattern of energy demand in industrial sector. Energy modeling and scenario analysis were used to simulate the impacts of various policies in energy demand and CO2 emission. Three scenarios were implemented in the model. Initially, the model was developed under business as usual (BAU) scenario that include current situation of energy-related activity in industrial sector. 2008 was selected as base year with projection period was terminated in 2025. Then, two alternative scenarios were developed that focus on energy efficiency improvement (EE scenario) and fuel switching to cleaner fuel (FS scenario). The two alternative scenarios were integrated into mitigation scenario. The result of alternative and mitigation scenario compare to BAU scenario in term of the final energy demand and energy-related CO2 emission. The result of the model showed the potential of energy saving by implementing mitigation scenario is 24.16% compare to BAU scenario. The expected reduction of CO2 emission under mitigation scenario is 20.22% compare to BAU scenario.
23
Sargent, Maryann, Yanina Barrera, Thomas Nehrkorn, Lucy R. Hutyra, Conor K. Gately, Taylor Jones, Kathryn McKain et al. "Anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 fluxes in the Boston urban region". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n. 29 (2 luglio 2018): 7491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803715115.
Abstract (sommario):
With the pending withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Accord, cities are now leading US actions toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Implementing effective mitigation strategies requires the ability to measure and track emissions over time and at various scales. We report CO2 emissions in the Boston, MA, urban region from September 2013 to December 2014 based on atmospheric observations in an inverse model framework. Continuous atmospheric measurements of CO2 from five sites in and around Boston were combined with a high-resolution bottom-up CO2 emission inventory and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to determine regional emissions. Our model−measurement framework incorporates emissions estimates from submodels for both anthropogenic and biological CO2 fluxes, and development of a CO2 concentration curtain at the boundary of the study region based on a combination of tower measurements and modeled vertical concentration gradients. We demonstrate that an emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution and the inclusion of urban biological fluxes are both essential to accurately modeling annual CO2 fluxes using surface measurement networks. We calculated annual average emissions in the Boston region of 0.92 kg C·m−2·y−1 (95% confidence interval: 0.79 to 1.06), which is 14% higher than the Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions System inventory. Based on the capability of the model−measurement approach demonstrated here, our framework should be able to detect changes in CO2 emissions of greater than 18%, providing stakeholders with critical information to assess mitigation efforts in Boston and surrounding areas.
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Fiehn, Alina, Julian Kostinek, Maximilian Eckl, Theresa Klausner, Michał Gałkowski, Jinxuan Chen, Christoph Gerbig et al. "Estimating CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> and CO emissions from coal mining and industrial activities in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin using an aircraft-based mass balance approach". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, n. 21 (3 novembre 2020): 12675–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12675-2020.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. A severe reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to reach the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The implementation and continuous evaluation of mitigation measures requires regular independent information on emissions of the two main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Our aim is to employ an observation-based method to determine regional-scale greenhouse gas emission estimates with high accuracy. We use aircraft- and ground-based in situ observations of CH4, CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), and wind speed from two research flights over the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Poland, in summer 2018. The flights were performed as a part of the Carbon Dioxide and Methane (CoMet) mission above this European CH4 emission hot-spot region. A kriging algorithm interpolates the observed concentrations between the downwind transects of the trace gas plume, and then the mass flux through this plane is calculated. Finally, statistic and systematic uncertainties are calculated from measurement uncertainties and through several sensitivity tests, respectively. For the two selected flights, the in-situ-derived annual CH4 emission estimates are 13.8±4.3 and 15.1±4.0 kg s−1, which are well within the range of emission inventories. The regional emission estimates of CO2, which were determined to be 1.21±0.75 and 1.12±0.38 t s−1, are in the lower range of emission inventories. CO mass balance emissions of 10.1±3.6 and 10.7±4.4 kg s−1 for the USCB are slightly higher than the emission inventory values. The CH4 emission estimate has a relative error of 26 %–31 %, the CO2 estimate of 37 %–62 %, and the CO estimate of 36 %–41 %. These errors mainly result from the uncertainty of atmospheric background mole fractions and the changing planetary boundary layer height during the morning flight. In the case of CO2, biospheric fluxes also add to the uncertainty and hamper the assessment of emission inventories. These emission estimates characterize the USCB and help to verify emission inventories and develop climate mitigation strategies.
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Pan, Jun, Yuanqiu Liu, Xinyue Yuan, Junyi Xie, Jiehui Niu, Haifu Fang, Baihui Wang et al. "Root Litter Mixing with That of Japanese Cedar Altered CO2 Emissions from Moso Bamboo Forest Soil". Forests 11, n. 3 (21 marzo 2020): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030356.
Abstract (sommario):
Research Highlights: This study examined the effect of mixing fine roots of Japanese cedar with moso bamboo on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with nitrogen (N) addition treatment. Background and Objectives: Moso bamboo expansion into adjacent forests and N deposition are common in subtropical China. The effects of litter input on soil CO2 emissions, especially fine root litter input, are crucial to evaluate contribution of moso bamboo expansion on greenhouse gas emissions. Materials and Methods: An in situ study over 12 months was conducted to examine mixing fine roots of Japanese cedar with moso bamboo on soil CO2 emissions with simulated N deposition. Results: Fine root litter input of Japanese cedar and moso bamboo both impacted soil CO2 emission rates, with mixed litter, positively impact soil CO2 emission rate with N addition treatment. Moso bamboo fine root litter input decreased the sensitivity of soil CO2 emission rate to soil temperature. Conclusions: The encroachment of moso bamboo into adjacent forests might benefit soil C sequestration under warming climate, which will also benefit the mitigation of global climate change.
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Obiora, Sandra Chukwudumebi, Muhammad Abid, Olusola Bamisile e Juliana Hj Zaini. "Is Carbon Neutrality Attainable with Financial Sector Expansion in Various Economies? An Intrinsic Analysis of Economic Activity on CO2 Emissions". Sustainability 15, n. 9 (28 aprile 2023): 7364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097364.
Abstract (sommario):
The severe effects of climate change and its anticipated negative influence on the future of the globe has prompted more research into the attainment of carbon neutrality. While carbon neutrality is a paramount issue, human socio-economic well-being which is mostly influenced by economic activities cannot be overlooked. This study investigates the effect of financial sector activities on CO2 emission in five economic sectors and three economic bodies. The financial sector variables utilized are derived from the undertakings of institutions such as banks, stock exchanges, and insurance companies. Using a sample of 39 countries between 1989 and 2018, this paper provides a global perspective of the profound impact financial sector activities have in different economies on CO2 emission reduction. The feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) regression model, as well as the random and fixed effects model with regards to Durbin–Wu–Hausman, are used to analyze the data. The generalized method of moments (GMM) is also adopted as the robustness method. Our findings show that for emerging economies, all major activities of the financial sector aggravated CO2 emission levels in all major CO2 emitting economic sectors. The developing and developed economies also show a similar trend. In the emerging economies, virtually all activities carried out by the financial sector have a significant negative impact on CO2 emissions at the 1% or 5% significance level, thereby hampering CO2 emission mitigation efforts. However, increased long-term bank lending to non-major economic sectors is found to alleviate CO2 emissions in developing economies. This is also the situation with increased numbers of import insurance. Meanwhile, CO2 emissions are found to decrease with increased net portfolio investments and numbers of insurance on exports. These findings not only imply that financial sector activities play a fundamental role in CO2 emission mitigation but also serve as a reminder for financial policymakers that the decisions they make have an inevitable impact on the attainment of carbon neutrality in their economies.
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Jiang, Zheng, Shuohua Zhang e Wei Li. "Exploration of Urban Emission Mitigation Pathway under the Carbon Neutrality Target: A Case Study of Beijing, China". Sustainability 14, n. 21 (27 ottobre 2022): 14016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114016.
Abstract (sommario):
Exploring the urban carbon neutrality pathway is crucial to the overall achievement of the net-zero emissions target in China. Therefore, taking Beijing as a case study, this paper firstly analyzes the CO2 emission drivers by combining the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) and partial least squares (PLS) methods. Subsequently, based on the optimized extreme learning machine (ELM) model, this paper projects the CO2 emissions of Beijing during 2021–2060 under different scenarios. The results show that controlling the total energy consumption and increasing the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption and electrification level should be the key measures to implement emission reduction in Beijing. Particularly, the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption and electrification level should be increased to 65% and 73%, respectively, in 2060. In addition, more stringent emission reduction policies need to be implemented to achieve the carbon neutrality target. Under the H−EPS scenario, Beijing’s CO2 emissions peaked in 2010 and will be reduced by a cumulative 109 MtCO2 during 2021–2060. Along with executing emission mitigation policies, Beijing should actively increase carbon sinks and develop carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology. Especially after 2040, the emission reduction produced by carbon sinks and CCUS technology should be no less than 20 MtCO2 per year.
28
del Prado, Agustin, Brian Lindsay e Juan Tricarico. "Retrospective and projected warming-equivalent emissions from global livestock and cattle calculated with an alternative climate metric denoted GWP*". PLOS ONE 18, n. 10 (2 ottobre 2023): e0288341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288341.
Abstract (sommario):
Limiting warming by the end of the century to 1.5°C compared to pre-Industrial times requires reaching and sustaining net zero global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and declining radiative forcing from non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) sources such as methane (CH4). This implies eliminating CO2 emissions or balancing them with removals while mitigating CH4 emissions to reduce their radiative forcing over time. The global cattle sector (including Buffalo) mainly emits CH4 and N2O and will benefit from understanding the extent and speed of CH4 reductions necessary to align its mitigation ambitions with global temperature goals. This study explores the utility of an alternative usage of global warming potentials (GWP*) in combination with the Transient Climate Response to cumulative carbon Emissions (TCRE) to compare retrospective and projected climate impacts of global livestock emission pathways with other sectors (e.g. fossil fuel and land use change). To illustrate this, we estimated the amount and fraction of total warming attributable to direct CH4 livestock emissions from 1750 to 2019 using existing emissions datasets and projected their contributions to future warming under three historical and three future emission scenarios. These historical and projected estimates were transformed into cumulative CO2 equivalent (GWP100) and warming equivalent (GWP*) emissions that were multiplied by a TCRE coefficient to express induced warming as globally averaged surface temperature change. In general, temperature change estimates from this study are comparable to those obtained from other climate models. Sustained annual reductions in CH4 emissions of 0.32% by the global cattle sector would stabilize their future effect on global temperature while greater reductions would reverse historical past contributions to global warming by the sector in a similar fashion to increasing C sinks. The extent and speed with which CH4 mitigation interventions are introduced by the sector will determine the peak temperature achieved in the path to net-zero GHG.
29
Wen, Lei, e Fang Liu. "Spatial heterogeneity analysis of CO2 emissions in China’s thermal power industry: GWR model". E3S Web of Conferences 260 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126001005.
Abstract (sommario):
The thermal power industry is a major contributor to China's CO2 emissions, and its absolute emissions are still increasing year by year. Hence, this paper introduced a geographically weighted regression model to explore the spatial heterogeneity of different driving factors for this industry's CO2 emissions. The empirical results show that standard coal consumption is a decisive factor affecting thermal power industry's CO2 emissions, and its response to the western region is at the forefront. The average utilization hours of thermal power equipment in the central region exert a profound impact, while the western region devotes a lot to the installed capacity, and these two variables have great potential for CO2 emission mitigation. However, the urbanization level and per capita electricity consumption have a slight effect on CO2 emissions. These findings furnish constructive reference and policy implications to achieve emission abatement targets of different regions.
30
Ni, Wenli, Xiurong Hu, Hongyang Du, Yulin Kang, Yi Ju e Qunwei Wang. "CO2 emission-mitigation pathways for China's data centers". Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202 (gennaio 2024): 107383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107383.
31
Parthasarathi, Theivasigamani, Koothan Vanitha, Sendass Mohandass e Eli Vered. "Mitigation of methane gas emission in rice by drip irrigation". F1000Research 8 (28 novembre 2019): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20945.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Background: Rice farming faces major challenges, including water limitation, drought and climate change in the current scenario of agriculture. Among the innovative water-saving techniques, drip irrigation is a forerunner, with maximized water-saving potential, increased grain yield and methane mitigation. Methods: A field experiment was conducted comprising four different drip irrigation practices: (i) sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) with 1.0 litre per hour (lph) discharge rate emitters (DRE) (SDI+1.0 lph DRE) (ii) SDI+0.6 lph DRE, (iii) surface drip irrigation (DI) with 1.0 lph discharge rate emitters (DI+1.0 lph DRE), (iv) DI+0.6 lph DRE and were compared with (v) a conventional flood aerobic irrigation (considered conventional). Results: The estimated grain yield of rice was found to be 23.5%, 20.3%, and 15.1% higher under SDI+1.0 lph DRE, SDI+0.6 lph DRE and DI+1.0 lph DRE practices, respectively, than the conventional method. A water saving of 23.3% was also observed for all drip practices compared with conventional practices. Seasonal methane emission flux declined 78.0% in the drip methods over the conventional irrigation: better mitigation than previously reported values (alternate wetting and drying (47.5%) and system of rice intensification (29.0%) practices). Continuous soil aeration and enhanced soil methanotrophs (P<0.05) limit the peak methane emission in rice during the flowering phase in drip irrigation, which is reflected in the methane emission flux values. Consequently, the equivalent CO2 (CO2-eq) emissions and yield-scaled CO2 eq-emission were found to be significantly lower in SDI (43.8% and 49.5%, respectively), and DI (25.1% and 26.7%, respectively) methods as compared with the conventional that ensures better methane mitigation and future climate-smart rice production systems. Conclusions: Drip irrigation could reduce the cumulative methane emission in aerobically grown rice. SDI + 1.0 lph DRE practice can be applied in areas with inadequate water availability and effective in reducing the CO2-eq emission with better yield than conventional.
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Tong, Xinhua, Shurui Guo, Haiyan Duan, Zhiyuan Duan, Chang Gao e Wu Chen. "Carbon-Emission Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Growing and Shrinking Cities: Evidence from 280 Chinese Cities". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 4 (14 febbraio 2022): 2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042120.
Abstract (sommario):
The CO2 emission-mitigation policies adopted in different Chinese cities are important for achieving national emission-mitigation targets. China faces enormous inequalities in terms of regional economic development and urbanization, with some cities growing rapidly, while others are shrinking. This study selects 280 cities in China and divides them into two groups of growing cities and two groups of shrinking cities. This is achieved using an index called “urban development degree,” which is calculated based on economic, demographic, social, and land-use indicators. Then, the 280 cities’ CO2 emission characteristics are examined, and extended STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology) is used to verify the influencing factors. We find that rapidly growing cities (RGCs) present a trend of fluctuating growth in CO2 emissions, rapidly shrinking cities (RSCs) show an inverted U-shaped trend, and slightly growing (SGCs) and slightly shrinking cities (SSCs) show a trend of rising first, followed by steady development. Moreover, for growing cities, the population, economy, and proportion of tertiary industry have positive effects on carbon emissions, while technology has negative effects. For shrinking cities, the population and economy have significant positive effects on carbon emissions, while technology and the proportion of tertiary industry have negative effects.
33
Matthes, Sigrun, Ling Lim, Ulrike Burkhardt, Katrin Dahlmann, Simone Dietmüller, Volker Grewe, Amund S. Haslerud et al. "Mitigation of Non-CO2 Aviation’s Climate Impact by Changing Cruise Altitudes". Aerospace 8, n. 2 (31 gennaio 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8020036.
Abstract (sommario):
Aviation is seeking for ways to reduce its climate impact caused by CO2 emissions and non-CO2 effects. Operational measures which change overall flight altitude have the potential to reduce climate impact of individual effects, comprising CO2 but in particular non-CO2 effects. We study the impact of changes of flight altitude, specifically aircraft flying 2000 feet higher and lower, with a set of global models comprising chemistry-transport, chemistry-climate and general circulation models integrating distinct aviation emission inventories representing such alternative flight altitudes, estimating changes in climate impact of aviation by quantifying radiative forcing and induced temperature change. We find in our sensitivity study that flying lower leads to a reduction of radiative forcing of non-CO2 effects together with slightly increased CO2 emissions and impacts, when cruise speed is not modified. Flying higher increases radiative forcing of non-CO2 effects by about 10%, together with a slight decrease of CO2 emissions and impacts. Overall, flying lower decreases aviation-induced temperature change by about 20%, as a decrease of non-CO2 impacts by about 30% dominates over slightly increasing CO2 impacts assuming a sustained emissions scenario. Those estimates are connected with a large but unquantified uncertainty. To improve the understanding of mechanisms controlling the aviation climate impact, we study the geographical distributions of aviation-induced modifications in the atmosphere, together with changes in global radiative forcing and suggest further efforts in order to reduce long standing uncertainties.
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Costa, Evaldo, Julia Seixas, Patrícia Baptista, Gustavo Costa e Thomas Turrentine. "CO2 emissions and mitigation policies for urban road transportation: Sao Paulo versus Shanghai". urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana 10, suppl 1 (29 ottobre 2018): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.010.supl1.ao15.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper compares the energy consumption, CO2 emissions and public policies of two mega-cities, Sao Paulo (SP) and Shanghai (SH), in order to identify their GHG emissions mitigation policies. Both cities have experienced rapid growth of the automotive sectors resulting in sizable pollution and CO2 emission challenges. SP has successfully implemented the ethanol and encouraged the growth of the fleet of light-duty vehicles. SH has coal-based power generation and restricted the ownership of the vehicles in an attempt to reduce GHG emissions, invested in public transportation and electric mobility. Tabular analysis of secondary data was adopted in this study, revealing also that SP has considerably expanded individual transportation. Despite investments in ethanol, the city could not contain the increase in CO2 emissions from road transportation. SH invested in public transportation and inhibited individual transportation, but also failed to contain CO2 emissions. Mitigation policies and measures taken were not sufficient to prevent growth of CO2 emissions in both cities. To reduce CO2 emissions in transportation, SP and SH should focus on public policies to encourage public and clean transportation and limit the burning of fossil fuels.
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López-Teloxa, Leticia Citlaly, e Alejandro Ismael Monterroso-Rivas. "CO2 mitigation strategies based on soil respiration". La Granja 32, n. 2 (28 agosto 2020): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n32.2020.03.
Abstract (sommario):
Soil, in addition to storing is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere emitted by soil respiration, mainly due to land use change. The objective of the research was to evaluate soil respiration in different uses and quantify its CO2 emissions at two different times of the year, as well as estimate the storage of this to make a balance to establish strategies that allows with the climate change mitigation. Using a closed dynamic chamber placed on the soil and integrated with an infrared gas analyzer measured the CO2 emission every 30 min, as well as temperature and moisture of the soil with sensors. Three land uses (agroforestry, forestry and agricultural) and two seasons of the year (summer and winter) were analyzed for 24 continuous hours at each site. Positive correlation between ambient temperature and soil respiration was found to exist. The agricultural system stores low carbon content in the soil (50.31 t C ha-1) and emits 9.28 t of C ha-1 in the highest temperature season, in contrast to a natural system that emits 3.98 t of C ha-1 and stores 198.90 t of C ha-1. The balance sheet reflects the need to know CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from soils and not just warehouses. Having scientific support from the ground to the atmosphere is an important step in decision-making that will contribute to climate change mitigation.
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Purnomoasri, RA Dinasty, e Dewi Handayani. "Analisis dan Mitigasi Emisi Gas Buang Akibat Transportasi (Studi Kasus Kabupaten Magetan)". ENVIRO: Journal of Tropical Environmental Research 24, n. 1 (3 marzo 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/enviro.v24i1.65043.
Abstract (sommario):
The Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) states that transportation contributes 13.1% of emissions (IPCC, 2006). Magetan Regency plans to support Indonesia in reducing emissions by 20% by 2040 by analysing and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by the transportation sector. The analysis was conducted by calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on traffic volume survey data and calculating the fuel oil (BBM) used to obtain the amounts of emissions generated. From the analysis, it was found that CO2 emissions generated by the transportation sector in Magetan Regency amounted to 3,105,318.08 tons/year in 2020 and had the potential to increase by 3.31% per year. As mitigation actions, three activities are proposed, namely the use of public transportation, the movement of walking to school and greening. From the three actions, the total emissions are expected to be reduced by 1,422,516 tons/year or equivalent to 45% reduction of total emissions if the three proposed activities are implemented. If this is implemented, Magetan Regency will be able to contribute 0.22% of GHG emission reduction by 2040. If all districts in Indonesia also implement this mitigation, the transportation sector will contribute 9.15% of the emission reduction in Indonesia in 2040.
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CLAUS, S., F. TAUBE, B. WIENFORTH, N. SVOBODA, K. SIELING, H. KAGE, M. SENBAYRAM et al. "Life-cycle assessment of biogas production under the environmental conditions of northern Germany: greenhouse gas balance". Journal of Agricultural Science 152, S1 (11 ottobre 2013): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000683.
Abstract (sommario):
SUMMARYA considerable expansion of biogas production in Germany, paralleled by a strong increase in maize acreage, has caused growing concern that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during crop substrate production might counteract the GHG emission saving potential. Based on a 2-year field trial, a GHG balance was conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential of regionally adapted cropping systems (continuous maize, maize-wheat-Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass ley), depending on nitrogen (N) level and N type. Considering the whole production chain, all cropping systems investigated contributed to the mitigation of GHG emissions (6·7–13·3 t CO2 eq/ha), with continuous maize revealing a carbon dioxide (CO2) saving potential of 55–61% compared with a fossil energy mix reference system. The current sustainability thresholds in terms of CO2 savings set by the EU Renewable Energy Directive could be met by all cropping systems (48–76%). Emissions from crop production had the largest impact on the mitigation effect (⩾50%) unless the biogas residue storage was not covered. The comparison of N fertilizer types showed less pronounced differences in GHG mitigation potential, whereas considerable site effects were observed.
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Loughlin, D. H., W. G. Benjey e C. G. Nolte. "ESP v1.0: methodology for exploring emission impacts of future scenarios in the United States". Geoscientific Model Development 4, n. 2 (8 aprile 2011): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-287-2011.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. This article presents a methodology for creating anthropogenic emission inventories that can be used to simulate future regional air quality. The Emission Scenario Projection (ESP) methodology focuses on energy production and use, the principal sources of many air pollutants. Emission growth factors for energy system categories are calculated using the MARKAL energy system model. Growth factors for non-energy sectors are based on economic and population projections. These factors are used to grow a 2005 emissions inventory through 2050. The approach is demonstrated for two emission scenarios for the United States. Scenario 1 extends current air regulations through 2050, while Scenario 2 adds a hypothetical CO2 mitigation policy. Although both scenarios show significant reductions in air pollutant emissions through time, these reductions are more pronounced in Scenario 2, where the CO2 policy results in the adoption of technologies with lower emissions of both CO2 and traditional air pollutants. The methodology is expected to play an important role within an integrated modeling framework that supports the US EPA's investigations of linkages among emission drivers, climate and air quality.
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LIN, BOQIANG, e ZHIJIE JIA. "CAN CARBON TAX COMPLEMENT EMISSION TRADING SCHEME? THE IMPACT OF CARBON TAX ON ECONOMY, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT IN CHINA". Climate Change Economics 11, n. 03 (16 luglio 2020): 2041002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201000782041002x.
Abstract (sommario):
The problems of excessive CO2 emissions and global warming caused by human activities are becoming more serious. Carbon Tax (CT) and Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) are popular emission mitigation mechanisms. This paper establishes four counter-factual (CF) scenarios with different CT rate, and constructs a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, named China Energy-Environment-Economy Analysis (CEEEA) model, to study the impact of different CT rate on the economy, energy and environment. The results indicate that if CT complement ETS, and the cap of ETS is based on grandfathering method, the carbon trading price will reduce due to the changes in carbon allowances demand and supply. CT can share the mitigation pressure from ETS coverages into non-ETS coverages. When CT complement ETS but nothing is changed in mechanism of emission trading, the total emission mitigation effect will reduce slightly but the mitigation cost will reduce significantly. All in all, using CT as the supplement is a good mitigation strategy to release Gross Domestic Product (GDP) loss. But if we want to get more mitigation effect, rising CT rate or a stricter carbon cap may help.
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Wang, Ping, Zhiqiang Zhu e Shuang Zhang. "The researches on energy sustainability in Northern China". E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 04024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183804024.
Abstract (sommario):
Energy, which accounts for two-thirds of today’s greenhouse gas emissions, is the key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing global warming. In this paper, the IPCC-recommended reference approach and scenario analysis were applied to evaluate dynamic change of the energy supply and energy-related carbon dioxide emissions within the period of 2000-2025 in Northern China (NC). The results show that energy importing reliance reached 85% in 2015 and the energy structure has become more diversified in NC. In addition, the per-capita CO2 emission is significantly higher while carbon intensity is lower than those of the national average. Under the LC scenario, CO2 emissions begin to fall for the first time in 2022. Hence, if Energy-Saving and Emission-Reduction strategy and regional planning for NC are implemented fully, NC will achieve the national emission reduction targets in 2025 and will have a large CO2 mitigation potential in the future.
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Ma, Qian, Xu Zhang, Xiaodan Yu, Anqi Liu, Bo Yuan e Xiaojun Chen. "Novel Process for Carbon Cycle Utilization from Industrial Flue Gas into Methanol". E3S Web of Conferences 406 (2023): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340603008.
Abstract (sommario):
Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for mitigating climate changes is globally necessary. As a major GHG emitter, refinery sector is responsible for 14.1% of China’s CO2 emission in 2019. The flue gas associated with petroleum refining has high CO2 content, presenting potentials for methanol and electricity co-production when the methane and hydrogen in dry gas are considered. To unlock the green opportunity for refineries, in this study we employed Aspen Plus to develop the process of methanol synthesis by recovering CO2 in the flue gas of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit and the methane and hydrogen in dry gas. The results show that the new co-production process increases the energy efficiency of the FCC unit by 2.4%. Compared with traditionally natural gas-based methanol production, the developed process enables annual CO2 mitigation of 1.3 million tons.
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Dahlmann, Katrin, Sigrun Matthes, Hiroshi Yamashita, Simon Unterstrasser, Volker Grewe e Tobias Marks. "Assessing the Climate Impact of Formation Flights". Aerospace 7, n. 12 (8 dicembre 2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7120172.
Abstract (sommario):
An operational measure that is inspired by migrant birds aiming toward the mitigation of aviation climate impact is to fly in aerodynamic formation. When this operational measure is adapted to commercial aircraft it saves fuel and is, therefore, expected to reduce the climate impact of aviation. Besides the total emission amount, this mitigation option also changes the location of emissions, impacting the non-CO2 climate effects arising from NOx and H2O emissions and contrails. Here, we assess these non-CO2 climate impacts with a climate response model to assure a benefit for climate not only due to CO2 emission reductions, but also due to reduced non-CO2 effects. Therefore, the climate response model AirClim is used, which includes CO2 effects and also the impact of water vapor and contrail induced cloudiness as well as the impact of nitrogen dioxide emissions on the ozone and methane concentration. For this purpose, AirClim has been adopted to account for saturation effects occurring for formation flight. The results of the case studies show that the implementation of formation flights in the 50 most popular airports for the year 2017 display an average decrease of fuel consumption by 5%. The climate impact, in terms of average near surface temperature change, is estimated to be reduced in average by 24%, with values of individual formations between 13% and 33%.
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Xiong, Weiwei, Katsumasa Tanaka, Philippe Ciais e Liang Yan. "Evaluating China’s Role in Achieving the 1.5 °C Target of the Paris Agreement". Energies 15, n. 16 (18 agosto 2022): 6002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166002.
Abstract (sommario):
Now that many countries have set goals for reaching net zero emissions by the middle of the century, it is important to clarify the role of each country in achieving the 1.5 °C target of the Paris Agreement. Here, we evaluated China’s role by calculating the global temperature impacts caused by China’s emission pathways available in global emissions scenarios toward the 1.5 °C target. Our results show that China’s contribution to global warming in 2050 (since 2005) is 0.17 °C on average, with a range of 0.1 °C to 0.22 °C. The peak contributions of China vary from 0.1 °C to 0.23 °C, with the years reached distributing between 2036 and 2065. The large difference in peak temperatures arises from the differences in emission pathways of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). We further analyzed the effect of the different mix of CO2 and CH4 mitigation trajectories in China’s pathways on the global mean temperature. We found that China’s near-term CH4 mitigation reduces the peak temperature in the middle of the century, whereas it plays a less important role in determining the end-of-the-century temperature. Early CH4 mitigation action in China is an effective way to shave the peak temperature, further contributing to reducing the temperature overshoot along the way toward the 1.5 °C target. This underscores the necessity for early CO2 mitigation to ultimately achieve the long-term temperature goal.
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Lestari, Juwita Amanda, Rachmat Boedisantoso e Abdu Fadli Assomadi. "Adaptation and mitigation strategies in the transportation sector to reduce the greenhouse gases emission in Batu City". Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability 2, n. 3 (31 dicembre 2018): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v2i3.68.
Abstract (sommario):
The increased number of tourists in Batu City has resulted in traffic congestion, which led to the increase of emission contributing to GHGs effect and caused global warming. According to Presidential Regulation Number 71 of 2011, each region is required to conduct a national inventory of GHGs emission, in order to determine the appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies in reducing the GHG emission. This research aimed to reduce the GHGs emission and to determine the appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies in Batu City especially in the transportation sector. IPCC Guidelines 2006 was used as the method to calculate GHGs emissions. Such method allowed the researchers to determine the emission level by using secondary data obtained from the relevant institution. Determination upon adaptation and mitigation strategies was on the basis of several scenarios of emission level reduction while the prioritized strategy selection was based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. This research revealed that the GHGs emission with business as usual scenario in 2030 contributed by transportation reached 2,072.64 Gg of CO2 while the greatest reduction of GHG emissions amounted to -6.13% taken from the scenario of Intelligent Transport System application. More importantly, the researchers figured out that the prioritized adaptation strategies should be the improvement of Urban Open Space and public transportation rejuvenation for the mitigation.
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Liao, Honglin, Yuxuan Shi e Zhuoyi Yu. "A study on the impact of GGDP on climate mitigation based on grey prediction". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 49 (21 maggio 2023): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v49i.8445.
Abstract (sommario):
GGDP is a new measurement standard. It can deduct the cost of natural resource depletion and environmental degradation from GDP, and make us more aware of the resource depletion and environmental degradation caused by economic development. the modeling of GGDP value is in line with the development needs of the times and is important for coping with economic growth and sustainable development for the well-being and future of human beings. We deducted the cost of natural resource depletion and environmental degradation from GDP, developed a GGDP estimation model, and calculated GGDP for China in the last decade. global warming is an important factor contributing to climate deterioration, so we used CO2 emissions to measure global climate change. Three indicators affecting CO2 emissions were selected as independent variables, and GDP and GGDP were treated as independent mentionable. Two CO2 emission prediction models based on multiple regression equations were developed separately, and the expected global impact on climate mitigation when GGDP is used as the main measure of a country's economic health was estimated by comparing different CO2 emission calculations of the two models. To further analyze the impact of GGDP on climate change, we developed a dynamic climate projection model based on the quadratic regression equation of the EKC-like curve and verified the global applicability of the model. Our calculations show that GGDP can reduce more CO2 emissions, slow down climate warming, and slow down glacier melting.
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Cong, R., M. Saito, R. Hirata e A. Ito. "SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS ON CO2 EMISSIONS FROM HOUSEHOLDS IN JAPAN". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W16 (17 settembre 2019): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w16-75-2019.
Abstract (sommario):
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Global warming has become worse and worse as the increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions especially by the main contributor carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Thus, clarifying the spatiotemporal patterns of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from residential sector is very important for policy makers. To support the GHG mitigation in local area, this study provides a bottom-up framework that could count the monthly residential CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at community level, demonstrated for Japan. A map-based population census is utilized to count the monthly and yearly emissions by combining the statistics data on households with detailed emission intensities. The residential emissions from each census area are estimated and mapped by Geographic Information System. Through the analysis, we proposed the solutions on GHG mitigation and reported the spatiotemporal patterns for residential emissions.</p>
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Pascaris, Alexis S., e Joshua M. Pearce. "U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emission Bottlenecks: Prioritization of Targets for Climate Liability". Energies 13, n. 15 (1 agosto 2020): 3932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153932.
Abstract (sommario):
Due to market failures that allow uncompensated negative externalities from burning fossil fuels, there has been a growing call for climate change-related litigation targeting polluting companies. To determine the most intensive carbon dioxide (CO2)-emitting facilities in order prioritize liability for climate lawsuits, and risk mitigation strategies for identified companies as well as their insurers and investors, two methods are compared: (1) the conventional point-source method and (2) the proposed bottleneck method, which considers all emissions that a facility enables rather than only what it emits. Results indicate that the top ten CO2 emission bottlenecks in the U.S. are predominantly oil (47%) and natural gas (44%) pipelines. Compared to traditional point-source emissions methods, this study has demonstrated that a comprehensive bottleneck calculation is more effective. By employing an all-inclusive approach to calculating a polluting entity’s CO2 emissions, legal actions may be more accurately focused on major polluters, and these companies may preemptively mitigate their pollution to curb vulnerability to litigation and risk. The bottleneck methodology reveals the discrete link in the chain of the fossil-fuel lifecycle that is responsible for the largest amount of emissions, enabling informed climate change mitigation and risk management efforts.
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Novita, Nisa, Nurul Silva Lestari, Mega Lugina, Tatang Tiryana, Imam Basuki e Joni Jupesta. "Geographic Setting and Groundwater Table Control Carbon Emission from Indonesian Peatland: A Meta-Analysis". Forests 12, n. 7 (24 giugno 2021): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070832.
Abstract (sommario):
Peat restoration is a key climate mitigation action for achieving Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) emission reduction target. The level of carbon reduction resulting from peat restoration is uncertain, owing in part to diverse methodologies and land covers. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of rewetting on reduction of total CO2 in soil and heterotrophic emissions at the country level. The tier 2 emission factor associated with the land cover category in Indonesia was also calculated. The analysis included a total of 32 studies with 112 observations (data points) for total CO2 emissions and 31 observations for heterotrophic emissions in Indonesia. The results show that the land cover category is not a significant predictor of heterotrophic and total soil emissions, but the highest observed soil emissions were found in the plantation forest. Using the random-effects model, our results suggest that an increase in the water table depth of 10 cm would result in an increase in total CO2 emissions of 2.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 and an increase in heterotrophic emissions of 2.3 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1. Our findings show that managing water table depth in degraded peatlands in various land cover types is important to achieve Indonesia’s emission reduction target by 2030.
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Ismukurnianto, D. A. "Mitigation Of Carbon Dioxide And Green House Gas Emission From Oil And Gas Industry In Indonesia". Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 31, n. 1 (21 marzo 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.1.856.
Abstract (sommario):
International concern is now focused on reducing green house gas (GHG) emissions which drive climate change. The use of fossil fuels, either flaring natural gas and burning fossil fuels, are predicted contributing GHG emissions. As a consequence, International cooperation through United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has pointed to increase policy interest in developing CO2 and GHG emission trading system. The system would allow the countries who have opportunities to reduce CO2 and GHG emission (generally developing countries) and sell or trade GHG emission reduction to the countries (generally developed countries). The second part of this paper will be emphasized on oil and gas reserves, production, refineries,and utilization. Indonesia oil resource as of January 1st, 2006 amounts to about 56.60 BBO, while gas resources as of January 1st, 2006 is about 334.5 TSCF. Indonesia has nine refineries owned by PT Pertamina (Persero) and six refineries owned by private. Indonesia has also voluntary participated in reducing GHG emissions by formulating energy policy, doing research on carbon capture and storage (CCS), and developing innovative projects. This paper will highlight the energy policy, research program and innovative projects for reducing GHG emission from oil and gas activities in Indonesia
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Kusumaningrum, L., P. Setyono, A. Sunarhadi, G. E. Berlin, M. Nurcahyati, A. Maulidyna, D. N. Waskito, M. A. Aldzahalbi e H. Ally. "Forest contribution to CO2 sequestration as mitigation climate change on the impact of tourism activities in Mount Tidar Botanical Garden". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1314, n. 1 (1 marzo 2024): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012094.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Forests offer the greatest environmental services in CO2 sequestration. According to the IPCC, forests have a lot of potential for mitigating climate change. The forest area in Mount Tidar Botanical Garden (MTBG) is used as a tourist attraction and is known as the most famous religious tourism object in Magelang. Tourist activities in MTBG are massive, tourist attractions are open 24 hours a day and never close, causing an enormous amount of CO2 emissions. This study aims to determine the total CO2 emissions of tourism activities, CO2 sequestration in vegetation MTBG, and provide recommendations on the types of vegetation that have the highest CO2 sequestration. This study is quantitative research. Primary data collection was done by taking data on vegetation diameter and LPG usage around the restaurant. The Data were analyzed by emission estimation and the allometric formula. The results showed that the total CO2 emissions from human respiration, the use of LPG, and vehicles amounted to 481,665 tons/year. The ability of plants in the MTBG forest has the potential to CO2 sequestration of 1.260,170 tons. Forests in MTBG can support climate change mitigation efforts in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals 13 because they can handle emissions with a surplus of 778,506 tons of CO2. Vegetation types that have high CO2 sequestration are Ficus benjamina, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Spathodea campanulata.