Tesi sul tema "Clover Seeds"

Thiamethoxam and clothianidin are two neonicotinoids used in seed coatings for crops such as corn and soybeans. Both neonicotinoids have high solubility in water, so they are prone to transport via leaching and runoff. This thesis is comprised of two studies that evaluated potential solutions to mitigate neonicotinoid transport from fields. The first study examined the relationship between soil organic carbon content and neonicotinoid transport in a field planted in soybeans. Soils with increased organic carbon leached less thiamethoxam and clothianidin during early growing season leaching peaks; however, at the end of the season, higher organic carbon content only decreased leached mass of clothianidin. The second study was to determine neonicotinoid uptake of different ground covers used as cover crops or edge-of-field buffer strips, as well as the partitioning of thiamethoxam and clothianidin throughout the plants. Ground covers, such as crimson clover, had the highest recovery of applied thiamethoxam, meaning that it may be a good candidate to retain this pesticide in fields. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin concentrations were higher in leaf tissues than in stems or roots, indicating that above-ground biomass removal may be an effective way to reduce neonicotinoid loading in the environment. From these studies, I concluded 1) practices that raise the amount of organic carbon in the soil may help decrease early-season neonicotinoid transport, resulting in lower concentrations in surrounding waterways, and 2) careful selection of plant species, such as crimson clover, may help reduce neonicotinoid transport in the environment, while potentially reducing exposure to beneficial insects.
Master of Science
Pesticides called neonicotinoids are commonly applied to seeds in row crops, such as corn and soybeans, before they are planted. These pesticides are highly soluble in water, which can lead to them exiting fields through runoff or leaching. This thesis is comprised of two studies that examined several potential solutions for decreasing the amount of neonicotinoids available for transport. The first study examined the relationship between organic carbon in the soil and neonicotinoids, and whether this relationship helps to retain neonicotinoids in a soybean field. Soils with high organic carbon content decreased the amount of neonicotinoids exiting the field during early growing season storms; however, at the end of the season, high organic carbon content only decreased losses for one of the pesticides studied. The second study was to determine which of six plant species and two mixes used as cover crops or buffers were the most effective at removing neonicotinoids from soil, as well as where in the plant these neonicotinoids go after uptake. Ground covers, such as crimson clover, had the highest recovery of applied neonicotinoids, meaning they would be good candidates for planting around fields. Ultimately, neonicotinoid accumulation was higher in leaves than in stems or roots, meaning that removing and disposing of leaves in an environmentally safe way could be an effective way to decrease neonicotinoid pollution. From these two studies, I found that 1) increasing organic matter in the soil can stop neonicotinoids from exiting the area it was applied in, and 2) careful consideration of plant species in or around the field may help intercept neonicotinoids before they exit the field.

Gliomas are rare intrinsic brain tumours which account for 2% of all cancers. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant malignant glioma form and remains incurable. The biological features which preclude successful therapy include heterogeneity, diffuse invasive patterns and angiogenesis. Despite, advances in current conventional treatments the median survival time is only 14 months. Hence there is a need to investigate novel therapeutic approaches which can be included alongside conventional treatment. One such approach is the use of micronutrients in the management of glioblastoma multiforme. This study evaluated the affects of two micronutrient extracts, red clover extract (RCE) and red grape seed extract (RGSE), on human adult malignant brain tumours in vitro. Four primary (or short-term) cell cultures derived from human brain tumour biopsies, an established cell line and normal human brain cells from an epileptic pateint were used to measure the cell viability, anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic potentials, following 48-hour treatment with the IC50s of either micronutrient extract. Both RCE and RGSE exhibited similar affects on the glioma cell cultures. They both appeared to reduce cell viability, invasive potential and angiogenesis potential though did not appear to have any significant affect on the apoptotic portential of the glioma cultures. For example, incubation with 0.007-1ug/ml RCE caused a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of in viability of glioma cells but did not affect viability of normal astrocytes. Similar results were obtained for RGSE. These doses also resulted in a significant decrease in invasion and angiogenesis (p<0.05). Effects varied between cell lines but in general decreased by 50-60%. This suggests that both RCE and RGSE do affect the development of glioma cell cultures in vitro and warrant further study into the pathways in which this may occur.

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The potato plant is highly demanding regarding the presence of phosphorus (P) readily available in soil solution. To achieve high yields of tubers, large applications of phosphate fertilizers are made, which consequently reduce the sustainability of the potato chain and cause possible environmental contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the management of fertilizer use and develop potato clones that have high yield and quality, even in limiting conditions of P. In order to identify efficient clones in P acquisition and use, this study aimed to characterize the physiological aspects of potato clones under different levels of P availability and production systems available. In the first experiment, the Asterix, Atlantic, SMIC 148-A and SMINIA 793101-3 clones from micropropagated plants were grown in soilless system under low and high P level (2.32 and 23.2 mg P L-1) during the spring and autumn seasons of Rio Grande do Sul state. In the P utilization efficiency, we found that the potato clones differ between the spring and autumn season of Rio Grande in soilless culture system with the use of sand as substrate. Furthermore, we also compared the P efficiency of these clones between soilless system and field cultivation under low and high P level (70 and 560 kg P2O5 ha-1) in the spring crop. We observed that each clone responds differently to cultivation systems used as nutritional efficiency to P, and the closed cultivation soilless system with use of sand as substrate overestimates the responses of potato clones in relation to P availability. Nevertheless, we sought to differentiate micropropagated potato plants of plants produced from minitubers as nutritional efficiency to P in closed cultivation soilless system with use of sand as substrate under high and low P level again. The data suggest that the propagative origin of the potato plants interferes, in the biomass ratio between root and shoot, and in the harvest index and P utilization efficiency for all clones. The Asterix, Atlantic and SMIC 148-A clones suffer interference of the type of propagation material in use efficiency and P response, while the SMINIA 793101-3 clone is P efficient in the use of nonresponsive in fresh mass production and tubers total dry mass, regardless of propagativa type of the plants. Furthermore, the clones were also evaluated with plants from tubers when grown in pots with soil as substrate in low and high P level (0.025 and 0.11g kg-1) in a greenhouse, we observed based on the total dry mass, the SMIC 148-A and SMINIA 793101- 3 clones are efficient in the use of P, while Atlantic and SMINIA 793101-3 are responsive to the increase of P.
A planta de batata é altamente exigente quanto à presença de fósforo (P) prontamente disponível na solução do solo. Para atingir altas produções de tubérculos são feitas grandes aplicações de adubos fosfatados, reduzindo assim, a sustentabilidade da cadeia produtiva da batata, além de causar uma possível contaminação ambiental. Portanto, é preciso melhorar a gestão do uso dos fertilizantes e desenvolver clones de batata que tenham alto rendimento e qualidade, mesmo em condições limitantes de P. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar aspectos fisiológicos de clones de batata submetidos a diferentes níveis de disponibilidade de P e sistemas de produção disponíveis para identificar clones eficientes na aquisição e no uso do P. No primeiro experimento os clones Asterix, Atlantic, SMIC 148-A e SMINIA 793101-3 provenientes de plantas micropropagadas foram cultivados em sistema fechado fora do solo sob baixo e alto nível de P (2,32 e 23,2 mg P L-1) durante a primavera e o outono do Rio Grande do Sul. Verificou-se que os clones de batata diferem quanto à eficiência de utilização do P entre os cultivos de primavera e outono do Rio Grande do Sul em sistema de cultivo sem solo com o uso de areia como substrato. Em outro momento, avaliou-se a eficiência ao P desses clones no cultivo fora do solo e à campo sob baixo e alto nível de P (70 e 560 kg P2O5 ha-1) na safra de primavera. Observou-se que cada clone responde de uma maneira diferente aos sistemas de cultivo utilizados quanto a eficiência nutricional ao P, sendo que o sistema fechado de cultivo fora do solo com o uso de areia como substrato superestima as respostas dos clones de batata em relação à disponibilidade de P. Ainda, buscou-se diferenciar plantas de batata micropropagadas de plantas produzidas a partir de minitubérculos quanto a eficiência nutricional ao P em sistema de cultivo fechado fora do solo com o uso de areia como substrato novamente sob alto e baixo nível de P. Os dados sugerem que a origem propagativa de plantas de batata interfere, tanto na relação de biomassa entre raiz e parte aérea, quanto no índice de colheita e na eficiência de utilização do P para todos os clones. Os clones Asterix, Atlantic e SMIC 148-A sofrem interferência do tipo do material propagativo na eficiência de uso e resposta ao P, enquanto o clone SMINIA 793101-3 é eficiente no uso e não responsivo ao P na produção de massa fresca de tubérculos e massa seca total, independente da origem propagativa das plantas. Os clones de batata também foram avaliados a partir de tubérculos em vasos tendo solo como substrato com baixo e alto nível de P (0,025 e 0,11g kg-1) em casa de vegetação, sendo observado com base na produção de massa seca total, que os clones SMIC 148-A e SMINIA 793101-3 são eficientes no uso de P, enquanto que Atlantic e SMINIA 793101-3 são responsivos ao incremento de P.

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This work has as objective to evaluate the physiological quality of cashew seeds. Utilizing seeds physiologically ripe picked off from the crown of the plants and the seeds fallen under their crowns during a period of 30 days after the harvest from the crowns. The seeds from those two harvests were stored in room temperature in laboratory. The seeds were obtained during the harvest time of 2009 from 140 grown cashew plants from the CCP-76 clone, from an orchard in full production at the Maracaí Settlement, located in the Rural Area in the city of Ipiranga do Piauí. The experimental delineating was entirely randomized in a factorial scheme (7x2) with four repetitions with 25 seeds per treatment. The first scheme was constituted of the seed storage time (Zero, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and the second one of seed collection kind (plant and soil). The analyses were carried out in the Seed Analysis Laboratory and in the Green House of the Vegetable Science Department at Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), in Mossoró-RN, from September, 2009 to July, 2010. The germination percentage and the germination velocity index were evaluated in laboratory. At the green house, the emergency percentage, emergence velocity index, plant height, stalk diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and upper part dry mass. The storage affected negatively the seed vigor, but the seeds collected from the plants showed better physiological features, providing a greater emergence velocity index, stalk diameter, leaf number, plant height, leaf area, and upper part dry mass.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cajueiro. Utilizando-se sementes fisiologicamente maduras coletadas na copa das plantas e sementes caídas sobre o solo durante os 30 dias seguintes à coleta na copa. As sementes provenientes dessas duas coletas foram armazenadas em ambiente natural de laboratório. As sementes foram obtidas durante a safra 2009 de 140 plantas adultas do Clone CCP-76, de um pomar em plena produção, localizado no Assentamento Maracaí, Zona Rural do município de Ipiranga do Piauí. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (7x2) com quatro repetições de 25 sementes por tratamento. O primeiro fator foi constituído pelo tempo de armazenamento das sementes (0; 30; 60; 90; 120; 150 e 180 dias) e o segundo fator pelo tipo de coletas das sementes (planta e solo). Os ensaios foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes e em Casa de Vegetação da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), em Mossoró-RN, no período de setembro de 2009 a julho de 2010. Em laboratório foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação. Em casa de vegetação foram avaliadas a porcentagem de emergência, o índice de velocidade de emergência, a altura de plantas, o diâmetro do caule, o número de folhas, a área foliar e a massa seca da parte aérea. O armazenamento afetou negativamente o vigor das sementes, sendo que as sementes coletadas na planta apresentaram melhores características fisiológicas, proporcionando maiores valores para índice de velocidade de emergência, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, altura de planta, área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea.

Orientador: Miguel Luiz Menezes Freitas
Resumo: Neste estudo objetivou-se estimar parâmetros genéticos e estatísticos para caracteres quantitativos nos primeiros seis anos de crescimento de progênies de Eucalyptus grandis em sistema silvipastoril; comparar a produtividade, estabilidade e adaptabilidade das progênies em diferentes idades e mensurar a produção de forragem e as características morfológicas e bromatológicas do capim Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk em crescimento livre no sub-bosque das árvores. Foram mensurados a altura (ALT), diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) e sobrevivência (SOB), aos 2, 3, 4, 5, e 6 anos após o plantio. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados desbalanceados com 150 tratamentos (147 progênies de Eucalyptus grandis e três clones comerciais: C041H, P4295H e H15), 26 repetições e uma planta por parcela, no espaçamento de 2,0 x 2,5 x 4,0 m. Para avaliação do capim foram coletadas amostras da área abaixo e entre as linhas duplas de E. grandis. Na análise individual, os clones comerciais tiveram praticamente 100% de seus indivíduos entre os primeiros 250 classificados, as progênies 25 e 162 apresentaram número significativo de indivíduos nesta classificação. Em relação a classificação dos genitores, ao longo dos anos, os clones C041H e H15 sempre ficaram entre as primeiras posições. Mas as progênies 25 e 162 superaram o clone P4295H nos caracteres ALT, DAP e VOL, com correlação alta e positiva entre os anos para ALT e DAP (>0,74). Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos no ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this study was to estimate genetic and statistical parameters for quantitative traits in the first six years of growth of Eucalyptus grandis progenies in the silvipastoril system; to compare productivity, stability and adaptability of progenies at different ages and to measure forage production and morphological and bromatological characteristics of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk in free growth in the understorey of the trees. Height (ALT), diameter at breast height (DAP) and survival (SOB) were measured at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years after planting. The experimental design was a randomized block with 150 treatments (147 progenies of Eucalyptus grandis and three commercial clones: C041H , P4295H and H15), 26 replicates and one plant per plot, at a spacing of 2.0 x 2.5 x 4 , 0 m. For evaluation of the grass samples were collected from the area below and between the double lines of E. grandis. In the individual analysis, commercial clones had practically 100% of their individuals among the first 250 classified, progenies 25 and 162 presented a significant number of individuals in this classification. Regarding the classification of the parents, over the years, the clones C041H and H15 always were among the first positions. But progenies 25 and 162 outperformed clone P4295H in ALT, DAP and VOL, with high and positive correlation between the years for ALT and DAP (> 0.74). There was a significant difference between the treatments during the evaluation years for the ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

In the highlands of the Northern Philippines, a model of long-term relationships between potato farmers and their preferred seed suppliers is proposed. In the absence of any certified seed system that might provide some guarantee of seed quality, farmers prefer to transact with those seed suppliers with whom they have had some favourable prior experience. Such suppliers provide both the best quality seed and, since most farmers must borrow the capital to purchase the seed, the most favourable terms of repayment. As there is much uncertainty in the exchange, the farmer's relationship with their preferred seed supplier is based on trust. However, since the farmer's satisfaction with the exchange cannot be ascertained until after purchase, trust is antecedent to satisfaction. As satisfaction is derived from the economic benefits the farmer obtains, satisfaction will lead to the farmer's desire to maintain the relationship. Satisfaction is enhanced both by the seed supplier's willingness to extend credit and to provide information. As there is much variation between alternative seed supplier's offer quality, satisfaction will result in the farmer becoming more dependent upon that seed supplier who makes the best offer. Furthermore, having provided the farmer with financial assistance, seed suppliers will find that they have constrained their opportunities to use coercive influence strategies, for in the absence of any formal contract, farmer's may readily default on the loan. The use of coercive influence strategies will reduce both the farmer's trust in their preferred seed supplier and the farmer's desire to maintain the relationship.
While trust is more important in the transitional economies, critical problems emerge with the use of standardised item measures and scales developed in the industrial countries. Cultural specific adjustments are necessary to ensure social constructs such a trust are functionally equivalent. However, in the context of long-term relationships where satisfaction is also cumulative, introducing measures of both economic and social satisfaction have the potential to overlap with the generally accepted measures of trust.

Tikslas Vienuolikos rinktinių medžių klonų sėklinių palikuonių ir medžių išaugintų iš vietinių sėklų, kiekybinių ir kokybinių parametrų palyginimas. Objektas Želdiniai įveisti 1 ha plote 1980 metais Šakių u-jos Klevinių g-je pagal doc. J. Danusevičiaus projektą. Sodinimui plotas parinktas 140 kv. 6 skl. (1978 metų plynai iškirstoje degvieteje). Ploto dirvožeminė-¬tipologinė grupė - Nbl. Metodika Matavimai atlikti laikinuose nevienodo ploto tyrimo bareliuose, apribotuose eglių eilėmis. Visuose bareliuose išmatuoti visi ten augantys medžiai. Medžių aukštis ir aukštis iki žalių šakų matuotas 0,5 m tikslumu, skersmuo - 1,3 m aukštyje 1 cm tikslumu. Kiti parametrai buvo vertinami vizualiai. Stiebo tiesumas, šakų storis, šakų prisegimo kampas ir medžių būklė vertinti 5 balų sistema. Taip pat buvo vertinta medžių priklausomybė Krafto klasėms (I-V). Matavimų duomenys apdoroti Statistica programa. Rezultatai Nustatyta, kad 30 metų amžiuje pagal medžių aukštį geriausi yra 4 ir 8 šeimų medžiai (19,6 – 16,6% aukštesni už kontrolinius želdinius), blogiausi – 14 ir 9 šeimų medžiai. Didžiausią stiebų skersmenį turi 10 ir 4 šeimų medžiai (14,2 – 12,7% storesni už kontrolinius želdinius), o mažiausią skersmenį – 14 ir 7 šeimos medžiai. Beveik analogiškais rodikliais šios šeimos pasižymėjo ir 18 metų amžiuje. Pagal išlikimą ir sukauptą tūrį trys geriausios šeimos produkuoja 176 – 145 m3/ha ir tuo 1,9-1,6 karto lenkia vietinės kilmės medžius bei 2,8-2,3 karto - blogiausios 3 šeimos medžius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Purpose To compare qualitative and quantitative data of eleven selected clones of descendant seed and trees, that were cultivated from local seed. Object Afforestation that was cultivated in 1 hectare in 1980 in Kleviniai forestry of State forest of Sakiai by the project of associate professor J. Danusevičius. Plantation was selected in the area in 140th block and 6th plot (in the area that was entirely cut down in 1978). Metods Measurements are made in temporary areas that are not of the size and are surrounded by rows of fir trees. All trees that grow in these areas were measured. Height of trees and height up to green knocks are measured by the precision of 0,5 meter, diameter in 1,3 meters high- by the precision of 1 centimeter. Other measurements were evaluated visually. Straightness of stem, thickness of knocks, angle between stem and knock and the condition of trees were evaluated using a system of 5 grades. Dependency to Kraft classes (I-V) was also evaluated. Data of measurements was processed by Statistica program. Results The study showed that in the age of 30 years the best are 4th and 8th clones' tree families (19,6 – 16,6% higher than controlled plans), the worst – 14th and 16th clones' tree families. 10th and 4th clones' tree families have the biggest diameter of stem (14,2 – 12,7% thicker then controlled plans), and the smallest diameter has 14th and ir 7th clones' tree families. These tree families had almost the same measurements also in the ages... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas Nustatyti paprastosios pušies (Pinus sylvestris L.) klonų išsilaikymą ir fenologijos ypatumus lokalios amoniako taršos sąlygomis. Darbo objektas Tyrimai 2011 m. vykdyti Jonavos miškų urėdijos, Pagelažių girininkijos teritorijoje, esančiose sėklinėje plantacijoje, kuri nuo AB „Achemos yra nutolusi 6 km. Sėklinė plantacija buvo įveista 1966-1971 m. Pasodinta 30 vietinės kilmės pliusinių medžių klonų, naudota kvadratinė schema. Metodika Buvo išmatuoti visų medžių skersmenys Šiaurės-Pietų ir Vakarų-Rytų kryptimis bei įvertinta defoliacija. Apskaičiuoti visų medžių klonų vidurkiai, F kriterijus, bei paveldėjimo koeficientas. Duomenų analizei panaudota programa STATISTICA. Darbo rezultatai Tarp nagrinėjamų parametrų tarp atskirų klonų buvo esminiai genetiniai skirtumai. Paveldėjimo koeficientas − nuo 0.13 iki 0.18. Defoliacijos paveldėjimo koeficientas buvo didesnis negu skersmens. Išskirti atskiri klonai, kurių parametrai turi esminį skirtumą. Mažesnės defoliacijos klonai buvo didesnio skersmens. Darytina prielaida, kad šie klonai gerai toleruoja aplinkos taršą. Šiai hipotezei patvirtinti reikalinga klonų metinio radialinio prieaugio genetinio salygotumo tyrimas, skirtingose oro amoniako taršos koncentracijose.
Purpose The aim of the study was to determine retenton and phenology of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clones under local ammonia pollution condition. Object Investigation was accomplised in seed plantation of Pageleziai forestry of Jonava forestry district distance 6 km from nitrogen fertilizer factory. Seed plantation was created in 1966-1971 m. There was planted 30 local genesis plus trees of Scots pine clones and exposition of field with quadratic scheme. Methods During investigation was measured all trees diametrical values of the North-South and West-East direction and the same valued defoliation. All trees were calculated means, F-test, and heritage coefficient. Describing data analysis used STATISTICA. Results Investigation between all parameters and individual clones assessed significant genetics differences. Heritage coefficient range between 0.13 and 0.18. Heritage coefficient of the defoliation were larger than diametrical values. Seperation of the individual clones parameters showed significant diferences. Clones with less defoliation were larger diameters. Assumption of this study is that these clones can tolerate environmental pollution. The hypothesis confirmed are needed annual radial increment of the clones study of the genetic conventionality under different concentration of air ammonia pollution.

Excessive growth by red clover, Trifolium pratense L., grown for seed interferes with maximum seed production and harvest in Oregon's Willamette Valley. This study was conducted during 1986 and 1987 on red clover cv. Kenland to determine if plant height and dry matter production could be inhibited and seed yields improved with the plant growth regulators (PGRs) uniconazol (XE-1019) and paclobutrazol (Parlay). The effects of different soil-applied and foliar-applied PGRs and application rates on plant height, crop biomass, and yield components of red clover were measured at Corvallis, OR on Woodburn silt-loam (fine-silty mixed mesic Aquultic Argixerolls) soil. Soil-applied PGRs were also managed under single and multiple irrigation regimes in 1986. Under a single irrigation regime in 1986, canopy height was reduced by 32% when XE-1019 was applied at 1.12 kg ai/ha and was reduced by 13% when Parlay was applied at 1.68 kg ai/ha. Averaged over the two-year period, straw yield was reduced 40% with XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) and by 12% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha). Seed yield was increased by 11% with the lower XE-1019 rate (0.14 kg ai/ha) and was increased by 14% with the higher Parlay rate (1.68 kg ai/ha). Soil-applied PGR treatments reduced canopy height by 25% with XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) and was reduced by 11% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha) under multiple irrigation in 1986. Straw yield was reduced by 30% with XE-1019 (0.84 kg ai/ha), but Parlay had no effect on straw yield. In addition, seed yield was increased by 8% with XE-1019 (0.56 kg ai/ha) and by 18% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha). Foliar-applied XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) reduced canopy height by 13% in 1986 and by 25% in 1987, whereas foliar-applied Parlay (1.12 kg ai/ha) reduced canopy height by 9% in 1986 and by 19% in 1987. In 1986, seed yield increases averaged 16% across all 3CE-1019 treatments (0.07 to 1.12 kg ai/ha) and was increased an average of 21% across all Parlay treatments (0.28 to 1.68 kg ai/ha). However, 1987 was drier and warmer than 1986, consequently, foliar-applied XE-1019 reduced seed yields by an average of 23% and Parlay reduced seed yields by an average of 21%. Total dry weight and straw weight were unaffected by foliar-applied PGR treatment in both years. Use of XE-1019 and Parlay in field crop production has the potential to reduce dry matter production and improve seed recovery, but results vary from year to year. These PGRs have the potential to improve seed yields and may be effective in improving harvest conditions by reducing vegetative biomass.
Graduation date: 1995

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) is slow to establish and has low seed yields the year after establishment. Intercropping a cereal grain during clover seed field establishment could provide additional revenue to seed growers, provided that intercropping did not jeopardize future clover seed yields. Factorial combinations of spring- and fall-planted kura clover monocultured, companion-intercropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at two row widths, and relay-intercropped with wheat at two row widths were compared. Spring-planted clover established better than fall-planted clover as measured by percent ground cover. Both spring- and fall-planted kura clover were better established when relay-intercropped than when companion-intercropped. Spring-planted kura clover relay intercropped with fall wheat established better than any other treatment combinations, comparing favorably with spring-planted kura clover monocultures at 18 months from planting. Kura clover generally did not affect wheat yields. Wide and narrow row spaced wheat generally affected kura clover similarly, with narrow-spaced wheat out yielding wide-spaced wheat. It was concluded that relay-intercropping fall wheat into spring-planted clover does not adversely affect clover establishment and could therefore provide more cash revenue than monocultured clover during the clover establishment period.
Graduation date: 1991

Both red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white (Trifolium repens L.) clover seed yields can be highly variable and low in western Oregon. The objectives of this study were to: i) determine crop water requirements and supplemental irrigation timing, and ii) quantify the effects of soil and water status on inflorescence production, seed yield and seed yield components for red and white clover seed crops. In each species, five supplemental irrigation treatments were applied in 1990 and 1991 to first and second year seed crops grown on a Woodburn silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquultic Argixeroll) near Corvallis, OR. Non-irrigated controls were also maintained. In red clover, increased plant water stress reduced the duration of the season-long bud and flower production, stem length, potential floral capacity (PFC), and seed yield (SY). Root rot index (RRI) increased with increasing levels of plant water stress, indicating that supplemental water applications reduced second-year root rot severity. The reduction in SY from increasing plant water stress was primarily caused by a decrease in floral fertility, and less conclusively by reductions in inflorescence number per unit area. One irrigation to fill the soil active profile during peak flowering provided adequate water to maintain efficient seed production. In white clover, SY was maximum in 1990 when water application was delayed until 68% of the available soil-water was used by the crop which maintained an even flush of flowers and restricted vegetative growth. In 1991, all irrigation treatments yielded the same or less than the non-watered control. This was due to the excessive vegetative growth from stolons that had grown between the planted rows the previous and present crop year. In both years excessive amounts of irrigation water favored profuse vegetative growth and reduced SY. Inflorescence density was increased by constraining soil-water in 1990 and was the yield component that most affected SY both years. Crop water stress index (CWSI) was a useful indicator of plant stress status and can be used to schedule irrigations in red and white clovers grown for seed under typical climatic conditions of western Oregon.
Graduation date: 1993

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alberta, 2009.
Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on Jan. 14, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Science, [Department of] Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) is a perennial legume species that has been found to have exceptional persistence in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. There are two challenges that impede the incorporation of Kura clover into pasture mixtures in Alberta. The first is the lack of available seed, and the second is poor establishment success in mixtures with highly competitive grass species. A series of experiments were conducted to (i) address the potential for seed production in a central Alberta environment and (ii) to determine alternative strategies for establishment in mixtures. Kura clover successfully flowered and produced seed under central Alberta growing conditions. Seed production was greater from the cultivar Endura than Cossack. Kura clover seed production was not affected by row spacing however, yield was greater when clover was planted at 3 or 6 kg/ha versus 9 or 12 kg/ha. Seed yield ranged from 80 kg/ha to 350 kg/ha. Establishing Kura clover with a cover crop reduced flowering and seed production. Corn (Zea mays) was the least competitive cover crop, followed by faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Canola (Brassica napus), peas (Pisum sativum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and triticale (X Tritosecale) reduced Kura clover seed yield and are not recommended as cover crops. Comparison of above and below ground competition between Kura clover and meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii), indicated that below ground competition has the greatest impact on Kura clover seedling growth. Altering seeding rate and delaying introduction of the grass species by up to two months significantly improved Kura clover establishment in mixtures. Kura clover survival in established pastures was higher with physical than chemical sod suppression of the standing forage. Dry matter yield of Kura clover was greatest when defoliated at 6 week intervals. Challenges still remain regarding seed production and establishment of Kura clover. However, we successfully addressed the major concerns regarding the potential of Kura clover in Alberta.
Plant Science

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-36).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-48).

Annotation This diploma work is focused on multiplication and production of the grass seed and clovers. There is a sum of factors influencing succesful production of the seed. Main objective of my diploma work is focuse on just one of those factors which is appearance of the weed in multiplication area, problems of its cleaning and influence on quality of the seed. Nowadays is seed production very important. After the entry to EU there was a massive decline of dairy herds whereas beef cattle becoming more and more important and influencing pasture programs. Subsidy which is going into program for this kind of usage of agricultural land are very interesting. Essential for succesful use of this subsidy is always usage of certified seed of grass mixtures or its componets.