Articoli di riviste: "Clogging detection"

1

Liu, Huaqing, Zhen Hu, Shiying Song, Jian Zhang, Lichao Nie, Hongying Hu, Fengmin Li e Zhengyu Liu. "Quantitative Detection of Clogging in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Using the Resistivity Method". Water 10, n. 10 (26 settembre 2018): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101334.

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Substrate clogging seriously affects the lifetime and treatment performance of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF CWs), and the quantitative detection of clogging is the key challenge in the management of substrate clogging. This paper explores the feasibility of the resistivity method to detect the clogging degree of an SSF CW. The clogged substrate was found to have a high water-holding capacity, which led to low apparent resistivity in the draining phase. On the basis of the resistivity characteristics, clogging quantification was performed with a standard laboratory procedure, i.e., the Wenner method used in a Miller Soil Box. The apparent resistivity to sediment fraction (v/v) (ARSF) model was established to evaluate the degree of clogging from the apparent resistivity. The results showed that the ARSF model fit well with the actual values (linear slope = 0.986; R-squared = 0.98). The methods for in situ resistivity detection were applied in a lab-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF CW). Combined with the ARSF model, the two-probe method demonstrated high accuracy for clogging quantification (relative error less than 9%). These results suggest that the resistivity method is a reliable and feasible technique for in situ detection of clogging in SSF CWs.

2

Zhu, Sha, Ying Xu, Chunyang Zu, Yuexiang Li e Zifeng Yu. "Study on the method of detecting oil pipeline clogging by fluid oscillation theory". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2418, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2023): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2418/1/012039.

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Abstract In order to solve the problem of pipeline clogging detection, a mathematical model of pipeline clogging detection is established by applying fluid oscillation theory. The amplitude of each component harmonic in different periods is expressed by Fourier series, and then the clogging attenuation parameters of each harmonic are obtained. According to the ratio of harmonic of two separate components and the plugging attenuation parameter, the plugging position and magnitude are determined respectively. Through the analysis of numerical simulation and experimental results, it can be concluded that the method of using fluid oscillation theory to detect pipeline blockage is correct.

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Vong, Chin Nee, e Peter Ako Larbi. "Development and Prototype Testing of an Agricultural Nozzle Clog Detection Device". Transactions of the ASABE 64, n. 1 (2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13519.

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HighlightsPrototypes of an agricultural nozzle clog detection system (for 18 nozzles) have been successfully developed.Spray quality characteristics (droplet size, pattern, and coverage) were not significantly affected when testing the device with extended-range nozzles (TeeJet XR8004).Most of the spray quality characteristics were significantly affected when testing the device with ultra low-drift nozzles (John Deere PSULDQ2004).Abstract. Agricultural nozzles are the main components that perform the spraying of agrochemicals, and their proper functionality is a key element for uniform spray application on crops. Because nozzles have small orifices, they can become clogged when there is debris from the agrochemical in the tank. Nozzle clogging during spray application results in poor pest and weed management and increased cost for re-spraying the affected crop row. Measures used to prevent nozzles from clogging include using screens or strainers to filter out debris before it reaches the nozzle tip, as well as performing regular checks on the nozzles. However, nozzle clogging still occurs during spraying despite the precautions taken. Thus, a device that can detect nozzle clogging during spraying is necessary to enable a quicker response that will ensure uniform application across each row of the crop. A novel, patented device for detecting clogged nozzles that is externally attachable to each nozzle on a sprayer boom was developed in the Precision Application Technology Lab at Arkansas State University. The main objective of this article is to present a general description of this prototype nozzle clog detection device and the nozzle clog detection system. Spray droplet size and pattern tests under controlled conditions and spray coverage tests under field conditions were conducted with and without the device to determine if there were significant differences in droplet size, spray pattern, or spray coverage between using and not using the device. The tests demonstrated that this new technology has potential for detecting clogged nozzles without significantly influencing spray quality for extended-range nozzles but not for ultra low-drift nozzles. To increase the reliability of the performance of this new technology, further improvements in the design need to be considered. Keywords: Clogged nozzle, Detection, Droplet size, Prototype device, Spray coverage, Spray pattern.

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Diniz, Ana P. M., Patrick M. Ciarelli, Evandro O. T. Salles e Klaus F. Coco. "Long short-term memory neural networks for clogging detection in the submerged entry nozzle". Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering 5, n. 1 (20 marzo 2022): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/dmame0313052022d.

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The clogging in the Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN), responsible for controlling the steel flow in continuous casting, is one of the main problems faced by steelmaking process, since it can increase the frequency of interruptions in the operation for the maintenance and/or exchange of its equipment. Although it is a problem inherent to the process, not identifying the clogging can result in losses associated with the process yield, as well as compromising the product quality. In order to detect the occurrences of clogging in a real steel industry from historical data of process variables, in this paper, different models of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks were tested and discussed. The overall performance of the classifiers developed here showed very promising results in real data with class imbalance.

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Johansson, A., e A. Medvedev. "Detection of incipient clogging in pulverized coal injection lines". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 36, n. 3 (2000): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.845065.

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Abouelazayem, Shereen, Ivan Glavinić, Thomas Wondrak e Jaroslav Hlava. "Switched MPC Based on Clogging Detection in Continuous Casting Process". IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, n. 2 (2020): 11491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.589.

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Becker, Vincent, Thilo Schwamm, Sven Urschel e Jose Alfonso Antonino-Daviu. "Fault Investigation of Circulation Pumps to Detect Impeller Clogging". Applied Sciences 10, n. 21 (27 ottobre 2020): 7550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217550.

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Pumps have a wide range of applications. Methods for fault detection of motors are increasingly being used for pumps. In the context of this paper, a test bench is built to investigate circulation pumps for faults. As a use case, the fault of impeller clogging was first measured and then examined with the help of motor current signature analysis. It can be seen that there are four frequencies at which there is an increase in amplitude in case of a fault. The sidebands around the supply frequency are in particular focus. The clogging of three and four of a total of seven channels leads to the highest amplitudes at the fault frequencies. The efficiency is reduced by 9 to 15% in case of faulty operation. These results indicate that the implementation of fault detection algorithms on the pump electronics represents added value for the pump operator. Furthermore, the results can be transferred to other applications.

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Bai, Xue-Dong, Wen-Chieh Cheng, Brian B. Sheil e Ge Li. "Pipejacking clogging detection in soft alluvial deposits using machine learning algorithms". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 113 (luglio 2021): 103908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103908.

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Qiu, Xuefeng, Jiandong Wang, Haitao Wang, Chuanjuan Wang, Yuechao Sun e Guangyong Li. "Elimination of Clogging of a Biogas Slurry Drip Irrigation System Using the Optimal Acid and Chlorine Addition Mode". Agriculture 12, n. 6 (28 maggio 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060777.

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As an emerging contaminant, the clogging substances of emitters in biogas slurry drip irrigation systems affect the efficient return and utilization of biogas slurry to the field to a great extent. This can be prevented using acid and chlorination as engineering measures. Through a hydraulic performance test and sampling detection and analysis, under the same acid addition conditions (pH = 5.5–6.0), three chlorine addition concentrations (0, 1–3, and 4–9 mg/L) and four chlorine addition cycles (6, 10, 14, and 20 days) were tested, aimed to clarify the influence of acid and chlorine addition parameters (chlorine adding cycle, chlorine adding concentration, etc.) on the anti-clogging performance of emitters in biogas slurry drip irrigation system. The results showed that compared with no acid and chlorination treatment (CK), only acid and a reasonable combination of acid and chlorination can significantly reduce the probability of serious and complete clogging of biogas slurry drip irrigation emitters, and they can stabilize the relative average flow of emitters by more than 75%. The measures of adding acid and chlorine change the distribution characteristics of clogging substances at the front and rear of the drip irrigation belt. Furthermore, they promote the migration of clogging substances to the rear of the drip irrigation belt, facilitating the clogging of emitters located thereat. The measures of acid addition and sequential addition of acid and chlorine significantly inhibit the growth of an extracellular polymer in the emitter, and the effect of inhibiting the increase in extracellular polymer concentrations is relatively poor when the acid addition period is excessively long or short. There exists a negative correlation between the extracellular polymer content in the emitter and the change in the emitter flow. Based on the obtained results, to ensure excellent anti-clogging performance of biogas slurry drip irrigation systems, for acid-only treatment measures, the acid dosing cycle is recommended to be 10 days. When acid and chlorination measures are implemented sequentially, the acid chlorination cycle is recommended to be 14 and 10 days when the chlorine concentration is 1–3 and 4–9 mg/L, respectively. This study has important scientific significance and practical value for the establishment of long-term operation management and protection technologies of large-scale biogas slurry drip irrigation systems.

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Ibrahim, Najihah, Fadratul Hafinaz Hassan, Nor Muzlifah Mahyuddin e Noorhazlinda Abd Ra. "Cellular Automaton based Fire Spreading Simulation in Closed Area: Clogging Region Detection". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n. 4.44 (1 dicembre 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.44.26859.

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Fire spreading is one of the visualization techniques used for re-enacting or envisions the fire incidents for conducting the post-incidents’ responses and analysing the incidents for post-mortem purposes. There are several current researches on the fire spreading incidents that involve the construction of fire spreading simulation which has focusing on the fire development, smoke control, the prediction of temperature distribution during the fire spreading, emergency response’s plans and post-fire damage assessment. However, there are more features need to be explored in the fire spreading simulation and also the pedestrians movement of the affected incident’s area for the future space design development, arrangement and structural improvement that are impactful towards human safety and also useful for the justification and prediction on the pedestrian survival rate during any panic situations. Hence, this research has focusing on the features of realistic scaling of the spatial layout and implementing the Cellular Automata (CA) approach for imitating the near-realistic pedestrian self-organizing movement and fire spreading characteristics at the microstructure level for designing the heat map of the affected area to show the clogging region in the spatial layout while constructing a reliable prediction on the pedestrian survival rate. This clogging region mapping will be useful for finding the existing issues that lead towards high casualties. Based on the experiments and observations, the heat map of the affected area showed the heavy congestions happened specifically near to the ingress/ egress points and narrow pathways that had affected the pedestrian flow rate and caused the 75% of the 352 pedestrians in the spatial layout to burn and die during the fire simulation by unintentionally taking an extra of 43.85 seconds more than the total fire spreading time (13.42 seconds) to evacuate from the closed area building.

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Lin, Junran, Cuimei Yang, Yi Lu, Yuxing Cai, Hanjie Zhan e Zhen Zhang. "An Improved Soft-YOLOX for Garbage Quantity Identification". Mathematics 10, n. 15 (28 luglio 2022): 2650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10152650.

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Urban waterlogging is mainly caused by garbage clogging the sewer manhole covers. If the amount of garbage at a sewer manhole cover can be detected, together with an early warning signal when the amount is large enough, it will be of great significance in preventing urban waterlogging from occurring. Based on the YOLOX algorithm, this paper accomplishes identifying manhole covers and garbage and building a flood control system that can automatically recognize and monitor the accumulation of garbage. This system can also display the statistical results and send early warning information. During garbage identification, it can lead to inaccurate counting and a missed detection if the garbage is occluded. To reduce the occurrence of missed detections as much as possible and improve the performance of detection models, Soft-YOLOX, a method using a new detection model for counting, was used as it can prevent the occurrence of missed detections by reducing the scores of adjacent detection frames reasonably. The Soft-YOLOX improves the accuracy of garbage counting. Compared with the traditional YOLOX, the mAP value of Soft-YOLOX for garbage identification increased from 89.72% to 91.89%.

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Mohamadi, Parian, Elham Mohsenzadeh, Cedric Cochrane e Vladan Koncar. "Investigation of conductive printed thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibers to detect the clogging of air filters". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1266, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1266/1/012005.

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Abstract Recently, air pollution attracted many worries because of its high number of deaths per year. To solve the problem, the industries are trying to fabricate the giant air filtration system for public areas. However, the clogging of air filters should be detected in real-time to change or clean them. E-textile is a very fascinating field, which is often used in medical, safety, military and clogging detection applications. These components are integrated into soft textile materials according to their usage requirements. One of the most attractive textile structures is the nanofibers due to their advantageous properties such as porosity, lightweight, and high surface area. To have conductive nanofiber-based membrane sensors, two in situ electrical conductivity principles using conductive particles and surface conductivity, such as immersion and printing methods are recommended. In this research, the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofibers’ membranes are produced using an electrospinning system and the carbon ink was printed on the surface of nanofibers to apply in textile sensors applications. SEM images showed the uniform structure of the nanofibers and the porosity of the system even after printing. The electromechanical properties of printed membranes demonstrated the change of electrical resistance under stretch. Conclusively, these conductive membranes could be employed as strain sensors to detect the small changes in the output airflow indicated the possible clogging of air filters.

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de Camargo, Antonio Pires, Bruno Molle, Séverine Tomas e José Antônio Frizzone. "Assessment of clogging effects on lateral hydraulics: proposing a monitoring and detection protocol". Irrigation Science 32, n. 3 (7 dicembre 2013): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-013-0423-z.

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Oh, Se-Jin, Doug-Yong Sung, Jung-Min Ko e Sang Ki Nam. "Improving detection of plasma etching end point using light compensation on optical emission spectra". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 40, n. 5 (settembre 2022): 052206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002009.

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When the high aspect ratio contact, called as HARC, hole dry etching process with a high degree of difficulty is carried out in the high performance memory manufacturing process, there is a problem that the sensitivity of the optical signal detection is low due to the small open ratio and the high aspect ratio of the hole when detecting the etching end point signal using the plasma light emission. In particular, due to the fluorocarbon polymer characteristics of fluorocarbon gas, such as C4F6, C4F8, C3F8, and CH2F2, which is mainly used in the HARC hole dry etching process, the viewport, which is a part to which the optical lens is connected to measure the plasma light emitting signal with optical emission spectroscopy, called as OES, can be contaminated with the fluorocarbon polymer coating. As a result of this viewport clogging phenomenon, the intensity of the optical signal collected gradually decreases during the process (∼4%), and thus the sensitivity of the etching end point signal indicating that the etching process is terminated gradually decreases. In this study, a xenon flashlamp for optical signal compensation was additionally applied to the existing OES structure to improve the detection of the etching end point during the HARC hole dry etching process. This can improve the detection sensitivity of the OES etching end point by monitoring the viewport clogging phenomenon in real time and compensating for the reduction of the collected OES signal. The pattern wafer for testing used to verify the effect of the etching end point consists of a structure in which a mold layer sequentially stacked with Si3N4, SiO2, and SiO2 are mixed as a single layer, and as a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the detection sensitivity of the etching end point applied with the optical signal compensation method was 18% improved from the signal measured only by the existing OES. The method is expected to improve the detection sensitivity of etching end point during the next generation high difficulty HARC hole etching process to improve the plasma etching process control method.

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Sauret, Alban, Erin C. Barney, Adeline Perro, Emmanuel Villermaux, Howard A. Stone e Emilie Dressaire. "Clogging by sieving in microchannels: Application to the detection of contaminants in colloidal suspensions". Applied Physics Letters 105, n. 7 (18 agosto 2014): 074101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4893459.

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Gierz, Łukasz, e Bartłomiej Kazimierz Paszkiewicz. "PVDF Piezoelectric Sensors for Seeds Counting and Coulter Clogging Detection in Sowing Process Monitoring". Journal of Engineering 2020 (20 maggio 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2676725.

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The paper presents the results of a test on the use of piezoelectric sensors made of PVDF foil for counting grain and checking clogging in the sowing drill. The tests were carried out in a simulator of the sowing drill with the use of a measuring system with high input impedance. Two kinds of barley and triticale grains were investigated. Measurements were carried out for different feeding frequencies. On the basis of the signals recorded, an algorithm of counting the sown grain was developed and tested. The algorithm is based on signal statistic comparison in adjacent windows. The developed algorithm allows counting more than 90% of the sown grains.

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S. Ayra, Eduardo, Álvaro Rodríguez Sanz, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Fernando Gómez Comendador e Javier Cano. "Detection and warning of ice crystals clogging pitot probes from total air temperature anomalies". Aerospace Science and Technology 102 (luglio 2020): 105874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.105874.

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Petit, Julien, Sílvia Mas García, Bruno Molle, Daphné Héran, Nassim Ait-Mouheb e Ryad Bendoula. "Detection and monitoring of drip irrigation clogging using absorbance spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis". Biosystems Engineering 235 (novembre 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2023.09.008.

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Hosokawa, Y., T. Ootsuki e C. Niwa. "Channel Experiments on Coastal Water Purification by Porous Bed Using Crushed Stones". Water Science and Technology 26, n. 9-11 (1 novembre 1992): 2007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0648.

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Large-scale model channels (30m long × 1m wide × 1.3m deep × 6 channels) were constructed for contact purification experiments for coastal saline water. Each channel was filled with crushed stones which were expected to be coated with natural biofilm. Effects of sedimentation and biological oxidation were observed for different hydraulic retention time (HRT: 1-5 hours) and different stone size (mean d: 10-100 mm). Hydraulic characteristics were also measured. The following was clear after five months' observation in autumn and winter, (a) biofilm was developed for saline (S: 1-2 %) and low COD (COD: 1-5 mg/l) influent, (b) SS was removed by 50-60 % though TOC by 10-20%, (c) effluent quality was clearer with longer HRT and smaller stones, but total removed weight was maximum at the channel of shortest HRT due to the high hydraulic loading(12m3) (d) permeability ranged between 5-20cm/s for bare stones and became smaller as clogging developed, (e) inclination of water surface was a good index for clogging detection.

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Petit, Julien, Sílvia Mas García, Bruno Molle, Ryad Bendoula e Nassim Ait-Mouheb. "Methods for drip irrigation clogging detection, analysis and understanding: State of the art and perspectives". Agricultural Water Management 272 (ottobre 2022): 107873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107873.

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Yang, Shu, Andreas Rebmann, Ming Tang, Rudolf Moravec, Dylan Behrmann, Morgan Baird e B. Wayne Bequette. "Process monitoring using causal graphical models, with application to clogging detection in steel continuous casting". Journal of Process Control 105 (settembre 2021): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2021.08.006.

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Fernandes, Sílvia M. V., António O. S. S. Rangel e José L. F. C. Lima. "Merging Zones Standard Addition Technique for Determination of Copper in Beer by Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, n. 3 (1 maggio 1998): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.3.645.

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abstract A flow injection system for determination of copper in beer by atomic absorption spectrophotometry by the standard additions method is described. The manifold, based on the merging zone technique, prevents the burner head from clogging, as observed with the conventional reference method. With 5 standard additions, results are comparable with those of the reference method. Relative deviations were less than 5.8%, precision was better than 6.4%, and sampling rate was about 30 samples/ h. A less precise, less accurate, but faster procedure (75 samples/h) is possible with only 2 standard additions. The detection limit was 5µg/l.

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Olszewski, John, Linda Winona e Kevin H. Oshima. "Comparison of 2 ultrafiltration systems for the concentration of seeded viruses from environmental waters". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51, n. 4 (1 aprile 2005): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-011.

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The use of ultrafiltration as a concentration method to recover viruses from environmental waters was investigated. Two ultrafiltration systems (hollow fiber and tangential flow) in a large- (100 L) and small-scale (2 L) configuration were able to recover greater than 50% of multiple viruses (bacteriophage PP7 and T1 and poliovirus type 2) from varying water turbidities (10157 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) simultaneously. Mean recoveries (n = 3) in ground and surface water by the large-scale hollow fiber ultrafiltration system (100 L) were comparable to recoveries observed in the small-scale system (2 L). Recovery of seeded viruses in highly turbid waters from small-scale tangential flow (2 L) (screen and open channel) and hollow fiber ultrafilters (2 L) (small pilot) were greater than 70%. Clogging occurred in the hollow fiber pencil module and when particulate concentrations exceeded 1.6 g/L and 5.5 g/L (dry mass) in the screen and open channel filters, respectively. The small pilot module was able to filter all concentrates without clogging. The small pilot hollow fiber ultrafilter was used to test recovery of seeded viruses from surface waters from different geographical regions in 10-L volumes. Recoveries >70% were observed from all locations.Key words: ultrafiltration, waterborne virus detection, viral concentration.

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Gao, Yuyue, Rui Chen, Wenbo Qin, Linchun Wei e Cheng Zhou. "Learning from explainable data-driven tunneling graphs: A spatio-temporal graph convolutional network for clogging detection". Automation in Construction 147 (marzo 2023): 104741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.104741.

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Zhang, Yajun, Aoshu Xu, Xin Lv, Qian Wang, Caihui Feng e Jun Lin. "Non-Invasive Measurement, Mathematical Simulation and In Situ Detection of Biofilm Evolution in Porous Media: A Review". Applied Sciences 11, n. 4 (4 febbraio 2021): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041391.

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The development of biofilms and the related changes in porous media in the subsurface cannot be directly observed and evaluated. The primary reason that the mechanism of biofilm clogging in porous media cannot be clearly demonstrated is due to the opacity and structural complexity of three-dimensional pore space. Interest in exploring methods to overcome this limitation has been increasing. In the first part of this review, we introduce the underlying characteristics of biofilm in porous media. Then, we summarize two approaches, non-invasive measurement methods and mathematical simulation strategies, for studying fluid–biofilm–porous medium interaction with spatiotemporal resolution. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches. Lastly, we provide a perspective on opportunities for in situ monitoring at the field site.

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Abdulghafoor, Nuha, e Hadeel Abdullah. "Enhancement Performance of Multiple Objects Detection and Tracking for Real-time and Online Applications". International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems 13, n. 6 (31 dicembre 2020): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2020.1231.47.

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Multi-object detection and tracking systems represent one of the basic and important tasks of surveillance and video traffic systems. Recently. The proposed tracking algorithms focused on the detection mechanism. It showed significant improvement in performance in the field of computer vision. Though. It faced many challenges and problems, such as many blockages and segmentation of paths, in addition to the increasing number of identification keys and false-positive paths. In this work, an algorithm was proposed that integrates information on appearance and visibility features to improve the tracker's performance. It enables us to track multiple objects throughout the video and for a longer period of clogging and buffer a number of ID switches. An effective and accurate data set, tools, and metrics were also used to measure the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results show the great improvement in the performance of the tracker, with high accuracy of more than 65%, which achieves competitive performance with the existing algorithms.

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Diniz, Ana Paula Miranda, Patrick Marques Ciarelli, Evandro Ottoni Teatini Salles e Klaus Fabian Coco. "Use of deep neural networks for clogging detection in the Submerged Entry Nozzle of the continuous casting". Expert Systems with Applications 238 (marzo 2024): 121963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121963.

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Brechmann, Noah, Marvin Michel, Alina Bola, Franziska Renz, Andreas Pickhinke e Karsten Seidl. "Fabrication and characterization of CMOS-compatible perforated micromembranes for biomedical applications". Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 9, n. 1 (1 settembre 2023): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2023-1110.

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Abstract We report the optimized wafer-scale fabrication of microporous membranes for applications in the biomedical field such as cell filtration. Existing similar devices can mostly not be integrated on CMOS circuits or mass fabricated. Both is enabled here by the exclusive use of scalable and low temperature microsystems technology methods on silicon wafers. The successfully manufactured devices are characterized with regard to the feasibility of an integrated clogging detection or captured cell counter. The results from electrochemical measurements across the chips match the calculations from a corresponding theoretical model well, verifying the described concept. Further electrical functionalities may thus be integrated into the micromembrane device in the future, equipping it for new applications and allowing a more efficient solution for existing tasks of similar devices.

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Chen, Simou. "Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms for Spam Mail Detection". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 39 (1 aprile 2023): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v39i.6698.

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Due to several issues including clogging mailboxes and obscuring critical personal correspondence caused by a large amount of spam mail, spam filtering application based on machine learning models has become more and more essential. This paper gives a comprehensive evaluation of 4 classic machine learning models including the Naïve Bayes classifier, support vector machine, neural network, and the decision tree in the task of spam email evaluation. In order to make fair comparisons between the algorithms, they were all built by learning from the same training dataset and asked to make predictions on the same testing dataset. More specifically, the Naïve Bayes classifier uses the conditional probability of the Naïve Bayes theorem and consumes the words that appear independently in the emails. The decision tree algorithm keeps recursively splitting the dataset to build a predictive theory. Support vector machine is able to make predictions by transforming the training dataset to a linear equation in n-dimensions. And neural networks can recognize the non-linear relationships between the inputs and outputs by constructing the front, hidden, and output layers. It is observed from the result that all machine learning models have successfully classified spam emails with high testing accuracy which are all above 90%. More specifically, the neural network achieves the highest testing accuracy followed by the support vector machine and decision tree. While the Naïve Bayes classifier does not perform well enough as it must assume the appearance of words happens independently.

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Zhang, Chunling, Xiaodong Xie, Zihao Zheng, Xiaoqing Wu, Weiwei Wang e Liqing Chen. "A Plant Unit Relates to Missing Seeding Detection and Reseeding for Maize Precision Seeding". Agriculture 12, n. 10 (7 ottobre 2022): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101634.

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For the current sowing machine, unavoidable reasons such as clogging of the seed row disc type opener and the seed guide tube, slipping off the ground wheel, and other unavoidable reasons lead to sowing machine leakage. This paper designs a system to detect and compensate for missed sowing of maize precision seeds. The system mainly consists of a missed seeding detection system module, a control system module, a display system module, an actuation system module, a compensation system module, etc. Detection of missed seedings uses a microcontroller as the controller and a fiber optic sensor as the detection element. Through the microcontroller’s input capture and timer timing function, the total number of rows of missed and reseeded seeds is displayed on the LED display and fed back to the replenishment system to realize the alarm of missed seeds and automatic compensation. The results show that: the detection accuracy of missed seeding is more than 96%, and the highest detection accuracy can reach 100%. Less than 4% error occurred in missed seeding compensation (0.3% error in stepper motor speed, 4% error in rotation angle). The replanting rate of replanters is more than 90%; the replanting pass rate is more than 95%. When the tractor driving speed is 3~8 km/h, the sowing qualified rate is more than 90% to meet the sowing and replanting requirements.

31

Watanabe, Hideki, Yasuhiro Muramoto, Masatoshi Adachi, Shiro Fukuta, Reiko Takahashi e Koji Kageyama. "Reducing clogging by using a filter aid for the detection of plant pathogen using a membrane filter method". Annual Report of The Kansai Plant Protection Society 55 (2013): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4165/kapps.55.65.

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32

Takasaki, Kazuto, Hiroki Aihara, Takanobu Imanaka, Takahiro Matsudaira, Keita Tsukahara, Atsuko Usui, Sora Osaki e Hideyuki Doi. "Water pre-filtration methods to improve environmental DNA detection by real-time PCR and metabarcoding". PLOS ONE 16, n. 5 (7 maggio 2021): e0250162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250162.

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Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a novel approach for biomonitoring and has been mostly used in clear water. It is difficult to detect eDNA in turbid water as filter clogging occurs, and environmental samples contain various substances that inhibit the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and affect the accuracy of eDNA analysis. Therefore, we applied a pre-filtration method to better detect the fish species (particularly pale chub, Opsariichthys platypus) present in a water body by measuring eDNA in environmental samples containing PCR inhibitors. Upon conducting 12S rRNA metabarcoding analysis (MiFish), we found that pre-filtration did not affect the number or identities of fish species detected in our samples, but pre-filtration through pore sizes resulted in significantly reduced variance among replicate samples. Additionally, PCR amplification was improved by the pre-filtration of environmental samples containing PCR inhibitors such as humic substances. Although this study may appear to be a conservative and ancillary experiment, pre-filtration is a simple technique that can not only improve the physical properties of water, such as turbidity, but also the quality of eDNA biomonitoring.

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Möller, Tord E., e Håkan F. Gustavsson. "Determination of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Various Maize Products by a Combined SAX + C18 Column and Immunoaffinity Column". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2000): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.1.99.

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Abstract Fumonisins B1 and B2 were determined in 42 samples of different maize products from the Swedish market by 2 different methods based on cleanup steps using an immunoaffinity column and a combination of SAX + C18 columns, respectively. A simple “precipitation step” was included before the samples were added to the main column(s), giving less column clogging, fewer interfering peaks, and better recoveries for the different sample matrixes. Recovery, repeatability, and results from the survey showed comparable results with the methods. The limit of detection for both methods was 5 μg/kg for fumonisin B1 and 10 μg/kg for fumonisin B2. All 7 maize chips analyzed and 6 of 8 popcorn samples contained fumonisins (B1 + B2) with averages of 180 and 115 μg/kg, respectively. All other samples except a maize flour sample contained little or no fumonisins.

34

MURAKAMI, TAKU. "Filter-Based Pathogen Enrichment Technology for Detection of Multiple Viable Foodborne Pathogens in 1 Day". Journal of Food Protection 75, n. 9 (1 settembre 2012): 1603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-039.

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Conventional foodborne pathogen assays currently used in the food industry often require long culture enrichments to increase pathogen levels so they can be detected. Even using sensitive real-time PCR assays, culture enrichment at least overnight is necessary especially for detection of pathogens with slow growth rates such as Listeria monocytogenes. To eliminate this cumbersome enrichment step and detect minute amounts of pathogens within 1 day, filter-based pathogen enrichment technology was developed utilizing a unique combination of glass fiber depth filter and porous filter aid materials to efficiently separate pathogens from food homogenates and avoid filter clogging by food particles. After pathogen immobilization in depth filters, only viable pathogens were selectively collected in a small volume of growth medium via microbial multiplication and migration; nonviable pathogens remained inside the filters. By assaying viable pathogens using real-time PCRs, multiple species of foodborne pathogens were detected, including L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli O157:H7, at around 1 CFU/ml or 1 CFU/g in various food samples. This filter-based pathogen enrichment technology is a unique bacterial enrichment alternative to the conventional culture enrichment step and can significantly shorten the time necessary to obtain assay results.

35

Manjunath, G., P. Nagaraju e Saumen Mandal. "Ultra-sensitive clogging free combustible molecular precursor-based screen-printed ZnO sensors: a detection of ammonia and formaldehyde breath markers". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 32, n. 5 (28 gennaio 2021): 5713–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05292-z.

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Kanawade, Rajesh, Florian Stelzle e Michael Schmidt. "In Vivo Monitoring of Hemodynamic Changes during Clogging and Unclogging of Blood Supply for the Application of Clinical Shock Detection". Physics Procedia 39 (2012): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.10.106.

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37

Weimer, B. C., M. K. Walsh, C. Beer, R. Koka e X. Wang. "Solid-Phase Capture of Proteins, Spores, and Bacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, n. 3 (1 marzo 2001): 1300–1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.3.1300-1307.2001.

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ABSTRACT Current methods for the detection of pathogens in food and water samples generally require a preenrichment step that allows selective enrichment of the test organism. The objective of this research was to eliminate an enrichment step to allow detection of bacteria directly in food and water samples in 30 min. A high-flow-rate, fluidized bed to capture and concentrate large (bacteria and spores) and small (protein) molecules was developed. This format, ImmunoFlow, is volume independent and uses large beads (greater than 3 mm in diameter) when capturing bacteria to prevent sample clogging when testing food samples. Detection of bound targets was done using existing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocols. Four antibodies (anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7, -Bacillus globigii, -bovine serum albumin [BSA], and -ovalbumin [OVA]) were covalently coupled to various glass and ceramic beads. Very small amounts of BSA (<1 ng) and OVA (0.2 to 4.0 μg) were detected. Various industrial and environmental samples were used to observe the effect of the sample composition on the capture of anti-B. globigii and anti-E. coli O157:H7 modified beads. The lower limit of detection for both E. coli O157:H7 andB. globigii was 1 spore/cell independent of the sample size. The activity of anti-B. globigii modified beads declined after 3 days. Anti-E. coli O157:H7 modified beads declined in their capture ability after 2 days in various storage buffers. Storage temperature (4 and 25°C) did not influence the stability. The ImmunoFlow technology is capable of capturing bacteria and spores directly from samples, with subsequent detection in an ELISA format in 30 min.

38

Aldi, Nicola, Nicola Casari, Michele Pinelli, Alessio Suman e Alessandro Vulpio. "Performance Degradation of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Due to Tar Deposition". Energies 15, n. 4 (17 febbraio 2022): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041490.

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Biomass represents a programmable renewable energy source that is useful for reducing issues related to the transfer from fossil fuels to the renewable energy era. The exploitation of biomass is strongly related to the development of power technologies that are designed to improve efficiency; however, at the same time, they have to be designed to improve the life cycle of the entire installation—especially in relation to maintenance operations. In this paper, a numerical analysis is proposed to assess the performance of a heat exchanger used for separating condensing tar from syngas generated by the gasification of lignocellulosic wood chips and pellets. The analysis included clean, fouled, and clogged conditions. Flow maldistribution characterized the inlet section of shell-and-tube configurations and was responsible for clogging phenomena. Starting from field detection, analyses of fouled and clogged conditions showed a reduction in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, causing dangerous conditions for the internal combustion engine used to exploit the syngas flow.

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Steyer, Jean-Philippe, Damien Rolland, Jean-Claude Bouvier e René Moletta. "Hybrid fuzzy neural network for diagnosis - application to the anaerobic treatment of wine distillery wastewater in a fluidized bed reactor". Water Science and Technology 36, n. 6-7 (1 settembre 1997): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0593.

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In this paper, we present a hybrid approach that uses both fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks for on-line detection and analysis of problems occurring in a 120 liter anaerobic digestion fluidized bed reactor for the treatment of wine distillery wastewater. The raw data available on the process (i.e., pH, temperature, recirculation flow rate, input flow rate and gas flow rate) are preprocessed using fuzzy logic to build a vector of features (i.e., a pattern vector). This feature vector is classified into a prespecified category (i.e., a class) which is a state of the system, according to discrimination fuzzy rules. An artificial neural network is then used to classify the process states and to identify the faulty or dangerous ones. This approach was developed to handle in real time problems such as, for example, foam forming, sudden changes in the effluent to be treated (due to a change in concentration), pipe clogging (due to struvite formation) or bad temperature regulation (due to improper setting of the control parameters).

40

Poliwoda, Anna, Małgorzata Mościpan e Piotr P. Wieczorek. "Application of Molecular Imprinted Polymers for Selective Solid Phase Extraction of Bisphenol A". Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2016): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0046.

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Abstract Selective molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with bisphenol A as template were synthesized using the non-covalent imprinting approach. MIPs were prepared using thermally initiated polymerization with 1,1’-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitryle) (ACHN) as initiator and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linking agent. The tested functional monomers included methacrylic acid, acrylamide, and 4-vinylpyridine. The selectivity of the BPA-MIP for the solid phase extraction of bisphenol A was tested in samples containing other related alkylphenols. The polymers prepared in acetonitrile using methacrylic acid or acrylamide as monomer showed the highest selectivity towards target analyte (the selectivity ratio 8:1, respectively for MIP and NIP). The proposed procedure has been proven to be an effective for selective extraction of bisphenol A in aqueous samples (recoveries over 85%) enabling detection and quantification limits of 25 and 70 μg/dm3, respectively based on 10 cm3 of sample volume, with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 6%. The obtained molecularly imprinted material showed interesting properties for selective extraction and preconcentration of studied analyte from large volumes of aqueous samples without any problems of cartridge clogging.

41

Wong, Ten It, Candy Ng, Shengxuan Lin, Zhong Chen e Xiaodong Zhou. "Adaptive Fabrication of Electrochemical Chips with a Paste-Dispensing 3D Printer". Sensors 24, n. 9 (29 aprile 2024): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24092844.

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Electrochemical (EC) detection is a powerful tool supporting simple, low-cost, and rapid analysis. Although screen printing is commonly used to mass fabricate disposable EC chips, its mask is relatively expensive. In this research, we demonstrated a method for fabricating three-electrode EC chips using 3D printing of relatively high-viscosity paste. The electrodes consisted of two layers, with carbon paste printed over silver/silver chloride paste, and the printed EC chips were baked at 70∘C for 1 h. Engineering challenges such as bulging of the tubing, clogging of the nozzle, dripping, and local accumulation of paste were solved by material selection for the tube and nozzle, and process optimization in 3D printing. The EC chips demonstrated good reversibility in redox reactions through cyclic voltammetry tests, and reliably detected heavy metal ions Pb(II) and Cd(II) in solutions using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry measurements. The results indicate that by optimizing the 3D printing of paste, EC chips can be obtained by maskless and flexible 3D printing techniques in lieu of screen printing.

42

Becker, Vincent, Thilo Schwamm, Sven Urschel e Jose Alfonso Antonino-Daviu. "Two Current-Based Methods for the Detection of Bearing and Impeller Faults in Variable Speed Pumps". Energies 14, n. 15 (26 luglio 2021): 4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154514.

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The growing number of variable speed drives (VSDs) in industry has an impact on the future development of condition monitoring methods. In research, more and more attention is being paid to condition monitoring based on motor current evaluation. However, there are currently only a few contributions to current-based pump diagnosis. In this paper, two current-based methods for the detection of bearing defects, impeller clogging, and cracked impellers are presented. The first approach, load point-dependent fault indicator analysis (LoPoFIA), is an approach that was derived from motor current signature analysis (MCSA). Compared to MCSA, the novelty of LoPoFIA is that only amplitudes at typical fault frequencies in the current spectrum are considered as a function of the hydraulic load point. The second approach is advanced transient current signature analysis (ATCSA), which represents a time-frequency analysis of a current signal during start-up. According to the literature, ATCSA is mainly used for motor diagnosis. As a test item, a VSD-driven circulation pump was measured in a pump test bench. Compared to MCSA, both LoPoFIA and ATCSA showed improvements in terms of minimizing false alarms. However, LoPoFIA simplifies the separation of bearing defects and impeller defects, as impeller defects especially influence higher flow ranges. Compared to LoPoFIA, ATCSA represents a more efficient method in terms of minimizing measurement effort. In summary, both LoPoFIA and ATCSA provide important insights into the behavior of faulty pumps and can be advantageous compared to MCSA in terms of false alarms and fault separation.

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Solari, Federico, Natalya Lysova e Roberto Montanari. "Digital Twin Based on Historical Data and Simulation Results: Fault Detection and Estimation of the Remaining Useful Life of a Cyclone Bag Filter". Applied Sciences 13, n. 14 (18 luglio 2023): 8297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148297.

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This study deals with the development of a digital twin for monitoring the operating conditions of a cyclone bag filter installed on the suction system of a wheat mill. The model aims to be used for fault identification and real-time prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL). Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to characterize in detail the fluid-dynamic behavior of the airflow inside the system under different conditions of filter sleeve clogging. Furthermore, the simulation results were used to identify a location for the installation of a new velocity sensor that would allow, together with the pressure drop measured at the ends of the filter, monitoring of the systems’ conditions. A model able to assess the filter’s operating state, identify failure events or operating anomalies, and make a prediction of the RUL was then developed. A possible implementation of the developed model, based on the simulation results that aimed to optimize the management of the sleeve cleaning cycles was also proposed. The developed digital model was then tested on a working cycle lasting one year, in which a sleeve failure was simulated. It was shown how the simultaneous monitoring of the two identified quantities allows for the correct identification of the failure and the accurate prediction of the RUL.

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Wulandari, Novita, Kemalasari e Ni'am Tamami. "Design And Build Up Of Sphygmomanometer Based On Android Supplemented With Food Recommendations". Journal FORTEI-JEERI 1, n. 2 (23 novembre 2020): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46962/forteijeeri.v1i2.9.

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Blood pressure is a measure of how strong the heart is to pump blood around the body. Abnormal blood pressure can occur due to high blood pressure (hypertension) or low blood pressure (hypotension). Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015 showed that around 1.13 billion people in the world have hypertension, meaning that 1 in 3 people in the world are diagnosed with hypertension. Therefore, a sphygmomanometer was designed that could digitally detect blood pressure and provide food recommendations to stabilize blood pressure. The detection of blood pressure is carried out by the oscillometry method where the oscillation value occurs when blood first flows into the artery after clogging. Systolic blood pressure is determined by multiplying the Mean Arterial Pressure by 0.8. Meanwhile, diastolic blood pressure is determined by multiplying the Mean Arterial Pressure by 0.5. The results of the blood pressure will be displayed on the LCD display and sent to the smartphone. On the smartphone, blood pressure results and food recommendations will be displayed through the android application to make it easier for patients to remember recommended foods and monitor their own blood pressure results without the help of a medical or doctor.

45

Marques, Thiago L., Milton K. Sasaki, Lidiane C. Nunes e Fábio R. P. Rocha. "Flow-Batch Sample Preparation for Fractionation of the Stress Signaling Phytohormone Salicylic Acid in Fresh Leaves". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2020 (17 luglio 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8865849.

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Salicylic acid (SA) is an important stress signaling phytohormone and plays an essential role in physiological processes in plants. SA fractionation has been carried out batchwise, which is not compatible with the high analytical demand in agronomical studies and increases susceptibility to analytical errors. In this context, a novel flow-batch sample preparation system for SA fractionation on fresh plant leaves was developed. It was based on microwave-assisted extraction with water and conversion of the conjugated species to free SA by alkaline hydrolysis. Free and total SA were quantified by fluorimetry after separation by sequential injection chromatography in a C18 monolithic column. The proposed procedure is directly applicable to plant leaves containing up 16 mg kg−1 SA, with a limit of detection of 0.1 mg kg−1 of SA, coefficient of variation of 3.0% (n = 10), and sampling rate of 4 samples h−1. The flow-batch sample preparation system was successfully applied to SA fractionation in sugarcane, corn, and soybean leaves without clogging or increasing in backpressure. The proposed approach is simple, less time-consuming, and more environmentally friendly in comparison to batchwise procedures.

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Kim, Suju, Ugochukwu Ejike Akpudo e Jang-Wook Hur. "A Cost-Aware DNN-Based FDI Technology for Solenoid Pumps". Electronics 10, n. 19 (22 settembre 2021): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192323.

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Fluid Pumps serve a critical function in hydraulic and thermodynamic systems, and this often exposes them to prolonged use, leading to fatigue, stress, contamination, filter clogging, etc. On one hand, vibration monitoring for hydraulic components has shown reliable efficiencies in fault detection and isolation (FDI) practices. On the other hand, signal processing techniques provide reliable FDI parameters for artificial intelligence (AI)-based data-driven diagnostics (and prognostics) and have recently attracted global interest across different disciplines and applications. Particularly for cost-aware systems, the choice of diagnostic parameters determines the reliability of an FDI/diagnostic model. By extracting (and selecting) discriminative spectral and transient features from solenoid pump vibration signals, accurate diagnostics across operating conditions can be achieved using AI-based FDI algorithms. This study employs a deep neural network (DNN) for fault diagnosis after a correlation-based selection of discriminative spectral and transient features. To solve the problem of hyperparameter selection for the proposed model, a grid search technique was employed for optimal search for parameters (number of layers, neurons, activation function, weight optimizer, etc.) on different network architectures.The results reveal the high accuracy of a three-layer DNN with ReLU activation function, with a test accuracy of 99.23% and a minimal false alarm rate on a case study.

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Mindl, Birgit, Julia Hofer, Claudia Kellermann, Willibald Stichler, Günter Teichmann, Roland Psenner, Dan L. Danielopol, Wolfgang Neudorfer e Christian Griebler. "Evaluating the performance of water purification in a vegetated groundwater recharge basin maintained by short-term pulsed infiltration events". Water Science and Technology 72, n. 11 (31 luglio 2015): 1912–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.400.

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Infiltration of surface water constitutes an important pillar in artificial groundwater recharge. However, insufficient transformation of organic carbon and nutrients, as well as clogging of sediments often cause major problems. The attenuation efficiency of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrients and pathogens versus the risk of bioclogging for intermittent recharge were studied in an infiltration basin covered with different kinds of macrovegetation. The quality and concentration of organic carbon, major nutrients, as well as bacterial biomass, activity and diversity in the surface water, the porewater, and the sediment matrix were monitored over one recharge period. Additionally, the numbers of viral particles and Escherichia coli were assessed. Our study showed a fast establishment of high microbial activity. DOC and nutrients have sustainably been reduced within 1.2 m of sediment passage. Numbers of E. coli, which were high in the topmost centimetres of sediment porewater, dropped below the detection limit. Reed cover was found to be advantageous over bushes and trees, since it supported higher microbial activities along with a good infiltration and purification performance. Short-term infiltration periods of several days followed by a break of similar time were found suitable for providing high recharge rates, and good water purification without the risk of bioclogging.

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Brackett-Rozinsky, N., S. Mondal, K. R. Fowler e E. W. Jenkins. "Analysis of Model Parameters for a Polymer Filtration Simulator". Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/138143.

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We examine a simulation model for polymer extrusion filters and determine its sensitivity to filter parameters. The simulator is a three-dimensional, time-dependent discretization of a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations used to model fluid flow and debris transport, along with statistical relationships that define debris distributions and retention probabilities. The flow of polymer fluid, and suspended debris particles, is tracked to determine how well a filter performs and how long it operates before clogging. A filter may have multiple layers, characterized by thickness, porosity, and average pore diameter. In this work, the thickness of each layer is fixed, while the porosities and pore diameters vary for a two-layer and three-layer study. The effects of porosity and average pore diameter on the measures of filter quality are calculated. For the three layer model, these effects are tested for statistical significance using analysis of variance. Furthermore, the effects of each pair of interacting parameters are considered. This allows the detection of complexity, where in changing two aspects of a filter together may generate results substantially different from what occurs when those same aspects change separately. The principal findings indicate that the first layer of a filter is the most important.

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Murakami, Yuichiro, Kenji Miwa, Naoki Omura e Shuji Tada. "Development of New Type Semi-Solid Injection Process for Magnesium Alloy". Solid State Phenomena 217-218 (settembre 2014): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.361.

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We have developed new type semi-solid injection process for magnesium alloy. This process does not require to use any cover gases and the special magnesium billet such as thixo-billet. In this study, plate specimens were produced by injecting the semi-solid billet with different fraction solid. The microstructure observation, detection of casting defects by an X-ray computed tomography scanner, and tensile test were carried out. With increasing fraction solid, the size and shape of α-Mg solid particles became smaller and more spherical. In the condition of low fraction solid or forming in liquid state, the casting defects were located in the center of the specimen at the thickness direction. Additionally, the volume fraction of the casting defect decreased with increasing fraction solid. Moreover, the casting defects can be reduced by preventing solidifying and clogging of the top of the nozzle. Then, the specimen which has few casting defects could be obtained by injecting the slurry of fraction solid 0.5. However, the tensile strength and yield strength were highest in fraction solid 0.4. It is contemplated that the composition of the solid solution component element in the matrix was increased in fraction solid of 50%, therefore the matrix became brittle.

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Zischg, Andreas, Niccolo Galatioto, Silvana Deplazes, Rolf Weingartner e Bruno Mazzorana. "Modelling Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Large Wood Recruitment, Transport, and Deposition at the River Reach Scale during Extreme Floods". Water 10, n. 9 (25 agosto 2018): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091134.

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Large wood (LW) can lead to clogging at bridges and thus cause obstruction, followed by floodplain inundation. Moreover, colliding logs can cause severe damage to bridges, defense structures, and other infrastructure elements. The factors influencing spatiotemporal LW dynamics (LWD) during extreme floods vary remarkably across river basins and flood scenarios. However, there is a lack of methods to estimate the amount of LW in rivers during extreme floods. Modelling approaches allow for a reliable assessment of LW dynamics during extreme flood events by determining LW recruitment, transport, and deposition patterns. Here, we present a method for simulating LWD on a river reach scale implemented in R (LWDsimR). We extended a previously developed LW transport model with a tree recognition model on the basis of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data for LW recruitment simulation. In addition, we coupled the LWD simulation model with the hydrodynamic simulation model Basic Simulation Environment for Computation of Environmental Flow and Natural Hazard Simulation (BASEMENT-ETH) by adapting the existing LW transport model to be used on irregular meshes. The model has been applied in the Aare River basin (Switzerland) to quantify mobilized LW volumes and the associated flow paths in a probable maximum flood scenario.

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