Articoli di riviste: "Climate Response Change"

1

Bradshaw, W. E. "CLIMATE CHANGE: Evolutionary Response to Rapid Climate Change". Science 312, n. 5779 (9 giugno 2006): 1477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127000.

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Et.al, Wan Nur Syamilah Wan Ali. "Climate Change: Climate Literacy and Response among USM Students". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n. 3 (10 aprile 2021): 2205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1168.

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Climate change is a serious issue that not only affects Malaysia but also worldwide. Previous studies found that climate literacy may have a significant relationship with climate response while the level of education does not affect climate literacy. Thus, this study was conducted to gauge the level of climate literacy as well as their responses for Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) students. A mobile climate application named SmaCli is proposed at the end of this study to address the issue of negative response towards climate change. The featuresof SmaCli are based on responses solicited from the questionnaire and the aim is to enhance climate literacy and encourage positive responses. However, for this paper, the prototype of the application is not included. A total of 196 responses were collected which consists of postgraduate and undergraduate students. The study found that 66% of the respondents have high literacy on climate change, level of education has no significant relationship with climate literacy level, mitigation act (climate response) showed a significant relationship with climate literacy level, and adaptation act (climate response) has no significant relationship with climate literacy. Hence, a concerted effort is still needed to improve climate literacy levels to ensure a positive climate response.

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Farkas, C., A. Hagyó, E. Horváth e G. Várallyay. "A Chernozem soil water regime response to predicted climate change scenarios". Soil and Water Research 3, Special Issue No. 1 (30 giugno 2008): S58—S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1410-swr.

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Climate, hydrology and vegetation are closely linked at local, regional and global scales. The recent land use and plant production systems are adapted to the present climatic conditions. Thus, studies on the influence of possible climate change scenarios on the water and heat regimes of the soil-plant-atmosphere system are important in order to work out plant production strategies, adjusted to changed conditions. In this study the effect of two possible climate change scenarios on the soil water regime of a Chernozem soil was estimated for a Hungarian site. Soil water content dynamics simulated for different conventional and soil conserving soil tillage systems were evaluated, using the SWAP soil water balance simulation model. The combined effect of different soil tillage systems and climate scenarios was analysed. Climate scenarios were represented through the cumulative probability function of the annual precipitation sum. The SWAP model was calibrated against the measured in the representative soil profiles soil water content data. The site- and soil-specific parameters were set and kept constant during the scenario studies. According to the simulation results, increase in the average growing season temperature showed increase in climate induced soil drought sensitivity. The evaluated soil water content dynamics indicated more variable and less predictable soil water regime compared to the present climate. It was found that appropriate soil tillage systems that are combined with mulching and ensure soil loosening could reliably decrease water losses from the soil. From this aspect cultivator treatment created the most favourable for the plants soil conditions. It was concluded that soil conserving soil management systems, adapted to local conditions could contribute to soil moisture conservation and could increase the amount of plant available water under changing climatic conditions.

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Lee, Su-Yol, e Young-Hwan Ahn. "Climate-entrepreneurship in response to climate change". International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, n. 2 (8 marzo 2019): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-09-2017-0177.

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Purpose This study aims to explore South Korean firms’ reactions to climate change issues and the Korean emissions trading scheme (ETS) from the perspective of proactive climate-entrepreneurship. Differences in attitude toward the Korean ETS, implementation of carbon management practices and performance regarding operations, market and emission reductions are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach A research model was developed to investigate the differences in corporate perception of climate change. Using a cluster analysis and analysis of variance with 94 South Korean companies subject to the Korean ETS, the study identified carbon strategies and examined differences in characteristics among the strategies. This study undertook a robustness test by comparing the results from a large sample (n = 261) with those of the original sample (n = 94). Findings The study identifies four different carbon strategies based on climate-entrepreneurial proactivity: the “explorer,” “hesitator,” “attempter” and “laggard.” The “explorer” cluster is likely to have a proactive stance toward the Korean ETS regulation, while the “laggard” cluster shows resistance to this new climate policy. Entrepreneurial proactivity in carbon strategies is related to the actual adoption, implementation and effectiveness of carbon management practices. Originality/value This research is one of the few studies to explore differences in corporate response to climate change from the perspective of entrepreneurship. The study provides a theoretical foundation for extending the literature on the strategic management of climate change issues.

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Kang, Hyeongsik. "Eco-river Restoration and River Management in Response to Climate Change". Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, n. 1 (2014): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.1.0155.

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Snyder, R. L., R. Moratiel, Zhenwei Song, A. Swelam, I. Jomaa e T. Shapland. "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE". Acta Horticulturae, n. 922 (dicembre 2011): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.922.11.

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O'Hara e Abelsohn. "Ethical Response to Climate Change". Ethics and the Environment 16, n. 1 (2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ethicsenviro.16.1.25.

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Straughan, Elizabeth, e Deborah Dixon. "Cultural response to climate change". Nature Climate Change 2, n. 7 (26 giugno 2012): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1593.

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Stott, Robin. "Healthy response to climate change". BMJ 332, n. 7554 (8 giugno 2006): 1385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7554.1385.

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Cruver, Philip C. "Response Strategies For Climate Change". Energy & Environment 1, n. 3 (settembre 1990): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9000100306.

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Lo, Alex. "China’s Response to Climate Change". Environmental Science & Technology 44, n. 15 (agosto 2010): 5689–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es101976r.

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Ritchie, J. C. "Climate change and vegetation response". Vegetatio 67, n. 2 (ottobre 1986): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00037358.

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Gao, Yun. "China's response to climate change issues after Paris Climate Change Conference". Advances in Climate Change Research 7, n. 4 (dicembre 2016): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2016.10.001.

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Sarvašová, Z., e A. Kaliszewski. "The policy process on climate change". Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 3 (10 gennaio 2012): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4549-jfs.

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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accepted in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro provides principles and framework for cooperative international action on mitigating climate change. But it soon became clear that more radical targets were needed to encourage particular countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In response, countries that have ratified the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change accepted the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The rulebook for how the Kyoto Protocol will be implemented – the Marrakech Accord, was agreed in 2001. This paper describes political instruments and facilities of mitigating climate change by forestry proposed in those political documents.

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Semadeni-Davies, A. "Response surfaces for climate change impact assessments in urban areas". Water Science and Technology 48, n. 9 (1 novembre 2003): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0518.

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Assessment of the impacts of climate change in real-world water systems, such as urban drainage networks, is a research priority for IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change). The usual approach is to force a hydrological transformation model with a changed climate scenario. To tackle uncertainty, the model should be run with at least high, middle and low change scenarios. This paper shows the value of response surfaces for displaying multiple simulated responses to incremental changes in air temperature and precipitation. The example given is inflow, related to sewer infiltration, at the Lycksele waste water treatment plant. The range of plausible changes in inflow is displayed for a series of runs for eight GCMs (Global Circulation Model; ACACIA; Carter, 2002, pers. comm.). These runs are summarised by climate envelopes, one for each prediction time-slice (2020, 2050, 2080). Together, the climate envelopes and response surfaces allow uncertainty to be easily seen. Winter inflows are currently sensitive to temperature, but if average temperature rises to above zero, inflow will be most sensitive to precipitation. Spring inflows are sensitive to changes in winter snow accumulation and melt. Inflow responses are highly dependent on the greenhouse gas emission scenario and GCM chosen.

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Louthan, Allison M., e William Morris. "Climate change impacts on population growth across a species’ range differ due to nonlinear responses of populations to climate and variation in rates of climate change". PLOS ONE 16, n. 3 (3 marzo 2021): e0247290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247290.

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Impacts of climate change can differ substantially across species’ geographic ranges, and impacts on a given population can be difficult to predict accurately. A commonly used approximation for the impacts of climate change on the population growth rate is the product of local changes in each climate variable (which may differ among populations) and the sensitivity (the derivative of the population growth rate with respect to that climate variable), summed across climate variables. However, this approximation may not be accurate for predicting changes in population growth rate across geographic ranges, because the sensitivities to climate variables or the rate of climate change may differ among populations. In addition, while this approximation assumes a linear response of population growth rate to climate, population growth rate is typically a nonlinear function of climate variables. Here, we use climate-driven integral projection models combined with projections of future climate to predict changes in population growth rate from 2008 to 2099 for an uncommon alpine plant species, Douglasia alaskana, in a rapidly warming location, southcentral Alaska USA. We dissect the causes of among-population variation in climate change impacts, including magnitude of climate change in each population and nonlinearities in population response to climate change. We show that much of the variation in climate change impacts across D. alaskana’s range arises from nonlinearities in population response to climate. Our results highlight the critical role of nonlinear responses to climate change impacts, suggesting that current responses to increases in temperature or changes in precipitation may not continue indefinitely under continued changes in climate. Further, our results suggest the degree of nonlinearity in climate responses and the shape of responses (e.g., convex or concave) can differ substantially across populations, such that populations may differ dramatically in responses to future climate even when their current responses are quite similar.

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Dietzel, Alix. "Non-state climate change action: Hope for just response to climate change?" Environmental Science & Policy 131 (maggio 2022): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.01.023.

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Cha, Ju-Young, e Hee-Chan Lee. "The Impact of Climate Change Awareness on Demand for Climate Change Response". Journal of Environmental Policy and Administration 25, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2017): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15301/jepa.2017.25.4.63.

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Williams, Angela. "Climate Change Law". Social & Legal Studies 20, n. 4 (dicembre 2011): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663911414240.

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This article considers how climate change law, global politics, and governance structures facilitate and sustain economic and social insecurity. Climate change itself targets existing environmental and social vulnerabilities and creates additional pressures on communities already subject to vast degrees of inequity. However, the legal framework developed in response to climate change is increasingly causing concern regarding the extent to which it similarly sustains inequity and insecurity for those most vulnerable. Climate change displacement is considered as a case study scenario to highlight the difficulties faced in creating an adequate and effective legal response that acts to remedy existing insecurity, rather than further sustaining it. Both the way in which ineffectual climate change law fosters insecurity, and the extent to which law creates the structural conditions for insecurity, are examined.

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ABIDOYE, BABATUNDE O., PRADEEP KURUKULASURIYA e ROBERT MENDELSOHN. "SOUTH-EAST ASIAN FARMER PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE". Climate Change Economics 08, n. 03 (agosto 2017): 1740006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007817400061.

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A survey of farmers in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam reveals that farmers are keenly aware of even slight changes in their climate. Over 90% of the farmers interviewed perceived small changes in temperature or precipitation patterns where they lived. Over half claimed to have changed their irrigation, timing, or crop choices because of climate change. Although the link between perceived changes and stated adaptations is weak, farmers are aware of the types of changes they need to make in response to climate change in South-East Asia. Adaptation responses must be firmly grounded in not only local conditions, but also the views of participants at the front lines of climate change impacts. The knowledge base of farmers grappling with the challenges of climate change must be taken into account when policy responses to support adaptation are formulated.

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Bernstein, Aaron S. "The medical response to climate change". Med 2, n. 4 (aprile 2021): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2021.03.012.

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Frumkin, Howard, Jeremy Hess, George Luber, Josephine Malilay e Michael McGeehin. "Climate Change: The Public Health Response". American Journal of Public Health 98, n. 3 (marzo 2008): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.119362.

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Wallis, Michael, Curt Baranowski, Matt Ampleman e John Whitler. "Water Utility Response to Climate Change". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, n. 9 (1 gennaio 2011): 6347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802766777.

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Alkaabi, Salem Ahmed. "The UAE’s Response to Climate Change". Diplomatic Ukraine, n. XXII (2021): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2021-25.

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Setiadi, R., E. S. Pratiwi e M. Muktiali. "Governance reform and climate change response". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 200 (26 novembre 2018): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/200/1/012052.

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Janssen, M., J. Rotmans e K. Vrieze. "Climate Change: Optimization of Response Strategies". International Transactions in Operational Research 2, n. 1 (gennaio 1995): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.1995.tb00001.x.

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Cohen, E. J. "The Physician's Response to Climate Change". Yearbook of Ophthalmology 2010 (gennaio 2010): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-392x(10)79275-3.

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Warren, Lynda M. "Global Climate Change—A Stern Response?" Environmental Law Review 9, n. 2 (giugno 2007): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.2007.9.2.77.

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Aldhous, Peter. "Modest response to climate change threat". Nature 345, n. 6274 (maggio 1990): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/345373a0.

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Tung, Ching-Pin, e Douglas A. Haith. "CLIMATE CHANGE, IRRIGATION, AND CROP RESPONSE". Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34, n. 5 (ottobre 1998): 1071–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04155.x.

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Xia, Chen, e Martin Schönfeld. "A Daoist response to climate change". Journal of Global Ethics 7, n. 2 (agosto 2011): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2011.590279.

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Baker, Andrew C., Craig J. Starger, Tim R. McClanahan e Peter W. Glynn. "Corals' adaptive response to climate change". Nature 430, n. 7001 (agosto 2004): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/430741a.

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Pattillo, Catherine, e Hugh Bredenkamp. "Financing the Response to Climate Change". IMF Staff Position Notes 2010, n. 06 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781462386864.004.

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Wiley, Lindsay F., e Lawrence O. Gostin. "The International Response to Climate Change". JAMA 302, n. 11 (16 settembre 2009): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1381.

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Hwang, Jong Ryul. "Catholic Church’s Response to Climate Change". Theological Perspective 219 (31 dicembre 2022): 36–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22504/tp.2022.12.219.36.

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Bonachela, Juan A., Michael T. Burrows e Malin L. Pinsky. "Shape of species climate response curves affects community response to climate change". Ecology Letters 24, n. 4 (14 febbraio 2021): 708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.13688.

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Reynolds, J., e F. Fleurke. "Climate Engineering Research: A Precautionary Response to Climate Change?" Carbon & Climate Law Review 7, n. 2 (2013): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/cclr/2013/2/251.

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Chivulescu, Serban, Juan García-Duro, Diana Pitar, Ștefan Leca e Ovidiu Badea. "Past and Future of Temperate Forests State under Climate Change Effects in the Romanian Southern Carpathians". Forests 12, n. 7 (7 luglio 2021): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070885.

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Research Highlights: Carpathian forests hold high ecological and economic value while generating conservation concerns, with some of these forests being among the few remaining temperate virgin forests in Europe. Carpathian forests partially lost their original integrity due to their management. Climate change has also gradually contributed to forest changes due to its modification of the environmental conditions. Background and Objectives: Understanding trees’ responses to past climates and forms of management is critical in foreseeing the responses of forests to future conditions. This study aims (1) to determine the sensitivity of Carpathian forests to past climates using dendrochronological records and (2) to describe the effects that climate change and management will have on the attributes of Carpathian forests, with a particular focus on the different response of pure and mixed forests. Materials and Methods: To this end, we first analysed the past climate-induced growth change in a dendrochronological reference series generated for virgin forests in the Romanian Curvature Carpathians and then used the obtained information to calibrate spatially explicit forest Landis-II models for the same region. The model was used to project forest change under four climate change scenarios, from mild to extreme. Results: The dendrochronological analysis revealed a climate-driven increase in forest growth over time. Landis-II model simulations also indicate that the amount of aboveground forest biomass will tend to increase with climate change. Conclusions: There are differences in the response of pure and mixed forests. Therefore, suitable forest management is required when forests change with the climate.

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Huang, Y., W. F. Yang e L. Chen. "Water resources change in response to climate change in Changjiang River basin". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, n. 3 (25 maggio 2010): 3159–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-3159-2010.

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Abstract. Doubtlessly, global climate change and its impacts have caught increasing attention from all sectors of the society world-widely. Among all those affected aspects, hydrological circle has been found rather sensitive to climate change. Climate change, either as the result or as the driving-force, has intensified the uneven distribution of water resources in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River basin, China. In turn, drought and flooding problems have been aggravated which has brought new challenges to current hydraulic works such as dike or reservoirs which were designed and constructed based on the historical hydrological characteristics, yet has been significantly changed due to climate change impact. Thus, it is necessary to consider the climate change impacts in basin planning and water resources management, currently and in the future. To serve such purpose, research has been carried out on climate change impact on water resources (and hydrological circle) in Changjiang River. The paper presents the main findings of the research, including main findings from analysis of historical hydro-meteorological data in Changjiang River, and runoff change trends in the future using temperature and precipitation predictions calculated based on different emission scenarios of the 24 Global Climate Modes (GCMs) which has been used in the 4th IPCC assessment report. In this research, two types of macro-scope statistical and hydrological models were developed to simulate runoff prediction. Concerning the change trends obtained from the historical data and the projection from GCMs results, the trend of changes in water resources impacted by climate change was analyzed for Changjiang River. Uncertainty of using the models and data were as well analyzed.

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Godet, Laurent, Mikaël Jaffré e Vincent Devictor. "Waders in winter: long-term changes of migratory bird assemblages facing climate change". Biology Letters 7, n. 5 (23 marzo 2011): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0152.

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Effects of climate change on species occupying distinct areas during their life cycle are still unclear. Moreover, although effects of climate change have widely been studied at the species level, less is known about community responses. Here, we test whether and how the composition of wader (Charadrii) assemblages, breeding in high latitude and wintering from Europe to Africa, is affected by climate change over 33 years. We calculated the temporal trend in the community temperature index (CTI), which measures the balance between cold and hot dwellers present in species assemblages. We found a steep increase in the CTI, which reflects a profound change in assemblage composition in response to recent climate change. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence of a strong community response of migratory species to climate change in their wintering areas.

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Kingsolver, Joel G., e Lauren B. Buckley. "Evolution of plasticity and adaptive responses to climate change along climate gradients". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, n. 1860 (16 agosto 2017): 20170386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0386.

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The relative contributions of phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution to the responses of species to recent and future climate change are poorly understood. We combine recent (1960–2010) climate and phenotypic data with microclimate, heat balance, demographic and evolutionary models to address this issue for a montane butterfly, Colias eriphyle , along an elevational gradient. Our focal phenotype, wing solar absorptivity, responds plastically to developmental (pupal) temperatures and plays a central role in thermoregulatory adaptation in adults. Here, we show that both the phenotypic and adaptive consequences of plasticity vary with elevation. Seasonal changes in weather generate seasonal variation in phenotypic selection on mean and plasticity of absorptivity, especially at lower elevations. In response to climate change in the past 60 years, our models predict evolutionary declines in mean absorptivity (but little change in plasticity) at high elevations, and evolutionary increases in plasticity (but little change in mean) at low elevation. The importance of plasticity depends on the magnitude of seasonal variation in climate relative to interannual variation. Our results suggest that selection and evolution of both trait means and plasticity can contribute to adaptive response to climate change in this system. They also illustrate how plasticity can facilitate rather than retard adaptive evolutionary responses to directional climate change in seasonal environments.

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Zhu, Xun, Jeng-Hwa Yee, Ming Cai, William H. Swartz, Lawrence Coy, Valentina Aquila, Rolando Garcia e Elsayed R. Talaat. "Diagnosis of Middle-Atmosphere Climate Sensitivity by the Climate Feedback–Response Analysis Method". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, n. 1 (11 dicembre 2015): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0013.1.

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Abstract The authors present a new method to diagnose the middle-atmosphere climate sensitivity by extending the climate feedback–response analysis method (CFRAM) for the coupled atmosphere–surface system to the middle atmosphere. The middle-atmosphere CFRAM (MCFRAM) is built on the atmospheric energy equation per unit mass with radiative heating and cooling rates as its major thermal energy sources. MCFRAM preserves CFRAM’s unique feature of additivity, such that partial temperature changes due to variations in external forcing and feedback processes can be added to give a total temperature change for direct comparison with the observed temperature change. In addition, MCFRAM establishes a physical relationship of radiative damping between the energy perturbations associated with various feedback processes and temperature perturbations associated with thermal responses. In this study, MCFRAM is applied to both observations and model output fields to diagnose the middle-atmosphere climate sensitivity. The authors found that the largest component of the middle-atmosphere temperature response to the 11-yr solar cycle (solar maximum vs solar minimum) is the partial temperature change due to the variation of the solar flux. Increasing CO2 cools the middle atmosphere, whereas the partial temperature change due to changes in O3 can be either positive or negative. The application of MCFRAM to model dynamical fields reconfirms the advantage of introducing the residual circulation to characterize middle-atmosphere dynamics in terms of the partial temperature changes. The radiatively driven globally averaged partial temperature change is approximately equal to the observed temperature change, ranging from −0.5 K near 25 km to −1.0 K near 70 km between solar maximum and solar minimum.

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Bao, Wen. "China’s Agricultural Development in Response to Climate Change". Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (maggio 2012): 3609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3609.

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Agricultural development, especially agricultural production in mountain areas, is fundamentally linked to climatic conditions, so any changes in climate will necessarily affect agricultural development. China’s agriculture faces several development challenges including those linked to climate change. Climate change is threatening food production systems and therefore the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people who depend on agriculture in China. Agriculture is the sector most vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on climate and weather and because people involved in agriculture tend to be poorer compared with urban residents. Consistent warming trends and more frequent and intense meteorological disasters have been observed across China in recent decades. In line with climate change across the whole country, it will require agricultural development to implement comprehensive mitigation and adaptation strategies.

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Andrews, Timothy, Piers M. Forster e Jonathan M. Gregory. "A Surface Energy Perspective on Climate Change". Journal of Climate 22, n. 10 (15 maggio 2009): 2557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2759.1.

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Abstract A surface forcing response framework is developed that enables an understanding of time-dependent climate change from a surface energy perspective. The framework allows the separation of fast responses that are unassociated with global-mean surface air temperature change (ΔT), which is included in the forcing, and slow feedbacks that scale with ΔT. The framework is illustrated primarily using 2 × CO2 climate model experiments and is robust across the models. For CO2 increases, the positive downward radiative component of forcing is smaller at the surface than at the tropopause, and so a rapid reduction in the upward surface latent heat (LH) flux is induced to conserve the tropospheric heat budget; this reduces the precipitation rate. Analysis of the time-dependent surface energy balance over sea and land separately reveals that land areas rapidly regain energy balance, and significant land surface warming occurs before global sea temperatures respond. The 2 × CO2 results are compared to a solar increase experiment and show that some fast responses are forcing dependent. In particular, a significant forcing from the fast hydrological response found in the CO2 experiments is much smaller in the solar experiment. The different fast response explains why previous equilibrium studies found differences in the hydrological sensitivity between these two forcings. On longer time scales, as ΔT increases, the net surface longwave and LH fluxes provide positive and negative surface feedbacks, respectively, while the net surface shortwave and sensible heat fluxes change little. It is found that in contrast to their fast responses, the longer-term response of both surface energy fluxes and the global hydrological cycle are similar for the different forcing agents.

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Grace, Carson e Carson. "RADIATA PINE IMPROVEMENT — RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE?" Weather and Climate 11, n. 2 (1991): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279816.

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46

Black, Valerie J., J. D. Graves e D. Reavey. "Climate Change and Levels of Biological Response". Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6, n. 2 (marzo 1997): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997579.

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47

Webster, Mackinnon, Justin Ginnetti, Peter Walker, Daniel Coppard e Randolph Kent. "The humanitarian response costs of climate change". Environmental Hazards 8, n. 2 (1 giugno 2009): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2009.0010.

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48

Pigram, John J. "CLIMATE CHANGE AND IRRIGATION: AN AUSTRALIAN RESPONSE". Canadian Water Resources Journal 20, n. 4 (gennaio 1995): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2004227.

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Parr, Catherine L., e Tom R. Bishop. "The response of ants to climate change". Global Change Biology 28, n. 10 (11 marzo 2022): 3188–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16140.

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Powell, Kendall. "Bush climate-change plan gets cool response". Nature 420, n. 6916 (dicembre 2002): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/420595a.

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