Bibliografie tematiche / Clays

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Clays"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 8 giugno 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Clays"

1

Lakevičs, Vitālijs, Līga Bērziņa-Cimdiņa, Augusts Ruplis e Juris Pelšs. "SORPTION ROPERTIES OF LATVIAN CLAYS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SURVEY". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (3 agosto 2015): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol1.1100.

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The survey has been comprised in historical sequence. It has been attempted to group literature sources in a way that we consider to be the most relevant in the publication. Analysis of literature led to the following conclusions: during the last years most important and most advanced ways in investigations of Latvian clay surface characteristics have been found: Value determination of clay specific surface; Clay’s porous structure investigation; Cation exchange capacity determination; Characteristics of organoclays; Catalytic characteristics of Latvian clays; Practical usage of clays in waste water treatment; Usage of clays in adulterants elimination from vegetable oils; Clays as catalysts in of organic compound reactions; New type of sorbent from rapeseed oil treatment waste. Experimental measurements supplement data base about surface characteristics of Latvian clay samples.
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McBride, M. B. "Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals". Clays and Clay Minerals 36, n. 5 (1988): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1988.0360515.

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3

OLIS, ALEXANDER C. "Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals". Soil Science 147, n. 4 (aprile 1989): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198904000-00012.

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4

Low, Philip F. "Chemistry of clays and clay minerals". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 125, n. 1 (settembre 1988): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(88)90091-4.

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5

Yapaskurt, O. V., e V. I. Koporulin. "Conference on clays and clay minerals". Lithology and Mineral Resources 40, n. 2 (marzo 2005): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10987-005-0021-0.

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Drits, V. A., e B. B. Zvyagina. "International conference “Clays and Clay Minerals”". Lithology and Mineral Resources 42, n. 5 (settembre 2007): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0024490207050094.

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Hunter, Keith A. "Chemistry of clays and clay minerals". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, n. 5 (maggio 1988): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90287-6.

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8

Muhammad, Abubakar, Karl-Christian Thienel e Sebastian Scherb. "Calcined Clays from Nigeria—Properties and Performance of Supplementary Cementitious Materials Suitable for Producing Level 1 Concrete". Materials 16, n. 7 (28 marzo 2023): 2684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072684.

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In this work, four naturally occurring (two kaolinite-rich and two smectite-rich) clay samples were collected from different areas around the Ashaka cement production plant, located in Gombe State, Nigeria and calcined in a laboratory. The mineralogical characterization of the clays was carried out by XRD. The hydration kinetics of the calcined clay–cement systems were monitored by isothermal calorimetry. Workability was determined using the flow table method. The reactivity of the calcined clays was determined from the solubility of Si and Al ions and the strength activity index. All calcined clays studied met the requirements of ASTM C618 for the use of natural pozzolans as a partial replacement for hydraulic cement. The metasmectite clays yielded a higher specific surface area, increased water demand, and less reactive Si and Al ions compared to the metakaolin clays. The two calcined clay groups require the addition of superplasticizer to achieve a workability class similar to the Portland cement mortar system. They can be used to replace Portland cement at replacement levels of up to 45%, in combination with limestone powder to form an LC3 cement, thereby achieving at least a “Level 1” reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
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KOROLEV, V. А. "THE ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS". Engineering Geology World 14, n. 1 (15 giugno 2019): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2019-14-1-60-71.

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The article considers the ecological role played by clays and clay minerals in the ecosystem and the biosphere as a whole. The value of clays and clay minerals in the origin of life on Earth and the formation of RNA are analyzed, due to the periodicity of the microstructure of these minerals, their physicochemical activity and sorption capacity with respect to amino acids, nucleotides, proteins and RNA. The processes of interaction of clay minerals with organic matter are considered, including under conditions of hydrothermal conditions, which have specific features that contribute to the origin of life. In addition, the ecological functions of the lithosphere due to clays and clay minerals were analyzed. It is shown that clays and clay minerals perform the most important ecological resource function, being a valuable mineral resource and mineral, participating in providing biota (including humans) with various mineral and energy resources of minerals, in providing biophilic resources, in providing renewable resources (water, oil and gas), in providing resources of the geological space, etc. Also, the clays perform an important ecological geochemical function, which consists in their participation in the geochemistry processes of the lithosphere and the formation of specific geochemical barriers that perform protective ecological functions on the migration routes of various contaminants. The ecological geodynamic function of clays consists in their influence on the development of endogenous and exogenous geological processes affecting the state and functioning of ecosystems. Finally, the participation of clays in ensuring the geophysical ecological function of the lithosphere consists in their influence on the formation of both natural and man-made geophysical fields in ecological-geological systems. Thus, clays and clay minerals have a great influence on ecological and geological systems, they are involved in the formation of all the most important ecological functions of the lithosphere: resource, geochemical, geodynamic and geophysical. Among them, the most significant is the role of clays and clay minerals in ensuring the resource ecological function of the lithosphere.
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Karstunen, Minna, e Mirva Koskinen. "Plastic anisotropy of soft reconstituted clays". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, n. 3 (marzo 2008): 314–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-073.

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The aim of the paper is to extend the experimental validation of the S-CLAY1 model, which is a recently proposed elastoplastic constitutive model that accounts for initial and plastic strain-induced anisotropy. Drained stress path controlled tests were performed on reconstituted samples of four Finnish clays to study the effects of anisotropy in the absence of the complexities of structure present in natural undisturbed clays. Each test involved several loading, unloading, and reloading stages with different values of stress ratio and, hence, induced noticeable changes in the fabric anisotropy. Comparisons between test results and model predictions with the S-CLAY1 model and the modified Cam clay model demonstrate that despite its simplicity, the S-CLAY1 model can provide excellent predictions of the behaviour of unstructured soil.
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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Clays"

1

Hamer, Julian C. E. "Organo-iron compounds on clays and pillared clays". Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1998. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19748/.

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(Ferrocenylmethyl)dimethylammonium chloride has been synthesised and the cation intercalated into the montmorillonite Westone-L. Variable temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy indicated that the molecule had a similar Debye temperature in each environment (144 +/- 5 K and 140 +/- 5 K respectively). The intercalated Mossbauer spectra revealed a Karayagin effect above 80 K. The cation occupies 80 % of the total exchange capacity of the clay, most likely orientated with the cyclopentadienyl rings perpendicular to the silicate layers. Thermal decomposition of the intercalate involved the volatilisation of iron containing fragments below 350°C. Variable-temperature XRD showed the intercalated sample had a d[001]-spacing of 1.55 nm at room temperature, which decreased at 200°C to give a d[001]-spacing of 1.3 nm. An iron oxide probably remains within the interlayer after the inserted molecule has decomposed. 2,2''-bis [(dimethylamino)methyl]biferrocene has been synthesised and intercalated into acid exchanged Westone-L. Variable temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy revealed a Debye temperature of 172 +/- 5 K which dropped to 150 +/- 5 K on intercalation. The molecule was shown to occupy 75 % of the total CEC of the clay and most likely resides with the cyclopentadienyl rings perpendicular to the silicate sheet. Thermal decomposition of the biferrocene intercalate indicated the loss of iron containing fragments below 430°C. Variable-temperature XRD indicated a d[001]-spacing of 1.65 nm at room temperature which collapsed to 1.41 nm at 250°C, after which it slowly decreased to 1.29 nm at 400°C. An iron oxide was probably left within the interlayer after the intercalated molecule had decomposed. Contact of the biferrocene with the acid Westone-L for 3 and 48 hours resulted in 2 and 11 % oxidation to biferrocenium respectively. Contact of iodine with a suspension of the intercalated biferrocene resulted in ca. 16 % oxidation to biferrocene. The biferrocenium intercalate exhibited "domain" type valence electron de-trapping above 200 K until by 250 K only a single charge averaged doublet was observed. The molecule N,N-dimethylaminomethylferrocene was successfully intercalated into aluminium pillared Westone-L, occupying 30 % of the total CEC of the original clay. The inserted molecule was found to have a Debye temperature of 113 +/- 5 K as determined by variable temperature Mossbauer spectroscopy. Decomposition of the inserted molecule involved the loss of iron containing fragments below 350°C. When heated in air the inserted molecule gave rise to high spin iron(IH) in a distorted octahedral environment. Heating the sample in nitrogen and hydrogen resulted in a species characteristic of high spin octahedrally co-ordinated iron(II). At the higher temperatures, the sample heated in hydrogen exhibited a further high spin octahedrally co-ordinated iron(K) species, with a less symmetric co-ordination sphere than the first.
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Taha, Ahmed M. "Interface Shear Behavior of Sensitive Marine Clays --Leda Clay". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28768.

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Leda clay, which is a type of sensitive marine clay in Canada, is a hazardous soil that could undergo sudden collapse and flow upon wetting and remolding. This type of soil causes many landslide disasters and foundation damage. The existence of Leda clay at or near the proximities of developed cities makes it challenging for infrastructure expansion, and therefore, challenging for geotechnical engineers. At the location where this sensitive marine clay exists, many foundation designers have adopted the use of deep foundations, such as pile foundations to support heavy structures. The shear behavior and strength parameters at the interface between the (friction) pile and soil are key design parameters. A sufficient knowledge of these interface shear behaviors and strength parameters is also essential for the safe and cost-effective design of several other geotechnical structures (e.g., retaining walls, reinforced soils, and buried structures). However, no studies have yet been implemented on the interface shear behavior between Leda clay and structural material. There is therefore, a need to generate more knowledge about the interface shear behavior of Leda clay. This thesis deals with an experimental study of the shear behavior at the interface between Leda clay and structural material, such as steel and concrete. The effects of several factors, such as surface roughness of the construction material, Leda clay's overconsolidation ratio (OCR), saturation degree, density, and salt content on interface shear behavior are also investigated. Laboratory tests have been carried out by using an automatic direct shear machine connected to a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), loading cell and a data logging system. The results of the interface shear tests show that under consolidated drained (CD) and saturated conditions, the interface friction angle increases with an increase in the clay's OCR. The results also indicate that increasing the salinity of Leda clay's pore water enhances its frictional resistance at the interface. Furthermore, the results reveal that Leda clay with a higher dry density shows higher interface shear resistance. On the other hand, the results also show that the interface shear resistance decreases as the degree of saturation of the Leda clay increases.
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Nader, Athir. "Engineering Characteristics of Sensitive Marine Clays - Examples of Clays in Eastern Canada". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30670.

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Abstract (sommario):
Sensitive marine clay in Ottawa is a challenging soil for geotechnical engineers. This type of clay behaves differently than other soils in Canada or other parts of the world. They also have different engineering characteristic values in comparison to other clays. Cone penetration testing in sensitive marine clays is also different from that carried out in other soils. The misestimation of engineering characteristics from cone penetration testing can result. Temperature effects have been suspected as the reason for negative readings and erroneous estimations of engineering characteristics from cone penetration testing. Furthermore, the applicability of correlations between cone penetration test (CPT) results and engineering characteristics is ambiguous. Moreover, it is important that geotechnical engineers who need to work with these clays have background information on their engineering characteristics. This thesis provides comprehensive information on the engineering characteristics and behaviour of sensitive marine clays in Ottawa. This information will give key information to geotechnical engineers who are working with these clays on their behaviour. For the purpose of this research, fifteen sites in the Ottawa area are taken into consideration. These sites included alternative technical data from cone and standard penetration tests, undisturbed samples, field vanes, and shear wave velocity measurements. Laboratory testing carried out for these sites has resulted in acquiring engineering parameters of the marine clay, such as preconsolidation pressure, overconsolidation ratio, compression and recompression indexes, secondary compression index, coefficient of consolidation, hydraulic conductivity, clay fraction, porewater chemistry, specific gravity, plasticity, moisture content, unit weight, void ratio, and porosity. This thesis also discusses other characteristics of sensitive marine clays in Ottawa, such as their activity, sensitivity, structure, interface shear behaviour, and origin and sedimentation. Furthermore, for the purpose of increasing local experience with the use of cone and ball penetrometers in sensitive marine clays in Ottawa, three types of penetrometer tips are used in the Canadian Geotechnical Research Site No. 1 located in south-west Ottawa: 36 mm cone tip, and 40 mm and 113 mm ball tips. The differences in their response in sensitive marine clays will be discussed. The temperature effects on the penetrometer equipment are also studied. The differences in the effect of temperature on these tips are discussed. Correlations between the penetrometer results and engineering characteristics of Ottawa's clays are verified. The applicability of correlations between the testing results and engineering characteristics of sensitive marine clays in Ottawa is also presented in this thesis. Two correlations from the Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual are examined. One of these correlations is between the N60 values from standard penetration testing and undrained shear strength. The other correlation is between the shear wave velocity measurement and site class. Temperature corrections are suggested and discussed for penetrometer equipment according to laboratory calibrations. The significance of the effects due to radical temperature changes in Canada and Ottawa is discussed. Some of the main findings from this research are as follows. • The Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual presents a correlation between standard penetration tests (SPTs) and the undrained shear strength of soils. This relationship may not be applicable to sensitive marine clays in Ottawa. • Another correlation between the site class, shear wave velocity, and undrained shear strength is presented by this same manual which may not be applicable to sensitive marine clays in Ottawa. • The rotation rate for field vane testing as recommended by ASTM D2573 is slow for sensitive marine clays in Ottawa. • Correction factors applied to undrained shear strength from laboratory vane tests may not result in comparable values with the undrained shear strength obtained by using field vane tests. • Loading schemes in consolidation or oedometer testing may affect the quality of the targeted results. • Temperature corrections should be applied to penetrometer recordings to compensate for the drift in the results of these recordings due to temperature changes. • The secondary compression index to compression index ratio presented in the literature may not be the value obtained from this research.
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Gonzalez‐Blanco, Laura. "Gas migration in deep argillaceous formations : Boom clay and indurated clays". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406355.

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Deep geological disposal remains the preferred option at present for the management of long-living and heat-emitting radioactive waste, which consists of confining the waste during a very long period (several hundreds of thousands of years) by placing them in a deep geological formation. Therefore, the understanding of the long-term behaviour of formations is becoming a key issue to ensure the feasibility of the geological disposal facilities, particularly regarding the generation and migration of gases. The present PhD work aims at better understanding the complex hydro-mechanical response of different argillaceous formations to gas migration process. To this end, gas flow through Boom Clay (one of the potential candidate plastic Paleogene clay formations to host nuclear waste in Belgium) has been deeply investigated on the basis of laboratory experiments at different scales and their numerical modelling. This main study has been complemented by presenting tests on two indurated and deeper claystone Mesozoicformations, considered as candidate host rocks in the Swiss programme for deep geological disposal, namely Opalinus Clay and ‘Brauner Dogger’. The different materials have been firstly characterised to evaluate mechanical (compressibility on loading) and two phase flow properties (water retention and permeability). Gas injection tests under oedometer and isotropic conditions have been performed following different testing protocols, in which boundary conditions have been carefully controlled. Major relevance has been given to restore the in situ stress state and to ensure full saturation conditions before the gas tests. Special emphasis has been placed in measuring sample deformation along the gas injection and dissipation process. The anisotropy of Boom Clay has been studied by carrying out tests with bedding planes parallel and normal to flow. Air injections have been performed at three different controlled-volume rates. The dissipation stages after shut-off have been also analysed to study air intrinsic permeability changes. Microstructure of samples before and after air injection tests has been evaluated by different techniques: mercury intrusion porosimetry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and micro-focus Xray computed tomography. Gas migration turned out to be a fully coupled hydro-mechanical process. Air injection at constant stress induced expansion of the samples during pressure front propagation and compression during air pressure dissipation. The deformational behaviour was dependent on the injection rate. At slower injection rates expansion occurred during the injection while at higher rates it was delayed in time. Air intrinsic permeability resulted higher than water permeability suggesting that air flow took place along preferential pathways. Evaluation of the microstructural changes induced by air migration revealed the opening of fissures and allowed quantifying their apertures and separation, as well as their volume and connectivity. Air intrinsic permeability was found to be dependent on the fissured volume. To complete and better understand the gas transport mechanisms, numerical simulations of the experimental results have been performed using a fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite element code, which incorporates an embedded fracture permeability model to account for the correct simulation of the gas flow along preferential pathways. Clay intrinsic permeability and its retention curve have been made depend on strains through fracture aperture changes. Numerical results not only accounted for the correct simulation of the recorded upstream pressures and outflow volumes and pressures, but also for the volume change behaviour. The experimental and numerical information provided a good insight into the mechanisms of gas transport in deep clay formations and highlighted the role played by the deformational response on the air transport properties of argillaceous rock formations.
El almacenamiento geológico profundo es la solución actualmente aceptada para la gestión de los residuos radioactivos de alta actividad, que consiste en confinar dichos residuos durante un período muy largo de tiempo (varios cientos de miles de años) depositándolos en una formación geológica profunda. De ahí que el entendimiento del comportamiento a largo plazo se esté convirtiendo en una cuestión clave para asegurar la viabilidad de las instalaciones de almacenamiento de residuos, particularmente en lo que respecta a la generación y migración de gases. Este trabajo de doctorado tiene como objetivo mejorar la comprensión en lo que se refiere a la compleja respuesta hidro-mecánica de diferentes formaciones arcillosas frente a procesos de migración de gas. Con este objetivo, el flujo de gas a través de la arcilla Boom Clay (arcilla plástica del paleógeno candidata a alojar los residuos nucleares en Bélgica) se ha investigado en profundidad mediante experimentos de laboratorio a diferentes escalas y su modelación numérica. Este estudio principal se ha complementado con ensayos experimentales en dos formaciones arcillosas del mesozoico (más profundas y endurecidas),posibles candidatas a roca huésped en el programa suizo para el almacenamiento geológico profundo, llamadas Opalinus Clay y 'Brauner Dogger'. Inicialmente, los diferentes materiales han sido caracterizados para evaluar sus propiedades mecánicas (compresibilidad en carga) e hidráulicas (retención de agua y permeabilidad). Los ensayos de inyección de gas, bajo condiciones edométricas e isótropas, se han realizado siguiendo diferentes protocolos de ensayo controlando cuidadosamente las condiciones de contorno, así como, dando prioridad al hecho de restaurar el estado tensional in situ y las condiciones de saturación antes de los ensayos de gas. Además, se ha hecho especial hincapié en la medición de la deformación de las muestras a lo largo de los procesos de inyección y disipación de gas. La anisotropía de la Boom Clay se ha tenido en cuenta realizando ensayos con los planos de estratificación dispuestos en paralelo y perpendicular al flujo. Las inyecciones de aire se han realizado a tres velocidades volumétricas diferentes. Las etapas de disipación se han analizado para evaluar los cambios en la permeabilidad intrínseca al aire. La microestructura de las muestras se ha evaluado antes y después de los ensayos de inyección de aire mediante tres técnicas diferentes: porosimetría de intrusión de mercurio, microscopía electrónica de barrido de emisión de campo y micro-tomografía computarizada La migración de gases en estas rocas arcillosas saturadas resultó ser un proceso hidro-mecánico totalmente acoplado. La inyección de aire a tensión constante produjo expansión de las muestras durante la propagación del frente de presión y compresión durante la disipación de la presión de aire. El comportamiento deformacional dependió de la velocidad de inyección. A velocidades de inyección más lentas, la expansión se produjo durante la inyección, mientras que, a velocidades más altas, ésta se retrasó en el tiempo. La permeabilidad intrínseca al aire resultó ser más alta que la permeabilidad al agua medida, lo que sugiere que el flujo de aire tuvo lugar a lo largo de vías preferenciales. La evaluación de los cambios microestructurales inducidos por la migración de aire reveló la apertura de fisuras, cuantificando sus aperturas y separación, así como su volumen y conectividad, lo que permitió encontrar una relación de dependencia entre la permeabilidad intrínseca al aire y el volumen fisurado. Para completar la información experimental y comprender mejor los mecanismos de transporte de gas, se realizaron simulaciones numéricas de los resultados experimentales utilizando un código de elementos finitos acoplado, que incorpora un modelo de permeabilidad con fracturas embebidas para explicar el flujo de gas a lo largo de vías preferenciales. La permeabilidad intrínseca de la arcilla y su curva de retención dependen de la deformación a través de cambios en la apertura de la fractura. Los resultados numéricos no sólo reprodujeron de forma correcta las presiones registradas y los volúmenes de salida, sino también el comportamiento deformacional. Esta información experimental y numérica proporcionó una buena visión de los mecanismos de transporte de gas en formaciones arcillosas profundas y en los que destacó el papel desempeñado por la respuesta deformacional sobre las propiedades de transporte de aire.
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Lawrence, Monique A. M. "The adsorption of phenolic and organotin compounds by clays and cation exchanged clays". Thesis, Aston University, 1996. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9677/.

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Abstract (sommario):
Quaternary ammonium exchanged laponites (Quat-laponites) show selectivity in the adsorption of phenols and chlorinated phenols. Strong adsorbate-adsorbent interactions are indicated by adsorption isotherms. Adsorption of phenols and chlorinated phenols by Quat-smectites is greater than that by the Bi Quat-Smectites prepared in this study. It is thought that the quaternary ammonium exchanged smectite components of the Bi Quat-smectites interact with each other (adsorbent-adsorbent interactions) reducing the number of sites available for adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. Solidification/stabilisation studies of 2-chlorophenol show that a blend of ground granulated blast furnace slag and ordinary Portland cement attenuates 2-chlorophenol more effectively than ordinary Portland cement alone. Tetramethyl ammonium- (TMA-) and tetramethyl phosphonium- (TMP-) montmorillonites were exposed to solutions of phenol or chlorinated phenols. TMP- montmorillonite was the better adsorbent and preferentially adsorbed 4-chlorophenol over phenol. Hydration of the interlayer cations occurs to a greater extent in the TMA-montmorillonite than the TMP-montmorillonite restricting interlayer adsorption. Contrary to that observed for phenols and chlorinated phenols, the Quat-smectites were ineffective as adsorbents for triphenyltin hydroxide and bis(tributyltin) oxide at room temperature. Under microwave conditions, only bis(tributyltin) oxide was adsorbed by the quaternary ammonium exchanged smectites. Bis(tributyltin) oxide was adsorbed from ethanol on the surface of the smectite clays at room temperature and under microwave conditions. The adsorbate-adsorbent interactions were weak. Adsorption is accompanied by conversion of bis(tributyltin) oxide to a different tin(IV) species and the release of sodium cations from the montmorillonite interlayer region. Attempts to introduce conditions suitable for charge transfer interactions between synthesised quaternary ammonium compounds and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol are documented. Transition metal complex exchanged clays adsorb 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and phenol. Strong adsorbate-adsorbent interactions (Type I isotherms) occur when the adsorbate is 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and when the adsorbent is [Fe(bipy)3]2+ exchanged montmorillonite or [Co(bipy)3]3+ exchanged montmorillonite. The 2,2'-bipyridyl ligands of the adsorbents are electron rich and the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is electron deficient. This may have enhanced adsorbate-adsorbent interactions.
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Agaiby, Shehab Sherif Wissa. "Fracture characterization of clays and clay-like materials using flattened Brazilian Test". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85819.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 243-251).
Fracture mechanics has been used for many years to study the mechanical behavior of brittle and quasi-brittle materials like concrete, rock, wood, and ceramics. To date, the application of fracture mechanics to soils has been limited to dry and partially saturated soils where soil consistency changes due to suction and tends to be harder exhibiting a quasi-brittle behavior. Of late, studying fracture propagation in clays and mudrocks has become of interest as it provides a means to extract oil from oil bearing strata. While crack initiation in soils can be analyzed using basic soil mechanics theories, development and propagation of a crack is energy driven and requires application of fracture mechanics principles. An essential parameter in Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), the main analytical tool in studying fracture in rock, is the critical stress intensity factor that defines stress concentration near a crack tip beyond which a fracture would propagate. The basic mode of crack loading can be obtained by applying a normal stress that has a corresponding opening mode of crack surface displacement, called mode-I (tensile mode), with a critical stress intensity factor termed fracture toughness, denoted by KIC. In this experimental research, KIC is measured indirectly using a modified Brazilian Test configuration where load is applied normally on flattened Brazilian disk specimens without the need to introduce a flaw into the specimen. Intact natural specimens from four different deposits; Boston Blue clay, San Francisco Bay Mud, Presumpscot Maine clay, and Gulf of Mexico clay; are tested in oven-dried state under atmospheric conditions. In addition, two Clay-like materials; molded Gypsum and Plaster of Paris; have been investigated. Based on the analysis of the test data, the relation between mode I fracture toughness and tensile strength for the six tested materials agrees to a great extent with reported trends in the literature even for different fracture toughness and tensile strength testing techniques and for wider tested range of soils, rocks, geomaterials, clay-like, and rock-like materials. However, no clear relation between mode I fracture toughness and elastic modulus or any other physical parameter was determined.
by Shehab Sherif Wissa Agaiby.
S.M.
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7

Brandes, Ian Marcus Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "The negative chargeability of clays". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/21847.

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Coastal clay deposits are an increasingly important focus of environmental and geotechnical studies, and to date, geophysical techniques for mapping them have almost exclusively relied on bulk conductivity measurements. However, direct correlation of bulk conductivity data is difficult, as it is a non-unique parameter. A potential alternative geophysical mapping tool is the complex conductivity technique, where both in-phase and out-of-phase conductivity are measured concurrently. Using similar principles, the induced polarisation field technique measures the charge polarisation parameter chargeability. Studies that utilise these techniques have almost exclusively concentrated on the charge polarisation properties of sediments with low clay contents, and these sediments have intuitively credible positive chargeability values. However, the few studies that include high-clay-content sediments ??? like those encountered in coastal clay deposits ??? have often reported negative chargeabilities. No mechanism has been presented that accounts for this effect. Similar negative chargeability effects have been noted in other sciences, but often remain unexplained. Negative chargeability is shown here to be a non-linear property of clay gels ??? unique to sediments with bulk membrane properties and a potential new clay mapping parameter. A new clay polarisation model is presented which accounts for negative chargeability. Clay sediments are considered as a clay gel membrane, as opposed to traditional models ??? of clay zones within a solid substrate. In the revised model, non-linear ionic gradients occur within the sample, due to the bulk membrane properties of clay gels. Charge dispersion is described in terms of anomalous diffusion Warburg impedances, which create currents in the opposite sense to the applied potential. Negative chargeability is then a unique feature of sediments with bulk membrane properties. Laboratory electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data are presented. The experimental data covers a variety of clay types at a variety of water contents. For pure clay samples, negative chargeability is shown to occur when the clay???s water content is such that it is in a gel state. The threshold water content is shown to be a function of the clay???s liquid limit. This trend is more complicated for natural clays. Field measurements of negative chargeability are presented. The Conductivity Cone Penetrometer (CCPT) is utilised as a chargeability-logging tool at a field site at Hexham, New South Wales. In the first study of its kind, negative chargeability CCPT logging is shown to be effective in mapping a coastal clay deposit.
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Halayko, Krista Sophia Gelmich. "Gas flow in compacted clays". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0014/MQ32123.pdf.

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Berry, A. J. "The dynamic penetration of clays". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235369.

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Velazquez, Tzayhri Gallardo. "A study on pillared clays". Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252970.

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Libri sul tema "Clays"

1

Clays. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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2

Clays and clay minerals in Jordan. [Amman]: ʻImādat al-Baḥth al-ʻIlmī, al-Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah, 2002.

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3

Newman, A. C. D., 1929-, a cura di. Chemistry of clays and clay minerals. New York: Wiley, 1987.

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4

J, Smith A. Sporting clays. Hemel Hempstead: Argus Books, 1989.

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5

R, Burch, a cura di. Pillared clays. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

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6

B, Velde, a cura di. Origin and mineralogy of clays: Clays and the environment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

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7

Rautureau, Michel, Celso de Sousa Figueiredo Gomes, Nicole Liewig e Mehrnaz Katouzian-Safadi. Clays and Health. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42884-0.

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8

Zalba, Patricia Eugenia, Martín Eduardo Morosi e María Susana Conconi. Gondwana Industrial Clays. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39457-2.

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9

Brannon, Mark. Shooting sporting clays. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2011.

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Brannon, Mark. Shooting sporting clays. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2011.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Clays"

1

Fahrenholtz, William G. "Clays". In Ceramic and Glass Materials, 111–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73362-3_7.

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Bergaya, Faïza, Maguy Jaber e Jean-François Lambert. "Clays and Clay Minerals". In Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites, 1–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118092866.ch1.

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Theng, Benny K. G. "Clays and Clay Minerals". In Clay Mineral Catalysis of Organic Reactions, 1–83. Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429465789-1.

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Theng, Benny K. G. "Clays and Clay Minerals". In The Chemistry of Clay-Organic Reactions, 1–51. 2a ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003080244-1.

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Petridis, Dimitris. "Pillared Clays". In Nanophase Materials, 747–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1076-1_78.

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Ballantine, James A. "The Reactions in Clays and Pillared Clays". In Chemical Reactions in Organic and Inorganic Constrained Systems, 197–212. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4582-1_16.

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Mukherjee, Swapna. "Insulators Using Clays". In The Science of Clays, 220–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6683-9_15.

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8

Velde, B. "Clays as minerals". In Introduction to Clay Minerals, 41–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2368-6_3.

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Velde, B. "Origin of clays". In Introduction to Clay Minerals, 101–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2368-6_4.

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Velde, B. "Uses of clays". In Introduction to Clay Minerals, 164–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2368-6_5.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Clays"

1

Di Emidio, G., W. F. Van Impe e R. D. Verástegui Flores. "Advances in Geosynthetic Clay Liners: Polymer Enhanced Clays". In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)197.

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2

Cerato, Amy B., e Alan J. Lutenegger. "Shrinkage of Clays". In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)89.

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Hu, Jianxun, e Dongyan Wang. "Characterization of Polyaniline Nanocomposite Using AC Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy". In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17022.

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Silicate minerals have been found to improve physical and mechanical properties of polymers significantly through clay/polymer nanocomposites. This class of materials uses smectite-type clays, such as hectorite, montmorillonite, magadiite, and synthetic mica, as fillers to enhance the properties of polymers. One of the most important properties of smectite-type clays is their layered structure, in which each layer is constructed from tetrahedrally coordinated Si atoms fused into an edge-shared octahedral plane of either Al(OH)3 or Mg(OH)2. The layers exhibit excellent mechanical properties parallel to the layer direction due to the nature of the bonding between these atoms. It has been found that Young’s modulus in the layer direction is 50 to 400 times higher than that of a typical polymer [1–5]. The layers have a high aspect ratio and each one is approximately 1 nm thick, while the diameter may vary from 30 nm to several microns or larger. Hundreds or thousands of these layers are stacked together with weak van der Waals forces to form a clay particle. With such a configuration, it is possible to tailor clays into various different structures in polymer [1,6,7].
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Villarroel, Andres, Michael Myers e Lori Hathon. "Integrating the Thomas-Stieber Analysis With a Staged Differential Effective Medium Model for Saturation Interpretation of Thin-Bedded Shaly Sands". In 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0035.

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A Staged Differential Effective Medium (SDEM) model based on the Hanai-Bruggeman equation is applied to interpret water saturation in shaly sands. In this model, the conductivity of the formation changes when different volumes of clays, oil, and quartz (inclusions) are successively distributed in the host. The host continuously varies as the inclusions are added. The resulting equations require the conductivity and distribution parameters, which are assumed constant. A Thomas-Stieber analysis allows the separation of clay types that are distributed at different length scales. It allows estimating the fractional bulk volumes of clay laminations and dispersed clays using only the density and gamma ray log data. The three endpoints of the Thomas-Stieber triangle (clean sand, 100 percent clay-filled sand, and shale) are determined from log data, thin sections, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) observations. Dispersed clay and shale laminae porosity were estimated using SEM imaging. The dispersed clays were observed to have substantially higher porosity than the laminar clays. For this reason, clay laminae, and pore-filling dispersed clays are allowed to have differing properties. This is a generalization of the conventional Thomas-Stieber model. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to cluster the data, allowing the impact of clays and their occurrence to be assessed. The density, resistivity, acoustic, and gamma ray logs are employed for this analysis. The model is used to iteratively extract the clays, oil, and quartz properties according to their differing length scales. The initial regression determines the distribution parameter and resistivity of the shale laminae. Next, the properties of the clay-filled sand are determined. The clay-filled sand conductivity increases linearly with the amount of dispersed clay. The pore fluid salinity is then estimated and agrees well with produced water analyses. Finally, the water saturation in the shaly sand is estimated. Saturation estimations using the SDEM model differ from those obtained using conventional shaly sand resistivity models. The water saturation estimations using the SDEM model are in agreement with the resistivity model and capillary pressure estimate, unlike the conventional shaly sand models. This is consistent with the current understanding of column heights and free water levels in the formation.
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A R, Sindhu, Minukrishna P e B. M. Abraham. "Experimental Study on the Impact of Type of Sulphate in Lime Stabilised Clays". In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.14.

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Marine clays are distinguished by high compressibility and low shear strength. It has been reported that lime stabilisation is very much potent, and can be used as an ideal ground improvement technique in the case of marine clays. Cochin marine clays are sometimes abundant in primary and secondary sources of sulphates of sodium, lithium, potassium and calcium. Different types of sulphates may have different impact on lime stabilised clays. Present study investigates the effect of different types of sulphates in lime treated marine clays. Marine clay samples were collected by auger boring and all the physical properties were determined. Sulphate content in clay was also found. Clay samples were treated with 6% of lime and 4% of sodium sulphate, lithium sulphate and potassium sulphate and were kept for various curing periods of zero days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. Atterberg limits, free swell index, unconfined compressive strength and pH of all samples were determined. It was found that the plasticity and swelling characteristics of lime treated clay were influenced by the addition of sulphates. It was also found that all the three types of sulphates had detrimental effect on the gain in strength of lime stabilised soil. But the effect varies significantly with the type of sulphate present in the clay. This necessitates the importance of determination of the type sulphate present in the marine clay, before planning the soil stabilisation using lime.
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Wang, Zhijing (Zee), Hui Wang e Michael E. Cates. "Elastic properties of solid clays". In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1998. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1820064.

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Tran, Nguyen, Michael Wilson, Adriyan Milev, Gary Dennis, G. S. Kamali Kannangara e Robert Lamb. "Mechanism of Exfoliation of Clays". In SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION: Ninth International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2436382.

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"Pozzolanic Activity of Calcined Clays". In SP-289: Twelfth International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues (Hard Copy). American Concrete Institute, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51684269.

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Gayatri, Sharma, e Sharma Anu. "Clays and clay minerals in Bikaner: Sources, environment pollution and management". In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC 2015): Proceeding of International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4946628.

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Ma, Hongliang, Mi Zhou, Yuxia Hu e Muhammad Shazzad Hossain. "Large Deformation FE Analyses of Cone Penetration in Single Layer Non-Homogeneous and Three-Layer Soft-Stiff-Soft Clays". In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23709.

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Continuous profiles from in-situ penetrometer tests are now identified as essential for site specific soil investigation as part of designing offshore structures in deep and ultradeep waters and in highly layered seabed conditions. This paper describes the results from large deformation FE (LDFE) analysis undertaken to provide insight into the behavior of cone penetrometer penetrating through single layer non-homogeneous clays and three-layer uniform soft-stiff-soft clays. For the smooth cone penetration in non-homogeneous clays, the soil strength non-homogeneity factor was shown to have insignificant effect on the cone bearing capacity factor. However, for the rough cone, the bearing capacity factor in non-homogeneous clay was about 10∼12% lower than that in uniform clay. Bearing capacity factors for smooth and rough cones were also similar for non-homogeneous clay. For cone penetration in stratified soft-stiff-soft clays, a minimum layer thickness of 20 diameters was required to mobilise the full resistance of the stiff layer. The corresponding soil flow mechanisms are also discussed linking directly to the profile of penetration resistance.
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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Clays"

1

Tsiao, C., e K. A. Carrado. Xenon-129 NMR study of the microporous structure of clays and pillared clays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5992720.

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Zheng, Liange, Lianchong Li, Jonny Rutqvist, Hui Hai Liu e Jens Birkholzer. Modeling Radionuclide Transport in Clays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1173163.

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Nagy, Kathryn L. DE-FG02-06ER15364: Final Technical Report Nanoscale Reactivity of Clays, Clay Analogues (Micas), and Clay Minerals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/934383.

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Carrado, K. A. The crystallization of new synthetic organo-clays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134204.

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Krumhansl, J. L., K. M. Kimball e C. L. Stein. A review of WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) repository clays and their relationship to clays of adjacent strata. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6197231.

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Birk, D., e J. C. White. Trace Elements in Bituminous Coals, Roof Clays, and Under Clays of the Sydney Basin, Nova Scotia: Ash Chemistry, Element Sites, and Mineralogy. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/129042.

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M. Ding, P.W. Reimus, S. Chipera e C. Scism. Sorption Charecterization of Radonuclides on Clays in Yucca Mountain Alluvium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/893924.

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Shulley, Stacy, Dov Leshchinsky e Hoe I. Ling. Effects of Short Polymeric Fibers on Crack Development in Clays. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada337814.

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Holland, Thomas J. Numerical Methods for Implementing the Bounding Surface Plasticity Model for Clays. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330561.

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R. T. Yang e R.Q. Long. PILLARED CLAYS AS SUPERIOR CATALYSTS FOR SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/9038.

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