Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Classes moyennes – Égypte – 20e siècle"
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Tesi sul tema "Classes moyennes – Égypte – 20e siècle"
Ferrand, Antoinette. "Définir le juste milieu : histoire du concept de « classe moyenne » dans l'Égypte de Nasser (1952-1970)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL053.
Testo completo“That is the general class (al-ṭabaqa al-ʿāmma) […].Everyone receives a salary, everyone takes part to this general class. They say that there is a trade union for workers and a trade union for civil servants. Right. But, what is the difference between the two: the worker works and receives a salary; the civil servant works and receives a salary. Without salary, neither of the two can feed themselves that is to say that both are equal in everything” . Thus, Gamāl ʿAbd al-Nāṣir defines how he intends to revise the Egyptian society after the adoption of the National Charter (al-miṯāq al-waṭanī) in 1961, namely almost ten years after the Free Officers' coup d'État. He aims at gathering the Egyptian people in a vast class, a working and deserving one, beyond the Marxist proletariat. The middle class during the fifties and sixties resembles a melting pot of social strata from the descendants of the interwar effendiyya to the new-graduated legions of civil servants who invade the administrations and the public sector, by way of the urban petite bourgeoisie who gain access to education, after leaving its rural background. The departure of the cosmopolitan minorities after the Suez Crisis in 1956, the massive nationalisation leaded by the State, and the foundation of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) accelerate the replacement of the former social strata by a new hierarchy more Egyptian and often less higher-educated: civil servants, employees, small business owners, artisans, teachers and sellers. They represent the main target population of social and economic reforms; torn between their desire for modernity, the encouragement of the State and their attachment to a traditional religious culture, these intermediate strata contribute to remodel the Egyptian national identity. Despite the sustained attention for this entity since its promotion by Muḥammad ʿAlī's reforms, the historiography finds difficult to define precisely its social, economic and cultural outlines . As Dror Wahrman explains it, the designation of “middle class” is more the result of a political project than a rank in social hierarchy: believing in its existence and alluding to it suffice to make it live in the imaginary of a society . That is why I choose to study the intermediate strata of Egyptian hierarchy during the Nasser years through its representation and evocation in the mainstream press (as a way of defining how to be modern), in intellectual magazines (as a key to understand the “new society” (al-muğtamaʿal-ğadīd) and the specificity of Egyptian socialism) and through the official statistics (as a development indicator)
Barozet, Émmanuelle. "L' échange de faveurs au sein des couches moyennes chiliennes : de l'entraide informelle à la régulation sociale". Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0106.
Testo completoThe exchange of favours is an almost institutionalised practice in Chile. In middle classes, it constitutes a form of social regulation between market economy and redistribution of resources by the State. It still endures today, under the shape of constant and systematic exchange of help among relatives, friends and acquaintances. This help is capitalised through a symbolic debt. It generates an important and obligatory reciprocity. The exchange of favours lies in a mutual and horizontal relationship among friends and acquaintances. This practice emerged in the 1920’s, at the time when the development of the administrative services of the State allowed the expansion of an important middle class. Despite the drastic transformations of the economic and social structure of the country under Pinochet’s dictatorship, it is still a central practice in Chile. The exchange of favours is an extensive, determinant and indispensable phenomenon in order to obtain employment or services and goods, which can not be attained due to deficient operation of the public services or market, unless it is through personalisation of links and instrumentalisation of social capital. It is a form of organic non-objective solidarity, which rests on the constitution of networks of trust. We show how this notion explains the construction of relational spaces of middle classes, the adaptation strategies of this group and the manner in which trust is structured around rules that determine the socialisation of middle layers of society. The exchange of favours is an example of permanency of a strong affective and functional link in a country where the paradoxes of modernisation are frequently underlined
Capdevielle, Jacques. "Fétichisme du patrimoine : essai sur un fondement de la classe moyenne française". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985IEPP0010.
Testo completoBuffet-Catalogne, Jacqueline. "Familles, valeurs et transmission : enquête qualitative sur les valeurs de trois générations dans les classes moyennes françaises, à la fin du XXe siècle". Paris, EPHE, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPHE5022.
Testo completoThe question which arose at the beginning of the research was as follows : do young people today have values and bearings in life? To begin with, a survey was conducted of 600 young people who fell into two categories : those who had gone to catechism and those who had not. Basic values such as family, love, friendship, loyalty, solidarity, and respect for others remained prevalent, parents being the principle actors in handing down these values. School exposes adolescents to culture but also to others, thus encouraging tolerance. It is a successful vehicle of secular values. Faith obtains a limited score, even amongst those with a religious upbringing. The initial results did not permit an analysis of future developments liable to occur in the process of handing down values from one generation to the next. Nor was it possible to determine the exact meaning attributed to each given term. A qualitative survey made of twenty middle-class families, some stretching over three generations, enabled to examine a true line of value transmission. The above study would tend to confirm a movement towards a certain form of individualisation, together with a refusal to adhere too strictly to most institutions. Further, it reveals a tendency to create personal belief systems. The belief issue can be seen as central, as revealed in the emphasis put on it by those surveyed, no matter the generation. However, faith has relatively little influence on the other values. What appears here is "free-choice" religion. The analysis shows that value transmission remains present, although no longer imposed but accepted through discussion. Values no longer come from outside restraints. They are taken on personally from demands made by the conscience and freely consented to, hereby appealing largely to moral standards based on conviction and responsability
Ghesquier-Gogny, Madeleine. "Archives d'Orient : les notables alexandrins, des héritiers sans héritage (1882-1985)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040225.
Testo completoIn 2002, the CEAlex received nearly seven thousand documents having the same origin, a Greco-Syrian-Lebanese family. These documents concern the history of Alexandria from 1882 to 1985. They are the sole source of this thesis.The thesis consists of two parts. 1) The story of two families, the Zogheb and Sinano family through four generations. Implanted in Alexandria these conquerors searched and made their fortune, encouraged by Mohammad Ali, in an Egypt which was undergoing modernization. We follow them in their daily life, their neighborhood, their habits, through certain people, places or events that illustrate through very small touches a whole structure of society of “noblemen”. These families are “noble” due to their wealth, their age or their place in the city. These different approaches, different angles, permit, little by little, to give an overview of this micro-society which today no longer exists. 2) The story of Charles Ayoub, an “Alexandrian in his century” whom we follow from childhood to death. A pupil of the Jesuits, then a law student, he joined the services of the State Litigation as a trainee, reaching the rank of Royal Councillor and Head of Litigation. After resigning from the public service, he became a city lawyer. Through his professional and family background, his environment and that of his wife’s, we follow both the decline and the end of a certain society and how Egypt met it’s own destiny. An Egyptian of French culture, belonging to high Alexandrian cosmopolitan society, how did Charles Ayoub integrate and live through the eddies of century, from the khedivial period to the monarchy, the monarchy to the Republic ?
Iraki, Aziz. "Petites villes et villes moyennes : État, migrants et élites locales (Maroc)". Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010613.
Testo completoThe study of small towns and middle towns in particular has long been dominated by the functionalist analysis of urbanization leading to conclusions attesting the weak part these towns played in the organization of space. The present work seeks to study this type of towns through some of their actors. The reduction of the state's capacity of redistribution in the 80's, along with the riots which occurred in the cities, have led the state to focus on the large cities, thereby partially supplying their needs in both basic equipment and infrastructure. Small and middle towns which have indeed become the real recipients of rural depopulation have only been awarded a residual policy. The end of long migratory passages, the narrowness of demographic recruitment of small and middle towns conceal a situation where the rural migrant keeps a permanent relationship with his/her native rural background trough interfamily transfers. Small and middle towns receive more and more migrants in their outskirts. Under the pressure of an ever-growing population (precarious dwelling, irregular or the so-called "clandestine" dwelling) and under the impulse of international financial bodies (world bank, usaid, etc. ), a new regulation policy is being set. A policy that first recognizes the right of those in possession of property. It also imposes a new dimension to the social transaction. Here, the local elite is seen as the needed mediator between the state and the populations. The same could be said about the articulation of the local economy at both national and international levels and the needs for local relays able to valorize the local potentialities
Ghesquier-Gogny, Madeleine. "Archives d'Orient : les notables alexandrins, des héritiers sans héritage (1882-1985)". Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040225.
Testo completoIn 2002, the CEAlex received nearly seven thousand documents having the same origin, a Greco-Syrian-Lebanese family. These documents concern the history of Alexandria from 1882 to 1985. They are the sole source of this thesis.The thesis consists of two parts. 1) The story of two families, the Zogheb and Sinano family through four generations. Implanted in Alexandria these conquerors searched and made their fortune, encouraged by Mohammad Ali, in an Egypt which was undergoing modernization. We follow them in their daily life, their neighborhood, their habits, through certain people, places or events that illustrate through very small touches a whole structure of society of “noblemen”. These families are “noble” due to their wealth, their age or their place in the city. These different approaches, different angles, permit, little by little, to give an overview of this micro-society which today no longer exists. 2) The story of Charles Ayoub, an “Alexandrian in his century” whom we follow from childhood to death. A pupil of the Jesuits, then a law student, he joined the services of the State Litigation as a trainee, reaching the rank of Royal Councillor and Head of Litigation. After resigning from the public service, he became a city lawyer. Through his professional and family background, his environment and that of his wife’s, we follow both the decline and the end of a certain society and how Egypt met it’s own destiny. An Egyptian of French culture, belonging to high Alexandrian cosmopolitan society, how did Charles Ayoub integrate and live through the eddies of century, from the khedivial period to the monarchy, the monarchy to the Republic ?