Tesi sul tema "Civil rights - general"

This thesis is about organizations working in the field of British civil liberties between 1934 and 1989. It examines the relationship between the concepts of civil liberties and human rights within a British context, and discusses the forms of political activism that have accompanied this subject. At the centre of this work is an examination of the politics of the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL), an organization that has played a key role in the protection and promotion of civil liberties from its formation in 1934. It also examines the activities of a range of other organizations that considered themselves to be active on such a subject. The thesis argues that thinking about civil liberties has been extended throughout the twentieth century to incorporate a more positive and broader conceptualization of rights. However, for all the increased importance of the politics of human rights, a tradition of civil liberties has remained crucial to organizations working within such a field. The thesis also seeks to demonstrate that concerns about civil liberties have often reflected the political ideologies of those acting on such issues. Whilst a large amount of conceptual agreement has existed over the importance of the subject within Britain, this has consistently been met with disagreement over what this means. NGOs have played crucial roles as mediators of such a conflict. In performing such a role, the civil liberties lobby has been characterised by a set of professional, expert activists that have, at times, been able and will to engage with radical political ideas.

This thesis examines the practices and procedures of the Human Rights Committee, the body established under the International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights (ICCPR) (1966). Chapter 1 examines the origins of the ICCPR, the principal drafting issues that arose, and the significance of the ICCPR in international law. Chapter 2 examines the organisation and the institutional characteristics of the Human Rights. Committee. Chapter 3 examines and evaluates the practices and procedures of the Human Rights Committee under the reporting procedure in article 40 ICCPR. Chapter 4 examines and evaluates the practices and procedures of the Human Rights Committee under the provisions for individual communications in the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR. Chapters 5-12 examine the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee under the reporting procedure (article 40) and the Optional Protocol in respect of selected articles of the ICCPR. Chapter 5 considers article 1 (self-determination). Chapter. 6 considers article 2 (general obligations to respect and ensure the rights in the ICCPR, to give effect to it, and to provide a remedy in the event of violation). Chapter 7 considers article 4 (derogation provision). Chapter 8 considers article 6 (right to life). Chapter 9 considers article 7, (torture and other prohibited treatment and punishment), and, in part, article 10 (treatment of persons deprived of their liberty). Chapter 10 considers article 14 (fair trial). Chapter 11 considers article 19 (freedom of opinion and expression). Chapter 12 considers article 20 (war propaganda and advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred). Chapter 13 provides a general appraisal of the the work of the Human Rights Committee.

This thesis seeks to answer the question whether economic and social rights have the same status with civil and political rights under the human rights regime of the Council of Europe. To this end, the thesis examines the assumptions with regard to the nature of economic and social rights, on the one hand, and civil and political rights, on the other. Second, it seeks to find out whether the nature of economic and social rights is different from that of civil and political rights. Third, it examines how the protection of and approach to the two sets of rights developed in the Council of Europe. Finally, it assesses the contemporary protection of economic and social rights in the Council of Europe in comparison to protection of civil and political rights.

This thesis analyzes the enforcement measures for the protection of intellectual property rights in an international and regional framework. The challenges posed by the digital technology
the difficulties faced by right holders, judiciary, public agencies, international and regional organizations in the implementation stages will be discussed by referring to the legal texts such as the TRIPS Agreement, the EU Enforcement Directive and Regulations. All dimensions of counterfeiting and piracy will constitute an important focus of this thesis. The thesis will seek to clarify uncertainties arising from the jurisdictional conflicts for the determination of the applicable law and competent courts in intellectual property cases involving foreign elements.

ABSTRACT This thesis approaches the concept of citizenship from the angle of citizens by focusing on the citizenship perception of the citizens in Turkey. It has been aimed to measure citizenship perceptions in terms of the balance between both total rights and duties, and also in terms of civil, political and social elements of citizenship. Liberal and civic republican conceptions of citizenship have been employed as the ideal-standard models against which it is attempted to measure the citizenship perceptions, because it is consensually agreed that the Turkish notion of citizenship is based on a civic republican understanding which emphasizes duties over rights. For this purpose a scale for citizenship rights and another one for citizenship duties have been developed on the basis of a questionnaire. Additionally, in order to measure people&rsquo
s opinions concerning the possible effects of Turkey&rsquo
s EU membership on citizenship issues a scale of &ldquo
EU membership and citizenship&rdquo
has been developed. In addition to the questionnaire study which was applied to unionized workers, employers, bureaucrats and retired military officers, focus group meetings and interviews were conducted. The results of the scale study revealed that all occupational groups shared a republican perception of citizenship as far as the total right and duty items are considered. However, in terms of political and social elements of citizenship, occupational groups displayed different perceptions. In terms of political elements, while workers, employers and bureaucrats emphasized the political rights, with respect to social elements workers assigned more weight to social rights. The EU membership and citizenship scale results indicated that all occupational groups shared a pro-EU perspective with respect to its effects on citizenship.

The major aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Turkish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the consolidation of democracy in Turkey regarding the characteristics defined by the classical pluralist theories, starting with the ideas of Alexis de Tocqueville, and by contemporary pluralist approaches to civil society. To that end, characteristics of two examples, iHD and KiH-YÇ
V will be examined using three dimensions: effectiveness, enhancing solidarity and responsibility, and the dimension of inner democracy. As the methodology of the case study, in-depth interview techniques were adapted for capturing the qualities of the organizations in a detailed way. At that level, in-depth interviews from each organization were conducted with members having different positions. In addition to this, all written documents obtained from the organizations were scanned and the relevant ones have been examined for the sake of the study. Since the aim of the study is to understand what part Turkish NGOs play in the consolidation of democracy in Turkey considering the assumptions of classical and contemporary pluralist school in their analysis of voluntary associations and interest groups, this study espoused an associational concept of democracy as the method of work, which is a contemporary concept that underlines the democratic role of free and voluntary associations. In this context, this study tries to discuss the following questions: To what extent are Turkish NGOs independent from the state? To what extent can they have leverage on governmental policies? Do they mitigate conflict through overlapping interests? Do they enhance social trust, tolerance, compromise and a sense of solidarity in society and within their organization? To what extent are they democratic, pluralist and horizontally structured inside their organization and to what extent they are democratic regarding their decision making process? Are they open and inclusive enough in their membership recruitment techniques?

This article compares and analyzes how member States of the European Union, the United States of America and the United Kingdom combat tax avoidance through its legal systems. The article addresses issues such as the influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the case Cadbury Schweppes in establishing anti-avoidance rules in member States of the European Union and the application of Business Purpose Doctrine in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
El presente artículo compara y analiza la manera en que los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido combaten la elusión tributaria a través de sus sistemas legales. El artículo aborda temas como la influencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y el caso Cadbury Schweppes en el establecimiento de normas antielusivas en los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, y la aplicación de la doctrina de la simulación en los Estados Unidos y en el Reino Unido.

The objective of this thesis is to analyze the authoritarian Karimov regime in post-Soviet Uzbekistan on a comprehensive basis and shed light on the domestic and international factors that has shaped this regime. The thesis consists of three main parts. The first part of the study defines the concepts of democracy and authoritarianism and provides the criteria to determine if a regime is democratic or authoritarian. The second part applies the theoretical framework developed in the first part to Uzbekistan. The third part deals with the factors that helped Karimov to strengthen his authoritarian rule in the country. The main argument of this study is that the incumbent leadership in Uzbekistan has failed to take steps to establish democracy in the country in post-Soviet period. The changes that were introduced proved to be only decorative, they lacked substance. The president of the country, Islam Karimov, has aimed at consolidating his own authority rather than establishing democracy and that his attempts to realize this aim resulted in the strengthening of executive branch in Uzbekistan at the expense of legislative and judiciary, silencing of the opposition forces, curtailment of the civil and political rights of the citizens, restriction of autonomy of civil society organizations and media.

La societat civil catalana va viure un procés de gran mobilització antifranquista a partir de la dècada dels anys seixanta. Una part important de la població va vehicular els seus anhels de llibertat a través d’entitats que, tot i operar des del terreny legal, van exercir un paper de denúncia de la dictadura i pressió per a l’establiment d’un Estat de dret que respectés els drets humans. Aquest és el cas d’Òmnium Cultural, Justícia i Pau, Amics de les Nacions Unides i el Col·legi d’Advocats de Barcelona. La seva especial posició els va conferir un marge d’actuació major al de la clandestinitat i va contribuir a que nous grups socials s’impliquessin en accions contra la dictadura, aprofundint d’aquesta manera, en el procés d’erosió del franquisme que en va fer impossible la seva supervivència després de la mort de Franco.
Catalan civil society lived a long process of antifrancoist mobilization from the sixties. A very large part of the population channeled their desire for freedom through organizations that, though working legally, played a role in denouncing the dictatorship and put pressure for the establishment of a rule of law that would respect the civil rights. This was the case of Òmnium Cultural, Justícia i Pau, Amics de les Nacions Unides and the Col·legi d’Advocats de Barcelona. Their special status gave them more room to manoeuvre than the groups in clandestinity and encouraged other social groups to involve themselves in actions against the dictatorship, and thus deepening in the process of erosion of francoism that made the survival of the dictatorship impossible after Franco´s death.

A investigação dos reflexos condicionantes da Parte Geral da Lei 8.078/90 na formatação do direito material positivo das relações de consumo se vincula diretamente à sistemática legislativa empregada na confecção do CDC, notadamente quanto aos seus dez primeiros artigos e à opção de neles se inscreverem as vigas mestras estruturantes de todo o seu sistema protetivo. É dizer: o direito material positivo das relações de consumo não pode ser visto de forma dissociada da Parte Geral da Lei 8.078/90, lídima regra de interpretação dirigida a fixar o alcance e a profundidade desse arcabouço jurídico instituído, por determinação constitucional, para amparar esse específico sujeito que é o consumidor; mais que isso, inclinado a buscar a materialização do equilíbrio nas relações obrigacionais que gravitam em torno do mercado. A ideia é visusalizar a Parte Geral do Código como um fator condicionante das regras de direito material privado criadas no intuito de concretizar a vontade do Poder Constituinte originário de defender o consumidor, operando uma espécie de justiça distributiva em uma relação jurídica historicamente desequilibrada, relegando-se às demais regras da parte especial função meramente explicativa. Nessa linha de raciocínio, foram examinados a dogmática positiva, as balizas de incidência do Código, a política nacional das relações de consumo, a boa-fé objetiva como mínimo ético exigível, os direitos básicos do consumidor e o risco como elemento de responsabilidade civil. Arremata-se com um resumo analítico da proposta, a identificar conclusões diretas sobre os problemas teóricos e práticos examinados. Torna-se imprescindível, assim, compreender a real amplitude dos direitos materiais outorgados aos consumidores e, para tanto, só há um caminho: investigar profundamente os reflexos condicionantes da Parte Geral da Lei 8.078/90 na formatação daquilo que de melhor se pensou, em termos legislativos, para promover a defesa do consumidor.
The investigation of constraining reflexes of the General Part of Act 8.078/90 in formatting the positive substantive law of consumption relationship is directly related to the legal systematic employed in the CDC confection, especially regarding the first ten articles and the option to enroll in them the main structuring foundations of the whole protective system. Indeed, the positive substantive law of consumption relationship cannot be dissociated of the General Part of Act 8.078/90, true interpretation rule aimed at setting the range and depth of this legal framework, established by constitutional determination to support this specific subject, the consumer, beyond that, inclined to search the real balance in the obligational relations focused on the consumption market. The main purpose is to visualize the Codes General Part as a constraining factor of substantive private law rules created in order to materialize the Congress originary will to protect the consumer, working as a distributive justice in a historically unbalanced legal relation, demoting the remaining special part rules to a purely explanatory function. Moreover, the positive dogmatic, the Code applicability limits, the Consumption Relationships National Policy, the objective good-faith as a minimum ethical demandable, the consumers basic rights and the risk as an element of civil liability were examined. At the end, a purpose analytical summary is presented, identifying direct conclusions concerning the theoretical and practical problems examined. It becomes imperative to comprehend the real dimension of the substantive rights granted to consumers and therefore, the only path is to deeply investigate the constraining reflexes of the General Part of Act 8.078/90 in structuring the best consideration in legal terms to promote consumer protection.

A pesquisa teve a finalidade de examinar o pressuposto de admissibilidade da repercussão geral inserido pela Emenda Constitucional 45/2004 e regulado pela Lei n. 11.418/06 e suas implicações nos futuros recursos extraordinários em matéria ambiental. A metodologia utilizada centrou-se na pesquisa doutrinária, legislativa e jurisprudencial. Com a análise do pressuposto da repercussão geral e de sua configuração nas hipóteses de transcendência (econômica, política, social e jurídica) em cotejo com o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente sadio e equilibrado, constatou-se a necessidade de que tal requisito não seja apenas mais um instrumento de filtragem recursal, mas sim um elemento de efetividade dos recursos extraordinários que versem sobre questões ambientais constitucionais, ante a mudança de um paradigma subjetivo para outro de características objetivas. Para tanto, defendeu-se uma alternativa menos formalista (quanto ao momento da análise do preenchimento do pressuposto); a presunção de repercussão geral nas ações civis públicas e nas ações populares; a ampla participação da figura do amicus curiae ainda na fase prévia; e o rompimento do dogma da impossibilidade do reexame dos fatos, possibilitando uma hermenêutica voltada para a proteção ambiental, servindo-se nesse último caso das legislações que tratam do processo do controle concentrado de constitucionalidade e da arguição de descumprimento de preceito fundamental.
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The research aimed to examine the impact of juridical general repercussion as a requirement of admissibility, inserted by Constitutional Amendment 45/2004 and regulated by Law No 11.418/06, as its implications for future judicial extraordinary appeals based on the environmental resources. The methodology adopted was the research on the available data basis of doctrine, legislation and court decisions. Analyzing the juridical general repercussion as a requirement of admissibility, and its configuration within the transcendence hypothesis (economics, political, social and juridical) in comparison to the fundamental right to a healthy and balanced environment, it was realized that the requirement is not just a tool for a judicial filtering of the extraordinary appeals, but also is an element of effectiveness for the extraordinary appeals that deals with the constitucional environmental issues, in face of the subjective paradigm shift towards to another one, with more objective characteristics. With this goal, a less formal alternative was presented (related to the timing of the requirement analisys), wich is the presumption of the juridical general repercussion in the public civil and popular law suits; a more active participation of the amicus curiae even in the preliminaries stages; and the disruption of the impossibility of the review of the facts dogma, to allow a hermeneutics more focused on the environmental protection, using, to do so, the laws that address to the concentrated control of constitutionality as the laws that invoke the breach of the fundamental precept.

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The objective of this PhD thesis is the defense of the application of the constitutional principle of solidarity (art. 3°, clause I, Federal Constitution) within family law. This assignment consists of an introduction (Chapter I), in which the course to be followed is carefully laid out. Chapter II consists of a philosophical investigation pursuing the origins of the instinct of solidarity. Aristotle and his ideas of justice and friendship, which are strongly connected to charity, was taken as a starting point. From there on, only the thoughts of the most important philosophers who dealt with these three matters were included, We end with the study of utopian socialists and the development of charity and solidarity as a duty, and thus forensic institution. In chapter III juridical solidarity and its most significant representations are approached, Next, in chapter IV, principles, general clauses, undetermined legal concepts were studied, as a means to best pinpoint the juridical nature of the principles underlying this study. A brief incursion in the subject of human rights, which bears a close relation to the scope of this thesis, was also made. Next, chapter V analyses the principle of solidarity in some of the most important constitutions in force, leading in chapter VI to the approach of the same principle in the Brazilian constitution. As an absolutely logical following, family regulations in the Brazilian, and in the main foreign constitutions were studied. From there, in chapter VIII, the inferior to the constitution legislation, the Civil Code in force were considered, tackling the questions related to the included or missing principles. The study is terminated with a brief conclusion from which the thesis here defended is drawn succinctly and objectively
Esta tese de doutorado tem por objeto a defesa da aplicação do princípio constitucional da solidariedade (art. 3º, inciso I, Constituição Federal) no Direito de Família. O trabalho é composto de uma introdução (capítulo I), na qual minuciosamente se declara o percurso que será seguido. Em seguida, capítulo II, é realizada uma pesquisa de natureza filosófica, buscando as origens do instituto da solidariedade. Partiu-se de Aristóteles e de sua idéia de justiça e amizade, que se entrelaçam com a caridade. A partir daí, o trabalho foi trazendo o pensamento apenas dos mais importantes filósofos que trataram dos três assuntos. Concluiuse com o estudo de socialistas utópicos e o desdobramento da caridade em solidariedade como dever, e, portanto, instituto jurídico. No capítulo III, é abordado o solidarismo jurídico e seus mais significativos representantes. A seguir, no capítulo IV, estudaram-se princípios, cláusulas gerais, conceitos legais indeterminados, como meio de melhor se localizar a natureza jurídica do princípio objeto deste trabalho. Fez-se, também, uma breve incursão pelo tema dos direitos humanos, que guarda absoluta relação com o escopo desta tese. Em continuidade, capítulo V, analisou-se o princípio da solidariedade em algumas das mais importantes constituições em vigor, para juntar no capítulo VI com a abordagem do mesmo princípio na constituição brasileira. Como decorrência absolutamente lógica do caminho, enveredou-se pelo regramento da família nas principais constituições estrangeiras e nas brasileiras. A partir daí, capítulo VIII, desceu-se à legislação infraconstitucional, o Código Civil vigente, abordando os pontos relativos ao princípio ali constantes ou faltantes. O trabalho é encerrado com breve conclusão, na qual é deduzida de forma sucinta e objetiva a tese defendida (capítulo IX)

ABSTRACT PEACE BUILDING AFTER HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: THE CASE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Latif, Dilek Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. ihsan D. Dagi August 2005, 379 pages. This dissertation analyzes peace building process after humanitarian intervention. It conceptualizes peace building through questioning the feasibility of peace building following a humanitarian intervention. Addressing the deficiency of contemporary peace building approach, this thesis indicates the shortcomings of the various instruments of peace building in contributing peace and reconciliation on the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Besides, it shows the drawbacks of the current practice that peace building is a learning process, which employs the lessons learnt to advance the efficiency of peace building process. There is a lack of comprehensive approach to peace building, based on case studies, evaluating the shortcomings and merits of all the instruments of peace building that provides a general strategy. Despite abundancy of policy oriented research to contribute policy making, academic work to analyze such a complicated phenomena has been frail. Within this context, contribution of the dissertation is to demonstrate the entire picture and question viability of the peace building process in war-torn societies. Therefore, it is enriching the study on the peace building operations. Failure of institutionalization of peace in BiH after almost a decade of rigorous peace building efforts of the international community shows the fault of the mainstream understanding of peace building. The dissertation also unveils that engagement in Kosovo is the product of a similar strategy, which in practice either repeated the same fruitless methods or tried to build on the experience obtained in Bosnia but failed to heal up the troubles and challenges faced in Kosovo. Overall, the study points out the inevitability of a novel approach and an alternative peace building strategy beyond the policy-related focus.

L’immunité de juridiction des organisations internationales exclue – en principe – toute possibilité pour un agent international de se tourner vers le juge national en cas de litige avec son organisation. Ainsi, la question se pose de la garantie par le droit international du droit à un recours effectif des agents. Bien que chaque organisation internationale soit créatrice de son propre ordre juridique partiel, de multiples principes généraux identifiés par les différents tribunaux administratifs internationaux établissent un droit des agents internationaux à un recours effectif. Toutefois, dans la pratique, les parties prenantes dotées du pouvoir décisionnel ne tirent pas toujours toutes les conséquences de ces normes pour offrir aux agents les garanties nécessaires en vue d’assurer l’effectivité des voies de recours. Il en résulte une fragilité de ce droit, qui n’est pas sans répercussion sur le respect de l’état de droit au sein des organisations internationales
International organizations’ immunity from jurisdiction prevents – in principle – an international agent from access to national courts in case of a conflict with his organization. Therefore, the question arises whether agents have a right to an effective remedy under international law. Despite the fact that each international organization creates its own partial legal order, various general principles identified by different international administrative tribunals establish, taken as a whole, the right of international agents to an effective remedy. However, in practice, the key stakeholders having decision-making power do not draw all necessary conclusions from these rules which would provide agents with the required guarantees for ensuring effectiveness of the legal remedies. This emphasizes the fragility of this right – a fragility which is not without consequences on the rule of law in international organizations

History
Ph.D.
This dissertation explores the battle to democratize the national security state, 1970-1978. It examines the neo-progressive movement to institutionalize a new domestic policy regime, in an attempt to force government transparency, protect individual privacy from state intrusion, and create new judicial and legislative checks on domestic security operations. It proceeds chronologically, first outlining the state's overwhelming response to the domestic unrest of the 1960s. During this period, the Department of Justice developed new capacities to better predict urban unrest, growing a computerized databank that contained millions of dossiers on dissenting Americans and the Department of Defense greatly expanded existing capacities, applying cold war counterinsurgency and counterintelligence techniques developed abroad to the problems of protests and riots at home. The remainder of the dissertation examines how the state's secret response to unrest and disorder became public in the early 1970s. It traces the development of a loose coalition of reformers who challenged domestic security policy and coordinated legislative and litigative strategies to check executive power.
Temple University--Theses

Jeffrey Sachs' conceptions of enlightened globalization and directed technological change are relevant to patent law and access to medicines in India. This study was original in translating these concepts into a concrete and integrated package of patent law and policy reform proposals for India. This study presented new empirical data and undertook statistical analysis of India's patent opposition model. In light of Sachs' ideas, this project proposed a community-based patent opposition model as a novel solution complemented by other measures and policies like need-driven collaborative open innovation, community-backed use of patent flexibilities, and rights-based approach to health and sustainable development.

Les mutations profondes qui ont eu lieu dans notre manière de vivre : aspiration à l'égalité ; féminisme ; généralisation des familles recomposées ; acceptation sociale de l'homosexualité ; société de consommation ; dématérialisation et réappropriation de l'identité de l'individu sur les réseaux numériques... ont accompagné un changement radical de la manière de penser le rattachement familial de l'enfant. La mention du nom des parents dans l'acte de naissance ou la reconnaissance de l'enfant sont autant de supports dont le potentiel reste à explorer. Pour sa part, l'adoption est désormais fondée sur un lien plus abstrait de volonté qui exige de ne peut-être plus s'intéresser aux circonstances qui l'ont entourée. Enfin, en parallèle de la filiation génétique et de la filiation volontaire se dessine une nouvelle catégorie de filiation : le lien de filiation polygonéique, fondé sur le fait et mu par l'affection que l'on porte à l'enfant auquel il conviendra de donner un contenu juridique dans l'intérêt de l'enfant. Au delà de toutes ces formes d'appropriation générationnelle se pose dès lors la question de savoir où se trouvent les nouveaux droits de l'enfant. L'enfant a-t-il le droit à des parents en particulier ? Quels seront les critères d'égalité entre les enfants à l'avenir ? Quels bénéfices pourra-t-il tirer de ces évolutions ? Quelle doit-être la place de sa parole ? Plus que jamais il devient nécessaire de repenser un cadre juridique prévisible et stable pour le rattachement familial de l'enfant qui tienne compte du nouvel ordre public de la famille : les droits de l'enfant
The profound changes in our way of life, (desire for equality, feminism, generalization of reconstituted families, social acceptance of homosexuality, consumer society, individuals’ identity becoming immaterial on digital networks), have gone along with a radical change in the way of thinking of how children are affiliated to a family. The mention of both parents’ names on a birth certificate, or the recognition of a child are two promising medium, yet to be examined. Concerning adoption, it is founded upon a more abstract link based on volition, meaning that it may no longer require to take into account the circumstances surrounding the adoption. Finally, parallel to genetic filiation and voluntary filiation, a new category of filiation is taking shape: polygoneic filiation (multi-parental filiation), which is based on facts and pushed by the affection felt for the child, and which will require a legal content in the best interests of the child. Beyond all these forms of belonging to a family, we can then wonder what will become new rights for children. Will a child have the right to have specific parents? What will be the criteria for equality between children in the future? What benefits will the child attain after these evolutions? What importance should be given to his/her views? More than ever, it will be crucial to re-examine an equable and predictable legal framework for family bonds which would take into consideration the new public order of the family: the rights of the child

Les drones font aujourd’hui partie de notre quotidien. Ces objets nous entourent de plus en plus et traversent les frontières. Qu’ils soient utilisés à but récréatif, dans le domaine militaire ou bien pour des activités professionnelles, les drones connaissent un développement fort, une croissance sans précédent. Ce développement consistera à traiter du sujet des drones civils à usage professionnel qui représentent le plus vaste domaine des aéronefs sans pilote. Les drones de loisirs, tout comme les drones militaires, ont une croissance importante, mais moindre par rapport aux drones civils professionnels.Ces nouvelles technologies possèdent un potentiel considérable pour de nombreuses entreprises qui se lancent dans la prestation de services par le biais d’aéronefs sans pilote. De plus en plus d’activités sont développées dans de nombreux secteurs, les entreprises prennent conscience de la capacité de travail que peuvent représenter ces appareils, et il est important de mener à bien ce marché prometteur. Force est de constater qu’aucune activité n’est réellement possible sans cadre juridique. En quelques années, nous avons vu l’usage des drones se démocratiser. L’actualité a montré que cette utilisation se faisait quelque fois de manière dangereuse et négligente, avec de nombreux incidents relevés. Il est donc nécessaire de mettre en place des règles que chaque utilisateur doit respecter, que ce soit pour un usage à but récréatif ou professionnel. La France, et quelques États dans le monde, font partie des précurseurs à avoir travaillé de manière exhaustive sur une réglementation. Celle-ci est certes stricte, peut-être même trop, mais elle permet néanmoins d’éviter au mieux les dérives voire les accidents.Aujourd’hui encore beaucoup d’États n’ont pas adopté de réglementation concernant l’activité de drones au sein de leur territoire. Cela pose un sérieux problème de sécurité, puisque dans ces États, des activités de drones sont réalisées alors qu’aucune règle à suivre n’a pour le moment été donnée.Pourtant, les entreprises ont un réel besoin de réglementation pour développer au mieux leurs activités, travailler sur de nouvelles technologies. Les innovations ont toujours la nécessité d’avoir un cadre juridique solide, pour savoir quel est leur champ d’action. Le droit va de pair avec les progrès technologiques, et pourtant celui-ci connaît souvent un retard de développement par rapport aux innovations. Les États se trouvent face à la croissance toujours plus importante des activités de drones sur leur territoire, alors qu’aucune réglementation n’a été instaurée. Une réglementation est donc nécessaire pour tous les États, pour encadrer au mieux l’utilisation des aéronefs sans pilote et garantir une sécurité suffisante pour tous.Petit à petit, les États prennent conscience de l’importance de mettre en place des règles, certains ont effectué un travail complet en la matière, et d’autres s’en inspirent et commencent à réfléchir sur le sujet.Tous les États existants dans le monde représentent autant de réglementations possibles, même si certaines se ressemblent, le droit des drones est loin d’être unifié. Au contraire, il est multiple et très diversifié, ce qui peut poser un problème dans ce domaine.Il serait nécessaire de travailler sur une convergence, une harmonisation, entre toutes les réglementations existantes et qui se développent encore aujourd’hui. Il semble évident que le but de ce droit est de permettre une intégration pleine et entière des drones dans l’espace aérien mondial, parmi les autres usagers de la circulation aérienne générale que sont les aéronefs habités, civils ou militaires. Cette intégration est essentielle pour permettre aux États comme aux entreprises de travailler de manière commune sur des propositions réglementaires permettant une meilleure gestion du trafic aérien, ainsi qu’une cohabitation améliorée de toutes ces nouvelles technologies dont les activités ont encore un énorme potentiel à développer
Today, unmanned aircrafts are undeniably part of our daily lives. These objects surround us more and more and cross the borders, because it is not only in France that these devices become more and more known, but also in the whole world. Whether they are used for recreational purposes, in the military field or for professional activities, unmanned aircrafts are experiencing strong development, unprecedented growth.This development will consist here of dealing with the subject of civilian commercial UAVs which undoubtedly represent the largest field of unmanned aircraft. Indeed, recreational UAVs, like military ones, have a significant growth, but less than civilian professional unmanned aircrafts.These new technologies have a great potential for many companies which work on service delivery through unmanned aircraft. More and more activities are being developed in many sectors, companies are becoming aware of the work capacity that these devices can represent, and it is important to carry out this promising market.However, it is clear that no activity is really possible without a legal framework. Indeed, in a few years, we have seen the use of UAVs becoming more democratic, especially in France. Current events have shown that this use is sometimes dangerous and careless, with many incidents noted. It is therefore necessary to put in place rules that each user must respect, whether for recreational or professional use.France, and some States in the world, are among the forerunners to work extensively on a regulation. This one is certainly strict, maybe even too much, nevertheless it makes it possible to avoid accidents.However, even today many States have not worked on regulations on the activity of unmanned aircrafts within their territory. This is a serious security problem, since in these States, UAVs activities are carried out whereas no rule has yet been given.Companies are on the front line, they have a real need for regulation to develop their business, working on new technologies. Innovations always need to have a solid legal framework, to know what their scope is.Law goes hand in hand with technological progress, and yet it is often lagging behind innovation. As a result, States are facing ever-increasing growth of UAVs activities on their territory, while no regulation has been introduced. Regulation is therefore necessary for all States, to better regulate the use of unmanned aircraft and to guarantee sufficient security for all.Little by little, States are becoming aware of the importance of putting rules in place, some have done a comprehensive job on the subject, and others are building on them and starting to think about it.Of course, all existing States in the world represent as many regulations, even if some are similar, the right of unmanned aircraft is far from unified. On the contrary, it is multiple and very diverse, which can be a problem in this area.Indeed, it would be necessary to work on a convergence, a harmonization, a consensus between all existing regulations and which are still developing today. It seems obvious that the purpose of this right is to allow full integration of unmanned aircrafts in the world's airspace, among other users of the general air traffic, civilian or military ones.This integration is essential to enable both States and companies to work together on regulatory proposals for a better air traffic management, as well as improved cohabitation of all these new technologies whose activities still have an enormous potential to develop

L'investissement est une notion récente dans la sphère juridique. Voici quelques années, elle n'était encore employée que dans la règlementation relative au contrôle des investissements étrangers. C'est que, si le droit n'ignorait pas l'investissement, il le saisissait presque uniquement à travers d'autres notions, tels l'apport en société ou le mouvement de capital. Depuis lors, le mot a été très largement juridicisé. Pour s'en tenir à deux exemples, on peut ainsi relever que, dans notre ordre interne, l'existence d'un investissement permet une durée contractuelle longue et que, dans l'ordre international, la qualification d'investissement est aujourd'hui une condition de la compétence des tribunaux arbitraux statuant sous l'égide du Cirdi.Cet accès spontané de l'investissement à la juridicité s'est malheureusement accompagné de certaines incohérences. Ainsi, le mot est parfois employé de manière excessivement large, comme en droit des marchés financiers, où il désigne toute opération relative à un instrument financier. De même, en droit des régimes matrimoniaux, ce que la Cour de cassation nomme les « dépenses d'investissement » recouvre en réalité l'ensemble des dépenses immobilières. Parfois, à l'inverse, certaines opérations dont la qualification d'investissement ne fait aucun doute continuent d'être envisagées à travers des notions qui en sont le simple reflet. L'objet de la thèse est donc de rétablir une certaine cohérence dans l'emploi du mot investissement en proposant une définition juridique de la notion et en esquissant certains éléments du régime qui s'y attache
Investment is a relatively new legal concept. Some years ago, the term was only used within the foreign investment regulations. Back then, investment was mostly happrehended through other legal concepts, such as capital contribution or capital movement. Since then, however, the concept of investment has largely entered the legal vocabulary. For instance, it turns out that, in the French legal order, the existence of an investment makes the conclusion of a long duration contract possible. Besides, it may also be noted that, in the international order, the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal established under the aegis of the ICSID is limited to the disputes that arise out of an investment.Such a phenomenon has unfortunately brought on various inconsistencies. Thus, the term appears to be used in ways that sometimes make its meaning overly wide, as in securities law, in which investment refers to all kinds of operations related to financial instruments. Similarly, in matrimonial property regimes, what the French Cour de cassation calls "investment spending" includes all real estate spending. Sometimes, on the contrary, investment is still being apprehended through other concepts that are the simple reflection of that very concept. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to establish some consistency in the use of the term investment by proposing a legal definition of the concept and outlining some elements of its regime

Le présent travail propose une étude d’ensemble sur le droit commun, notion fondamentale au coeur de la théorie et de la pratique quotidienne du droit. Contrairement à une première impression suivant laquelle il serait une notion à géométrie variable (droit civil ? théorie générale ? droit romain ? droit européen ? principes ?), le droit commun apparaît comme le concept technique désignant, pour une institution donnée, les règles juridiques dont le domaine d’application est indéfini. En outre, l’étude en révèle les deux applications pratiques fort distinctes que sont le droit commun territorial et le droit commun matériel. Le droit commun territorial d’abord, apparaît mal connu mais techniquement et historiquement premier ; c’est celui que l’on trouve par exemple à l’article 1393, alinéa 2, du code civil (qui vise le « droit commun de la France » des régimes matrimoniaux), ou dans un principe fondamental reconnu par les lois de la République dégagé par le Conseil constitutionnel en 2011. Le droit commun matériel ensuite, se révèle mieux connu mais appelle une synthèse ; c’est celui qui est visé, par exemple, dans la section contenant les articles 2333 et suivants du code civil (sur le « droit commun du gage ») tels qu’ils résultent de l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006. Ces deux volets du droit commun expriment une "summa divisio", dans laquelle s’ordonnent toutes ses utilisations en droit positif. S’ils présentent des similitudes de régime, ils se distinguent néanmoins : ils ne renvoient pas aux mêmes règles – règles au domaine d’application "ratione loci" indéfini d’un côté, règles au domaine d’application "ratione materiæ et personæ" indéfini de l’autre
This work offers a comprehensive study on the “droit commun” (approximately translated into “general rules of law” or “ordinary law”), a fundamental concept at the core of the theory and daily practice of French law. Contrary to traditional approaches involving the impression of a changing and variable concept (civil law, general theory, Roman law, European law, principles?), “droit commun” is a technical concept referring, for a given institution, to the legal rules whose scope of application is indefinite. This study also reveals the two distinct applications of “droit commun”; “droit commun territorial” (“territorial general rules of law”) and “droit commun matériel” (“material general rules of law”). The first application, “droit commun territorial”, although lesser known, is technically and historically primal. Droit commun territorial is specifically mentioned for in article 1393 of the French civil code (regarding the matrimonial property regimes), and in a fundamental principle identified by the French Constitutional Council in 2011. The second application, “droit commun matériel”, is better known but needs an overview. In particular, the section of the French civil code which contains articles 2333 and following (on the “droit commun” of pledging of corporeal movables), refers to it. These two applications of “droit commun” are the expressions of a summa divisio. Although both applications have similarities, they remain fundamentally different. The respective applications of “droit commun” do not refer to the same rules of law: rules where territorial scope of application is unlimited versus rules where material and personal scope of application is unlimited

Volume I of this study examines civil rights doctrine as it developed in the United States Supreme Court. I conclude that most historians and law scholars have been incorrect in their assessment of the civil rights record of the Supreme Court; especially the Warren Court. My research indicates that great advances were made in civil rights doctrine long before the advent of the Warren Court. Volume II of this study examines all civil rights cases filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Houston Division. This volume is intended to convey an impression of what a civil rights law suit actually looked like and how a trial court processed these cases from 1950-1974. I found that most of the federal judges were hostile towards the civil rights claims.

Comment comprendre la volonté d'appartenir à la nation américaine des Afro-Américains en dépit d'une mémoire faite d'humiliation et d'une accumulation de revers? À plusieurs reprises durant l'histoire américaine, des élites ont proposé à la communauté noire des solutions dites « radicales » qui remettent en question le paradigme dominant de l'intégration à la nation américaine. Ce mémoire tente d'identifier les raisons qui expliquent pourquoi, au cours du mouvement pour les droits civiques, les Noirs font le choix de l'intégration défendu par Martin Luther King et rejettent le séparatisme défendu par Malcolm X. La spécificité du mémoire réside dans l'utilisation de la littérature sur la formation des nations qui me permet d'étudier le choix des Afro-Américains. La nation est vue comme le produit d'une construction qui fait interagir les élites et les masses. J'étudie « par le haut » la façon dont les entrepreneurs ethniques, King et Malcolm X, redéfinissent l'américanité. J'étudie également « par le bas » comment les masses reçoivent les discours de ces élites. Ma première hypothèse se consacre à la formation de l'alliance stratégique entre King et l'exécutif américain qui permet à King de définir l'agenda législatif et d'appuyer son discours sur les gains qu'il réalise. La deuxième hypothèse se penche sur la structure des opportunités s'offrant aux Afro-Américains qui orientent le choix qu'ils font.
How can one understand the African American community's will to belong to the American nation despite a past made of humiliation and an accumulation of setbacks? At several times during American history, elites have proposed so-called « radical » solutions that challenged the dominant paradigm of integration to the American nation. This thesis attempts to identify the reasons why, during the civil rights movement, the black community chose integrationnism championed by Martin Luther King, and rejected separatism advocated by Malcolm X. The specificity of this thesis lies in the use of the literature on the formation of nations, which allowed me to better understand the African American community's choice. The nation is seen as the product of a construction where elites and masses interact. « From the top », I analyzed how ethnic entrepreneurs King and Malcolm X redefined Americanness. « From the bottom », I analyzed how masses received the elites' discourse. My first assumption focuses on the strategic alliance between King and the American executive, which allowed King to define the legislative agenda and base his speech on actual gains he obtained. The second assumption focuses on the structure of the opportunities for African Americans that oriented the choices they made.

The General civil code and the private law in Slovakia in the period 1918 - 1938 (comparison of the property rights and law of obligations) Abstract The aim of my thesis is to describe the comparison between The General civil code and the private law in Slovakia in the period 1918 - 1938. The comparison focuses on the property rights and law of obligations. The reason for my research is that nobody has dealt with the topic of this thesis. This thesis consists of the eight chapters, each of them analyzes the different field of thesis. Chapter One consists of three parts and deals with The General civil code. Part One explains the origin of The General civil code. Part Two describes the content of The General civil code and part Three is about development of The General civil code from 1811 to 1950. Chapter Two contains information about private law in Slovakia. Chapter Two is subdivided into five parts, which focuses on the source of law in Slovakia. The attempt of unification of private law in The Czechoslovakian republic is examined in chapter Three. This chapter is composed of two parts. Part One analyzes the unification of the private law in The Czechoslovakian republic and part Two describes the development of The bill, which implements the new General civil code. Chapter Four is about the definition of...

La présente étude a pour objectif de vérifier si le Canada respecte les prescriptions internationales en matière de droits de l’homme et d’entreprises vis-à-vis de l’encadrement qu’il exerce sur les sociétés minières canadiennes évoluant à l’étranger. En 2011, le Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’ONU a adopté des «Principes directeurs» afin de mettre en oeuvre le cadre de référence « Protéger, Respecter, Réparer » du Représentant spécial chargé de la question des droits de l’homme et des sociétés transnationales et autres entreprises. Selon ce cadre de référence, les États ont des obligations de protection et de réparation alors que les entreprises ont seulement la responsabilité de respecter les droits humains. Après six années de travail, le Représentant spécial John Ruggie, a fait le choix de formuler dans ses «Principes directeurs» des directives non contraignantes à l’égard des États et des entreprises afin de les aider à remplir leurs obligations et responsabilités vis-à-vis des droits de l’homme. Selon, l’ONU, cet instrument de portée universelle est le plus élaboré en la matière, si bien qu’il est recommandé aux entreprises et plus particulièrement aux États de s’y conformer lors de l’élaboration de leurs politiques respectives en matière d'activité économique et de droits humains. Il convient donc de vérifier d’une part si l’encadrement exercé par l’appareil législatif et gouvernemental vis-à-vis des sociétés minières canadiennes évoluant à l’étranger est conforme au principe directeur «Protéger». D’autres part, il convient de vérifier si les recours judiciaires et extrajudiciaires disponibles au Canada remplissent les exigences du principe directeur «Réparer». Cette double analyse permettra de conclure que le Canada respecte dans les grandes lignes ces «Principes directeurs» mais qu’il pourrait faire bien plus notamment en terme d’accès à des réparations effectives pour les victimes étrangères de minières canadiennes.
This study propose to assess whether Canada meets the international requirements of business and human rights in relation to the supervision it has on Canadian mining companies operating abroad. In 2011, the Human rights Council adopted the Special Representative’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in order to implement the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework. According to this framework, States have obligations to protect and remedy while companies only have responsibilities to respect human rights. After six years of work, the Special Representative on Business and Human rights, John Ruggie, has chosen to give in its Guiding Principles non- binding recommendations in order to help States and businesses to encounter their obligations and responsibilities towards human rights. According to the UN, this universal instrument is the most developed in the field. Thus, it is strongly recommended that companies and especially States, comply those «guiding principles» when they elaborate their respective policies on economic activity and human rights. It is therefore necessary to check first if the supervision exercised by the legislature and the government on Canadian mining companies operating abroad succeeds to comply with the "Protect" principles. On the other hand, it must be checked whether the judicial and extrajudicial remedies available in Canada meet the requirements of the «Remedy" principles. This dual analysis will led to conclude that Canada meets broadly the "Guiding Principles" but could do much more, especially in terms of access to effective remedies for foreign victims of Canadian mining companies.