Tesi sul tema "City planning Environmental aspects"
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1
James, Peggy. "Theoretical approaches to urban environmental planning". Master's thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/22296.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MSc)--Macquarie University, Graduate School of the Environment, 1998.Bibliography: leaves 102-116.
Introduction -- "Being" in environmental and planning theory -- "Knowing" in environmental and planning theory -- "Acting" in planning and environmental theory -- Philosophy in environmental and planning theory -- Conclusion.
This thesis documents and examines seven histories of environmental and planning thought over the last century, drawing on Yiftachel's (1989) classification of planning theories. It provides evidence that environmental and planning theory over time is moving: away from the understanding of nature as an object; away from the notion of a unitary public interest in planning theory; toward an increasing recognition of uncertainty in environmental decisionmaking; away from instrumental rationality in planning decisionmaking; away from hard determinism in urban design and planning control theory; away from direct pollution controls in environmental policy theory.-- This thesis argues that these changes can be understood in the context of broader philosophical shifts around the issues of being, knowing and acting, involving a reevaluation of the relationships between: subject and object; value and fact; cause and effect.-- It suggests that the changes indicate a shift away from philosophical rationalism in policy theory over time. The thesis concludes that neither the extremes of rationalism or relativism provide a sound theoretical foundation for environmental planning. It suggests that future theoretical development is likely to come from the interaction of theoretical approaches influenced by non-Western cultures, and innovations produced by local cultures adapting existing theories to meet their specific needs.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
116 leaves
2
Ng, Wai-man, e 吳威文. "Environmental management through urban planning in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258086.
3
Boyd, Richard Harold. "The death of the inner city: the contemporary American city and the problem of space". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23734.
4
Sorensen, Paul Robert. "The Stone Mountain tollway; the Presidential Parkway; Slade, Jake, Val and the boss: the happenstance of making". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21663.
5
Leung, King-kwok Godfrey, e 梁敬國. "How can town planning contribute to the greening of the city". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258323.
6
Saunders, Todd D. "Ecology and community design : with special reference to Northern European ecological communities". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22548.
Abstract (sommario):
I write this thesis based on the premise that many environmental problems are the result of conventional community design. I argue that conventional community designs are "anti-ecological" because they consume too much energy, produce an extraordinary amount of waste, are car-oriented, ignore any relationship with the natural environment, and reflect the irresponsible attitude of man conquering nature. However, I suggest that ecologically responsible community design alternatives do exist. I refer to these alternatives as "ecological communities". These communities attempt to function as ecosystems that conserve natural resources, are self-regulating, and produce little waste.I present the central principles of ecological communities, and then explore the validity of these assertions. Using five ecological communities from Northern Europe, I examine the following principles: (1) alternative energy systems at the community-scale, (2) wastewater treatment and water reclamation, (3) waste management in the community, (4) ecologically sustainable landscapes, and (5) environmentally responsible housing.
Finally, I present my observations and conclusions. The observations are intended to help community designers to understand the characteristics of ecological communities, and perhaps some of the conditions necessary for these communities to exist. The hope is that these observations may assist community designers avoid common mistakes on similar projects. The observations may shorten the time designers require to transfer their ideas from theory into practice. I conclude that when compared with conventional communities--not with perfection or the utopian dream--ecological communities and what they represent can provide designers with viable development alternatives.
7
Kumar, Arvind School of the Built Environment UNSW. "Towards an integrated sustainability assessment of the built environment : the convergence of ecological footprint and spatial analysis to map the urban dynamics of a city". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of the Built Environment, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26124.
Abstract (sommario):
This research examines ways to assess the built environment (BE) for its impacts on the ecosystems and its sustainability in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects on an urban scale. The examination is based on the argument, acknowledged in the literature, that urbanisation is one of the leading causes of unsustainable development, and that the BE makes a significant contribution to this. In order to accomplish this, urban dynamics are identified and mapped with respect to the built environment, and the relationship between urbanisation, the built environment, and the ecosystem is closely examined. The thesis argues that the common denominator in all efforts to move closer to sustainability is an effective assessment method, which not only quantifies the impacts but also informs and educates. The current methods used for assessment of the impacts of BE are found to be inadequate. An appraisal of contemporary assessment methods addressing sustainability and environmental issues at micro (individual building) and macro (urban system) levels is conducted to understand the mechanics of assessment theories. Based on this, a framework for a new assessment system which has the potential to overcome some of the observed weaknesses of the existing ones is proposed. Using multi-criteria analysis principles, this system uses ecological footprint and spatial analysis as its operational engine. It is then applied to a part of the Sydney Central Business District (CBD) for an integrated sustainability assessment. The ecological footprint of the building stock, transport, roads, waste disposal and water supply is calculated as a measure of the environmental impact of the built environment. In addition to this, ???return on investment??? (rental return on construction costs) as a measure of the economic aspect, embodied energy as a measure of material consumption, and ???proximity to facilities??? as a measure of the social benefit of the building stock, are calculated to assess the study area performance on these aspects. These are used to compute an integrated sustainability index for the study area. Various attributes of the built environment, such as total constructed area, height of building, road density etc., are analysed against the ecological footprint to understand the patterns of relationships between urban morphology and the state of sustainability.
8
Marshall, Stephen J. "Muncie's new urban'hood : conceptualization of the Delaware County, Indiana fairgrounds as an infill project using principles derived from the new urbanist movement". Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1172472.
Abstract (sommario):
This project will address the environmental and social issues associated with conventional community planning and propose solutions to these through written documentation as well as through masterplan-scale concepts of a proposed mixed-use project using principles derived from the New Urbanist movement. The site chosen to display these conceptualizations is that of the existing Delaware County Fairgrounds located in Muncie, Indiana. Two concepts for a traditional neighborhood development shall be the graphic product of the project. The concepts shall be used in a comparison of the potential for New Urbanist design principles applied within the confines of existing zoning and development regulation and New Urbanist-derived design principles applied in an unrestricted setting. The concepts will be used to illustrate the potential of the site as a primarily residential space.Department of Landscape Architecture
9
Ho, Siu-cheong, e 何兆昌. "Implications of the implementation of the environmental chapter of Hong Kong planning standards and guidelines on residentialdevelopments in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125262X.
10
唐思敏 e Serena Tong. "Walled buildings in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42929775.
11
Edussuriya, Priyantha S. "Impact of urban physical design attributes on urban air quality and microclimate : towards formulation of urban design guidelines for Mong Kok /". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25798881.
12
Ho, Bo-wan, e 何寶雲. "Environmental protection and management through urban planning in old urban areas of Hong Kong: a case study ofCentral and Western". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893557.
13
Chen, Haiyan, e 陳海燕. "Neighbourhood compactness and residential built environmental performance: a study of contemporary housingin Guangzhou, China". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36833782.
14
Hayes, Mark Philip. "The integration of regionalist design strategies into an architecture of meaning". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23984.
15
Cox, William E. "Towards a genius loci : Atlanta architecture and urbanism". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30739.
16
Vargo, Jason Adam. "Planning for the new urban climate: interactions of local environmental planning and regional extreme heat". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45957.
Abstract (sommario):
The Earth's climate is changing and cities are facing a warmer future. As the locus of economic activity and concentrated populations on the planet, cities are both a primary driver of greenhouse gas emissions and places where the human health impacts of climate change are directly felt. Cities increase local temperatures through the conversion of natural land covers to urban uses, and exposures to elevated temperatures represent a serious and growing health threat for urban residents. This work is concerned with understanding the interactions of global trends in climate with local influences tied to urban land covers. First, it examines temperatures during an extended period of extreme heat and asks whether changes in land surface temperatures during a heat wave are consistent in space and time across all land cover types. Second, the influences of land covers on temperatures are considered for normal and extreme summer weather to find out which characteristics of the built environment most influence temperatures during periods of extreme heat. Finally, the distribution of health vulnerabilities related to extreme heat in cities are described and examined for spatial patterns.
These topics are investigated using meteorology from the summer of 2006 to identify extremely hot days in the cities of Atlanta, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Phoenix and their surrounding metropolitan regions. Remotely sensed temperature data were examined with physical and social characteristics of the urban environment to answer the questions posed above. The findings confirm that urban land covers consistently exhibit higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas and are much more likely to be among the hottest in the region, during a heat wave specifically. In some cities urban thermal anomalies grew between the beginning and end of a heat wave. The importance of previously recognized built environment thermal influences (impervious cover and tree canopy) were present, and in some cases, emphasized during extreme summer weather. Extreme heat health health vulnerability related to environmental factors coincided spatially with risks related to social status. This finding suggests that populations with fewer resources for coping with extreme heat tend to reside in built environments that increase temperatures, and thus they may be experiencing increased thermal exposures.
Physical interventions and policies related to the built environment can help to reduce urban temperatures, especially during periods of extremely hot weather which are predicted to become more frequent with global climate change. In portions of the city where populations with limited adaptive capacity are concentrated, modification of the urban landscape to decrease near surface longwave radiation can reduce the chances of adverse health effects related to extreme heat. The specific programs, policies, and design strategies pursued by cities and regions must be tailored with respect to scale, location, and cultural context. This work concludes with suggestions for such strategies.
17
Yeung, Choi-shan, e 楊彩珊. "Environmental policies, urban planning strategies and urban development in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31374372.
18
Song, Ping, e 宋平. "Urban land allocation as a mechanism in the development of ecocities: a case study of Nanjing". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244750.
19
Shackleton, Charlie, e Nanamhla Gwedla. "Street trees contribute to urban sustainability in South African towns". Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/54269.
Abstract (sommario):
Urban green spaces and trees are increasingly recognised as crucial elements in the quest for urban sustainability internationally, and for the promotion of urban liveability and quality of life in cities. So much so that many countries now have guidelines or regulations regarding either the amount of urban greenery that must be provided per capita, or the maximum distance that any dwelling can be from green spaces of stipulated sizes. For example, the European Union recently more than doubled its recommendation of 9 m2 of public green per person to 20 m2 per person.
20
譚智傑 e Chi-kit Andy Tam. "Transportation planning towards a responsive urban street environment in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980296.
21
Mok, Siu-kin, e 莫肇堅. "A review of Hong Kong building design and town planning policies to improve air quality". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013172.
22
Tang, Wing-yun Donna, e 鄧詠茵. "Environmental risk in Hong Kong and its implications for urban planning". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3126038X.
23
Leung, Kwok-chu, e 梁國柱. "Marine parks programme in Hong Kong: urban planning perspectives". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259455.
24
Cheung, Wai-hung Tony, e 張偉雄. "Harbour reclamation in Hong Kong: land production and landuse planning : the environmental perspective". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980156.
25
Wong, Hon-meng, e 黃漢明. "A feasibility study of the application of the strategic environmental assessment (sea) process to plans and planning policies in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258463.
26
林江 e Kong Lam. "Re-eco-spine Tsuen Wan fringe development". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31985804.
27
Pang, Lai-fai Willy, e 彭禮輝. "An appraisal of the existing environmental protection policies and itsimplications on land use planning". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30269052.
28
陳翠詩 e Chui-sze Tracy Chan. "Environmental improvement and perception of quality of life in WesternDistrict". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3126069X.
29
Santos, Sandrine Araujo. "Ocupações irregulares na formação do espaço urbano brasileiro : a democracia participativa na gestão do risco de desastres para garantia do direito à moradia e à cidade". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/3196.
Abstract (sommario):
Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-10-05T14:16:20Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Dissertacao Sandrine Araujo Santos.pdf: 199267 bytes, checksum: 9172e859eeaec031232e78ab683a7099 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T14:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sandrine Araujo Santos.pdf: 199267 bytes, checksum: 9172e859eeaec031232e78ab683a7099 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-05
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
30
Beckwith, Elizabeth 1959. "A sense of place in the Tucson Arts District". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276790.
Abstract (sommario):
The expression "sense of place" has been used to describe the relationship between a natural or built environment and the people who inhabit or perceive that environment. This relationship involves the qualities or attributes which give a place its own particular character, as well as the identification and association that people give to a place. Aspects of Tucson's current sense of place are explored in this study by examining the perceptions of Tucson's accepted symbols and attributes held by persons involved with the planned downtown Arts District. The current quality of Tucson's sense of place was found to be most strongly reflected in the Sonoran Desert Environment, the city's ethnic and cultural history, and the urbanism of the revitalizing Central Business District. The content of Tucson's characteristic attributes was used to suggest design opportunities useful in enhancing the sense of place in the planned downtown Arts District.
31
林景光 e King-kong Lam. "Environmental impact assessment: impact on land-use & infrastructure design". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980211.
32
Ho, Hin-keung Sunny, e 何顯強. "Urban residential environment in the metropolitan subregion: implications for redevelopment policies inHong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31257677.
33
Leith, Sharon. "Assigning value to open space". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envl533.pdf.
34
Au, Chi-wai David, e 區志偉. "A review of urban "green space" (open space and amenity area) planningin Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258128.
35
Bahammam, Omar S. O. "The social needs of the users in public open space : the involvement of socio-cultural aspects in landscape design of the outdoor urban environment in Ar Riyadh, Saudi Arabia". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15747.
Abstract (sommario):
With the modern development and urbanisation in the city of Ar Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, public gardens were introduced as the major public recreational facilities. The establishment of the public gardens commenced at the beginning of the 1980s. Since that time, the number of public gardens has reached 34. They vary in size, the smallest is about 3,000 sq. m. and the largest is about 455,000 sq. m. The rapid development of these facilities, in such a short time, did not allow for extensive assessment of the residents' needs. Rather, the design of these gardens emerged without precedent, based on foreign examples. Because of the adoption of foreign design ideas, the outcome did not respond to the socio-cultural aspects which existed in and were respected by the society. The study was an attempt to recognise and understand the relationship between the sociocultural aspects that govern and guide people's behaviour and the outdoor recreational environment. In order to investigate the relation between human behaviour and the physical environment, three research techniques were defined by which the various dimensions and details concerning the socio-cultural aspects which govern human behaviour can be identified, described and clarified. The techniques used are archive search, observing the behaviour-environment and a questionnaire survey. As a results of the analytical process, specific issues which strongly related to the socio-cultural aspects of human behaviour in the outdoors were identified as important in determining the level of compatibility between the intended behaviours and their meanings and the physical setting of the recreational environment. In order to create a coherent built environment that responds positively to the intended functions expected by certain people, knowledge and understanding of their socio-cultural values and behaviours must be acquired and applied in the design process.
36
Brown, Sarah. "Imagining 'environment' in Australian suburbia : an environmental history of the suburban landscapes of Canberra and Perth, 1946-1996". University of Western Australia. School of Humanities, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0094.
Abstract (sommario):
Australia is a suburban nation. Today, with increasing concern regarding the sustainability of cities, an appreciation of the complexities of Australian suburbia is critical to the debate about urban futures. As a built environment and a cultural phenomenon, the Australian suburbs have inspired considerable scholarly literature. Yet to date, such scholarly work has largely overlooked the changing environmental values and visions of those shaping and residing within suburban landscapes, and the practices through which such values and visions are materialised in the processes of suburban development. Focusing on the post-war suburban landscapes of Canberra and Perth, this thesis centralises the environmental, political and economic forces that have shaped human action to construct suburban spaces, paying particular attention to the extent to which individual understandings and visions of 'environment' have determined the shape and nature of suburban development. Specifically, it examines how those operating within Australias suburbs, including planners, developers, builders, landscape designers and residents have imagined the 'environment', and how such imaginaries have shifted in response to varying spatial, temporal and ideological contexts. Tracing the shifting nature of environmental concern throughout the mid-to-late twentieth century, it argues that despite the somewhat unsustainable nature of Australia's suburban landscapes, the planning and development of such landscapes has long been influenced by and has responded to differing understandings of 'environment', which themselves are the product of changing social, political and economic concerns. In doing so, this thesis challenges a number of perceptions concerning Australian suburbs, environmental awareness and sustainability. In particular, it contests the assumption that environmental concern for Australia's suburban development emerged with the urban consolidation debates of the 1980s and 1990s, and analyses a range of environmental sensibilities not often acknowledged in current histories of Australian environmentalism. By examining, for example, how the deterministic and economic concerns of differing planning bodies, along with the aesthetic and ecological concerns of various planners, are intertwined with the housing and domestic lifestyle preferences of suburban homeowners, this history brings to the fore the often conflicting environmental ideas and practices that arise in the course of suburban development, and provides a more nuanced history of the diversity of environmental sensibilities. In sum, this thesis enhances our understandings of the changing nature of environmental concern and illuminates the complex, still largely misunderstood, environmental ideas and practices that arise in the processes of suburban development.
37
Edussuriya, Priyantha S. "Urban morphology and air quality: a study of street level air pollution in dense residential environments of HongKong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37672241.
38
Carter, May Elizabeth. "Health and the nature of urban green spaces". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1838.
Abstract (sommario):
Recognition that city-dwelling people can benefit from contact with nature is not new. The urban open air movement of the 19th century advised retention of greenways and development of urban parks and gardens to stop disease spread through lack of fresh air, poor sanitation and overcrowding. Now, in the early 21st century, urban green spaces are under threat from inner city infill projects and clearing of remnant vegetation to accommodate suburban sprawl.
While much literature discusses positive health benefits of contact with nature, few studies explore explicit pathways between urban green space and health, despite mounting concern that disassociation between people and nature in urban communities may be detrimental to physical and mental health. This study explored how people’s attitudes toward nature might influence perceptions of nearby green spaces and feelings of attachment to living in their neighbourhood, and in turn, whether people with positive attitudes towards nature and positive perceptions of nearby green space would report better health.
A mixed method research design was adopted in this study. Exploration of research questions required objective measurement of relationships between different aspects of health and nature, and interpretation of the subjective meanings people attach to those relationships. Study design involved distribution of a cross-sectional survey to residents in four neighbourhoods in Perth, Western Australia with respondents invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Neighbourhoods were selected based on location (either an inner or outer suburban area), age of neighbourhood (established or new), diversity of nearby green space, and socio-demographic characteristics. Data from 440 surveys and 25 interviews were analysed.
Attitudes towards urban nature were diverse and it was clear that feelings about natural environments strongly influenced preference and perceptions of useable green spaces, and for some people, their choice of neighbourhood. In essence, people who enjoyed spending time in nature were more inclined to seek green spaces within their neighbourhood environment that provided complexity and opportunities for exploration or escape. Those who professed little connection to nature and saw bushland areas as untidy, uninviting or unsafe, tended to be more concerned about aesthetic and functional aspects of green space design and preferred to visit ‘civilised’ parks and gardens with manicured lawns, formal paths and playgrounds.
Green spaces were important sites for physical activity, relaxation and social interaction and proximity to useable green space was a significant factor in predicting better selfreported health. In addition, neighbourhoods with trees and greenways were described as healthier places to live. People who lived in close proximity to parks and green spaces where social interaction regularly occurred, who reported that diverse green spaces and bushland areas were being retained in their neighbourhood, who cared about environmental issues and were interested in being involved in conservation activities, were more likely to report better physical function, general health, mental health and feelings of vitality. People who regularly visited nearby green spaces described feeling happier and more satisfied with living in their neighbourhood.
Encouraging people to regularly visit and become actively involved in caring for local nature reserves and parklands can play an important role in health promotion and preventive health strategies. Conservation, useability and management of diverse green spaces must be considered as a critical element of urban planning. This will only occur with continuing recognition of the health benefits that can be achieved by retaining diverse, quality green spaces within suburban neighbourhoods.
39
關尚豪 e Sheung-ho Chevrio Kwan. "Mongkok crossing: a kinetic citywalk-briding two stations : KCR & MTR". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31986535.
40
Cheung, Man-yee Yoko, e 張敏兒. "An evaluation of the planning and design of public housing in Hong Kong from the green urbanism perspective". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4988590X.
Abstract (sommario):
The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HA), the developer of Public Rental Housing (PRH), is the largest developer of housing in Hong Kong. PRH houses about one-third of the population and the scale of each estate development is sizable which would make strong impact on the living environment if they are not planned or managed well. In the coming years, the target annual supply of PRH contributes almost 40% of the new residential units supply in Hong Kong. The construction of these 40% housing units will follow the current sustainable approach. It will have strong impact on our environment if the current sustainable approach is not performing well. In the study, the environmental sustainability performance of the newly constructed PRH is going to be evaluated to investigate the successfulness of the current sustainable approach.
Green Urbanism, a concept that arose in 1990s to promote the development of socially and environmentally sustainable city districts which make effort to minimize the use of energy at each stage of the city's or district's lifecycle, is reviewed in the study to provided bas. The environmental sustainability performance on the planning and design of PRH in Hong Kong are evaluated using the principle of green urbanism. The evaluations are divided into 2 parts, zero-emission and zero-waste, which covered different aspects in environmental sustainability.
Three newly constructed PRH, Upper Ngau Tau Kok Estate, Sau Mau Ping South Estate and Lam Tin Estate, are selected for the evaluation to investigate the successfulness of the sustainable approach which has been adopted in this decade. These housing estates are selected because of their outstanding sustainable achievements which are the benchmark of the future PRH developments.
Based on the results and findings in the evaluation of the environmental sustainability performance of the planning and design of PRH, suggestions are provided for future sustainable public housing developments in order to create a better living environment in Hong Kong.published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning
41
Chan, Kwok-cheung Anson, e 陳國璋. "How the built environment affects physical activity and health". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44901781.
42
Okamoto, Paul Craig. "Architecture between the idea and the reality : a comparative study of ecological philosophy with the architecture of Paoli Soleri". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARCHM/09archmo41.pdf.
43
Rech, Adivandro. "Zoneamento ambiental municipal : instrumento de proteção ambiental". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2011. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/831.
Abstract (sommario):
O zoneamento ambiental municipal é um instrumento de planejamento da defesa
do direito fundamental ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, de implementação obrigatória pelo Poder Público Municipal, a ser seguido na implantação de planos, obras e atividades públicas e privadas. Por meio do zoneamento ambiental municipal, o meio
ambiente do território é reconhecido. A partir disso, são determinadas suas fragilidades, possibilitando uma avaliação mais qualificada no direcionamento das políticas públicas, sem sacrifícios que representariam uma ruptura da sustentabilidade. O zoneamento ambiental municipal representa a concretização de uma plataforma de defesa do meio ambiente, sobre a qual o plano diretor estabelecerá a política de desenvolvimento e expansão do município. A inter-relação entre os zoneamentos ambientais locais, estaduais, regionais e da União permite a sobreposição desta plataforma de defesa do
meio ambiente sobre todo o território nacional, o que resulta em maior efetividade na proteção do direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2014-10-20T11:07:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Adivandro Rech.pdf: 1664934 bytes, checksum: 0eb52768963dc15d24970ba3230ab9d8 (MD5)
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The Municipal Environmental Zoning is a planning tool regarding the ecologically balanced environment fundamental defense right. Its implementation is a Municipality mandatory duty to be performed in planning operations, general works, and for both public and private activities. Through the Municipal Environmental Zoning, the territorial environment is recognized. The Municipal Environmental Zoning is a way in which weaknesses are then determined, thus allowing a better-qualified evaluation to guide the public policies. This act prevents any sacrifices that could represent a sustainability rupture. The Municipal Environmental Zoning represents the fulfillment of an environmental protection platform, on which the master plan will establish the city's development and expansion policy. The interrelationship between local, estate, regional and national environmental zoning allows an overlay process in this environment protection platform on the entire national territorial level, thus resulting in greater effectiveness, protecting the ecologically balanced environment right.
44
Botha, Melissa. "Sustainable housing development : a City of Cape Town project evaluation". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85869.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The thesis reports on an evaluative study of the sustainability of housing development by the City of Cape Town with the Witsand, Atlantis, housing project as case study to empirically measure such sustainability. The study was attempted to determine how the City of Cape Town has planned for and implemented sustainability measures and what the results were in the Witsand project. The research therefore determined to what extent the expressed policy intent of sustainability housing delivery was implemented successfully in Witsand in terms of output and outcomes. The objectives of this study included outlining a theoretical and analytical framework for sustainable development as prescribed in the National, Provincial and Local Government policies and relevant legislation. An evaluative case study is provided, describing how the City of Cape Town implemented its policy in practice. This housing project was chosen because it is claimed to be the first large-scale integrated sustainable housing project in South Africa. The research methodology entailed an analysis of relevant literature, policies, legislation and project design documentation. In addition, the field work utilised a semi-structured mixed questionnaire for conducting interviews with the Project Manager, community development worker and a sample of residents. The research found that the City of Cape has followed the sustainability blueprint as far as their means allowed. The satisfaction level of the community is high. It was found, however, that the people, even though they received houses that were designed and constructed to take full advantage of the environment without harming it; lack the knowledge to maintain sustainable, energy conserving living. This indicates that sustainability in low income housing is not only a matter of design and technology, but also of instilling a particular behaviour amongst beneficiaries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis voer ‘n evaluering studie van die volhoubaarheid van behuising deur die Stad Kaapstad by die Witsand, Atlantis projek, wat as ‘n gevallestudie om sodanige volhoubaarheid empiries te meet, gedien het. Die studie is onderneem om te bepaal hoe die Stad Kaapstad volhoubaarheidsmaatreëls beplan en geïmplementeer het, en wat die resultate van die Witsand projek was. Die navorsing het dus bepaal tot watter mate die uitdruklike beleidsvoornemens vir die lewering van volhoubare huisverskaffing in terme van uitset en uitkomste suksesvol in Witsand geïmplementeer is. Die doelstellings van hierdie studie het die skets van ‘n teoretiese en analitiese raamwerk vir volhoubare ontwikkeling, soos in Nasionale, Provinsiale en Plaaslike beleid en toepaslike wetgewing voorgeskryf, ingesluit. ‘n Evaluerende gevallestudie wat beskrywe hoe die Stad Kaapstad se beleid prakties uitgevoer is, word voorsien. Hierdie projek is gekies vanweë die aanspraak dat dit die eerste grootskaalse geïntegreerde volhoubare projek vir huisverskaffing in Suid-Afrika was. Die navorsingsmetodologie het ‘n ontleding van toepaslike literatuur, beleid, wetgewing en gedokumenteerde projekontwerp behels. Daarbenewens het die veldwerk gebruik gemaak van ’n gemengde semi-gestruktureerde vraelys vir onderhoude met die Projekbestuurder, gemeenskapsontwikkeling werker en ‘n steekproef van die inwoners. Die navorsing het bevind dat die Stad Kaapstad die bloudruk vir volhoubaarheid sover as die stad se middele kon toelaat, gevolg het. Die bevredigingsvlak van die gemeenskap is hoog. Daar is egter gevind dat die mense, ten spyte daarvan dat hulle van huise voorsien is wat ontwerp en gebou is om sonder enige skade aan die omgewing ten volle daaruit voordeel te trek, kennis ontbreek om op volhoubare wyse en met besparing van energie te lewe. Dit dui daarop dat volhoubaarheid in lae-inkomste behuising nie maar net ‘n kwessie van ontwerp en tegnologie is nie, maar ook vereis dat ‘n bepaalde soort gedrag onder die begunstigdes gevestig moet word.
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Ndeke, Eunice Ngina. "A critical review of the development of sustainability indicators for the City of Cape Town : a focus on environmental and socio-economic sustainability". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18078.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sustainable development has gained great interest at global, national and local community levels. For instance, governments, civil societies, the commercial sector as well as local communities have responded to the agreed framework of UNCED known as Agenda 21, developed at the „Earth Summit‟ held at Rio de Janeiro in 1992, inter alia through the development of indicators aimed at monitoring and evaluating the achievement of sustainable development. As a result, different tools to measure the level of sustainability have been developed and applied in many cities globally. These include different types of indicators, namely environmental, social, and economic performance monitoring indicators, as well as combined indices. Since cities are dynamic complex open systems with interrelated social, economic and environmental systems, and sustainable development cannot be absolutely achieved, integrated sustainable development indicators that concurrently address social, economic and environmental dimensions are crucial to aid in monitoring sustainable development particularly in any given urban system. This study gives an overview of these indicators and indices. The South Africa government has acknowledged in both its National Framework for Sustainable Development of September 2006 and the Draft National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan of May 2010 that like other cities globally, cities in this country face similar challenges particularly due to urbanisation. In this study, the focus is on evaluating the sustainability challenges of the City of Cape Town and the role sustainability indicators could play in helping to achieve sustainable development objectives. This is supported by a review of the so called „sustainable cities‟ and in particular how the Cities of Seattle (USA), Santa Monica (USA) and Curitiba (Brazil) have tried to address urban challenges. To meet the study objective of recommending the type and a process of developing indicators that will aid in improving sustainability in the City of Cape Town, selected indicators and indexes developed globally, nationally and for other cities are critically reviewed. Selected policies, plans and indicators developed by the South African national government, the Western Cape provincial government, and the City of Cape Town are reviewed. The review aims at investigating whether the existing policies and indicators were useful in addressing sustainability challenges particularly in the City of Cape Town. The review focuses on the policy objectives to assess whether the policies contradicted or were supportive of each other, the existence or lack thereof of gaps in the policies, and whether local communities and other stakeholders were involved in decision making processes. The findings suggests that although sustainable development is addressed in the policy documents of all three spheres of government in South Africa, the implementation has not yet been effective – and the City of Cape Town is no exception based on published reports such as the State of Cape Town Report. On the basis of the lessons derived from the success stories of cities like Seattle, Santa Monica, and Curitiba towards achieving sustainability, several recommendations are suggested to assist the City of Cape Town in developing, implementing, and reporting on sustainability indicators.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Op internasionale, nasionale asook plaaslike gemeenskapsvlakke het volhoubare ontwikkeling groot belangstelling gelok. In reaksie op die ooreengekome raamwerk van UNCED, Agenda 21, ontwikkel by die “Earth Summit” (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), is aanwysers gemik op die monitering en implementering van volhoubare ontwikkeling deur regerings, burgerlike samelewings, die kommersiële sektor asook plaaslike gemeenskappe ontwikkel. Dit het gelei tot die ontwikkeling en implementering van verskillende instrumente vir die meet van volhoubaarheid in verskeie stede wêreldwyd. Hierdie instrumente sluit in verskillende aanwysers, ondermeer omgewings-, sosiale-, ekonomiese- en prestasie aanwysers asook gekombineerde indekse. Omdat stede dinamies komplekse ope sisteme met interafhanklike sosiale, ekonomiese en omgewingssisteme is, en volhoubare ontwikkeling nie absoluut bereikbaar is nie, is geintegreerde volhoubare ontwikkelings aanwysers wat sosiale, ekonomiese en omgewings dimensies gelyktydig aanspreek van kritieke belang in die monitering van volhoubare ontwikkeling, spesifiek in enige gegewe stedelike sisteem. In beide sy nasionale raamwerk vir volhoubare ontwikkeling (Julie 2008) en nasionale strategie vir volhoubare ontwikkeling en Aksie plan (weergawe van 20 Mei 2010) het die Suid Afrikaanse regering erken dat plaaslike stede, soos ander wêreldwyd, dieselfde uitdagings in die gesig staar veral as gevolg van verstedeliking. Die fokus van hierdie studie was die evaluering van die volhoubaarheids-uitdagings van die Stad Kaapstad en die moontlike rol wat volhoubaarheids-aanwysers kan speel in ʼn poging om volhoubare ontwikkelings doelwitte te bereik. Hierdie word ondersteun deur ʼn oorsig van die sogenaamde “volhoubare stede” en spesifiek hoe stede soos Seattle (VSA), Santa Monica (VSA), en Curitiba (Brasilië) stedelike uitdagings probeer aanspreek het. Ten einde die studie doelwit aangaande die aanbeveling van die ontwikkelingsproses van aanwysers en indekse vir die verbetering van volhoubaarheid in die Stad Kaapstad te bereik, is verskeie internasionale, nasionale sowel as stedelike volhoubare ontwikkelings indekse krities geëvalueer. Geselekteerde beleid, planne en aanwysers wat deur die Suid Afrikaanse Nasionale regering, die Wes Kaapse provinsiale regering en die Stad Kaapstad ontwikkel is, is ondersoek. Die doel van hierdie evaluasie was om vas te stel of bestaande beleid en aanwysers nuttig is, in die aanspreek van volhoubaarheids-uitdagings spesifiek in die Stad Kaapstad. Die fokus van die evaluasie was op beleidsdoelwitte ten einde te bepaal of: verskeie beleid teenstrydigheid toon of andersins ondersteunend is, die bestaan of gebrek aan leemtes in beleid en of plaaslike gemeenskappe en of ander belange groepe in die besluitnemingsproses betrokke is. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat alhoewel volhoubare ontwikkeling in beleidsdokumente van al drie sfere van die Suid Afrikaanse regering aangespreek word, die implementering daarvan nog nie so doeltreffend is nie - en gebaseer op gepubliseerde verslae soos die stand van Kaapstad, is die Stad van Kaapstad nie ʼn uitsondering nie. Na aanleiding van lesse geleer uit die sukses verhale van stede soos Seattle, Santa Monica en Curitiba in die bereiking van volhoubare ontwikkeling is verskeie aanbevelings gemaak om die Stad Kaapstad by te staan in die ontwikkeling, implementering, en rapportering van volhoubaarheids-aanwysers.
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Koopman, Robin. "The establishment of a framework for evaluating the sustainability of integrated residential development projects". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95658.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.The sustainability of a human settlement is a multidimensional problem, dealing not only with settlement spatial or housing dimensions, but also with spatial characteristics, geographic location, environmental considerations, economic viability, institutional capacity, human development, and social relationships and aspirations. With the ability to address spatial restructuring, effect integration and optimise the use of infrastructure, the South African government, through its New Comprehensive Plan for the Creation of Sustainable Human Settlements, promulgated in 2004, has identified integrated residential development, essentially comprising medium-density mixeduse housing opportunities, as the core contributor to the creation of sustainable human settlements. Through its land release programmes, government seeks to stimulate the development of integrated and sustainable human settlements. The evaluation criteria applied in the assessment of development proposals however differ between the various spheres of government. The criteria evaluating the inherent sustainability of a development proposal have not been evident in the literature review of the advertised proposals. With no overall assessment framework in place to assess the overall sustainability of integrated residential development projects, there has been an evident lack of consistency in the evaluation of such proposals. Furthermore, the lack of consistency and the lack of a consistently applied evaluation framework does not allow for adequate monitoring and evaluation after development. The aim of this investigation was to facilitate the development of an appropriate and adaptable framework that can guide government in evaluating an integrated residential development proposal in terms of its sustainability and the extent to which it endeavours to achieve government’s desired outcomes. An empirical study was conducted through evaluation research and comparative studies to investigate the indicators informing the creation of sustainable and integrated residential developments. Primary data were acquired through questionnaires to targeted public and private sector stakeholders involved in integrated residential developments, and were supplemented by a literature review on the aspects informing the sustainability of housing development. The research found that there is a lack of consistency and integration in the evaluation of proposals for integrated residential developments. Similarly, the key aspects and means of measuring sustainability were found not to be integrated into the evaluation process. The degree to which a development proposal was considered to be sustainable therefore is, and will remain, unknown until it is researched. Without the ability to measure the level of perceived sustainability pre- and post-implementation of development proposals, and with cognizance of the newness of integrated residential developments as a housing model, it is doubtful whether there will be progress towards the realisation of ideal sustainable human settlements. To facilitate the realisation of sustainable human settlements, the proposed framework seeks to establish a consistent means of evaluating an integrated residential development proposal pre- and post-development.
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Riley, Jesse M. "How Can Sustainable Design Insure Resiliency through the Biodiversity of a Boomtown". Master's thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25235.
Abstract (sommario):
Presently the state of North Dakota is enjoying tremendous economic expansion as well as an increase in population. The development of the Bakken Oil formation has introduced a new set of opportunities and presented a new set of challenges. By studying past boomtowns, ecology, and design, a path for planning, recruitment and maintaining communities with a sustainable approach can be explored. The purpose of this research is to guide current and future stakeholders in the area of energy development communities and wise growth planning. The many articles and books that are devoted to social science, ecology, design and population recruitment will aid in presenting a case for realizing a sustainable future for the state of North Dakota and the use of its natural resources.
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Goonetilleke, Ashantha. "Use of geographical information systems for hydrological evaluation and urban planning". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
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Baek, Insoo. "A study on the sustainable infrastructure of the Songdo City Project : from the viewpoint of the metabolic flow perspective". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96906.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the 21st century, cities play a vital role in social, economic and environmental changes. They are the largest places of human settlement and it is expected that more than 80 percent of the world’s population will live in cities by 2050 (UNEP, 2012). At the same time, as the role of cities significantly increases, it also contributes to negative outcomes on the planet. In particular, the current cities’ demand for materials and energy consumption accounts for almost 80 percent of the world’s consumption and it leads to serious environmental problems. The main problems are climate change, biodiversity loss, desertification, and ecosystem degradation. In response to these urban issues, sustainable cities have emerged as an alternative way of urban life. Since cities consume a massive amount of energy, an efficient resource management system has to be established for the sustainable urban future. In addition, finding ways to reconcile economic growth, social well-being and the sustainable use of resources is imperative in urban sustainability. Since people’s lifestyle and their material footprint are dependent on the urban design, construction and operation of urban infrastructures, ways to make an urban infrastructural system more sustainable will contribute to the transition towards sustainable cities. In this study, the thesis applies Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to one of the sustainable cities, Songdo, South Korea. Before delving into the analysis, it explores the overview of the New Songdo City (NSC) project and describes its sustainable urban infrastructures. Then it examines the material flow of inputs and outputs of the city in order to reveal their sustainability and suggests a guideline for the realisation of sustainable cities. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are used to assess and compare the material and energy flow trends for this city. The results indicate that the general material consumption in Songdo is higher than the average in South Korea. It reflects the high-income households’ consumption patterns in Songdo. In addition, one could see that the sustainable networks have merely contributed to the overall consumption. The findings from this study can be used to formulate sustainable development policies and strategies in terms of increasing the efficiency of resource and energy use in urban areas. Furthermore, this research is expected to provide a platform for realisation of sustainable cities by highlighting the important role of urban infrastructures and their material resource flow.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die 21ste eeu speel stede 'n belangrike rol in die sosiale, ekonomiese en omgewingskwessies veranderinge. Stede is die grootste vorm van menslike nedersetting en daar word verwag dat meer as 80 persent van die wêreld se bevolking in stede sal woon teen 2050 (UNEP, 2012). Op dieselfde tyd, namate die rol van stede aansienlik verhoog, dra dit ook by tot negatiewe uitkomste op die planeet. Veral huidige stede se vraag na materiaal en energie reken vir byna 80 persent van die wêreld se verbruik, en dit lei tot ernstige omgewingsprobleme. Die grootste probleme is klimaatsverandering, biodiversiteit verlies, verwoestyning en die agteruitgang van ekostelsels. In reaksie op hierdie stedelike kwessies het volhoubare stede na vore gekom as 'n alternatiewe vorm van stadsbewoning. Aangesien stede 'n massiewe hoeveelheid energie gebruik, moet 'n doeltreffende hulpbronbestuur stelsel vasgestel word. Daarbenewens, is dit noodsaaklik om maniere te vind om ekonomiese groei te integreer met sosiale welsyn en die volhoubare gebruik van hulpbronne. Aangesien mense se lewenstyl en hul impak op die omgewing afhanklik is van die stedelike infrastruktuur, sal maniere om hierdie infrastruktuurstelsel meer volhoubaar te maak bydra tot die oorgang na volhoubare stede. In hierde studie word, stedelike materiaalvloeiontleding toegepas op een van die volhoubare stede, Songdo, Suid-Korea. Voor die analise, sal 'n oorsig van die nuwe Songdo stad projek en die stad se volhoubare infrastruktuur gegee word. Dan word die vloei van materiaal in-en uitgange van die stad ondersoek om hul volhoubaarheid te illustreer, en stel dit 'n riglyn voor vir die verwesenliking van volhoubare stede. Kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodologie word gebruik om die materiaal en energie vloei tendense vir hierdie stad te bepaal en vergelyk. Die resultate dui daarop dat die algemene materiaal verbruik in Songdo hoër is as die gemiddelde in Korea. Dit weerspieël die hoë-inkomste huishoudings se verbruikspatrone in Songdo. Daarbenewens kan 'n mens sien dat die volhoubare netwerke slegs bygedra het tot die algehele verbruik. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie kan gebruik word om die volhoubare ontwikkeling van beleid en strategieë te formuleer in terme van die verhoging van die doeltreffendheid van die hulpbron-en energie gebruik in stedelike gebiede. Verder word verwag dat hierdie navorsing 'n platvorm in terme van die realisering van volhoubare stede sal voorsien deur die belangrike rol van stedelike infrastruktuur, en die materiaal hulpbron vloei te beklemtoon.
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Lottering, Naomey Olive. "The extent of water sensitive urban design in the George municipality". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17848.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the extent of Water Sensitive Urban Design activities in the George municipality in the Western Cape Province, in South Africa. Water resource management in urban areas worldwide had become unsustainable with the widespread implementation of outsized infrastructure, environmental degradation and overuse of natural resources. The result was a concept called Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). IUWM encapsulates the entire water cycle from rainwater to surface water, groundwater and wastewater, as part of urban water management, and not as separate entities. There was worldwide response to IUWM, with the USA formulating Low-Impact Development (LID), the UK designing their Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS), and New Zealand articulating Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD), all to improve urban water resource management. Australia responded with Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). WSUD explores the design and planning of water infrastructural development in an urban setting, vital in Australian cities which experience continuous severe water shortage conditions. The WSUD approach aims to influence design and planning from the moment rainwater is captured in dams, treated, and reticulated to consumers, to the point of wastewater re-use, as well as stormwater use. Various techniques are specified as part of the WSUD approach namely: the installation of greenroofs, demand reduction techniques, stormwater management and the re-use of treated wastewater for irrigation and fire-fighting. These WSUD activities can be implemented from large-scale efforts with whole suburbs working together to manage stormwater by construction of wetlands, as well as small-scale change in design and planning, e.g., with household rainwater tank installation for irrigation and toilet flushing. With South Africa’s progressive legislation at a national, provincial and local municipal level, various WSUD activities can be implemented to aid and guide municipalities. The study aimed to investigate what type of WSUD activities the George municipality has implemented, and to what extent the activities had an impact on water consumption, since the drought in 2009. The reasons behind any lack of implementation were also explored. Proof of only eight WSUD activities implementation could be found. Water debtors’ data and bulk water data was sourced in order to determine the effect of the eight WSUD activities on water consumption. Bulk meter data could however not be used to correlate with the debtors’ data since readings from many bulk meters had not been recorded. Debtors’ data did prove however that the WSUD activities had a short-term impact on water consumption in the suburbs where it was implemented. The reasons given for non-implementation were not satisfactory. Recommendations are that the municipality should focus on better planning and implementation of diverse activities and that keeping records and data should be made a priority to determine any progress made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die omvang van die Water Sensitiewe Stedelike Ontwerp (WSUD) aktiwiteite in die George munisipaliteit in die Wes-Kaap, in Suid-Afrika. Waterhulpbronbestuur in stedelike gebiede in die wêreld het nie-volhoubaar geword met die grootskaalse implementering van buitenmaatse infrastruktuur, agteruitgang van die omgewing en die oorbenutting van natuurlike waterhulpbronne. Die gevolg was 'n konsep wat Geïntegreerde Stedelike Water Bestuur (IUWM) genoem is. IUWM omvat die hele watersiklus vanaf reënval, tot oppervlakwater, grondwater en afvalwater, as deel van die stedelike waterbestuur, en nie as aparte entiteite nie. Daar was 'n wêreldwye reaksie te IUWM, met die VSA se Lae-impak-Ontwikkeling (LID), die Verenigde Koninkryk se ontwerp van hul volhoubare stedelike dreineringstelsel (SUDS), en Nieu-Seeland se formulering van Lae-impak Stedelike Ontwerp en Ontwikkeling (LIUDD), om stedelike water hulpbronne beter te bestuur. Australië het reageer met Water Sensitiewe Stedelike Ontwerp (WSUD). WSUD verken die ontwerp en beplanning van waterbestuur infrastruktuur ontwikkeling, in 'n stedelike omgewing, waar dit noodsaaklik was in die Australiese stede wat deurlopende tekort aan water ervaar. Die WSUD benadering het ten doel om die ontwerp en beplanning te beïnvloed vanaf die oomblik reënwater in damme opgevang is, behandel, en aan verbruikers versprei word, tot by die punt van afvalwater hergebruik, sowel as stormwater gebruik. Verskeie tegnieke word verskaf as deel van die WSUD benadering, naamlik: die installering van “greenroofs”, wateraanvraagbestuur tegnieke, en stormwater gebruik en hergebruik van behandelde afvalwater vir besproeiing en brandbestryding. Hierdie WSUD aktiwiteite kan implementeer word vanaf grootskaalse pogings met die samewerking van hele voorstede met stormwater bestuur deur die konstruksie van die vleilande, sowel as kleinskaalse verandering in die ontwerp en beplanning by huishoudings, byvoorbeeld met reënwatertenk installasie vir besproeiing en toilet spoel. Met Suid-Afrika se progressiewe wetgewing op 'n nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike munisipale vlak wat munisipaliteite steun en lei, kan die verskeie WSUD aktiwiteite ïmplementeer word. Die studie is gemik om ondersoek in te stel na watter tipe WSUD aktiwiteite deur die George-munisipaliteit implementeer word, en tot watter mate die aktiwiteite 'n impak gehad het op die water verbruik sedert die droogte in 2009. Die redes agter 'n gebrek aan implementering is ook ondersoek. Bewyse van implementering van net agt WSUD aktiwiteite kon gevind word. Data van die water debiteure en grootmaat water meters is verkry ten einde die effek van die agt WSUD aktiwiteite op die water verbruik te bepaal. Grootmaat water meter data kan egter nie gebruik word om te korreleer met die data van die debiteure aangesien die lesings van baie grootmaat water meters nie aangeteken is nie. Debiteure se data het egter bewys dat die WSUD aktiwiteite 'n korttermyn-impak op die waterverbruik in die voorstede waar dit geïmplementeer is gemaak het. Die redes gegee vir nieuitvoering is nie bevredigend nie. Aanbevelings is dat die munisipaliteit moet fokus op beter beplanning en implementering van diverse aktiwiteite en dat die hou van rekords en data prioriteit gemaak moet word om vas te stel of enige vordering gemaak is.