Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Chinese raw silk"

This article provides information about cocoon automatic- and mechanical cocoon-reeling machines in silk manufacturing enterprises of our republic, as well as the state of cocoon cultivation. The technological properties of the cocoon shells grown repeatedly in local conditions of the hybrids of Chinese silkworms and the compliance of the raw silk produced from them with the requirements of the international standard have been studied. The compensation period in raw silk production is analyzed from a theoretical point of view. The factors influencing the linear density of raw silk during reeling, the methods of controlling the linear density of raw silk produced in mechanical and automatic machines are solved theoretically and according to the results of practice, including the time spent to fill the broken cocoon threads and the amount of defective length determined in 100 grams of cocoon thread. The quality of raw silk that can be obtained from cocoons grown in different seasons was analyzed based on experimental results. It has been proven from a practical point of view that the probability of producing high-quality raw silk from the cocoons of the III-IV seasons is low.

This article explores thread thinning, roughness, total, and continuous length by individual unwinding of defective cocoons obtained by breeding domestic Navroz-1 cocoons and Chinese hybrids grown in our republic. It is justified that the output of various types of silk fabrics can be ensured by increasing the amount of raw silk by unwinding defective cocoons. To achieve this goal, the research was carried out in two ways: raw silk of high linear density (16.60 tex) was obtained using a mechanical cocoon-winding machine, and 10.75 and 13.33 tex were obtained by means of an automatic machine. Certain technological parameters and modes for machines are experimentally presented in the tables. The quality of raw silk with a high linear density, produced by a new method, was tested in accordance with the requirements of the current state standard, O‘zDST 3313:2018, and positive results were obtained, corresponding to class A obtained by means of a mechanical machine and class 2A obtained from an automatic machine. For the production of raw silk with a high linear density of 10.75 and 13.33 tex using automatic cocoon winding machines, appropriate changes were made in the control apparatus and theoretical calculations were carried out. The resulting raw silk of high linear density is recommended for use in the making of carpet threads; moreover, it can be used in the making of various silk suit fabrics.

The aim of the present research was to define the place of Siberia in the current Chinese concept of the Silk Road Economic Belt. The paper features the current state, potential benefits, and possibilities of integrating Siberia into the concept of the Silk Road Economic Belt. An analysis of the commodity structure of exports to China showed that the increasing capacity of transport routes and new highways will strengthen the export and resource role of Siberia. The process is bound to increase deforestation and the export of raw materials to China, especially in the absence of large-scale investments into industrial production. The authors questioned representatives of the Chinese delegation on the economic image of Siberia in China, the future of the bilateral economic interaction, and the needs of the Chinese economy. The concept of local economy proved beneficial on the municipal scale, while the New Angarstroy project will develop production enterprises in Siberia on the national scale, which will meet domestic demand and boost export to China. The Silk Road Fund, established within the Silk Road Economic Belt, and the Russian-Chinese Regional Development Investment Fund can be effectively used as material and financial resources for the economic development of Siberia. They can provide investment in infrastructure and enterprises that will be repaid in the medium and long term.

This article is about Chinese politics in Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region in the context of implementation of the “New Silk Road” strategy. Focus on stress factors that exist between the Uyghurs and Chinese government. The caused and motivation of Uyghur separatism are analyzed. Uyghur separatism express itself in different ways: terrorist attacks or international activity, contacts with Islamic organization or relations with Uyghur diasporas of the world. Although there is no new information about ethnic or religious confrontation, but the situation in XUAR does not disappear from the field of view of Beijing. Interest in supporting security in this region has only increased. Particular attention is paid to the “New Silk Road” which will pass through in Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region. Natural resources and geographic location of this region provide opportunities for economic improvement in western areas of China. XUAR used to be a raw material base, but after start of the project “New Silk Road” new enterprises began to open, infrastructure is actively developing, foreign investment is being attracted. All this changed perception of XUAR from the border land to important section of the “New Silk Road”. The new Chinese concept also reduces the relevance of the Uyghur issue in international relations. Neighboring countries interested in joining to the “New Silk Road” and Chinese investment. Because of this these countries are not so active in the Uyghur issue, which the Uyghur diasporas are trying to support. It should also be noted increased pressure on terrorist organization. Thatʼs why their connection with the East Turkestan Islamic movement has weakened. Keywords: China, “New Silk Road”, Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region, XUAR, Uyghur, separatism.

According to the history of sericulture, the domestication and utilization of the silkworm as a source of silk began in the Shang-tung province of China around 3000 BC, and silk weaving began 2700 BC. Only intimate members of the imperial family and women of high birth were allowed to work in the manufacture of cocoons and silk in ancient China, which was considered to be nearly holy. From ancient times, the Chinese have rigorously controlled the breeding of silkworms and the monopoly of silk, safeguarding the lucrative business with regulations that make it illegal to receive raw silk, disclose methods for producing cocoons, or even have the desire to export silk. This article deals with sericulture in general, its grain production, the role of papillonage in pedigree sericulture stations, where pre-breeding grain is prepared, super-elite and elite, in grain factories where hybrid or industrial grain is prepared for the production of industrial windows in farms and other farms.

As the old idiom “men’s farming and women’s weaving” lays out an original picture of a traditional Chinese family organization, the silk weaving industry in China has experienced a long history and formed a well-rounded, stabilized technical system. Since the modern times, with the introduction and application of new looms, raw materials and advanced techniques, Chinese silk industry has gradually completed modernization. This article, based on historical materials and comparative analysis, aims to explore the co-evolution of science, technology and social structure by analyzing the technological and social changes in the modern silk industry. It has been found that essentially stakeholders in either the upstream or downstream value chain of the industry will all influence how such business is shaped, and at the same time, be affected by the result of product and process innovation. This might result in the business prospect where small family based farmers tend to be reluctant to the technological changes in order to protect their own business interests locally.

The Space Economy means the entire range of actions and exploitation of resources that are of value and use to humans in the course of the exploration, understanding, management, and use of space. The article discusses the economic role of the moon in the context of the race between China and the USA for its resources and for hegemony in space. An expression of China’s growing importance in terms of technological and economic primacy in space is The Space Silk Road, the aim of which is to extend Chinese influence not just on earth. Within the framework of The Space Silk Road, priorities include areas such as quantum communication, robotics, AI, flight, and the promotion of civilian-military cooperation. The BeiDou constellation of satellites is a key aspect of the Space Silk Road. The moon is an important element in The Space Silk Road, as it is to be a point of departure for further space exploration. It also is in itself an element of the space economy because of its raw materials. China plans to establish a research station on the moon by 2030.

Taking the interaction between agricultural guidelines of the Mongol regime in China and textile handicraft in the 13th and 14th centuries as the main clue, this article analyzes the historical background of the policies of restoring and promoting agricultural production in the early Yuan Dynasty, reviews the policy content relevant to the planting or breeding of fiber raw materials for textile handicraft, and discusses the role of the relevant policies in promoting textile production and technological progress in the Yuan Dynasty. Studies have revealed that the guidelines adopted by the Yuan authority to promote the production and supply of textile raw materials such as ramie, silk and cotton were deeply influenced by traditional Chinese agricultural civilization，although the traditions of nomadic civilization were still reflected in these policies. Guidelines, while increasing the variety and quantity of levy in the Yuan Dynasty, served to maintain the rule of the Mongol regime and to consolidate the privileges of the nobility. Objectively, those guidelines also promoted the evolution of textile techniques at that time.

The article examines the place and role of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China in the economic project of the New Silk Road in the context of China's international relations. The importance of the XUAR for China at the beginning of the XXI century increases due to its economic and geostrategic characteristics. China's economic strategy contributes to its strengthening in the Central Asian region and strengthens its position in comparison with the capabilities of Russia and the United States. For China, this is not only a desire to achieve foreign economic goals, but also an opportunity to reduce the risks of the terrorist threat. Xinjiang is becoming not only a springboard for China's new economic policy in Central Asia, but also a link between the important route of goods, raw materials and investments from the Pacific Ocean to Europe. At the same time, the XUAR is a zone of long-term instability, which is expressed in the development of separatism, terrorism and extremism. The actions of the Chinese authorities are aimed at stabilizing the situation in the autonomous region. But sometimes this is achieved by force and contradicts the ethno-religious traditions of the local population. Thus, XUAR, which is part of the New Silk Road, is characterized not only as a promisingly developing region, but also represents a hotbed of significant risk.

ABSTRACT A preliminary survey of the microstructures and compositions of representative ceramic styles using minimally invasive analytical techniques provides a method of gaining insight into the materials and techniques of ceramic production dating from the eleventh to twelfth centuries C.E. at the archaeological site of Aktobe and from the 14-15th centuries C.E. at Aspara in southeastern Kazakhstan, both walled cities on the Silk Road trading corridor. The case is made for local production based on the argument of technological style or patterning of practices. Seven ceramic sherds representative of glazed earthenware and stoneware traditions were selected for study from excavations of Y. Akimbek and others that are maintained at the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Almaty. Fragments from serving bowls, a cup and bottle were studied by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), electron beam microprobe analysis (EPMA) and refiring tests of the bodies and glazes. This initial study aims to characterize the range of physical and chemical variability of ceramics either produced at or imported into Aktobe and Aspara. Most stylistic studies consider these ceramics to have been imported from the Silk Road trade routes that connected many Central Asian cities. The styles include an imitation lusterware bowl made with a ground chromite underglaze pigment, a copper turquoise and cobalt blue and black painted white slipped alkaline-glazed cup, two green lead-glazed copper bowls, an imitation three-color of Chinese sansai bowl, a four-color lead-glazed bowl with underglaze mottled red, gray and black painted slips on a white slipped background and a stoneware bottle. Comparison of the weight ratios of the glaze compositions to possible plant ash raw material sources is presented as a possible way of studying raw material variability; however, analysis is complicated by having two other possible sources that may have supplied fluxing agents, including, salts present in the clays and salts from evaporite deposits.

L'industrie de la soie a joué un rôle central dans les échanges commerciaux mondiaux au XIXe siècle. Lyon, capitale historique pour l’industrie de la soie en Europe, constituait aussi l’un des centres commerciaux les plus importants du continent, déjà à l’époque romaine, puis, à nouveau, à partir du XVIe siècle. Au XIXe siècle, Lyon était l'un des centres les plus importants de la soie au monde, en grande partie grâce à ses liens étroits avec la Chine, laquelle était le plus grand fournisseur de matières premières pour la soierie lyonnaise. En même temps, la Chine, où la technique de la fabrication de soie a été découverte sous la dynastie des Shang , est une destination indispensable pour les soyeux lyonnais. En effet, l'ouverture de la Chine au commerce étranger, après la Seconde Guerre de l'Opium, permit aux soyeux lyonnais de s'implanter et de réaliser des opérations de commerce de la soie en Chine. Depuis le XIXe siècle, ces commerces s’intensifient en profitant de l’établissement de concessions françaises en Chine et de la mise en place de la route maritime entre Marseille et Shanghai. Les soyeux lyonnais réussirent à conquérir le marché chinois et ils développaient une stratégie de partenariat avec les négociants locaux pour acquérir des soies grèges directement en Chine et les envoyaient à Lyon sans passer par Londres afin de concurrencer les Britanniques. Puis ce réseau lyonnais travailla avec le plus puissant acteur britannique, qui avait installé des filatures et des ateliers de tissage sur place. Cette stratégie leur permit de devenir des acteurs majeurs du commerce de la soie en Chine et de renforcer leur position sur le marché mondial
Silk industry played a central role in global commercial exchanges during the 19th century. Lyon, the historical capital of European silk industry, constitutes also one of the most important commercial centers of the continent, as early as in the roman period, again from the 16th century. In the 19th century, Lyon was renowned as one of the most important global silk business centers, mostly due to its close link to China, which was the biggest silk exporting country for the silk industry of Lyon. China, where the silk manufacturing techniques were invented during the Shang Dynasty, was an indispensable destination for silk manufacturers of Lyon. In fact, the opening of China to foreign trade, especially after the Second Opium War, which permits these silk manufacturers to establish and operate in the silk trade in China. To the mid-19th century, those silk trades were stepping up, with the establishment of the French concession in Shanghai as well as the opening of the direct maritime route between Marseille and Shanghai, Lyon’s silk entrepreneurs attempted, some of them by direct competition, others opting to work in partnership with well-established British trade houses in China, first to short-circuit the British monopoly and then to secure the silk supply by themselves. The efforts made by the silk entrepreneurs of Lyon made them predominant players in the global silk trad and contributed to the silk trade development between China and Europe during the 19th Century

Cette thèse porte sur le commerce de la soie entre la Chine et la France pendant le 19e siècle, avec l’ambition de clarifier certaines spécificités du commerce euro-asiatique dans le cadre du processus de globalisation. Nous avons choisi le commerce de la soie franco-chinois comme objet de recherche parce que, premièrement, au regard des archives et des documents historiques, nous découvrons que la croissance du commerce franco-chinois du 19e siècle provient et s'amplifie principalement avec celle de l’importation de la soie chinoise en France. L’échange de la soie est le plus essentiel et le plus typique dans les études du commerce entre les deux pays au 19e siècle. Deuxièmement, l’échange franco-chinois de la soie joue un rôle très important dans le commerce des matières premières du monde du 19e siècle. Précisément, cette thèse vise à répondre et approfondir des questions concernant le commerce franco-chinois de la soie et le commerce euro-asiatique de longue distance, notamment sur ses évolutions, ses impulsions, ses intermédiaires commerciaux et ses impacts industriels. Dans un premier temps, nous allons démontrer l’évolution de l’échange franco-chinois de la soie du 19e siècle, et analyser l’origine de sa prospérité au niveau de l'offre et la demande. Du côté de la demande, nous étudierons l’impact des changements de l’industrie française sur les importations de Chine. En particulier il s’agira de comprendre les raisons de la hausse limitée de la production séricicole française. Du côté de l’offre, la question consiste à comprendre plutôt ce qui rend possible la croissance importante de la production de soie grège en chine, mais aussi les raisons du développement limité de la demande intérieure. Dans un deuxième temps, nous allons discuter des rôles des différentes maisons commerciales reliant les marchés de soie situés des deux côtés du continent euro-asiatique. D’abord, comme la Grande Bretagne est le plus important point de distribution des matières premières et des produits semi-finis du monde pendant la période de la révolution industrielle, nous allons observer les rôles du marché de Londres et des marchands anglais dans le commerce indirect de la soie entre la France et la Chine. Ensuite, nous allons montrer les rôles des maisons françaises et des maisons étrangères dans le commerce direct de la soie entre la France et la Chine. Ce dernier démarre à partir des années 1850 et prospère à partir des années 1860, et nous allons étudier l’influence de la croissance de l’importation directe de la soie chinoise en France sur l’installation et le développement des maisons françaises en Chine, ainsi que leur rapport avec d’autres intermédiaires (maisons anglaises, allemandes et suisses), qui partagent le commerce de soie entre la France et la Chine. Enfin, nous allons analyser les rôles des différents groupes de négociants chinois, la relation entre ces groupes et ainsi que leurs relations avec des maisons étrangères. Finalement, comme la soie grège est une matière première pour la production industrielle, cette thèse évoquera l’impact industriel du commerce de la soie dans les deux pays. Nous choisirons un nouvel angle (inter- action des industrialisations) pour analyser la relation entre l’industrialisation et le commerce extérieur du 19e siècle : nous résumerons d’abord les discussions sur les impacts de l’industrialisation des pays occidentaux sur celle des pays asiatiques et ensuite, les effets du commerce de la soie sur les modalités de l’industrialisation en Chine et en France. Nous essayerons donc d’établir la liaison entre les révolutions industrielles orientales et occidentales par le biais du commerce international
This book focuses on the silk trade between China and France in the 19th century, with the aim of clarifying certain specific Euro-Asian trade in the course of globalization in the 19th century. We chose the Franco-Chinese silk trade as the objective of research, because, first, the use of historical records and documents, we find that the Franco-Chinese trade in the 19th century and grew up mainly from the augmentation of the import of Chinese silk in France. The exchange of the silk is one of the most important and the most typical trade between the two countries in the 19th century. Secondly, the exchange of the Franco-Chinese silk plays a very important role in the trade in raw materials of the world in the 19th century. Precisely, this book is intended to address the issues and further discuss on the Franco-Chinese silk trade itself and the Eurasian business long distance, specifically on their evolutions, their impulses, their commercial intermediation and their industrial impacts. In the first step, we will show the development of Franco-Chinese silk trade of the 19th century, and analyze the causes of its prosperity, at the level of supply and demand. On the demand side, we will examine the impacts of changes in the French industry on imports from china. In particular, it relate to the decrease and the limited increase of the French silk production. On the supply side, the question is to understand what makes it possible for the growth of the production of raw silk in china, but also the reasons for the limited development of domestic demand. In a second step, we discuss the roles of the various silk trade corporations connecting two side of the Eurasian continent. First, the Great Britain is the most important country of distribution of raw materials and semi-finished products of the world during the period of the industrial revolution. We will observe the roles of the London market and English merchants in the indirect silk trade between France and china. Then, we show the roles of the French companies and foreign firms in the direct trade of silk between France and china, the prosperous of which starts from the 1850s and 1860s. In this part, we will discuss the influence of the growth of the direct import of Chinese silk in France to the installation and the development of French companies in china, and the relationship of these French companies with other intermediaries, especially the silks firms of England, Germany and Switzerland. Finally, we analyze the roles of different groups of Chinese merchants in the foreign trade of silk of china, the relationship between these groups and the relations between the Chinese traders and foreign firms. In the end, as the raw silk is a raw material for the production of silk, this book will also discuss the impact of the silk trade to the silk industry in the two countries. In this part, we will select a new angle – interaction of the industrializations in the two countries -- to analyze the relationship between foreign trade and industrialization in the 19th century. Firstly, there will be the discussions about the influence of the industrialization of western countries in the industrialization of the Asian countries. Secondly, we will also search for the effects of the dynamics of the silk trade between the two countries to their reactions of industrializations. In all these issues, we will try to link the eastern and western industrial revolutions to international trade together

Chinese texts first reached neighbouring societies in the form of raw texts, without any aids to understanding or even punctuation. Manuscripts recovered from Dunhuang, though, testify to the need for such aids either in the form of written punctuation for reading aloud or in the form of dry-point glosses made with a stylus or the wooden end of a brush: these dry-point glosses are invisible at first sight but the indentations in the paper serve as guidance to the interpretation of the text. By the sixth century some form of ‘vernacular reading’ was being practised in the Silk Road town of Gaochang: this means that students there were reading Chinese classical texts in their own language rather than in Chinese. Similar techniques developed in Korea and these were most likely then transmitted to Japan. Vernacular reading was a means of translating a text but keeping very close to the original.