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1
Nilsson Schönborg, Göte. "Kinesiskt porslin, ostindiehandel och arkeologi i Göteborg". In Situ Archaeologica 3 (31 dicembre 2002): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58323/insi.v3.13594.
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”Chinese porcelain, oriental trade and archaeology in Gothenburg. Pieces of porcelain tells about 17th and 18th century trade with China”: In this overview the oriental trade between China and Europe and the Swedish trade company SOIC in the seventeenth century is treated. It is also a discussion of urban archaeology in the city of Göteborg and the Chinese porcelain and potsherds from an archaeological point of view.
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Ke, Jin, e Chen Yanli. "A study on the transformation of imagery and the history of exports of Chinese Guangcai porcelain during the Qing Dynasty". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, n. 11-1 (1 novembre 2023): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202310statyi63.
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Guangcai porcelain with its distinct export patterns is an important component of porcelain trade between China and the West. Studying the history of transformation within images used for decorating Qing Guangcai, the authors consider the historical model of visual imagery that fuses Chinese and Western culture, research the history of transformation of porcelain exports and the changes in Guangcai decoration, thus connecting porcelain aesthetics, its cultural and artistic value, and the history of foreign trade.
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Ping, TANG. "The “China House” Metaphors in Ben Jonson’s Comedy Epicene, or The Silent Woman". Asia-Pacific Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53789/j.1653-0465.2022.0204.014.p.
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In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Britain’s strong desire for luxury goods such as Chinese porcelain triggered an active participation in the early global trade. Ben Jonson was one of the English Renaissance playwrights who highly mentioned China and Chinese porcelain in his works. In his London comedy Epicene, or The Silent Woman, the “China House” where Chinese porcelain is displayed and sold, has taken on multiple metaphorical connotations, and become essential to understand the urban life of London in the Jacobean era. With a focus on “China House” as three metaphors, such as the booming commercial trade, a famous fashion center as well as the social Vanity Fair, this paper aims to reveal Jonson’s ambivalent attitudes towards London’s commercialism in the context of the early global trade.
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Clark, Leah R. "The peregrinations of porcelain". Journal of the History of Collections 32, n. 2 (19 febbraio 2019): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhy063.
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Abstract The Medici of Florence have long been acknowledged as possessing the largest collection of Chinese porcelain in the fifteenth century, but this article reveals that in fact Eleonora d’Aragona, Duchess of Ferrara had the largest such collection in Italy at this time. In fifteenth-century Europe, porcelain came not directly from China but rather through trade and diplomacy with foreign courts, so that its peregrinations gave rise to entangled histories and reception. Taking porcelain as a case-study, it is argued here that examining collecting through the lens of trade and diplomacy provides new interpretations of – and demands new approaches to – the history of collecting.
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Tai, Yew Seng. "Ming Gap and the Revival of Commercial Production of Blue and White Porcelain in China". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 31 (26 maggio 2012): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/bippa.v31i0.9437.
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This paper lists the blue and white porcelains excavated with date inscriptions or from datable tombs in China and shows that there was a ‘Ming Gap’ of blue and white porcelain in China too. Previously, Ming Gap was thought to be restricted to Southeast Asia. This author argues that no blue and white porcelain was allowed to produce in commercial kilns in early Ming Dynasty. But, when the needed raw material, cobalt--which relied on trade in the time of Ming Ban--could be produced locally, the commercial production of blue and white porcelain restarted.
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Guo, Mo. "Christian Iconography on Ming and Qing Chinese Porcelain: Religious Influence and Artistic Hybridization". Religions 15, n. 4 (11 aprile 2024): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel15040472.
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Since the arrival of Christian missionaries in China through maritime trade networks, missionary activities have been changing from the 16th century to the 18th century. Christian missionaries faced numerous challenges stemming from cultural context and religious policies in China. Throughout history, various religious strategies have been employed to address these challenges. The use of Chinese porcelain to depict Christian imagery holds significant importance. The present study is focused on four representative Chinese porcelains dating from the Ming to Qing dynasties, each associated with specific phases of Christianity in China. Examining the connections between the Christian mission in China and Christian iconography on Chinese porcelain leads to the conclusion that the visual culture associated with the Christian mission in China is influenced by and reflects intercultural or interreligious dialogue with mutual understanding. In the meantime, it signifies an intricate process of interaction, appropriation, hybridization, and adaptation, through which Christian iconography gained new significance on Chinese porcelain.
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Kenzhaev, Sardor N. "FROM THE HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL RELATIONS IN THE STATE OF AMIR TEMUR AND THE CHINESE (MIN) EMPIRE". JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, n. 10 (30 ottobre 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-10-8.
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This article discusses trade relations with China during the reign of Amir Temur, a blow to the northern trade route bypassing the people of the Chigatay ulus and the wider participation of southern cities in world trade and economic relations between the state of Amir Temur and the Chinese (Minsk) dynasty, relations were carried out in mainly through East Turkestan, the trade routes passing through this region and the characteristics of the roads were analyzed. Also, a comparative analysis of historical literature data highlights the main trade products related to the value of silk, tea, porcelain in the state of Amir Temur's horses in China
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Den Butter, Frank, e Raphie Hayat. "Trade between China and The Netherlands: a case study of trade in tasks". Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 6, n. 3 (30 settembre 2013): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-03-2012-0004.
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Liang, Ding. "The Influence of the Grassland Silk Road on the Porcelain Styles of the Yuan Dynasty during the Mongol-Yuan Period". Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, n. 3 (10 giugno 2022): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-3-47-51.
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Mongol-Yuan period was a special time in Chinese history, with a vast territory and prosperous trade and culture. On the basis of inheriting the nomadic culture of all dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty created a larger range of cultural exchange and dissemination. Among China's Silk Roads, the Grassland Silk Road started the earliest, has the longest history, spans the longest and covers the widest area. The Grassland Silk Road has not only spread Chinese culture to the world, but also an important way to introduced foreign culture, especially the Islamic civilization through this way introduced into China The multi-cultural and multi-ethnic integration and unprecedented prosperity of trade during the Mongol-Yuan period brought the development of the Grassland Silk Road into its heyday. The culture, technology, materials, and craftsmen of the Western Regions spread along this trade route had more influence on the decorative modeling of the porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty. The egg-white glaze, blue glaze, and blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty have all become typical representatives of the porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, and have become great treasures that have been passed down to future generations. The porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty was inclusive and open, and innovative, not only absorbing the culture of the Western Regions, grassland culture, and the culture of the Central Plains but also integrating and developing multiple cultures, forming unique decorative modeling characteristics, which contributed to the vigorous development of the porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty.
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Kašťáková, Elena, Anabela Luptáková e Barbora Družbacká. "EU — China trade cooperation in the context of the BRI: Analysis and perspectives on different examples of the EU countries". St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 38, n. 1 (2022): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2022.101.
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This paper aims to examine the EU’s foreign trade relations with China following the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assess trade intensity developments and identify the export potential of China’s largest trading partners in the EU. We established two hypotheses:1) in the context of the BRI, the intensity of Chinese trade to the EU was higher than the intensity of EU trade to China during the period considered; 2) the export potential of the EU’s most important partners to China in 2019 focused on higher value-added commodities in the context of the BRI. We used the trade intensity index to confirm hypothese 1. In the case of hypothese 2, the export potential indicator was used to identify products that have good prospects for further export. The EU is China’s largest trading partner with a growing trend in mutual trade. An examination of trade intensity has shown that trade flows between countries have been lower than expected given the position of economies in the world economy. German exporters recorded the highest activity, but the Netherlands recorded the highest intensity of Chinese exports to the EU. Coetaneous, we can say that Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands had the untapped export potential to China, which mainly concerned motor vehicles and parts, machinery, and pharmaceutical components. The BRI can be seen as a slightly positive impact on the development of trade and investment cooperation between the EU and China
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Wen-Chin, Hsu. "Social and economic factors in the Chinese porcelain industry in Jingdezhen during the late Ming and early Qing period, Ca. 1620–1683". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 120, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00164196.
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In the study of Chinese ceramics, the XVIIth century is a period of particular interest, when many changes took place which affected porcelain production in Jingdezhen, the porcelain centre in China. These were fluctuations in economic activity, social upheaval, political turmoil and foreign penetration in trade. However, very few records, dated material or archaeological finds of this period exist which can provide us with a better understanding. This problem is particularly acute from the late Wanli period (1573–1620) to the reinstatement of imperial supervision in Jingdezhen around 1683, the so-called Transitional Period. For this reason, there is still controversy about dating the porcelain of this period, one which has been overlooked, except for a couple of sentences in books on Chinese ceramic history. This attitude, popular in China, arises partly from the traditional neglect of folk wares, and also from the lack of material evidence available for study. Fortunately, Chinese porcelain of this period has been highly regarded by westerners from the day it reached their countries, and this long-lasting enthusiasm has resulted in several studies which have increased our knowledge of it.
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Orehowskyi, Wadym. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NETHERLANDS IN THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES". BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS IV, n. 80 (2020): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2020-4.80.01.
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The article describes the main directions of economic development of the Netherlands in the XVI-XVIII centuries. The author draws attention to the peculiarities of the geographical location of the country (much of the territory was below sea level), which largely determined the nature of agricultural development. Talking about the level of manufacturing, the author notes that his most developed industries were the textile industry and shipbuilding. Shipbuilding cost the Dutch several times cheaper than residents of other European countries due to the use of modern technology. At the same time, it is noted that agriculture and industry did not provide the main income to the people of the country. The Netherlands owed its economic power to an active trade policy. The local government strongly defended the principle of free trade. Trade relations with Western Europe played a significant role. The Dutch are actively penetrating the territory of the Moscow Empire. In the XVI century. formed three districts in Russia, through which trade with the Netherlands. The dominant place was occupied by the Baltic region; the second place belonged to the Murmansk district and the third place - the mouth of the Northern Dvina, where the main role was played by the port city of Arkhangelsk. The second part of the article covers the colonial policy of the Netherlands. The author notes that as a result of the conquest of new lands, the Dutch became trade intermediaries not only between China and Japan, but also between China, the Moluccas and the islands of Indonesia, on the one hand, and Persia, Arabia and East Africa, on the other. The whole East became their tribute. The second part of the article covers the colonial policy of the Netherlands. The author notes that as a result of the conquest of new lands, the Dutch became trade intermediaries not only between China and Japan, but also between China, the Moluccas and the islands of Indonesia, on the one hand, and Persia, Arabia and East Africa, on the other. The whole East became their tribute. Colonial trade gave impetus to the development of powerful trade associations. An example of this is the Dutch East India Company, which became the first corporation in history to be financed by issuing shares. As a result, the author emphasizes that trade, which was the main "breadwinner" of the Netherlands in the XVII century. became one of the reasons for the decline of local industry and the country's loss of economic leadership. Instead of investing in the development of domestic manufacturing, colossal capital was invested in trade and usury. All this, of course, had a negative impact on the development of the Dutch economy.
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Carswell, John. "“The Feast Of the Gods” The porcelain trade between China, Istanbul and Venice". Asian Affairs 24, n. 2 (luglio 1993): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714857116.
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Il Choi, Kee. "‘Partly Copies from European Prints’". Rijksmuseum Bulletin 66, n. 2 (15 giugno 2018): 120–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52476/trb.9751.
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This paper introduces the way Johannes Kip’s A Prospect of Westminster & A Prospect of the City of London (c. 1720) furnished the design for a handscroll of the River Thames enamelled on the rim of a renowned armorial porcelain service made around 1730-40. Having thus situated an important exemplar of northern European landscape art in China by 1750, it further suggests that Kip’s topographic print may well have played an influential, not to say seminal role in the conceptualization of monumental, panoramic handscrolls of the foreign factories from which ultimately the iconic landscape genre emerged. Descriptive of the site of both commerce and aesthetic exchange, these export paintings have exercised a lasting hold on the historical imagination. In as much as export porcelain signified the China trade for Westerners, export paintings came to represent Canton, if not the whole of China for a global audience.
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Aushafi, Hafizhah, e Dadan Suryadipura. "South Korea's Trade Diplomacy Strategy towards the Netherlands in Dealing with Japan's Semiconductor Raw Material Protection Policy during 2019-2022". Global Local Interactions: Journal of International Relations 3, n. 2 (22 dicembre 2023): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/gli.v3i2.26773.
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The objective of this study was to elucidate South Korea's trade diplomacyendeavors in augmenting trade and investment in the Netherlands during the timeframe of 2019-2022. The author employs the notions of economic diplomacy and trade diplomacy from the Okano-Heijmans conceptual framework to elucidate the essence of the research. During the 2019-2022 timeframe, South Korea has implemented trade diplomacy efforts aimed at enhancing its potential to export products, particularly semiconductors. The implementation of a safeguard policy for Japanese semiconductor raw materials is a response to constraints in the availability of raw materials, as well as the trade conflict between the United States and China, which has repercussions for South Korea's trade ties with Japan. To enhance exports, the South Korean government is implementing several trade diplomacy initiatives, including engaging in commerce through Foreign Trade Agreements and promoting investment through bilateral relations focused on both government and private sector involvement, particularly with the Netherlands. In addition, South Korean representatives visited ASML, a Dutch company that manufactures semiconductor production machinery. Nevertheless, South Korea must confront some obstacles in order to succeed in the semiconductor trade battle, particularly the imperative for quality advancement. In this paper, the author will also explore the investment prospects of South Korea for the Netherlands.
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Gong, Xue, Zhongqu Xie, Xiangyu Liu e Bianca De Divitiis. "Cross-Cultural Encounters: Religious Motifs in Lattimo Glass from China to Italy". Religions 14, n. 7 (19 luglio 2023): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14070932.
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This paper focuses on lattimo glass, also known as milk glass, and analyzes the influence of Chinese porcelain on its creation in Venice through the study of its transmission path and revival. It also explores the role of religion in the glass trade between China and Italy from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries, with a particular focus on religious iconography. By relying on previous research on the religious iconography of glass during this period and analyzing precious glass objects, this paper aims to examine the brief popularity and decline of lattimo glass as an imitation of Chinese Ming porcelain in the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries, as well as the significance and impact of religious iconography on lattimo glass during the eighteenth century. The paper approaches the process of the introduction of Chinese aesthetics in Europe during this period from three angles: the origin of lattimo glass, the cross-media imitation and innovation of Chinese religious iconography, and cultural interaction. This process highlights the crucial role of influential religious imagery in the formation of cross-cultural communication.
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Guotu, Zhuang. "Tea, Silver, Opium and War: From Commercial Expansion to Military Invasion". Itinerario 17, n. 2 (luglio 1993): 10–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300024384.
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Sino-Western relations in the eighteenth century mainly found their expression in a particular mode of commercial transactions in Canton. The structure of the Western trade with China was based on silver and colonial products from India and the Malay archipelago, like silver, cotton, pepper, lead. These commodities were exchanged for Chinese tea, silk and porcelain by the mediation of the so-called Hong trades. As long as the trade structure was kept in balance the Westerners were able to make large profits and commercial relations remained the same. When the trade structure fell out balance through, for instance, a shortage of silver or the prohibition of opium smuggling, the Western powers resorted to force. The discontinuation of the traditional Sino-Western trade because of an imbalance in the trade structure eventually did not lead to the decline of trade, but to military conquest: the Opium War in 1840. This War enabled the Westerners, headed by the English, to revamp the structure of their trade with China on their own terms and forced the Chinese government into acceptance. Since then the process of the Western expansion into China was characterised by commercial expansion, military show of force and political control. In this essay I would like to analyze how the traditional structure of Sino-Western trade lost its equilibrium and to study the changing character of European expansion into China as a result of this imbalance during the period of 1740-1840.
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Zhang, Ziren. "The Research on the Interaction Between Politics and Economy——Based on the Background of Porcelain Trade in the Qing Dynasty". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 24 (31 dicembre 2023): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/d6tg2k86.
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Economics and politics are often the two most important factors for a government that can maintain authority. Governments deal with domestic and international affairs primarily for economic or political purposes, but what choices do governments make when faced with a contradiction between these two factors? To understand the basis and reasons for the government's choice, this article uses the porcelain trade in China during the Qing Dynasty as an example. Government options are explored by comparing differences in pre- and post-porcelain trade. It can be observed that politics is often the preferred choice. Governments usually adopt active economic policies while guaranteeing political security and stability. Similarly, governments sacrifice economic interests for political security and stability. The same phenomenon exists in the international community, where the root cause of contradictions and conflicts between States lies in politics rather than economics. A proper understanding of this phenomenon can help people better understand the purpose of certain policies and may make the government pay more attention to the positive role of the economy.
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Wang, Mingyue, e Rui Kong. "STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POTASSIUM SALT INTERNATIONAL TRADE BASED ON COMPLEX NETWORK". Journal of Business Economics and Management 20, n. 5 (19 agosto 2019): 1000–1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.10455.
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This paper studies the evolutionary characteristics of international trade of potassium salts. We construct a weighted and directed complex network model of potassium salt trade, analyze the scale and activity, trade relations, trade flow distribution and the importance of trading countries using UN Comtrade2000-2016 data. Results show that potassium salt trade is more dynamic, resource allocation is more convenient. Some countries have formed trade groups. The relationship between small and major countries is growing. The resource flows of countries with large degrees are conducive to balancing resource’s distribution. Besides Canada is a leading trade country, and the US, the Russian Federation, China and Brazil are trade-led countries. China, the Netherlands, the US, France and India are important hubs. Finally, using Porter's national competitive advantage theory, it proposes countermeasures for forming the international competitive advantage of potassium salt enterprises in different countries.
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Zeng, Yiyao. "The Historical Transformation of China's National Perception". BCP Business & Management 47 (10 luglio 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v47i.5161.
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Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks of positioning theory and macrohistory, it can be posited that China's economic evolution can be comprehensively elucidated through the lens of innovation, which can be categorized into three distinct stages: stability, depression, and development. Three primary categories of innovations—silk, ceramics, and tea—rather than the Four Great Inventions—paper making, gunpowder, the compass, and printing—were the main drivers of the ancient Chinese economy's growth. The West originally came to identify the East and China with "mystery" and "wealth" through the commerce in silk and porcelain. China finished building the "Celestial Empire" on its own through new categories, new brands, and new positioning. The West originally came to identify the East and China with "mystery" and "wealth" through the trade of silk and porcelain. China finished building the "Celestial Empire" on its own through new categories, new brands, and new positioning. Due to the loss of innovation, China went through a period of economic stagnation, and the voice of the "Celestial Empire" was gradually supplanted by orientalism until being replaced entirely by Made in China. The national perception is being rebuilt in China after 2000 as a result of the nation-branding strategy's introduction and an increase in the number of Chinese companies expanding abroad. This article provides a research foundation for Chinese enterprises to contemplate when formulating their global positioning and international business tactics.
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Ríos Durán, María Astrid. "Meha Priyadarshini. Chinese Porcelain in Colonial Mexico. The Material Worlds of an Early Modern Trade." Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 48, n. 2 (11 giugno 2021): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/achsc.v48n2.95670.
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Si nos guiáramos por el título de este libro y por el tratamiento dado a la porcelana china en los estudios históricos de la cultura material, la obra de Priyadarshini podría ser ubicada rápidamente como un texto más de la historia convencional de este bien. Es decir, de aquella que trata sobre el encanto que suscitó en el mundo entero antes del descubrimiento de su secreto productivo en Europa (en 1708), pero esta vez ubicados en el contexto mexicano. No obstante, el objetivo de esta investigación no es la porcelana china en sí misma en cuanto a la fascinación que causó en el “mundo premoderno”, sino más bien sus viajes, transformaciones e hibridaciones con la cerámica local mexicana como la de Talavera. Todo ello en el marco de una historia de carácter global que ya considera lo translocal, así como de una historia multisituada que da cuenta también de las interconexiones entre los territorios de producción, distribución y venta, y de ese modo de los distintos actores partícipes en estas etapas, como los artesanos, mercaderes y consumidores.
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Yang, Tianyuan. "Ming and Qing Trade Porcelain in Shipwrecks Along the Southeastern Coast of China and Southeast Asia". Museum 5, n. 2 (1 aprile 2021): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/2096-1715.2021.005.002.084.
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Davydova, I. O., A. V. Artyomova e I. S. Uvarova. "Ukrainian-Chinese Economic Relations in the Context of EU-China Relations: Perspectives on Post-War Development". Statistics of Ukraine 101, n. 2 (30 giugno 2023): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(101)2023.02.03.
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This research provides a comprehensive analysis of Ukrainian-Chinese economic relations, focusing on the prospects for post-war development. It examines the process of post-war recovery in 1945 in Europe, emphasizing the significant role played by the Marshall Plan in stimulating economic revival.
The study also investigates the dynamics of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and China from 2013 to 2021, analyzing trends in exports and the impact of external factors. During this period, there were notable developments in bilateral trade, reflecting the growing economic ties between the two nations. Ukrainian exports to China witnessed a steady increase, driven by the demand for agricultural products, metals, and other raw materials. Similarly, the share of Chinese exports in Ukraine’s overall trade portfolio expanded, indicating a strengthening trade relationship. Additionally, it explores the trade relationship between the European Union (EU) and China and identifies opportunities for Ukraine to become a strategic trade hub. The article contributes to the understanding of Ukrainian-Chinese economic cooperation, highlights challenges faced, and provides insights into potential pathways for future development.
Due to the lack of official statistics in 2022 and considering the strategic goal of EU accession, we propose to examine the future Ukrainian-Chinese relations through the prism of EU-China trade relations. The EU is a significant exporter to China, supplying a wide range of goods, including machinery, equipment, vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products. Some EU countries, such as Germany, France, and the Netherlands, are traditional major exporters to China.
The results of regression analysis using the gravity model indicate that the size of the economy, geographical distance, and trade openness are important factors influencing bilateral trade flows between the EU and China. The growth of the GDP of the EU and China contributes to the increase in trade volumes between them. However, there are issues such as trade imbalance, human rights compliance, and the impact of the “Belt and Road Initiative” on EU-China relations.
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Ma, Mingxin, e Jing Liang. "Research on the connectivity of port infrastructure along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road". SHS Web of Conferences 192 (2024): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202419201009.
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The connectivity construction of the Maritime Silk Road in the 21st century has created more opportunities for trade and further promoted maritime trade among countries along the route. As an important hub of the maritime connectivity network, the construction of port infrastructure connectivity is of great significance. Taking the port infrastructure of 30 countries along the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road as an example, this paper analyzes the current state of port connectivity construction in China. It identifies that the port infrastructure connectivity between China and Southeast Asia is the most developed and establishes an indicator system for evaluating the potential for port infrastructure connectivity. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), it is found that Germany, Singapore, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and other countries have relatively high port infrastructure connectivity potential. Finally, suggestions are put forward: China should strengthen the connectivity construction of port infrastructure with Europe and prioritize policy exchanges with Germany to align port development strategies and enhance bilateral maritime trade by establishing complementary trade chains.
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Zhu, Wei, Feng Xu, Changming Bai, Xuan Liu, Supen Wang, Xu Gao, Shaofei Yan, Xianping Li, Zetian Liu e Yiming Li. "A survey for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Chinese amphibians". Current Zoology 60, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2014): 729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.6.729.
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Abstract For the last decade, chytridiomycosis was considered to be caused by a single species of fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), but a second chytrid species, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bs), was recently isolated from an infected Salamandra salamandra in the Netherlands. To date, Bs has only been found in the Netherlands. To assess whether Bs is present in China, we analyzed a total of 665 samples, including 425 wild samples, 41 preserved specimens, and 199 captive samples, from 30 different species, including both urodeles and anurans. Our sample sites covered 15 provinces in China. All of the samples tested negative for Bs, resulting in a 95% confidence limit for a prevalence of 0.6%. The absence of Bs observed in this large-scale survey in China has significant implications for amphibian conservation and for border trade management strategies intended to control amphibian diseases. We strongly recommend the continued close monitoring of Bs to verify the status of this potentially devastating amphibian fungus in China.
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Filipovic, Sanja, e Jelena Ignjatovic. "International relations through the prism of the new technological division of power". Medjunarodni problemi 73, n. 4 (2021): 637–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2104637f.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this paper is to determine which country has technological superiority in the field of industry by analysing the strategic approaches to the industrial development of three leading industrial countries (Germany, China, and the US), as well as selected indicators of industrial development. The results of the research show that China has the most ambitious approach and pretension to take a leading position in a large number of high-tech industries. Since 2014, China has become the second-largest industrial power, right after Germany, while the US has been in fourth place since 2017. China leads in terms of the share of industrial products in global trade and the share of manufacturing value added in the total world gross domestic product. Since 2015, China and Germany have developed intensive cooperation in the area of hi-tech industrial production, while bilateral relations between China and the US are tight due to the trade war. While the US, as the third-largest bilateral trading partner of Germany (after China and the Netherlands), is generating a trade deficit, China is making a breakthrough towards the European market, which is in line with the strategy of taking the position of a global leader in high technology.
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Ha, Le Thi Thanh, Wing-Keung Wong e Eko Hariyadi. "An examining factors influencing internasional export and import relationships in context of Vietnam’s free trade agreements". Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan 25, n. 1 (30 aprile 2024): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jesp.v25i1.22152.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Vietnam's trade balance was positive with the United States, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, and Austria. However, it was negative in several countries, including South Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, and Argentina. This paper aims to investigate the asymmetric effects of several macroeconomic factors on Vietnam's trade balance in the post-global financial crisis era. This paper aims to capture better the nuanced effects of free trade agreements on Vietnam's trade balance. Using regression methods like Pooled OLS, Random Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model, and Hausman Taylor, it analyzes factors affecting bilateral trade with Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia nations. These factors include gross domestic product (GDP), population, distance, exchange rates, national borders, and Free Trade Agreements. Findings suggest that GDP, population, and exchange rates significantly influence Vietnam's trade relationships, but free trade agreements have not yielded the expected results. This study's novelty lies in its exploration of comprehensive regression analysis, offering valuable insights into Vietnam's trade dynamics.
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Ölmez, Fevzi, e Doğukan Tarakçı. "Does trade pattern matter for tourism activities? Evidence from the twenty most visited countries". European Journal of Tourism Research 37 (12 aprile 2024): 3706. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v37i.3253.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aims to investigate the relationship between international tourism and total trade, including exports and imports, for the twenty most visited countries. In order to accurately assess the relationship, the study employs the Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) causality analysis, which accounts for cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity. The empirical results show a unidirectional causality running from total trade, exports, and imports to international tourist arrivals for Germany, India, Mexico, and the Netherlands. Conversely, the causality runs from international tourist arrivals to total trade, exports, and imports for Portugal, Russia, and Spain (except imports). Additionally, a bidirectional causality link between international trade and tourism is found for China, indicating that both tourism and trade mutually reinforce each other. These results highlight the importance of considering the direction of causality in the relationship between tourism and trade, and developing targeted policies that take into account the unique characteristics of each country.
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Jung, Dae Jin, e Kun Shik Cho. "Global supply chain reorganization and North Korea sanctions compliance". Korea Association for Corruption Studies 29, n. 1 (30 marzo 2024): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.52663/kcsr.2024.29.1.91.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Is North Korea an exception to our economic security targets? Reorganizing the global supply chain is a global issue that no country can avoid, and it is also a significant challenge for North Korea. Normally, North Korea has a closed and isolated economic structure, so it can be considered an exception to global economic issues. However, although the trade volume is minimal and the country is highly dependent on China, North Korea also engages in trade and its foreign trade has been on the rise after the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, if the influx of luxury goods prohibited by sanctions against North Korea occurs through laundering in overseas markets, no states guarantee that it may free from involving an unintentional violation of sanctions. When doing business with a country that is conducting trade with North Korea, great care must be taken to ensure that the goods are not ultimately transferred to North Korea. In particular, China accounts for 19.7% of Korea's trade volume and maintains its status as Korea's No. 1 trading partner, and North Korea shows a 96.7% trade dependence on China, so no one can secure the in-case possibility of unintentional transferring South Korea’s product to North Korea does not happen. Sincere care must be taken not to become involved in destination issues. In addition, although the amount is small, advance preparation and inspection are required to avoid involvement in unsavory secondary sanctions related to North Korea, which is expanding trade with Vietnam, Argentina, Nigeria, Netherlands, Ethiopia, India, Bangladesh, Spain, and Hong Kong in addition to China. To prevent any emergency from occurring, sanctions compliance education and programs must be strengthened and understanding further improved.
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Bailey, Warren, e Lan Truong. "Opium and Empire: Some Evidence from Colonial-Era Asian Stock and Commodity Markets". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, n. 2 (giugno 2001): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340100008x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
On the basis of a new database of stock and commodity prices, along with measures of government revenues, commodity exports and immigration, the article assesses the impact of the opium trade on the economies of colonial Malaya, the Netherlands Indies and China from 1873 to 1911. Stock returns for a few Malayan industries related to international trade are significantly correlated with opium price changes, as are prices for labour-intensive, Chinese-dominated export commodities such as tin and gambier. However, opium price changes explain, at most, only a small fraction of the behaviour of stock and commodity prices. On balance, stock and commodity markets ascribed only secondary importance to ups and downs in the opium trade as measured by the price of the drug.
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Zhang, Yichi, Zhiliang Dong, Sen Liu, Peixiang Jiang, Cuizhi Zhang e Chao Ding. "Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries". Sustainability 13, n. 3 (25 gennaio 2021): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031251.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.
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Bracken, Susan. "Silk, Porcelain and Lacquer: China and Japan and their trade with Western Europe and the New World, 1500–1644". Journal of the History of Collections 29, n. 3 (21 marzo 2017): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhx008.
Testo completo
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Jantyik, Lili, Áron Török e Attila Jámbor. "Factors influencing international beer trade". Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 8, n. 1-2 (26 maggio 2019): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2019.1-2.158-162.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Beer has been presenting in human life for a long time. The oldest written proof of beer production, the “Monument Bleu”, comes from Mesopotamia, the 3rd millennium BC and by this time brewing was regulated by law (Ulischberger, 1982). Nowadays, globalization liberates the markets and large brewing companies achieve tremendous growth. In 2016, trade value of beer made from malt was 13,8 billion USD, according to the UNComtrade (2019) data. The main exporter was Mexico with 27% share in total beer export, followed by three EU beer producers: Netherlands, Belgium and Germany with shares of 14%, 11% and 9%, respectively. On the other side, beer import was even more concentrated: the USA represented 35% of global beer import, followed by France and the United Kingdom (5-5%), China (4.5%) and Italy (4.3%). In case of beer, domestic consumption largely determines the industry, because the largest producers are not the top exporters. Based on FAO (2019) data, in 2014, 28% of global beer production was brewed in China, followed by the USA (the biggest importer - 13%), and 8% was produced in Brazil. Germany and Mexico, the two main exporters, only had 5-5% of market shares in terms of global beer production.
In our study we measured competitiveness using the index of Symmetric Revealed Comparative Advantage (SRCA), calculated for all countries exporting beer in the period of 1988-2017. In order to identify factors influencing SRCA, we applied panel-data linear models by using feasible generalized least squares (FGLS). We used the following independent variables for the model: barley production, FDI (foreign direct investment) levels, population, per capita GDP, per capita beer consumption, beer export unit value, number of beers with geographical indications, EU membership (as a dummy variable) and beer production.
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Noor, Faizan, Aiman Noor Bhutta e Irfan Farooq. "The Determinants of Leather Exports of Pakistan: A Gravity Panel Approach". Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 7, n. 1 (30 marzo 2023): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.713.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study determined the factors that significantly influence the leather sector exports using extended gravity model containing real gross domestic product (RGDP) of Pakistan & trading partner, geographical distance, real exchange rate (RER) and tariff (TOIL) as explanatory variables with the selected top ten Pakistani leather exports destinations Germany, USA, Italy, Spain, U.K, Netherlands, France, Hong Kong, China, and Canada for the period 1991 to 2020. Feasible Generalized Least Square method is utilized to estimate the coefficients of the model. The empirical findings of the study indicate that RGDP of Pakistan and trade partner and RER put out significant positive effect on the leather exports of Pakistan. While, geographical distance and TOIL exercise a significant negative impact on the leather exports. It is recommended that policy makers should try to engage in more trade activities with large economies and must also essay to actively participate in regional trade
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Kasteleijn, M. Bart. "Legal and Economic Aspects of Chinese Belt & Road Initiative Investments into Europe via the Netherlands". Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 5 (1 maggio 2019): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The year 2018 was the fifth year anniversary for the ‘Belt & Road Initiative’ since its announcement by PRC President Xi Jinping in 2013. This project has shown huge achievements in building an investment cooperation bridge between China and Europe. This article attempts to analyse the combined legal and economic aspects of the related investments into Europe and in particular through the Netherlands. In order to do so, the first section will briefly provide an introduction to the parameters of the ‘Belt & Road Initiative’ accomplishments. The second section highlights the economic data to show the trade and investment flow between the PRC and the EU. The third section lists the main compliance rules for entering into the European single market and the Netherlands. The fourth section will offer predictions for the near future followed by conclusions.
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Pirtskhalava, Nana, e Aleksandr Karpov. "INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN FOREST INDUSTRY". Forestry Engineering Journal 9, n. 4 (13 gennaio 2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2019.4/18.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Russia is the richest country with forest resources. It accounts for 22 % of the world's forest cover and half of the world's coniferous wood reserves. According to forecasts, the demand for commercial wood will increase by about 150 million cubic meters by 2030. There is only one real source – Russia's reserves. Reserves today amount to more than 83 billion cubic meters. For enterprises of the Arkhangelsk region, the main markets for woodworking products are China, the USA, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Egypt. Based on this, the study has formed a logistic export system for three transportation options. In addition, studies have been carried out on the basis of UNCTAD, EUROSTAT and FAO materials, as well as SEARATES technical and economic data. When choosing a logistics system option, an integrated economic assessment of costs by components has been used: material flow, information flow, and logistics intermediaries. The study has examined six potential routes for delivering timber between ports in East Asia (Shanghai) and Europe (Rotterdam). Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions can be drawn. The study has addressed the issue of transportation along the Northern Sea Route (HIAR). Transportation along this route is possible only in the event of global warming and accelerated retreat of the Arctic sea ice. The economic strength for distance savings from Asia to Europe makes the northern route a likely driver of change in transportation networks
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Egshig, Shagdarsuren. "The Silk Road as a Model for the BRI". Acta Mongolica 21, n. 541 (2023): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/am.202301.06.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Roads are dynamic. Among various trade roads such as the Great Inka Road, Steppe Road, Silk Road, Tea Horse Road, Tea Road and Maritime Porcelain Road, the Silk Road has been raised three times in its history. Nomads and merchant communities on Silk Road moved more frequently, they had more opportunities to make pathways. The Mongols established their horse courier stations (Mongolian: örtöö) in the vast Eurasian plain during the Mongolian Empire. Through the courier service, letters, oral messages and news passed extremely rapidly. The Mongolian Khans or emperors created a management of trade routes across different countries, providing and protecting peace on the territory. They established the Pax Mongolia (Mongol Peace) in various countries. During the time of Mongol Peace, many different commodities, methods of trade, forms of international trade, forms of financial instruments and new payment facilities were originated along the Silk Road. The Mongols “globalized” the world at that time. Nowadays the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is adopting similar operations in its current foreign and economic policies. In 2013, the Chinese president announced the “Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road” strategy; the term was further abbreviated as to the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) expressing a comprehensive economic structure for the land-based economies of Eurasia and sea routes to Europe, Africa and other Asian ports. The concept of the historical Silk Road stays behind the the BRI initiative.
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Shaoxin, Dong. "Research Statement: Portuguese–Dutch Conflicts and the Macao–Nagasaki Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century". Itinerario 37, n. 3 (dicembre 2013): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511531300082x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Macao–Nagasaki connection in the early seventeenth century involved a complex set of interrelationships with regard to trade, mission, cultural intercourse, and other important topics between China, Japan, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands. The rise to importance of Macao and Nagasaki was the result of the interruption of Sino–Japanese trade relations and the policy adjustments by the governments of China and Japan to bring the Portuguese under their control and administration. One of the main differences between Macao and Nagasaki was that the former remained a Portuguese settlement for centuries, while the latter was an enclave first of the Portuguese and later of the Dutch. This short article, mainly based on secondary sources by C. R. Boxer, Leonard Blussé, and others, is a tentative study of the international relations in East Asia and their changes after the appearance of the Portuguese and the Dutch in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.Two important facts make the sixteen-century international relations in East Asia different from the situation before: the appearance of the Portuguese in this area and the deterioration of Sino–Japanese relations.For the first thirty years after the Portuguese arrived on the coast of Guangdong in 1514, encounters between them and the Chinese were rife with misunderstandings and conflicts, because Portugal was not a tributary country of China; the Portuguese were totally new to the Chinese. As the Portuguese could not establish formal commercial relations with China, in order to acquire Chinese goods they sought close relations with Chinese and later Japanese smugglers and pirates. They even engaged in the slave trade, which gave them a very bad name in China.
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Hu, Luoming, Changqing Song, Sijing Ye e Peichao Gao. "Spatiotemporal Statistical Imbalance: A Long-Term Neglected Defect in UN Comtrade Dataset". Sustainability 14, n. 3 (26 gennaio 2022): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031431.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The bilateral trade data provided by the United Nations International Trade Statistics Database are some of the most authoritative trade statistics and have been widely used in many research fields. Here, we propose a new form of inconsistency in its records, namely statistical imbalance, which refers to the phenomenon of inequality between the import or export trade value of a commodity category and the total value of all its subcategories. We investigated the frequency and spatial-temporal patterns of the statistical imbalances of 15 reporters (i.e., Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, the Netherlands, the Rep. of Korea, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United States of America, and Vietnam) from 1996–2016 and explored their distributional differences in commodity categories with a co-clustering algorithm. The results show that statistical imbalance is widespread with obvious clustering patterns. Trade records related to specific categories such as fossil fuels, pharmaceuticals, machinery, and unspecified commodity categories presented severe statistical imbalances, which may lead to erroneous trade research results. Since statistical imbalance is difficult to detect in studies focusing only on specific commodity categories, we suggested that researchers should prescreen the data for statistical imbalance to ensure the validity of their results.
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Chowdhury, Tonmoy, e A. K M Nazrul Islam. "China’s trade in climate smart goods: an analysis of trends and trading patterns". Environmental Economics 9, n. 3 (29 agosto 2018): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.09(3).2018.02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Trade and investment have positive effects on economic growth and development, especially for developing countries, where trade openness could play a crucial role to eliminate poverty. But in the same way trade and investment can also harm the environment by producing GHG, pollutions and other environmental negative externalities. Since economic development, trade and environment are elaborately interconnected, it is indispensable to amalgamate environmentally affiliated issues on the development agenda. With expansion of economic activities and trade on the one hand and consequent threats to the environment on the other, the question of environment-friendly trade has emerged as a serious policy agenda in recent years. In that context, trade in climate smart goods (CSGs) is assumed to play a significant role in promoting sustainable development pathway. Given that China’s global trade is expanding at an unprecedented scale, the present paper is designed to analyze the trends and trading patterns of China’s trade in CSGs with the rest of the world. Based on the collected data covering the period of 1992 to 2016 from UN Comtrade, the analyses indicate that total trade in CSGs by China has been increasing, but its share in total trade volume is still very low. It is understood that China’s exports and imports of CSGs are dominated by a few products, namely photosensitive semiconductor devices (854,140), static converters (850,440), articles of plastic and arts of other material (392,690), photovoltaic system controller (853,710), discharge lamps, fluorescent (853,931), parts of electric motors, generators, generating sets and rotary converters (850,300), machine and mechanical appliance (847,989), other lead-acid accumulators (850,720), prism, mirrors and other optical elements unmounted (900,190), cooking appliances and plate warmers (732,111), gears and gearing, other than toothed wheels (848,340), other machinery, plant and equipment (841,989), filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for gases (842,139), etc. While the major trading partners of China for CSGs are the USA, Japan, India, Malaysia, Germany, Korea Republic, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Russia, Brazil, Australia, Pakistan, Israel, among others.
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Suraeva, Natalia. "PUSHKIN AND CHINA". Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 17, n. 1 (10 marzo 2021): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2021-17-1-145-160.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The literary heritage of Alexander Pushkin is well known to a wide range of readers. A line in a letter to Count A. Benckendorff, written in January 1830 and in which Pushkin asks permission to let him go to China, attracts attention. The purpose of the article is to try to find out what reasons prompted Pushkin to make such a request. It is essential to understand the age during which the poet lived. The fascination with Chinese culture came to Russia from France, which significantly impacted Russia’s life in the 18th–19th centuries. Chinese goods, the so-called Chinese rarities, began to appear in Russia even during Peter I’s reign, who often gave orders to buy them for the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera. Exotic things from China were delivered to St. Petersburg by caravans from Beijing through Siberia and the Urals or by sea on ships of the East India Company through Western Europe. Empress Catherine II set the fashion for interiors in the Chinese style: the Chinese Palace (1762–1768) appeared in Oranienbaum; Chinese buildings, the largest complex of buildings in the Chinese style, appeared in Tsarskoe Selo. There, in Tsarskoe Selo, in 1811, Emperor Alexander I established the Imperial Lyceum, in which Alexander Pushkin studied, and where, undoubtedly, the poet’s first encounter with the Middle Kingdom occurred. At this time, Russian periodicals also paid much attention to China. In them, articles about the trade of Europeans in China, about porcelain and silk factories, as well as about the wisdom of Chinese rulers and moral instructions for posterity began to be published. Pushkin read a lot and could not have been unaware of these publications. The acquaintance of Pushkin with monk Father Iakinf (N. Bichurin), an outstanding Russian sinologist, had a significant influence on the poet. Father Iakinf was appointed the Head of the ecclesiastic mission in Beijing in 1807 and lived there until 1821. As the examination of Pushkin’s library shows, the poet had Bichurin’s books about China. Also, he read Jean-Baptiste Du Halde’s book The General History of China in the Russian translation known at that time. As the study shows, Pushkin was interested in China and was going to visit it; however, fate had its own plans.
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Yang, Yimin, Lihua Wang, Shuya Wei, Guoding Song, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Tiqiao Xiao, Jian Zhu e Changsui Wang. "Nondestructive Analysis of Dragonfly Eye Beads from the Warring States Period, Excavated from a Chu Tomb at the Shenmingpu Site, Henan Province, China". Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, n. 2 (7 febbraio 2013): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612014201.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractDragonfly eye beads are considered to be the earliest types of glass objects in China, and in the past have been considered as evidence of culture interaction or trade between West and East Asia. In this article, synchrotron radiation microcomputed tomography and μ-probe energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence were used to determine the chemical composition, microstructure, and manufacturing technology of four dragonfly eye beads, excavated from a Chu tomb at the Shenmingpu site, Henan Province, China, dated stylistically to the Middle and Late Warring State Period (475 bc–221 bc). First, a nondestructive method was used to differentiate the material types including faience (glazed quartz), frit, glazed pottery (clay ceramic), and glass. Three beads were identified as faience and one bead as glazed pottery. The glaze recipe includes quartz, saltpeter, plant ash, and various copper, and is classified as belonging to the K2O-CaO-SiO2 glass system, which indicates that these beads were not imported from the West. Based on computed tomography slices, the manufacturing technology of the faience eye beads appears to include the use of an inner core, molding technology, and the direct application glazing method. These manufacturing features are consistent with the techniques used in China during this same time period for bronze mold-casting, proto-porcelain, and glass.
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Gusakov, Nikolai P., e Mariia V. Maslova. "Russia and Kazakhstan: range and dynamics of relations in the conditions of increasing interdependence of national economies". RUDN Journal of Economics 27, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2019): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-3-455-465.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article reveals the changing role of Russia in Kazakhstan’s economy, identifies its position in trade, investment and humanitarian assistance to the country. The economic potential of Kazakhstan is described, the sectors of the economy most attractive to foreign investors are presented. The main countries seeking to increase their presence in Kazakhstan are identified, their place and role in trade and direct investment in Kazakhstan are compared. The separation of spheres of influence in the country is revealed. It is noted that the EU countries are the leading trade partners of Kazakhstan, but the largest imports to the country come from Russia, in the first place in investments are the Netherlands, then the United States. The most active humanitarian aid to Kazakhstan is provided by China, which pursues an active social policy. The article also analyzes the dynamics of changes in the role of Russia, it is revealed that the country is gradually losing its degree of influence in Kazakhstan, however, at the moment it still remains its main strategic partner.
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Chen, Wei, e Xiquan Zhao. "Understanding Global Rice Trade Flows: Network Evolution and Implications". Foods 12, n. 17 (2 settembre 2023): 3298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12173298.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rice holds a significant position as one of the world’s most important food crops, and international trade plays a crucial role in regulating rice supply and demand. Analyzing the structural evolution of the global rice trade from a network perspective is paramount for understanding the global rice-trade supply chain and ensuring global food security. This study utilizes international rice-trade data from 2000 to 2021 and employs various network analysis methods to depict the spatial and temporal patterns of the global rice trade, examines the network topologies of the global rice trade, and reveals the impacts of its evolution on food security. The research findings are as follows: (1) Global rice-trade scale has increased over time, indicating a relatively stable development with the gradual formation of complex rice-trade networks. Since 2000, the global rice-trade networks have shown increasing density characterized by Asia as the primary export source and Africa as an important import market. (2) Network analysis indicators demonstrate a growing trend in the size and density of the global rice-trade networks, along with increasingly optimized network structures and improved network connectivity efficiency. Core positions in the networks are occupied by Thailand, Vietnam, India, China, Pakistan, and the United States, while import partners in European and American countries, such as Germany, France, UK, Canada, The Netherlands, and Belgium, show greater diversification. Asia, Europe, and North America form agglomeration regions for rice-exporting countries. Additionally, importing and exporting countries in the global rice-trade networks exhibit certain geographical concentrations. (3) The network backbones of the global rice trade are continuously evolving and being refined, characterized by dominant large rice-exporting countries in Asia and prominent developed countries in Europe and North America. The backbone structures revolve around India as the core, Thailand and Pakistan as the second cores, and critical nodes represented by Italy, the United States, China, and Vietnam. Regional backbone networks have also formed in Asia and Europe. Based on these findings, this paper clarifies the complex network characteristics of the global rice trade and offers insights to promote international rice-trade cooperation and safeguard global food security.
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Bywalec, Grzegorz. "Dynamics and determinants of trade exchange between the European Union and India". Optimum. Economic Studies, n. 3(101) (2020): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.03.101.10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose – This article attempts to identify and assess trade exchange between the European Union and India, including an indication of the main determinants of the process. Research method – Descriptive analysis based on numerical data from various statistical sources together with a review of specialist literature. Results – Trade exchange between the EU and India is particularly important for India. Exports to the EU account for around 17-20% of Indian exports in total. On the other hand, the EU’s share in Indian imports amounts to 10-12% of all imported goods. Trade with India looks different from the EU side. India’s share in both exports and imports presents a margin for EU trade in goods of 2-3%. The share of services in the trade between the EU and India is high. It accounts for 25-30% of mutual turnover. These are usually modern services based on the offshoring principles, such as IT, business, transport, consulting, science, and tourism. Among the European Union Member States, India’s main trading partners in goods are Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Italy. These six countries account for ca. 85% of the EU-India trade exchange. In 2007, negotiations started to create an EU-India Free Trade Area. Due to the large differences in the positions of both parties, these discussions were not finalised and were subsequently suspended in 2013. However, after the reactivation of talks in 2016, there is still a possibility for the creation of an EU-India Free Trade Area of 1.8 billion people. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – At the beginning of the 21 st century, in terms of GDP (according to PPP), the European Union (understood as one economic entity) became the second largest economic power globally (after China), while India advanced to fourth position (after China, the EU and the USA). An analysis of trade exchange between these two economic powers allows for a clearer understanding of the modern global economy, as well as the processes and mechanisms of its functioning.
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Tvrdoň, Oldřich, Radmila Presová, Andrea Živělová e Iva Konečná. "Demands for business activities in Chinese people’s Republic". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, n. 6 (2010): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060587.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article deals with the possibilities of doing business on Chinese market typical for its geographical spaciousness and populousness. There is also included an overview of China’s position in relation to 12 selected EU-countries. It is shown that four of 12 selected countries (Hungary, Slovakia, United Kingdom and Poland) do not export to China while People’s Republic of China exports into all 12 countries. Dividing the exports to China between the counties, Netherlands stands on the top with the share of 11.54% while Austria participates on the total exports only by 2.47%. In relation to the Czech Republic, China’s share on its imports is 10.05%, and only 0.74% on the export. Although the passive balance decreased by 16 232 bill. CZK, in 2009, the balance remains negative. This article looks in detail on the specific standards required by Chinese authorities when Czech company wants to open a representative office there. Also the costs for exhibiting on a machinery-specialized trade fair are calculated. The paper specifies the total time needed to deal with formalities concerning establishing a joint venture and receiving a building permit to build a new plant or reconstruct existing facilities. The financial expenses for a trade fair participation and opening a representative office are average values received from discussion with the top managers of Czech machinery companies exporting their goods or running a production-focused joint venture in the People’s Republic of China.
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Niu, Xiaoyu, Wei Chen e Nyuying Wang. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Topological Evolution of the Global Crude Oil Trade Network". Energies 16, n. 4 (9 febbraio 2023): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041728.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The high separation of crude oil supply and demand markets has led to the formation of a global crude oil trading system. This paper constructs global crude oil trade networks, integrates macro, meso, and micro network analysis methods, combines geospatial visualization techniques, and then portrays the spatiotemporal patterns and topological evolution of the global crude oil trade networks. Thus, it attempts to dig deeper into the world crude oil competition and cooperation links and evolution laws and provides a scientific reference for a comprehensive understanding of the global crude oil market dynamics. The results show that: (1) After three fluctuations of increase and decrease since 2000, the global crude oil trade volume is entering the adjustment period, and the scale of the crude oil market is rising slowly. (2) The international crude oil trade has formed trade network patterns with complex structures, clear hierarchy and unbalanced distribution. The “rich club” phenomenon is significant, with large trading countries dominating the trade network. (3) The scale and density of the global crude oil trade network show a trend of increasing and then decreasing, the network agglomeration pattern becoming more obvious, the inter-nodal links continuously strengthening, and the network connectivity improving. (4) The global crude oil trade networks are characterized by core–periphery structures, and the polarization effect is significant. The US, Russia, China, Japan, the Netherlands, and South Korea hold the core positions in the crude oil trade network, and the major importing countries have become the dominant forces in the trade network. In addition, we present policy suggestions for different types of countries for energy transformation and security in the global trade market system, which can be used as a reference for policymakers.
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Kim, Eun-Kyoung. "Expansion of Japanese Ceramic Industry in Manchuria and Colonial Exploitation in the Early 20th Century". Korean Journal of Art History 321 (31 marzo 2024): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31065/kjah.321.202403.004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty and into the early Republic of China, the ceramics industry, a vital component of China’s economy, faced stagnation. In response, the central government embarked on modernization efforts to rejuvenate the industry, achieving tangible progress such as establishing modern systems through the Porcelain Company. Despite these efforts, Japan aggressively exported goods to China, aiming to expand its trade and dominate the Chinese market. Additionally, the ceramics department within the central laboratory of the South Manchurian Railway Company was established to mass-produce ceramics for heavy chemical use, utilizing resources from Manchuria to meet the substantial material demands for foreign invasions. Furthermore, modern Japanese apprenticeships were extended to Chinese laborers to meet the daily ceramic needs of Japanese residents in the northeastern region. Thus, on the surface, the ceramics industry in the Northeast appeared to have expanded in various aspects.The Chinese ceramics industry underwent significant changes in production scale, distribution, technology, and infrastructure. However, these developments were not the result of natural growth but rather arose from the allocation of raw materials and products essential for Japan’s ceramics sector. Moreover, they were fueled by the harsh exploitation of laborers in the northeastern ceramics industry, serving as a key aspect of Japan’s broader strategy of mass colonization.
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Husin, Saleh, Chandra Wijaya, Hanief Saha Ghafur, Eugenia Mardanugraha e T. M. Zakir Machmud. "Indonesian's Position in the World Vegetable Oil Trade". Economics Development Analysis Journal 12, n. 4 (8 dicembre 2023): 472–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v12i4.75154.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Indonesia's position as the largest vegetable oil producer is very strong in the world trade. Nonetheless, the Netherlands and Malaysia trade the Indonesian palm oil, which leads to a significant generation of profits. This research demonstrates the role of Indonesia in the global trade of vegetable oil. It illustrates the rivalry among vegetable oil producers and exporters and the dependence of vegetable oil importers on Indonesia. The annual volume data of vegetable oil production, export, and import sourced from FAO STAT in 2010-2020 were used. The data were processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Palm oil is the most widely acquired vegetable oil. The production of this oil is plentiful, and its price is the most economical compared to other vegetable oils. Soybean oil was the main competitor of palm oil, with the primary producers being China and the United States. The negative campaign against Indonesian palm oil could not weaken Indonesia's competitiveness in the global vegetable oil trade. Indonesia should limit palm oil exports to Europe and Malaysia while increasing exports to countries that only use it for domestic consumption. Coconut oil had the most potential to increase vegetable oil production in Indonesia. Indonesia's prominence in the global trade of edible oil is supreme. However, this preeminent status may be deteriorated by nations engaged in the commerce of Indonesian palm oil. Therefore, Indonesia should continuously update the world vegetable oil trade map to emphasize the point and level of export elevation or reduction. Indonesia should also develop and increase the production of other vegetable oil products to strengthen its position in the world's oil trade.
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Chaudhuri, K. N. "Precious metals and mining in the New World: 1500–1800". European Review 2, n. 4 (ottobre 1994): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001186.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The discovery of large quantities of gold and silver in the New World following the voyage of Christopher Columbus had a major impact on the subsequent history of the world economy. These two precious metals together with copper were regarded as the standard and measure of value in all societies throughout history. The sudden increase in the supply of gold and silver greatly increased the capacity of individual countries such as Spain and Portugal to finance wars and imports of consumer goods. The new Spanish coin, the real of eight, became an international currency for settling trade balances, and large quantities of these coins were exported to the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and China to purchase oriental commodities such as silk piece goods, cotton textiles, industrial raw material such as indigo, and various kinds of spices, later followed by tea, coffee, and porcelain. The trade in New World gold and silver depended on the development of new and adequate mining techniques in Mexico and Peru to extract the ore and refine the metal. South German mining engineers greatly contributed to the transplantation of European technology to the Americas, and the Spanish-American silver mines utilised the new mercury amalgamation method to extract refined silver from the raw ores. Although the techniques used in Mexico and Peru were not particularly advanced by contemporary European standards, the American mine owners remained in business for more than three hundred years, and the supply of American silver came to be the foundation of the newly rising Indian Ocean world economy in the 17th and 18th centuries.