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Articoli di riviste sul tema "China – Social conditions – 1949-1976"
1
Yan, Tony, e Michael R. Hyman. "Nationalistic appeals and consumer boycotts in China, 1900-1949". Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 12, n. 4 (8 ottobre 2020): 503–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-08-2019-0030.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore how nationalistic appeals may affect consumers’ perception and purchasing of targeted brands. Qualitative historical data from old China (1900–1949) reveal that social movement groups can adopt nationalistic appeals assisted by meaning framing – defined as a creative interpretation of symbols, designs, behaviors, social events and cultural identities to serve social and political goals – to shape consumers’ attitudes toward foreign brands. After examining the mechanisms and processes underlying consumer boycotts from 1900 to 1949, the responsive strategies of affected foreign companies are illustrated. Design/methodology/approach Critical historical research method is applied to historical data and historical “traces” from China’s corporate documents, memoirs, posters, advertisements, newspapers and secondhand sources documenting Chinese boycotts from 1900 to 1949. Findings Consumers may pursue interests beyond economic interests. Nationalistic appeals can mobilize consumer boycotts against foreign brands that were perceived to support or relate to targeted countries. Political framing of certain events shapes consumers’ perceptions and concomitant brand choices. Research limitations/implications Although differences between historical and current contexts may require tailoring past marketing strategies to current conditions, past strategies can inform current and future strategies. Practical implications Strategies adopted by foreign companies in old China (1900–1949) can help contemporary companies design effective marketing strategies for a hostile marketplace infused with nationalistic appeals and competing interests. Social implications Although local companies can adopt economic or political nationalism to realize their economic goals, it represents a double-edged sword that can harm national brands. Originality/value A historical analysis of nationalistic business appeals in pre-1949 China can inform the counterstrategies modern companies adopt to overcome consumer boycotts.
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Svirchev, L., Y. Li, L. Yan, C. He e B. L. Ma. "(A37) Characteristics and Evaluation of China's Earthquake Disaster Management Systems". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (maggio 2011): s11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000501.
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BackgroundThis presentation summarizes our ongoing hybrid sociological-geological research into China's earthquake disaster management systems. Our methodology is a grounded research approach, based firstly on field observations related to the Wenchuan earthquake, including interviews with survivors and professionals responsible for disaster management; secondly on an extensive review of the English-language disaster management literature. China's earth scientists, frequently in collaboration with international scientists, have created a substantial English-language literature, but the social literature on disasters in China is scant. China's geographic variation is complex, with significant fault lines criss-crossing the nation.DiscussionApproximately half of the population lives in areas with a high risk of earthquakes. The two most-devastating of these since 1949 were the 1976 point-source Tangshan earthquake with mortality of 242,419, and the 2008 huge-area Wenchuan earthquake with mortality of 69,226. Our research has found that China's earthquake disaster management systems at the local, provincial, and national levels respond rapidly to earthquakes. National mobilization for rescue-relief after the Tangshan earthquake began within six hours, and within two hours for the Wenchuan earthquake. These systems are also characterized by reconstruction planning that functions in parallel to, and melds into, the relief effort streams. China's major infrastructure projects, such as hydro-electric power dams, are designed to resist extreme earthquake; however, rural mountain populations and the historic built-environment have low earthquake resistance, conditions which will endure for a long time.ConclusionsAs a result of the Wenchuan earthquake, China has undertaken ambitious three-dimensional monitoring and response programs. We recommend studies and action to reconnoiter, investigate, and prevent population exposure to geo-hazards, particularly in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In summary, China excels at disaster response but has not yet entered a development era of preventing the population's exposure to earthquake hazards.
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Li, Shoubo, Yan Zhao, Yongping Wei e Hang Zheng. "Evolution of the vegetation system in the Heihe River basin in the last 2000 years". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, n. 8 (28 agosto 2017): 4233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4233-2017.
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Abstract. The response of vegetation systems to the long-term changes in climate, hydrology, and social–economic conditions in river basins is critical for sustainable river basin management. This study aims to investigate the evolution of natural and crop vegetation systems in the Heihe River basin (HRB) over the past 2000 years. Archived Landsat images, historical land use maps and hydrological records were introduced to derive the long-term spatial distribution of natural and crop vegetation and the corresponding biomass levels. The major findings are that (1) both natural and crop vegetation experienced three development stages: a pre-development stage (before the Republic of China), a rapid development stage (Republic of China – 2000), and a post-development stage (after 2000). Climate and hydrological conditions did not show significant impacts over crop vegetation, while streamflow presented synchronous changes with natural vegetation in the first stage. For the second stage, warmer temperature and increasing streamflow were found to be important factors for the increase in both natural and crop vegetation in the middle reaches of the HRB. For the third stage, positive climate and hydrological conditions, together with policy interventions, supported the overall vegetation increase in both the middle and lower HRB; (2) there was a significantly faster increase in crop biomass than that of native vegetation since 1949, which could be explained by the technological development; and (3) the ratio of natural vegetation to crop vegetation decreased from 16 during the Yuan Dynasty to about 2.2 since 2005. This ratio reflects the reaction of land and water development to a changing climate and altering social–economic conditions at the river basin level; therefore, it could be used as an indicator of water and land management at river basins.
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bellah, robert n. "what is axial about the axial age?" European Journal of Sociology 46, n. 1 (aprile 2005): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975605000032.
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the idea of an axial age in the mid-first millennium b.c. has a long history but was crystallized by karl jaspers in his 1949 book the meaning and goal of history. since then, voegelin, eisenstadt and many others have contributed to clarifying the four cases of axial “breakthrough”, to use jaspers's term, namely ancient israel, greece, india, and china. a number of significant background conditions — economic, social, and political — have been identified that indicate dramatic social change all across the old world, but there is no clear indication of the causal relation of these changes to the emergence of strikingly new cultural-religious formations. this article uses categories derived from the work of merlin donald to argue that in all four cases “theoretic” culture was applied to the reformulation of basic cultural premises, though “mimetic” and “narrative” traditions that had been central in older civilizations continued to be significant, but reformulated in the light of the new theoretic understandings. the four cases, however, are far from homogeneous. they show such differences between them that we can speak of “multiple axialities”, as we have come to speak of “multiple modernities”.
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Su, Zhixin. "Teaching, Learning, and Reflective Acting: A Dewey Experiment in Chinese Teacher Education". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 98, n. 1 (settembre 1996): 126–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146819609800104.
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This article illustrates how Tao Xingzhi, a former student of John Dewey at Columbia University and a most prominent figure in the modern Chinese history of education, boldly experimented with Dewey's philosophy in Chinese teacher education. Turning a “half somersault” of Dewey's theories to conform to the social and educational conditions in China in the 1920s, Tao transformed Dewey's “school as society” into his “society as school,” Dewey's “education as life” into his “life as education,” and Dewey's “learning by doing” into his principle of the “unity of teaching, learning, and reflective acting.” On the basis of these principles, Tao established the famous Morning Village Normal School in a small rural area in Nanjing, China. The Normal School served as both a base for preparing rural teachers and a center for village renewal: The students learned to run village schools by running village schools and the whole village became a learning community. Although Tao's experiment in the Morning Village lasted only for three years due to political pressures and military intervention, his efforts represented the most thorough and creative implementation of the Dewey philosophy in Chinese teacher education. Widely recognized as a viable solution to problems in Chinese teacher education and rural education and an avenue for national development and reconstruction, the Normal School was reestablished in 1949 and has continued to serve as a national experimental site for teacher education reform in China.
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Luo, Bangju. "The Economic Achievement of China's Education Linking with South Korea". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (7 febbraio 2023): 2124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4658.
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This article introduces the development history of China's education model since 1949 and South Korea's education model since the 1950s. In the paragraph, the influence of the two countries’ social culture, economic conditions, and political policies are brought into the discussion of the educational development route. Then, based on China's development model, compare the different experiences of the two countries and explore the possible development direction and potential. In this comparative study, the article points to the relevant success of Chinese education. The leading principles and more radical policies of the revolutionary era have helped the whole nation's primary education and improved the inequality of women's education to a certain extent. For Korean society, there have also vigorously developed basic education and achieved outstanding results in reducing illiteracy. At the same time, they also received guidance from western education policies and assistance from educational materials. This article shows three aspects that have an essential impact on education. First, due to the social influence that men are superior to women, equality of educational opportunities for women in South Korea is challenging. Second, Korean students face higher pressure than Chinese students to obtain admission notices from excellent universities. Third, China and South Korea's economic development must face international economic development. Both countries' success and attention to education will improve the path of sustainable economic development.
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Wu, Shangguang, Yexi Zhong, Shuming Bao, Wenhui Wang e Tanyue Nie. "The Evolution of the Spatial Distribution Pattern of Mosques in the Kashgar Region from 1955 to 2004". Religions 14, n. 2 (6 febbraio 2023): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14020216.
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The spatial differences in the distribution of mosques reflect to a certain extent the diversity of the interaction between natural and human elements and Islamic beliefs in different geographic spaces. The Kashgar region of Xinjiang is one of the most developed regions of Islamic culture in China, its dominant religion is Islam, and the survival of Islamic culture in the region has a long history. The development of Islam in the region, after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, was influenced by the religious policy of Chinese Socialism, and the spatial distribution of mosques in the region has changed significantly. However, the distribution pattern of mosques in the spatial features of the region that had been especially indicated by the transformations in religious practice on the development of Islam impacted by geographical conditions and social factors has been less explored. Based on the Chinese Religious Digital Map dataset provided by the China Information Center at the University of Michigan, mathematical statistics and spatial analyses are used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of mosques in the Kashgar region from 1955 to 2004, and the causes of the pattern characteristics in the context of the historical background of the study period. The results show that, during the study period, the spatial clustering of mosques occurred mainly in the northwestern and central parts of the Kashgar region. In all districts and counties, the number of mosques had increased and there was a growing gap in the number of mosques. Islam in the area had been well developed and the trend of spatially concentrated distribution of mosques had been increasing. The mosques in the region are mostly clustered in areas with gentle terrain, rivers and a dense population. In terms of the causes affecting the spatial distribution pattern of mosques in the Kashgar region, geographical conditions and population were the underlying factors that set the basic pattern for the location of mosques. In addition, the different effects of social factors, such as the improvement of productivity, the administrative system, religious management policies, and the historical background on the development of Islam in the area had led to a variation in the development of Islam, thus causing changes in the spatial distribution pattern of mosques in the area. In the period from 1976 to 1992, for example, the end of the Cultural Revolution and the shift in China’s foreign policy had a very major impact on Islam so that during this period the spatial distribution pattern of mosques varied the most in the area. This research has implications for learning about the spread of Islam in the Kashgar region after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and the changes in the spatial distribution of mosques, and the causes of such variations.
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Liu, Woyu. "A Social History of Maoist China. Conflict and Change, 1949–1976". Europe-Asia Studies 72, n. 10 (25 novembre 2020): 1773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2020.1847874.
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Chiang (江柏煒), Bo-wei. "The Relationship between Translocal Chinese and their Hometowns (1920s–40s): The View from “Shining” Monthly of Jushan, Quemoy (跨境華僑及其僑鄉社會∶以顯影僑刊為中心的考察(1920s–40s))". Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 10, n. 2 (20 ottobre 2016): 259–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-01002005.
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Quemoy is a famous overseas Chinese hometown in modern China. Since the 17th Century, Western colonial power expanded to South Asia, Southeast Asia, China and Japan, and drew these areas into the network of the global economy. The Quemoy Islands, situated outside Xinmen (Amoy)-port, were influenced by external and internal factors that shaped the region’s history of overseas migration. Emigrants from Quemoy brought radical changes back to their hometown, including social, economic, cultural and architectural impacts. These historical phenomena, usually described as expressions of “transnationalism,” are important foci of current research. This research tries to study the modernization of one overseas Chinese native hometown by investigating “Shining,” a monthly publication of Jushan village in Quemoy. “Shining” is one of the most comprehensive overseas Chinese publications and news reports in the world, however, it has received little academic attention. “Shining” published its first issue in September 1928, but publication was interrupted by the Second Sino-Japan War, between 1937–45. In April 1946, the publication resumed until the kmt retreated to Taiwan in 1949. The monthly publication had 21 volumes in total and recorded many historical materials, such as social life, overseas Chinese remittances, events, cultural changes and architectural activities during the 1920s–30s. It also reported political conditions and made criticisms of political issues between 1945–49. “Shining” conveyed progressive ideas and values to the people of Quemoy at that time. This paper will use “Shining” to study social change in the native hometown, including the economic connection between Quemoy and overseas areas, the formation and characteristics of overseas Chinese families, the interaction between folk society and colonial culture, the modification of everyday life and values, the changes in landscape and architecture. I attempt to examine the use of overseas Chinese newsletters to develop a new field of social history in the study of modern overseas Chinese native hometowns. 閩粵為近代中國著名的僑鄉，海外移民及歸僑眾多。華僑的出洋主要是經濟上的因素，他們匯款返鄉支持了家鄉家眷生計、教育、剬益、實業等層面的發展，促成了僑鄉社會的近代化。在昔日交通不便捷的情況下，海外僑居地與僑鄉之間的聯繫，經常必須仰賴僑刊或鄉訊的報導。這些刊物一般由各僑鄉宗族所辦，刊行於海外，讓華僑得以了解家鄉動態與相關事聞。不過由於國共戰爭、文化大革命之故，多數僑刊沒有保存下來。 本文擬以保存完整的僑刊福建金門珠山《顯影》（Shining）為例，一方面深入分析1928至1949年間（1937–45年間因戰爭停刊）《顯影》史料，一方面也從刊物內容中理解1920s–40s年代金門社會生活、治安狀況、海外鄉僑事蹟、僑匯經濟、實業發展、政治時局、文化變遷等主題。最後，進一步探究《顯影》的史料價值及其侷限，說明其對於僑鄉研究的重要性。 (This article is in English.)
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Fokov, A. P. "THE CODIFICATION OF CIVIL LAW IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (GENERAL PROVISIONS): HISTORY AND MODERNITY". Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, n. 2 (28 aprile 2018): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-2-128-135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this article, the author highlights the main historical stages of the codification of civil legislation in China, reveals the content of the "General provisions of the civil code of the PRC", which entered into force on October 1, 2017, predicts further prospects for the development of Chinese civil law institutions in modern economic conditions The author analyzes the historical stages of codification of a large array of Chinese civil legislation in the twentieth and early TWENTIETH centuries, shows its focus on borrowing Russia's experience in codification and improvement of civil legislation, and also takes into account international obligations related to the participation of the state in the WTO. The current doctrine that the Civil code is a kind of economic Constitution that is constantly evolving, not only in time but also in space, shows that in China the process of reforming civil legislation is slow and haste. Thus, it is significant that the procedures related to the preparation, discussion and adoption of the civil code of the PRC have historically developed over time: from the past to the present and, of course, to the future with the prospect of solving new social and economic problems on the basis of stable codified laws. Until now, the science of Russian civil law has not received full coverage of the processes of reforming the civil legislation after the formation of the people's Republic of China in 1949, and there is no answer to the legitimate question of, and for what reason have not been adopted by scientists developed the Draft Civil code of China (1954), (1962), (1979), (2002)? The author understands the complexity of the topic, but also draws attention to the fact that in recent years, between civil scientists and practitioners of China and Russia there is a tendency to intensify the development of General provisions and institutions of civil law in the context of international cooperation. But the question of whether it is possible to identify the stages of codification of the civil legislation of Russia and China is still open, because the historical features of China, the mentality of its citizens and traditions do not allow full use of the experience of Russia, which at one time proposed a new unified text of the Civil code in the context of WTO accession. The author focuses not only on the problems of understanding the historical stages of reforming China's civil legislation in time, but also its features in the space, when the codification of the General part and institutions of civil law is under the influence of the formation of a common judicial practice in a market economy. In the course of the research the author used analytical, formal and legal methods, abstraction method, which allowed to formulate conclusions on the conducted research. The author comes to the conclusion that the codification of civil legislation in China has a common historical relationship with Russia, but at the same time, and distinctive features, which are expressed in the content of the "General provisions of the civil code of the PRC" (hereinafter - the civil code of the PRC), which entered into force on October 1, 2017.
Tesi sul tema "China – Social conditions – 1949-1976"
1
Yip, Pui-wah, e 葉佩華. "A study of True Light Middle School's pioneering work in women's education, 1872-1949". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951582.
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Shi, Huangao. "Target-contingent protest : repertoires of labor contention in reform China". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1007.
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Chen, Lijian. "Urban housing policy and housing commercialization in socialist countries : China and Hungary". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28343.
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Housing was considered a public good rather than a marketable commodity at the early stage in the development of most socialist countries. Governments in those countries assumed full responsibility for urban housing finance, construction, allocation, management, maintenance and rehabilitation. A policy of low official rents and high subsidies was adopted as the method to ensure that all urban residents would have access to the state built housing stock. Success in solving the housing problem was to be a showpiece for the socialist countries. However, after approximately forty years of development of the socialist housing economy, many urban residents in countries such as China and Hungary still face severe housing problems. The governments in these two countries have initiated a variety of new efforts in recent years in an attempt to improve the living conditions of their urban residents. In spite of this, many urban housing problems persist and some are even becoming worse. In view of this situation, both governments have introduced new housing policies which recognize certain aspects of housing as a commodity within the socialist economy. A major aim of these new policies is to encourage individual financial participation in residential construction. This approach, commonly referred to as the policy of housing commercialization, is considered by government to be a feasible approach to resolving the tenacious urban housing problem and an effective means to significantly improve living conditions for all urban residents. By undertaking a comparative study of China's and Hungary's urban housing policies, housing delivery systems and housing problems, this research endeavours to describe and assess the rationale and other associated factors behind this housing policy transformation in both China and Hungary. In addition, this research examines the lessons of Hungary's housing policy reform and concludes with a set of policy recommendations for China's future urban housing efforts.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Huang, Jia. "Restructuring society : public health and social change in rural China, 1949-1976". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.567924.
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The goal of this study is to present a micro-level investigation into the development of rural public health in the political and social milieu of Maoist China, with evidence from two counties, Lingchuan and Lingui, in Guangxi Province in South China. It aims to understand how the extension of public health to the rural people helped shape their political and social existence in the modern era. During the first half of the twentieth century, the development of public health in China, which concentrated mostly in the urban towns, was inextricably integrated with the process of building a modern Chinese nation-state. In the realm of public health, the state managed to define its relationship with individual citizens through disseminating a universal system of scientific knowledge, directing disciplinary action, and imposing regulations. The connection between public health and government structure has inspired this study to trace the regulatory, administrative, and institutional role of state in public health activities, e.g., launching anti-epidemic campaign, giving vaccinations, and disseminating new ideas and methods in the countryside. Equally, this study is also concerned with the distinctiveness of the rural society, whose historical legacy had significantly shaped the modern development. During the mid-1950s to 70s, the state had exerted active efforts to legitimize traditional medicine. Consequently, mass mobilization at the local level was energized by adoption of traditional measures, for example, as in the programs of barefoot doctors and mass medication with herbal medicine. By observing the playing out of these practices in the local context, this study suggests that traditional medicine helped to sustain the involvement of local leadership and ethics in the new activities promoted by the state; and by extension, the interaction between the state and local communities in developing public health activities reflected the process of building local government, in which the power of the state and that of the communities were interacting and mutually reinforcing.
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Hao, Rui. "Regional Income Inequality in Post-reform China : Evolution, Causes and Policy Implications". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2008. http://195.221.120.247/simclient/consultation/binaries/stream.asp?INSTANCE=UCFRSIM&eidmpa=DOCUMENTS_THESES_125.
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Three decades of economic reforms yield remarkable economic growth in China. Yet the benefits of growth have not been evenly distributed across the country. This dissertation provides an up-to-date evaluation of the research and debates regarding China’s regional inequality. In addition to systematically reviewing and synthesizing the voluminous studies on this topic, we conduct various quantitative and qualitative analyses to explore the undiscovered issues in the literature. In Part 1, we examine how sensitive China’s regional inequality, in terms of its magnitude and trend, can be to different measurements. The evolution of uneven regional development indicates that both government policies and market forces play an important role in shaping regional inequality. Changes in China’s regional inequality in the reform period mirror a large number of elements of various economic theories. In Part 2, we apply two broad empirical approaches to investigate multiple and complex forces behind regional inequality step by step. It is argued that China is not an exception in that market mechanisms shape regional inequality as elsewhere. But the prominent role of government policies in triggering and enhancing regional inequality stands out as the Chinese character. To achieve “growth with equity”, China should not treat direct redistribution as a panacea. It should rather implement policies to propel and assist the market to function smoothly so as to accelerate spillover effects and generate self-sustaining growth in the backward interior regionsDepuis les réformes amorcées en 1978, la Chine a connu une croissance économique rapide. Cependant, les gains de cette croissance n’ont pas été équitablement distribués entre les provinces. Partant de ce constat, nous présentons un état des recherches et des débats concernant les inégalités régionales de revenus en Chine. Puis, à la suite de cette revue synthétique d’une littérature abondante sur ce sujet, nous procédons à diverses analyses quantitatives et qualitatives pour explorer des dimensions des inégalités régionales chinoises encore peu ou pas étudiées à ce jour. Dans la première partie, nous utilisons différentes mesures d’inégalités afin d’analyser la sensibilité des inégalités régionales en Chine, à la fois en termes d’ampleur et d’évolution. La trajectoire du développement régional chinois a été conjointement influencée par les politiques gouvernementales et les forces du marché. Nous constatons que l’évolution des inégalités régionales en Chine dans la période des réformes reflète de nombreux éléments, or ces derniers sont soulignés dans des théories économiques différentes. Dans la deuxième partie, nous appliquons deux grandes approches empiriques pour examiner des facteurs multiples et complexes qui sous-tendent les inégalités régionales. Les résultats soulignent que, concernant les mécanismes de marché, la Chine n'est pas une exception puisque partout ailleurs ils influencent aussi le développement régional. En revanche, les politiques gouvernementales ont eu un rôle très important dans le déclenchement et le renforcement de l’accroissement de l’écart de revenu entre provinces chinoises. Aussi, nous en concluons que, afin de réaliser « une croissance équitable », la Chine ne devrait pas avoir recours exclusivement à la redistribution directe. Elle devrait plutôt mettre en oeuvre des politiques permettant d’assurer et de faciliter le fonctionnement du marché afin d’accélérer les effets d’entraînement et d’engendrer une croissance autoentretenue dans les régions intérieures moins développées
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Hu, Cheng Gao. "L'image culturelle de la Chine actuelle de 1966 à 1984 : mutation, résistance aux changements". Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA070052.
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Jing, Xuewen. "La Croissance économique et le bonheur : le système de protection sociale en Chine et les idées inspirées de l'Europe". Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/150239548#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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La présente thèse se consacre au système de protection sociale en Chine et aux idées inspirées de l'Europe, plutôt au niveau des sciences sociales, non pour des méthodes techniques. Nous soutenons une place pour la protection sociale au cours de la modernisation chinoise. Actuellement, la question de la protection sociale est bien au cœur des débats de la société chinoise. Trois raisons pour expliquer cette attention sans précédent portée au système de protection sociale en Chine : premièrement, nous constatons souvent l'absence d’une politique de bien-être pour la population ; deuxièmement, la croissance économique amène un réveil idéologique, beaucoup de Chinois tournent leur regard vers certains problèmes sociaux pour construire une société démocratique sur laquelle un Etat providence peut s'établir ; troisièmement, l'histoire de l'Europe montre que la protection sociale est un investissement économique. Une société relativement juste grâce à un système de protection sociale complet est une base solide pour la construction économique. Le modèle social européen se distingue par un haut niveau de protection sociale. Mais le niveau du système chinois est trop bas, surtout dans de vastes régions rurales, il n'existe presque pas de protection sociale. La finalité de la croissance économique est de faire le bonheur de la population. Dans un contexte de mutations sociales radicales, la Chine doit rattraper son retard en matière de protection sociale par les fonctions de l’EtatThis thesis is dedicated to the welfare system in China and the inspired ideas of Europe, rather in the social sciences, not for technical methods. We support a role for social protection during the modernization of China. Currently the issue of social protection is at the heart of Chinese society. Three reasons for this unprecedented attention paid to social protection system in China : first, we often find the absence of a policy of welfare for the population and secondly, economic growth brings a revival of ideology, many Chinese turning their attention to certain social problems to build a democratic society that a welfare state can be established, and thirdly, the history of Europe shows that social protection is an economic investment. A relatively just society through a system of comprehensive social protection is a sound basis for economic construction. The European social model is distinguished by a high level of social protection. But the level of the Chinese system is too low, especially in vast rural areas, there is almost no social protection. The purpose of economic growth is to make the happiness of the population. In a context of radical social change, China needs to catch up on social protection by the functions of the State
8
Yu, Yifan. "Transformation de l'habitation à Shanghaï de 1949 à 2000 : une méthode d'approche de la morphologie". Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0245.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dans cette thèse, l'auteur prend pour objet d'étude l'évolution du logement urbain de Shangaï pendant cinquante ans, soit de la période de la libération de Shangaï à la fin du XXe siècle. A travers une analyse sur l'évolution et les caractéristiques de la transformation aux niveaux d'espace physique et non-physique de l'habitation shanghaïenne, on éclaircit les règles de la transformation de la morphologie de l'habitation dans des circonstances particulières telles que historique, sociale, économique et culturelle. Sur ce, on récapitule les facteurs ayant un réel effet sur le mécanisme intérieur de la transformation de la morphologie de l'habitation, en même temps, on s'applique à construire un nouveau champ de recherche ou une nouvelle théorie de "la méthode d'approche de la morphologie de l'habitation"In this paper, author try to reveal the characteristics and the regular pattern of the evolution of the habitation in Shangaï, through demonstration and analysis of the transformation of housing within the recent 50 years (from the liberation to the end of XX century). Base on the analysis both the aspect physical and non-physical, the paper emphasized on the critical factors such as historic phase, social environment, policy interference, economic system, and cultural tradition etc. . . Which constitute the foundation of the mechanisme of the housing transformation. Further more, the paper altempt to establish a new method of "morphology of habitation", as well as the framework of the theory
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Roux, Alain. "Ouvrières et ouvriers de Shanghai͏̈ à l'époque du Guomindang, 1927-1949". Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010636.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Alors qu'entre le 30 mai 1925 et le 12 avril 1927 les ouvriers de Shanghai avaient été des acteurs essentiels de la guerre civile chinoise, ils s'effacent durant les deux décennies qui suivent. La victoire des communistes en 1949 se fait sans leur participation directe. Le parti communiste chinois parle et agit en lieu et place de la classe ouvrière réelle. Il n'a jamais interrompu depuis lors cette fallacieuse prosopopée. Mon projet a été de donner la parole, au contraire, aux ouvrières et aux ouvriers de Shanghai. Je l'ai fait à partir d'une étude précise des grèves et des actions collectives qui leur tiennent lieu de discours. J'ai ainsi situé les travailleurs au niveau des ateliers, des usines, des rues et des quartiers populaires. Il m'est apparu, à la fin de ce long examen, que la classe ouvrière shanghaienne n'existait pas en tant que telle dans les années 1930. Il s'agissait plutôt d'un agrégat inconstitué de groupes d'hommes de femmes et d'enfants, réunis autour de contremaitres et d'entrepreneurs de main d'œuvre qui les ont recrutes sur une base micro-régionale. Sectes, sociétés secrètes, amicales locales et fraternités fractionnent cet ensemble sociologique en multiples sous-ensembles. Cependant une mutation lente et décisiveWhereas between the 1925 may 30 movement and the 1927 April 12 coup Shanghai workers had been leading actors of the Chinese civil war, they kept in the background during the two following decades. The communist takeover of 1949 happened without their direct participation. The PCC spoke and acted for and on the behalf of the real working class. My plan has been, on the contrary, to hand over to shanghai workers their right to speak. I did it from a precise research on strikes and labour conflicts which take the place of the speech they seldom deliver. Thus I located labourers in their workshops, factories, lanes and popular neighborhoods. At the end of that long survey, it seemed to me that the Shanghai working class did not actually existed in the 30s. It was rather a medley made of men, women and children engaged by labour bosses and foremen on regional basis. Sects, secret societies, local associations and land brotherhoods divided that sociological set in numerous and often conflicting subsets. Meanwhile, a slow and decisive mutation was operating in factories, workplaces and popular neighbourhoods, partly under the effect of a modern strategy of strikes initiated by early communist, then used skilfully by GMDconnected shop-stewards and labour bosses. That mutation was accelerated during the Sino-Japanese war when the labour control by GMD and secret societies was destroyed
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Pino, Angel. "Des salaires et de la répartition comme indicateurs des transformations sociales en Chine populaire : 1949-1989". Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA131003.
Testo completoLibri sul tema "China – Social conditions – 1949-1976"
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1949-, Fewsmith Joseph, a cura di. China today, China tomorrow: Domestic politics, economy, and society. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
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1955-, Zhang Jie, Li Xiaobing 1954- e International Symposium on Socio-Economic Transition and Cultural Re-construction in China (1997 : Georgia Southern University), a cura di. Social transition in China. Lanham: University Press of America, 1998.
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1959-, LaFleur Robert André, a cura di. China. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2010.
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Robert, Benewick, e Wingrove Paul, a cura di. China in the 1990s. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1999.
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B, Teather David C., Yee Herbert S e Campling Jo, a cura di. China in transition: Issues and policies. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
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Geoffrey, Murray. China: The next superpower : dilemmas in change and continuity. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.
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Zheng, Yushuo, e Chris King-chi Chan. China: A new stage of development for an emerging superpower. Kowloon, Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2012.
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Domenach, Jean-Luc. The emergence of modern China. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
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1939-, Rosenbaum Arthur Lewis, a cura di. State and society in China: The consequences of reform. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.
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Tʻien-tung, Hsüeh;, Li Qiang 1954- e Liu Shu-chʻeng 1945-, a cura di. China's provincial statistics, 1949-1989. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.
Cerca il testo completoCapitoli di libri sul tema "China – Social conditions – 1949-1976"
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"Social Conditions in the Countryside". In China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949, 115–31. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203015629-14.
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Teiwes, Frederick C. "Mao Zedong in Power (1949–1976)". In Politics in China, 72–117. 4a ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197683200.003.0003.
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Abstract From the founding of the PRC in 1949 to his death in 1976, Mao Zedong was the absolute ruler of China, albeit one whose role and behavior changed dramatically over time. In the initial period to 1956, Mao oversaw the transition to socialism in a manner largely adhering to Marxist precepts and Soviet methods, while delegating authoritative roles to top Party colleagues. From 1957 to 1965, Mao personally initiated major failed policies, most tragically the Great Leap Forward famine, which led to his criticism or removal of colleagues he relied on before 1957, but no widespread leadership purge. In the last decade of Mao’s life, the Cultural Revolution saw social and economic disruption, brutal treatment of many high-ranking leaders, Party members, and citizens, but also his efforts to mitigate excesses. Mao’s status as regime founder prevented any meaningful challenge to his authority during these “ten years of chaos.”
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"Children and Parenting". In Cultural China 2021: The Contemporary China Centre Review, 57–70. University of Westminster Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.16997/book69.e.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The four pieces of this chapter explore changing discourses of childhood and parenting in the PRC. Orna Naftali examines children and war education in the PRC during the Maoist era, showing the complex and continual debates between disparate views of childhood, pedagogy, and violence. Carl Kuber explores the connections between ideas about childhood in the 1950s and more recent child-oriented developments, such as the three-child policy, curtailing of after-school tutoring, new restrictions on videogaming. Jing Xu, drawing from her field research at a private Shanghai preschool, discusses some of the pressures and anxieties among middle class parents about raising a ‘good child’. Fei Huang looks at social media discourses about stay-at-home fathers in China and reflects on how this emergent gendered identity is represented in today’s digital China. Chapter Contents: 4.1 What is a ‘Good Child’? Raising Children in a Changing China Jing Xu 4.2 Chinese Childhoods, Then and Now Carl Kubler 4.3 Children and War Education in Maoist China (1949–1976) Orna Naftali 4.4 Social Media Discourse on Stay-at-Home Fathers in China: Full-Time Father, Part-Time Worker Fei Huang
Atti di convegni sul tema "China – Social conditions – 1949-1976"
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Fu, Yuzhu, e Cheng Yan. "The Performances of Chinese Peasants' new life -- In Propaganda Poster of China 1949--1976". In 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Economic Management and Social Science (IEMSS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iemss-17.2017.69.
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