Bibliografie tematiche / China Economic policy

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "China Economic policy"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 29 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "China Economic policy"

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Carrington, Greg, Balasundram Maniam e Geetha Subramaniam. "Is China Playing Fair with Its Economic and Trade Policy?" International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 6, n. 1 (febbraio 2015): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2015.v6.446.

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Sun, Han, Hyoung-Goo Kang e Zihan Qiao. "Economic Policy Uncertainty, Political Connections, and Total Factor Productivity in China". Korea International Trade Research Institute 20, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2024): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.20.1.202402.53.

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Purpose – This paper aims to elucidate the complex relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in the context of Chinese A-share listed companies, exploring how various factors influenced this relationship from 2008 to 2020. Design/Methodology/Approach – Our research design utilizes a comprehensive dataset from Chinese A-share listed companies across various sectors to explore the impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) on Total Factor Productivity (TFP). We analyze a range of factors, including pollution intensity, manufacturing status, market indices, institutional attention, analyst coverage, internal control mechanisms, and bank shareholding. Findings – The findings provide a nuanced understanding of how Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) impacts Total Factor Productivity (TFP) across Chinese A-share listed companies. Our analysis reveals that the influence of EPU on TFP is not uniform but varies significantly across different contexts, underscored by a variety of moderating factors. Among these, institutional attention and analyst coverage emerge as critical elements that shape the dynamics between EPU and TFP. Institutional attention, indicating the extent to which firms are monitored by regulatory bodies and investment institutions, plays a pivotal role in mitigating the negative effects of EPU. Research Implications – The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of strategic alignment in managing economic uncertainties. The study contributes to understanding the dynamics of economic policy uncertainties in a complex market like China, helping inform more effective policy and management strategies.
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Narayanan, Raviprasad. "Foreign Economic Policy-Making in China". Strategic Analysis 29, n. 3 (luglio 2005): 448–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2005.12049818.

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Huang, Yun, e Paul Luk. "Measuring economic policy uncertainty in China". China Economic Review 59 (febbraio 2020): 101367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101367.

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조정원. "Turkmenistan: Economic Development Policy and Economic Cooperation with China". Journal of Foreign Studies ll, n. 44 (giugno 2018): 515–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15755/jfs.2018..44.515.

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RenKeyao, Riaz Ahmad e Azeem Gul. "China-Laos Economic Corridor: Challenges for Regional and Policy Countermeasures". Global Economics Review III, n. II (30 dicembre 2018): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2018(iii-ii).07.

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This corridor is an important link between Chinas "the Belt and Road Initiative" and the strategy of Laos to turn "land-locked country" into "land-linked country". Continued to strengthen the construction of software and hardware facilities along the China-Laos economic corridor and promote the connectivity of the areas along the corridor, this research explores the channels of cooperation between China, Laos and third parties, starting with scientific and technological cooperation, carry out scientific diplomacy, and dissolve a series of remarks smearing Chinas "The Belt and Road Initiative" such as "Environmental Destruction Theory" and "Debt Trap Theory". Finally, through the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation system in order to construct this economic corridor, the overall situation of the facilities of the economic corridor construction project can be controlled. The research also finds whether Laos has benefited from the construction of the China-Laos economic corridor and to what extent.
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Rui, Li, Lina Sineviciene, Leonid Melnyk, Oleksandr Kubatko, Oleksandra Karintseva e Oleksii Lyulyov. "Economic and environmental convergence of transformation economy: the case of China". Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, n. 3 (22 agosto 2019): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.19.

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Rapid economic reforms and proper GDP growth in China has affected the regional development of Chinese provinces. This study aims to estimate the degree of economic and environmental disparities within Chinese provinces for developing policy recommendations of regional transformation. The reduced log-linear specification of endogenous growth model is used for the estimation of convergence rates within Chinese provinces. The empirical results prove that an increase of 1% in GDP per capita basic year reduces the economic growth rate by 0.1% in the reference year. Thus, the ratio of the average per capita income in the wealthiest group to poorest provinces accounted for the factor 9.6 in 1995 and factor 4.1 in the year 2015, which means a reduction of disproportionate development. Environmental convergence trends were also found and less polluted provinces eventually increase emissions at higher rates than the initially polluted ones. With the pass of time, all provinces do move to the same steady state in environmental parameters. The speed of the economic and environmental convergence in China provinces is rather slow, and the economic growth was achieved by great sacrifices of an environment, since all provinces are striving to the same steady state in terms of pollution increase. The industrialized regions due to the presence of significant financial resources should pay more attention to the protection of the environment using all the available economic potential. At the same time, both initially poor provinces and rich have to develop more profoundly agriculture, tourism, recreation, and other environmentally friendly industries to improve economic performance.
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Ho, Szu‐Yin, e Tse‐Kang Leng *. "Accounting for Taiwan's economic policy toward China". Journal of Contemporary China 13, n. 41 (novembre 2004): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067056042000281468.

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Knight, John, Yang Yao e Linda Yueh. "Economic Growth in China: Productivity and Policy". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 73, n. 6 (21 novembre 2011): 719–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00679.x.

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Adelman, Irma, e David Sunding. "Economic policy and income distribution in China". Journal of Comparative Economics 11, n. 3 (settembre 1987): 444–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(87)90066-7.

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Tesi sul tema "China Economic policy"

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Chan, Yiu-wing, e 陳耀榮. "Political and economic objectives in post-Mao educational policy". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31949770.

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Potter, Pitman B. "Policy, law and private economic rights in China : the doctrine and practice of law on economic contracts /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10786.

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Lin, Syaru Shirley. "National identity, economic interest and Taiwan's cross-strait economic policy 1994-2009". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43761896.

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Frye, Tony. "Economic Zone Policy as an Agent of Rapid Economic Growth: The Case of the People's Republic of China". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1187362851.

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Leung, Kar-foo Leeds. "Shenzhen : the showcase of China's open policy /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17982352.

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Kok, F. Josephine B. de. "Economic rationality and political viability, prerequisites in economic reform? : a case study of China, 1978-1995". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a38a09c3-00b4-4a70-80f1-71d65d471d31.

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To address the research questions - How has the Chinese government been able to produce a successful reform process and what logic has been behind it? - I develop a politico-economic framework that is largely based on a public choice model by Frey and Eichenberger (1992) and a politico-economic research methodology by Bates and Kreuger (1993). Its basic assumption is that all individuals, including bureaucrats and autocrats, maximise their own power and money subject to constraints. Secondly, it assumes that, when a new leadership rises to power, it will try to start an economic reform process in order to secure its power position. Per reform period, economic reform plans are analysed on their intended effect, implementation and actual results in pure economic terms as well as in political terms (leadership's power position). The framework hypothesises that during a reform process a government will perform a constant balancing act between the political viability with the economic rationality of each individual reform measure. This hypothesis is testedJand the Chinese reform period 1978-1995. The constraints Deng Xiaoping's leadership faces are the Communist Party's rule, a very strong bureaucracy, management of state enterprises and military, the command economy with an agricultural commune system and a revenue dependency on state owned enterprises. The hypothesis largely holds for China: agricultural reforms start with liberalisation to be later on largely retracted; real state owned enterprise reforms are never implemented; rural industrial reforms boom after tax revenues could be withheld at local level; the military's civilian industries is thriving. Unwanted results are quickly changed or retracted in the following period. Also identified is that despite these efforts, unintended interlinkage effects between the different reform measures become increasingly important and difficult to assess, resulting in a great loss of power for the leadership.
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Leung, Chi-yan. "The politics of economic leap forward and readjustment : a case study of economic policy making in China, 1977-1980 /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13256841.

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Eastin, Josh C. "Economic integration and environmental protection in China causes and effects /". online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1446670.

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Kam, Ting, e 甘婷. "An analysis of policy agenda setting: a studyof government policy on creative industries in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46780671.

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Shea, Esther Yi Ping. "The political economy of China's grain policy reform". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs5393.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-235) Develops a coherent theoretical framework to analyse the formulation of grain procurement policy for the entire history of the PRC. An optimization model is constructed to capture Chinese policy makers' preferences regarding the competing objectives of sectoral income distribition and food security, as well as the factors governing the trade-off between thes two objectives and the choice of policy instruments. Also analyses the impacts of China's accession to WTO on its grain sector. To explain the numerous failures of China's grain policy, studies the problems arising from policy formulation and implementation.
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Libri sul tema "China Economic policy"

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author, Imtiyaz-ul-Haq, a cura di. Economic transformation in China. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2015.

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I, Bléjer Mario, a cura di. China: Economic reform and macroeconomic management. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1991.

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M, Babkina A., a cura di. Domestic economic modernization in China. Comack, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 1997.

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Zhang, Wei. Economic reform in modern China: Critical concepts in economics. New York: Routledge, 2011.

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Gao, Shangquan. China's economic reform. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1996.

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Yuyan, Zhang. Economic system reform in China. Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1989.

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. OECD economic surveys: China, 2005. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005.

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. OECD economic surveys: China, overview. [Paris]: OECD, 2013.

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Hsu, Robert C. Economic theories in China, 1979-1988. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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(Philippines), Foreign Service Institute, a cura di. Philippine policy perspectives on greater China. Pasay City, Metro Manila, Philippines: Foreign Service Institute, 1997.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "China Economic policy"

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Minenna, Marcello. "China". In G20 Economic Policy, 28–49. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003499039-3.

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Saich, Tony. "Economic Policy". In Governance and Politics of China, 262–96. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26786-3_10.

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Saich, Tony. "Economic Policy". In Governance and Politics of China, 212–40. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-0099-9_9.

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Saich, Tony. "Economic Policy". In Governance and Politics of China, 233–67. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-13046-4_9.

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Saich, Tony. "Economic Policy". In Governance and Politics of China, 244–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-44530-8_9.

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Liu, Guoli. "Economic Priority and Foreign Policy". In China Rising, 73–96. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60883-3_4.

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Oksenberg, Michel. "Economic Policy-Making in China". In Communist Politics, 292–314. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18339-5_16.

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Sung, Yun-Wing. "Policy Changes and Economic Integration". In The Emergence of Greater China, 41–72. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230536807_3.

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Rosenberger, Leif. "Trump and China". In Economic Statecraft and US Foreign Policy, 111–19. Other titles: Economic statecraft and United States foreign policy Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429026362-11.

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Quan, Guan. "Macro policy". In Economic Development in Modern China Since 1949, 192–206. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003410393-16.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "China Economic policy"

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Profant, Tomáš Imrich. "China in Africa: A World-System Analysis". In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-04.

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As China rises so does its involvement abroad, in particular in various African countries. The aim of this paper is to use the world-system theory advanced by Immanuel Wallerstein and apply it on the case of Chinese economic and geopolitical activities on the African continent. The analysis is thus based on the division of the world into core, semiperiphery and periphrey. These areas are divided on the basis of the sophistication of their production, which results in the creation of monopolies and quasi-monopolies. The paper shows the nature of trade between China and Africa, which confirms the basic pattern of relations in the hierarchy of international economic relations. Whereas China moved in the hierarchy from the periphery to the semiperiphery, Africa remains a periferal world region. The paper also shows Sudan and Taiwan as special cases that offer a different understanding of the Chinese foreign policy. The question with these two cases becomes whether China practices a single foreign policy and how human rights and their normative power influence Chienese policy. The conclusion normatively assess the consequences of Chinese policy for Africa. Overall the paper is written from a political-economic perspective and emphasizes the economic element in international relations bordering the subfield of geo-economics.
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Sun, Liyuan. "Asymmetric Effects of Monetary Policy in China". In First International Conference Economic and Business Management 2016. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/febm-16.2016.29.

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Kapitsyn, V. "FOREIGN TRADE ROLE IN CHINA`S GLOBAL ECONOMIC POLICY". In 5th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/1.2/s01.011.

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Feng, Ren, e Gu Li-Hong. "Rural Energy Eco-compensation Policy Design in China". In 2014 International Conference on Economic Management and Trade Cooperation (EMTC 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emtc-14.2014.95.

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Li, Nan, Lei Wu, Beibei Shi e Rong Kang. "The Evaluation of the Policy Effect for the Influence of Western Development Drive Policy on the Opening Up of Western China". In Hradec Economic Days 2020, a cura di Petra Maresova, Pavel Jedlicka, Krzysztof Firlej e Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2020-01-051.

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Xiao, Shun-yi, e Chi-chuan Lee. "Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Affect Firm-level Financing in China". In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Economic and Business Management (FEBM 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/febm-18.2018.43.

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Yang, Li-fei, Chun-xu Hao e Ya-li Wen. "The economic analysis on wetland ecosystem compensation policy in China". In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5775419.

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Liu, Ziyi. "Lenin's New Economic Policy and Its Enlightenment to Contemporary China". In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management, Education Technology and Economics (ICMETE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmete-19.2019.39.

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"Economic Policy Uncertainty and Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from China". In 2022 2nd International Conference on Management Science and Industrial Economy Development. Clausius Scientific Press Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/msied2022.062.

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Huang, Yuxin. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Corporate Leverage Ratio: Evidence in China". In 2021 3rd International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211209.542.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "China Economic policy"

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Demurger, Sylvie, Jeffrey Sachs, Wing Thye Woo, Shuming Bao e Andrew Mellinger. Geography, Economic Policy, and Regional Development in China. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, aprile 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8897.

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Coates, Jim. United States-China-Taiwan Foreign Policy and Economic Globalization: An Assessment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maggio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423320.

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Subramaniam, Ramesh, Alfredo Perdiguero, Jason Rush e Pamela Asis-Layugan, a cura di. Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery: A Compendium of Policy Briefs. Asian Development Bank, luglio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr210233-2.

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The Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery (PACER) Dialogues were held from June to September 2020 as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic accelerated around the world. They shared cutting-edge knowledge and best practices to help countries in Southeast Asia and the People’s Republic of China strengthen cooperation to mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19 and accelerate their economic recovery. This compendium of 13 policy briefs summarizes the discussions, recommendations, and actionable insights from the PACER Dialogues.
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Ischinger, Wolfgang, e Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Mind the Gap: Priorities for Transatlantic China Policy – Report of the Distinguished Reflection Group on Transatlantic China Policy. Munich Security Conference, luglio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47342/gxwk1490.

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Abstract (sommario):
Today’s China presents fundamental challenges to the democracies of Europe and North America. Perspectives on China will continue to differ due to geography, economic exposure, perceptions, historical trajectories as well as foreign policy approaches. But there has been significant convergence among transatlantic partners. Today, areas of agreement are substantial and offer a solid basis for cooperation. What is needed is a pragmatic approach identifying joint action where possible and managing differences where necessary. This report proposes a transatlantic agenda aimed at achieving quick wins, with recommendations organized by seven issue areas.
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Alden, Chris, e Jing Gu. China–Africa Economic Zones as Catalysts for Industrialisation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), maggio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.045.

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Abstract (sommario):
Chinese-sponsored Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones offer African countries opportunities for new sources of investment, employment, skills transfer and technology transfer that promote industrialisation. For more than 15 years, these economic zones have provided a window into the complexities of transforming African aspirations for industrialisation into realities. Through policy frameworks and incentives, Chinese firms have been encouraged to link with local economies. Despite varied outcomes, African support for industrial parks remains strong. To be sustainable, African Special Economic Zones need constructive partnerships and strong African governance, backed by high-quality data to inform both Chinese and African government decisions.
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McElroy, M. B., e C. Nielsen. Economic and Energy Development in China: Policy Options and Implications for Climate Change. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834528.

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Bán, Zoltán. Analysis of Chinese Economic Statecraft and its Methods through Four Case Studies. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.40.

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In the past decade, China has employed its economic statecraft more frequently, possibly due to its more advanced economic capabilities and its more assertive foreign policy. Four case studies (South Korea, Australia, Canada, and Lithuania) are analysed from the past few years regarding the Chinese economic statecraft methods in order to get a better understanding of the methods used and to derive useful conclusions and recommendations for potential future cases of economic coercion. An analysis of the four cases to identify similarities in the methods utilised by Beijing shows that success rates vary at best, and many adverse effects for China are also found. Countries should be aware of such coercion methods, although building resilience seems to be more successful in easing tensions than does all-out deterrence.
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Eszterhai, Viktor, e Péter Goreczky. To Decouple or not to Decouple? How to Address China’s Dominance in the European EV Battery Supply Chain. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.61.

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Geopolitical tensions between Western countries and China are prompting the European Union to attempt to reduce China’s economic exposure. This poses a particularly serious challenge to the Hungarian government, whose economic policy cornerstone is to create a manufacturing base for the interconnected European and Asian electric car value chains. This paper seeks to answer the question how the European Union can realistically attempt to reduce the European electric car industry’s dependence on China by exploring mergers in the European electric car industry and the Chinese battery industry. The study concludes by discussing whether the Hungarian government should maintain its current economic policy in the future or whether it needs to reconsider it due to the high risks involved.
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Mesquita Moreira, Mauricio. Fear of China: Is There a Future for Manufacturing in Latin America? Inter-American Development Bank, dicembre 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011316.

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China's emergence has raised pointed questions about the future of manufacturing in Latin America. Once saw as its economic future, the viability of this activity in the region has long been challenged by traditional trade theory and, in practical terms, by at least three generations of Asian Tigers. China and its "unlimited supply of labor", rapid productivity growth, scale, and extremely interventionist state has brought the practical challenge to unprecedented levels. This paper, using mainly descriptive production and trade statistics, looks at the nature of this challenge and its implications. It begins by dealing with a central issue: Does manufacturing still matter for Latin America's development? It then moves on to examine the scope and nature of the Chinese challenge. It shows that endowments, productivity, scale and the government role, all work together to make China a formidable competitor. The paper concludes by discussing, in general terms, the (difficult) policy options available. This presentation presented at Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s 1st Annual Meeting held in Beijing, China on December 3rd-4th, 2004.
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Fent, Thomas, Stefan Wrzaczek, Gustav Feichtinger e Andreas Novak. Fertility decline and age-structure in China and India. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, maggio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/0x003f0d14.

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Abstract (sommario):
China and India, two Asian countries that experienced a rapid decline in fertility since the middle of the twentieth century, are the focus of this paper. Although there is no doubt that lower fertility levels have many positive effects on the economy, development and sustainability, little is known about the optimal transition from high to medium or even low levels of fertility. Firstly, implementing policies that have the potential to reduce fertility is costly. Secondly, additional costs arise from adapting the infrastructure to a population that fluctuates quickly not only in terms of size but also with respect to the age structure. We apply an intertemporal optimisation model that takes the costs and benefits of fertility decline into account. The optimal time path depends on the cost structure, the planning horizon and the initial conditions. In the case of a long planning horizon and high initial fertility, it may even be optimal to reduce fertility temporarily below replacement level in order to slow down population growth at an early stage. A key finding of our formal investigation is that, under the same plausible parameter settings, the optimal paths for China and India differ substantially. Moreover, our analysis shows that India, where the fertility decline emerged as a consequence of societal and economic developments, followed a path closer to the optimal fertility transition than China, where the fertility decline was state-imposed. The mathematical approach deployed for this analysis provides insights into the optimal long-term development of fertility and allows for policy conclusions to be drawn for other countries that are still in the fertility transition process.
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