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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Charge exchange"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 29 luglio 2024

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1

Pequignot, D. "Charge Exchange in Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 102 (1988): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100107626.

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AbstractRecent experiments in tokamak plasmas demonstrate that charge exchanges manifest themselves in a wide variety of situations. It is now realized that charge exchanges involving excited states of hydrogen should be considered: these reactions represent a challenge for atomic physics, detailed plasma modeling, and quantitative plasma diagnostics. Charge exchanges between ions can in some cases modify the state of the gas and produce specific emission.Charge exchanges are important for the ionization balance of many ions in either warm coronal plasmas or photoionized plasmas of Astrophysics. Lines produced by charge exchange have been discovered in the spectrum of nebulae and probably the solar chromosphere. Introduction of charge exchanges modifies earlier views about the structure of some astrophysical objects. The nebulae appear as valuable “laboratories” to check theoretical charge exchange cross sections at very low energy. It is suggested that the detection of charge exchange lines in the solar spectrum would provide new insights into the dynamics of the interface between the chromosphere and the corona. It is pointed out that charge exchanges between heavy particles may have significant effects in the ionization front of some nebulae.

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2

Lindholm, Einar. "Charge Exchange Phenomena". Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 73, n. 5-6 (2 settembre 2010): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19640730512.

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3

Jain, B. K., e A. B. Santra. "Rho exchange in charge-exchange reactions". Physical Review C 46, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1992): 1183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.46.1183.

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4

Gibbs, W. R., e B. Loiseau. "Neutron-proton charge exchange". Physical Review C 50, n. 6 (1 dicembre 1994): 2742–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.50.2742.

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5

Lutostansky, Yu S. "Charge-exchange isobaric resonances". EPJ Web of Conferences 194 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819402009.

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Three types of the charge-exchange isobaric resonances - giant Gamow-Teller (GTR), the analog (AR) and pygmy (PR) ones are investigated using the microscopic theory of finite Fermi systems and its approximated version. The calculated energies of GTR, AR and three PR’s are in good agreement with the experimental data. Calculated differences ΔEG-A=EGTR-EAR go to zero in heavier nuclei indicating the restoration of Wigner SU(4)-symmetry. The average deviation for ΔEG-A is 0.30 MeV for the 33 considered nuclei where experimental data are available. The comparison of calculations with experimental data on the energies of charge-exchange pygmy resonances gives the standard deviation δE<0:40 MeV. Strength functions for the 118Sn, 71Ga, 98Mo and 127I isotopes are calculated and the calculated resonance energies and amplitudes of the resonance peaks are close to the experimental values. Strong influence of the charge-exchange resonances on neutrino capturing cross sections is demonstrated.

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6

Kelkar, Neelima G., e B. K. Jain. "Charge-exchange np scattering". Nuclear Physics A 612, n. 3-4 (gennaio 1997): 457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(96)00411-3.

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7

Fortune, H. T., S. Mordechai, R. Gilman, K. Dhuga, J. D. Zumbro, G. R. Burleson, J. A. Faucett, C. L. Morris, P. A. Seidl e C. Fred Moore. "Double charge exchange onFe56". Physical Review C 35, n. 3 (1 marzo 1987): 1151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.35.1151.

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8

Nishimura, Yuki, Saki Imaizumi, Hajime Tanuma, Nobuyuki Nakamura, Yuichiro Sekiguchi, Shinya Wanajo, Hiroyuki A. Sakaue et al. "Charge Exchange Spectroscopy of Multiply Charged Erbium Ions". Atoms 11, n. 2 (15 febbraio 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms11020040.

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The origin of heavier elements than iron is still under discussion, and recent studies suggest that the contribution of the r-process in neutron star mergers is dominant. Future modeling of such processes will require a huge amount of spectroscopic data on multiply charged ions of heavy elements. However, these experimental data are extremely scarce for heavy elements. In this work, we have performed the measurements of charge exchange spectroscopy for multiply charged Er ions in the visible light range. We report observed emission lines from multiply charged Er ions and their identification based on theoretical estimates.

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9

Johnson, Mikkel B., E. Oset, H. Sarafian, E. R. Siciliano e M. Vicente-Vacas. "Meson exchange currents in pion double charge exchange". Physical Review C 44, n. 6 (1 dicembre 1991): 2480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.44.2480.

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10

Shevel’ko, V. P. "Charge exchange in collisions between heavy low-charged ions". Technical Physics 46, n. 10 (ottobre 2001): 1225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1412055.

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11

Thorman, Alex, Edward Litherland-Smith, Sheena Menmuir, Nick Hawkes, Martin O’Mullane, Ephrem Delabie, Bart Lomanowski, Josep Maria Fontdecaba e Shane Scully. "Visible spectroscopy of highly charged tungsten ions with the JET charge exchange diagnostic". Physica Scripta 96, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2021): 125631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac387b.

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Abstract Since the installation of the ITER-like wall on the JET tokamak, visible emission from a broad range of tungsten charge states has complicated plasma ion temperature and toroidal rotation measurements. A plethora of charge exchange transitions, from ions up to W56+, and 21 suspected magnetic dipole transitions have been observed. In particular W39+ and W46+ charge exchange emission contaminates the long-established carbon measurement at 529 nm. Fortunately the wavelength and relative intensity of the tungsten charge exchange lines is predictable and their influence can be mitigated when they are included in the spectral fit. Neon based charge exchange measurements at 525 nm are now preferred on JET since the ITER-like wall, however in this case an unidentified tungsten magnetic dipole transition contaminates the spectrum when the electron temperature is low.

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12

Smith, D. A., H. T. Fortune, G. B. Lui, J. M. O’Donnell, M. Burlein, S. Mordechai e A. R. Fazely. "Pion double charge exchange onTe128,130". Physical Review C 46, n. 2 (1 agosto 1992): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.46.477.

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13

Gibbs, W. R., M. Elghossain e W. B. Kaufmann. "Pion double-charge-exchange operator". Physical Review C 48, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1993): 1546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.48.1546.

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14

Gu, Liyi, Junjie Mao, Jelle de Plaa, A. J. J. Raassen, Chintan Shah e Jelle S. Kaastra. "Charge exchange in galaxy clusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics 611 (marzo 2018): A26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731861.

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Context. Though theoretically expected, the charge exchange emission from galaxy clusters has never been confidently detected. Accumulating hints were reported recently, including a rather marginal detection with the Hitomi data of the Perseus cluster. As previously suggested, a detection of charge exchange line emission from galaxy clusters would not only impact the interpretation of the newly discovered 3.5 keV line, but also open up a new research topic on the interaction between hot and cold matter in clusters.Aim. We aim to perform the most systematic search for the O VIII charge exchange line in cluster spectra using the RGS on board XMM-Newton.Methods. We introduce a sample of 21 clusters observed with the RGS. In order to search for O VIII charge exchange, the sample selection criterion is a >35σ detection of the O VIII Lyα line in the archival RGS spectra. The dominating thermal plasma emission is modeled and subtracted with a two-temperature thermal component, and the residuals are stacked for the line search. The systematic uncertainties in the fits are quantified by refitting the spectra with a varying continuum and line broadening.Results. By the residual stacking, we do find a hint of a line-like feature at 14.82 Å, the characteristic wavelength expected for oxygen charge exchange. This feature has a marginal significance of 2.8σ, and the average equivalent width is 2.5 × 10−4 keV. We further demonstrate that the putative feature can be barely affected by the systematic errors from continuum modeling and instrumental effects, or the atomic uncertainties of the neighboring thermal lines.Conclusions. Assuming a realistic temperature and abundance pattern, the physical model implied by the possible oxygen line agrees well with the theoretical model proposed previously to explain the reported 3.5 keV line. If the charge exchange source indeed exists, we expect that the oxygen abundance could have been overestimated by 8−22% in previous X-ray measurements that assumed pure thermal lines. These new RGS results bring us one step forward to understanding the charge exchange phenomenon in galaxy clusters.

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15

Hui, P., H. T. Fortune, R. Gilman, C. M. Laymon, J. D. Zumbro, P. A. Seidl e J. A. Faucett. "Pion double charge exchange onSenat". Physical Review C 49, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1994): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.49.83.

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16

Won-Ha Ko, Seungtae Oh e Myeun Kwon. "KSTAR Charge Exchange Spectroscopy System". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 38, n. 4 (aprile 2010): 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2010.2042182.

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17

Sigmund, P., O. Osmani e A. Schinner. "Anatomy of charge-exchange straggling". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 338 (novembre 2014): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2014.08.006.

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18

Sigmund, P., O. Osmani e A. Schinner. "Charge-exchange straggling in equilibrium". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 269, n. 9 (maggio 2011): 804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.11.094.

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19

Clement, H. "Pionic charge exchange in nuclei". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 29 (gennaio 1992): 175–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6410(92)90005-m.

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20

Bassi, Davide, Stefano Falcinelli, Fernando Pirani, Barbara Rapaccini, Paolo Tosi, Franco Vecchiocattivi e Marco Vecchiocattivi. "The charge-excitation exchange process: ()+()→()+()". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 223-224 (gennaio 2003): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-3806(02)00868-0.

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21

Helmer, R. "The TRIUMF charge-exchange facility". Canadian Journal of Physics 65, n. 6 (1 giugno 1987): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-083.

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A facility for studying charge–exchange reactions at TRIUMF is described. Essentially, the same facility can be used for either (p, n) or (n, p) reactions. The design considerations on which the facility is based are discussed, and the results of some early experiments are presented.

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22

Eichler, Jörg. "Charge exchange at relativistic velocities". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 23, n. 1-2 (aprile 1987): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(87)90408-3.

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23

Fifield, L. K., W. N. Catford, N. A. Orr, T. R. Ophel, A. Etchegoyen e M. C. Etchegoyen. "Charge-exchange reactions on 36S". Nuclear Physics A 552, n. 1 (febbraio 1993): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(93)90335-u.

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24

Habibi-Goudarzi, Sohrab, Tapio Kotiaho, R. G. Cooks e T. Ast. "Dissociative charge exchange of C3F6". Organic Mass Spectrometry 26, n. 11 (novembre 1991): 1008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210261119.

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25

Kezerashvili, R. Ya. "Meson exchange currents in pion double charge exchange reaction". Nuclear Physics A 790, n. 1-4 (giugno 2007): 336c—339c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.061.

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26

Senba, Masayoshi. "Muon charge exchange and muonium spin exchange in gases". Hyperfine Interactions 65, n. 1-4 (febbraio 1991): 779–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02397729.

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27

Li, Zifeng. "Physics Essay: The Nature of Charge, Principle of Charge Interaction and Coulomb's Law". Applied Physics Research 7, n. 6 (24 ottobre 2015): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v7n6p52.

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<p class="1Body">What is “electronic charge”? Why there are two kinds of charges? Why do the same charges repel, and dissimilar charges attract each other? Why does their behavior agree with Coulomb's Law? These are among the most basic questions of physics. Let us assume the existence of a kind of microparticle in the universe, which we can call an electon for our purposes here. Three situations are possible: if an object contains a surplus of electons, it will be positively charged; if a deficit of electons, it will be negatively charged; if an object contains electons equal to its expected value, in the saturated state, it is neutral. The charged objects, containing these electons, have the ability to exchange charged or uncharged microparticles in order to achieve a neutral state. The acting force between two charged objects comes from the exchange of charged and uncharged microparticles. The same charges repel, and dissimilar charges attract each other. The value of force is consistent with Coulomb's Law. The material homogeneous between two charged objects affects the value of the acting force between them, but does not affect the direction.</p>

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28

Alves, M. E., e A. Lavorenti. "Potassium - calcium exchange in electropositive oxisols: description of exchange sites". Soil Research 41, n. 8 (2003): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03010.

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Potassium–calcium exchange was studied in batch experiments carried out with 2 oxisols exhibiting positive charge balance. The experimental data were quantitatively described with the Rothmund–Kornfeld formulation of the Gaines–Thomas approach, and the permanent and variable surface negative charges were measured using the caesium-adsorption method. For both soils, no appreciable involvement of permanent negative charges was observed in the potassium–calcium exchange, which, in turn, seemed to occur solely on the variable negative charges. The preference for potassium over calcium exhibited by both soils was well described by the Rothmund–Kornfeld formulation of the Gaines–Thomas approach. It was hypothesised that the exchange sites could be divided into 2 groups with different potassium selectivities. The proportions and selectivities of these exchange site groups were estimated combining the Rothmund–Kornfeld formulation with the Dufey–Delvaux multisite model. For both soils, there was excellent agreement between experimental and modelled data and it was possible to estimate the amounts of exchange sites (cmolc/kg) presenting greater and lower potassium selectivity. The existence of variable negative charge pools more accessible to K than to Ca ions but not evenly accessible to the former was considered as a possible cause of the non-ideal behaviour of the studied soils in relation to the potassium–calcium exchange.

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29

Devdariani, A., E. Dalimier e P. Sauvan. "Optical Transitions and Charge-Exchange in Highly Charged Quasi-Molecules". International Journal of Spectroscopy 2010 (22 settembre 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/812471.

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The interaction between quasimolecular states produces not only nonadiabatic transitions but also some exotic features in the wings of the spectral profiles emitted by the ions in collision. Although this concept has been fruitfully used for neutral species, some new highlighted experimental data on quasimolecular optical transitions in hot dense plasma have renewed the interest to the concept in the recent years. The present review deals with highly charged quasimolecules and it is dedicated specifically to quasimolecules formed by two bare nuclei and one bound electron. The reason for this choice is that, for such quasimolecules, the energy terms and the dipole moments of the optical transitions can be obtained straightforwardly in nonrelativistic case without any approximation that are typical for neutrals. Although the results obtained in the frame of the approach developed here are directly applicable to the case of single collisions or to low-density plasmas, they form a reasonable initial approximation for the problem of optical profiles in hot dense plasmas and can be regarded as a safe framework for qualitative discussions of profiles in those environments.

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Saunders, Winston A. "Charge exchange and metastability of small multiply charged gold clusters". Physical Review Letters 62, n. 9 (27 febbraio 1989): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.62.1037.

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31

Mabud, M. D. A., Michael J. Dekrey, R. G. Cooks e T. Ast. "Charge exchange of doubly charged organic ions at metal surfaces". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 69, n. 3 (aprile 1986): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(86)87019-7.

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Meyer, F. W., C. C. Havener, S. H. Overbury, K. J. Snowdon, D. M. Zehner, W. Heiland e H. Hemme. "Charge exchange processes between highly charged ions and metal surfaces". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 23, n. 1-2 (aprile 1987): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(87)90452-6.

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33

Pozas-Tormo, Rafaela, Laureano Moreno-Real, María Martínez-Lara e Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón. "Ion exchange reactions of n-butylamine intercalates of tin(IV) hydrogen phosphate and hydrogen uranyl phosphate with cobalt(III) complexes". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1986): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-008.

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The ion exchange reactions of n-butylamine intercalates of tin(IV) hydrogen phosphate and hydrogen uranyl phosphate towards carbonatotetraamminecobalt(III), chloropentaamminecobalt(III), and hexaamminecobalt(III) have been investigated. Independent of the complex cation charges, the amounts of Co(III) complex exchanged by the n-butylamine intercalate of tin(IV) hydrogen phosphate are practically the same. With the n-butylamine intercalate of hydrogen uranyl phosphate, the ionic exchange was completed and the composition was fixed by the exchanged Co(III) complex. The layer charge densities of these phosphates justify the different ionic exchange behaviour observed towards the large complex cations. All the products were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and thermal analysis.

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Lubian, J., J. L. Ferreira, R. Linares, F. Cappuzzello, M. Cavallaro e D. Carbone. "The role of the transfer of nucleons in driving double charge exchange reactions". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2340, n. 1 (1 settembre 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2340/1/012035.

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Abstract Transfer is an excellent tool to get insights into the short-range correlations on nucleons in a nuclear state. Within the context of direct reactions, the double charge exchange reactions have recently gained attention once their matrix elements might be associated with the double-beta decay rates. This class of reaction can occur from two completely distinctive mechanisms. They can take place by nucleons exchange or driven by mesons exchange between the projectile and target nuclei. Once the double charge exchange driven by multi-nucleon or mesons exchanges can compete with each other, it is crucial to analyze the contribution of the multi-nucleon transfer in this type of reaction to verify its relevance on the measured cross sections.

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Sufardi, Sufardi, Teti Arabia, Khairullah Khairullah, Karnilawati Karnilawati, Sahbudin Sahbudin e Zainabun Zainabun. "Charge Characteristics and Cation Exchanges Properties of Hilly Dryland Soils Aceh Besar, Indonesia". Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 9, n. 2 (7 settembre 2020): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.9.2.17565.

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Soil surface charge and cation exchange are important parameters of soil fertility in tropical soils. This study was conducted to investigate characteristics of surface charges and cation exchanges on four soil orders of the dryland in Aceh Besar district. The soil order includes Entisols Jantho (05o16’58.41” N; 95o37’51.82” E), Andisols Saree (05o27'15.6" N; 95o44'09,1" E), Inceptisols Cucum (05º18’18,37” N; 95º32’48,04” E), dan Oxisols Lembah Seulawah (05o27’19,4” N; 95o46’19,2” E). The charge characteristics of surface charge are evaluated from the parameter of DpH (pHH2O-pHKCl), variable charge (Vc), permanent charge (Pc), and point of zero charges (PZC). In contrast, cation exchange properties are evaluated from several soil chemical properties, such as soil organic matter (SOM), base saturation (BS), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and effective CEC (ECEC). The results show that the four pedons of soil in the hilly dryland of Aceh Besar include a variable charge because it has a PZC, which is characterized by a negative surface charge with a PZC of pHH2O and has CEC dependent soil pH. PZC value varies from 3.21 – 5.26 and sequentially PZC Andisols Oxisols Entisols Inceptisols. The total CEC value differs considerably from ECEC and the sum of cations. CEC total of the soils varies from 12.8 – 34.4 cmol kg-1, whereas the ECEC values vary from 2.72 – 8.66 cmol kg-1. The highest variable charge percentage is found in Andisols Saree. In contrast, the highest permanent charge is found in Inceptisols Cucum and is positively correlated with pHH20, PZC, CEC, and sums of cations or ECEC. Improving soil quality in hilly dryland soils in Aceh Besar District can be done by decreasing the PZC status of soils with organic amendments and fertilizers or increasing the pH by using liming.

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Pointon, T. D. "Charge exchange effects in ion diodes". Journal of Applied Physics 66, n. 7 (ottobre 1989): 2879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344193.

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Vaida, M., e C. N. Avram. "Exchange Charge Model for Fe3+:LiAl5O8". Acta Physica Polonica A 116, n. 4 (ottobre 2009): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.116.541.

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Johnson, M. B., e C. L. Morris. "Pion Double Charge Exchange in Nuclei". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 43, n. 1 (dicembre 1993): 165–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ns.43.120193.001121.

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Gombosi, Tamas I. "Charge exchange avalanche at the cometopause". Geophysical Research Letters 14, n. 11 (novembre 1987): 1174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl014i011p01174.

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40

Kinney, E. R., J. L. Matthews, P. A. M. Gram, D. W. MacArthur, E. Piasetzky, G. A. Rebka Jr. e D. A. Roberts. "Inclusive pion double charge exchange inHe4". Physical Review Letters 57, n. 25 (22 dicembre 1986): 3152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.57.3152.

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Niskanen, J. A. "Charge symmetry breaking two-pion exchange". Physical Review C 45, n. 6 (1 giugno 1992): 2648–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.45.2648.

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Garcilazo, Humberto. "Pion charge exchange in the deuteron". Physical Review C 53, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1996): R20—R21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.53.r20.

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Nose-Togawa, Naoko, e Kenji Kume. "Pion single-charge-exchange reaction on7Li". Physical Review C 59, n. 4 (1 aprile 1999): 2162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.59.2162.

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Wood, S. A., J. L. Matthews, G. A. Rebka, P. A. M. Gram, H. J. Ziock e D. A. Clark. "Inclusive Pion Double Charge Exchange inO16andCa40". Physical Review Letters 54, n. 24 (17 giugno 1985): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.54.2647.

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Wood, S. A., J. L. Matthews, G. A. Rebka, P. A. M. Gram, H. J. Ziock e D. A. Clark. "Inclusive Pion Double Charge Exchange inO16andCa40". Physical Review Letters 54, n. 7 (18 febbraio 1985): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.54.635.

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Dzhioev, A. A., A. I. Vdovin, V. Yu Ponomarev e J. Wambach. "Charge-exchange transitions in hot nuclei". Physics of Atomic Nuclei 72, n. 8 (agosto 2009): 1320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063778809080079.

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47

Demetriou, P., A. Marcinkowski e B. Mariański. "Multistep processes in charge-exchange reactions". Nuclear Physics A 697, n. 1-2 (gennaio 2002): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(01)01243-x.

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48

Levy, B., J. Provost e E. Roueff. "Effective Operators in Charge Exchange Studies". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 120 (1987): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900153720.

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Abstract (sommario):

The rate coefficient for the charge transfer reaction C+2po + H → C 3p+ H+ is calculated with the introduction of the radial coupling between the two 3π states arising from both asymptotic atomic states. the derived rate coefficient at a temperature of 104K is 2 10−15 cm3s−1 which is two orders of magnitude larger than the value previously estimated by Butler and Dalgarno (1980) from a weak spin orbit coupling between the 3Σ− and 3Σ+ molecular states of CH+.

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49

Murad, Edmond, e S. T. F. Lai. "Some charge exchange reactions involving H2O". Chemical Physics Letters 126, n. 5 (maggio 1986): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(86)80129-4.

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50

Br�chignac, C., Ph Cahuzac, F. Carlier, J. Leygnier e I. V. Hertel. "Charge exchange in alkali cluster collisions". Zeitschrift f�r Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 17, n. 1 (marzo 1990): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01437499.

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