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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Characterization of surfaces":
1
Chan, Chi-Ming, Lu-Tao Wang e Lin Li. "Applications of Surface Analysis Techniques in Surface Characterization of Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces". Journal of The Adhesion Society of Japan 38, n. 5 (2002): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11618/adhesion.38.173.
MALGOUYRES, RÉMY, e GILLES BERTRAND. "COMPLETE LOCAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STRONG 26-SURFACES: CONTINUOUS ANALOGS FOR STRONG 26-SURFACES". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 13, n. 04 (giugno 1999): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001499000288.
In Ref. 6, two similar characterizations of discrete surfaces of ℤ3 are proposed which are called strong 18-surfaces and strong 26-surfaces. The proposed characterizations consist in some natural global properties of surfaces. In this paper, we first give local necessary conditions for an object to be a strong 26-surface. An object satisfying these local properties is called a near strong 26-surface. Then we construct continuous analogs for near strong 26-surfaces and, using the continuous Jordan Theorem, we prove that the necessary local conditions previously introduced in fact give a complete local characterization of strong 26-surfaces: the class of near strong 26-surfaces coincides with the class of strong 26-surfaces.
3
Russ, John C. "Characterization of Surface Roughness". Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (agosto 2000): 916–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600037077.
Because of the session at this Microscopy and Microanalysis 2000 meeting concerned with the microanalysis of irregular surfaces, it seems appropriate to briefly review the methods used for the characterization of rough surfaces. This includes both mathematical tools for the concise description of surface roughness, and instruments used to acquire the necessary data. These methods are widely used in industry to characterize and specify the roughness of surfaces prepared by various machining, grinding, polishing, chemical etching, and physical and chemical deposition techniques, and to correlate the surface roughness with performance.Historically, surface roughness has been measured by performing a linear traverse with a mechanical stylus that is sensitive to vertical displacements of nm but with a lateral resolution on the order of pm, which is quite similar to the dimensions of the region analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. Recently, more comprehensive characterizations have been obtained using a raster scan over surface areas.
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Jelonek, Włodzimierz. "Characterization of affine ruled surfaces". Glasgow Mathematical Journal 39, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017089500031852.
The aim of this paper is to give certain conditions characterizing ruled affine surfaces in terms of the Blaschke structure (∇, h, S) induced on a surface (M, f) in ℝ3. The investigation of affine ruled surfaces was started by W. Blaschke in the beginning of our century (see [1]). The description of affine ruled surfaces can be also found in the book [11], [3] and [7]. Ruled extremal surfaces are described in [9]. We show in the present paper that a shape operator S is a Codazzi tensor with respect to the Levi-Civita connection ∇ of affine metric h if and only if (M, f) is an affine sphere or a ruled surface. Affine surfaces with ∇S = 0 are described in [2] (see also [4]). We also show that a surface which is not an affine sphere is ruled iff im(S - HI) =ker(S - HI) and ket(S - HI) ⊂ ker dH. Finally we prove that an affine surface with indefinite affine metric is a ruled affine sphere if and only if the difference tensor K is a Codazzi tensor with respect to ∇.
5
Hickel, Werner, Benno Rothenhäusler e Wolfgang Knoll. "Surface plasmon microscopic characterization of external surfaces". Journal of Applied Physics 66, n. 10 (15 novembre 1989): 4832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344468.
Önder, Mehmet, e H. Hüseyin Uğurlu. "Some Results and Characterizations for Mannheim Offsets of the Ruled Surfaces". Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática 34, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2016): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5269/bspm.v34i1.24756.
In this study, we give the dual characterizations of Mannheim offsets of ruled surfaces in terms of their integral invariants and obtain a new characterization of the Mannheim offsets of developable surface, i.e., we show that the striction lines of developable Mannheim offset surfaces are Mannheim partner curves. Furthermore, we obtain the relationships between the area of projections of spherical images for Mannheim offsets of ruled surfaces and their integral invariants.
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Ghassa, Sina, Hadi Abdollahi, Mahdi Gharabaghi, Saeed Chehreh Chelgani e Mohammad Jafari. "The Surface Chemistry Characterization of Pyrite, Sphalerite and Molybdenite after Bioleaching". Solid State Phenomena 262 (agosto 2017): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.487.
The mineral surface chemistry characterization is essential to describe the dissolution kinetics in leaching and bioleaching. Five different methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy, have been applied to study the surface chemistry changes during pyrite, sphalerite and molybdenite bioleaching. The surface characterizations have been done for samples before and after biological and chemical leaching. The SEM images illustrated that the minerals surfaces were smooth before processing, while they covered with an ash layer after biological treatment. Although EDS analysis and Raman spectrum demonstrated the potassium jarosite formation on the pyrite surface during bioleaching, the formation of jarosite layer did not occur on the sphalerite surfaces during bioleaching. On the other hand, a sulfur layer formation on the sphalerite surface was confirmed by mentioned characterization methods. Finally, according to the XRD and EDS spectrum the molybdenite surface had been covered both with sulfur and jarosite.
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Pawlus, Pawel, Rafal Reizer e Michal Wieczorowski. "Parametric Characterization of Machined Textured Surfaces". Materials 16, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2022): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010163.
Surface topography in general is not easy to characterize due to a great number of different features that appear on it. It is still more challenging for machined textured surfaces that are of high functional significance for tribological purposes. For practical reasons, there is a need to describe such surfaces using only a small number of parameters. Which of them represent surface details the best is still an open issue. To find out which parameters can be the most suitable in that case, three groups of machined textured surfaces were prepared. They were plateau-honed cylinder surfaces made of gray cast iron, steel, and bronze surfaces with isolated dimples and steel surfaces after abrasive blasting followed by lapping. All of them were measured by means of a white light interferometer. Different parameters and relationships were evaluated and based on them correlation and regression analyses were used. The basic description contained statistically independent parameters that can be used in production control, while the wider description in scientific research. In general, parameters of random surfaces were more intercorrelated than those of surfaces with isolated dimples. As was found for the basic description of random two-process surfaces, five parameters were enough while description of textured surfaces with isolated oil pockets needed six. In wider, scientific description, regardless the surface type seven parameters contained the necessary information about the surface. It was also proved that a pair of parameters, the emptiness coefficient Sp/Sz and Sq/Sa, can describe the shape of the ordinate distribution of machined textured surfaces better than, for example, skewness Ssk and kurtosis Sku, commonly used for that purpose.
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Shen, Jian Yun, Wei Min Lin, Hitoshi Ohmori e Xi Peng Xu. "Characterization of ELID-Ground Granite Surfaces". Key Engineering Materials 291-292 (agosto 2005): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.291-292.127.
In the present study, natural granites were ELID ground with metal-resin bonded diamond wheels on a lap-grinding machine to achieve smooth surface. The surface roughness during the grinding process and final glossiness were examined to describe the formation of finely finished granite surfaces. According to the detailed micro-observation of ground surfaces, it can be concluded that natural granite surface on the main mineral components can be smoothly finished with ELID lap grinding. However, the appearance of natural defects and residual fracture on the ground surface lead to the scattered surface roughness, and restrict the improvement of surface glossiness.
I denna avhandling beskrivs tillverkning, karaktärisering och tillämpning av ett antal biomimetiska ytor. Biomimetik är att härma naturen och grundtanken är att titta på hur naturen löst liknande problemställningar. Två olika typer av modellsystem med inspiration från naturen har tagits fram för framtida tillämpningar inom bioanalys, biosensorer samt antifrysmaterial. Det ena typen av modellsystem innefattar fosforylerade ytor och det andra består av ytor som härmar antifrys(glyko)proteiner. Ytorna tillverkades av monolager av självorganiserande svavelorganiska molekyler och karaktäriserades före tillämpning med hjälp av ellipsometri, IR-spektroskopi, kontaktvinkelmätning och röntgenfotoelektronspektroskopi. Modellsystemen för att studera vattenfrysning på ytor inspirerades av antifrys(glyko)proteiner som bl.a. kan hittas i polarfiskar. Två modellsystem utvecklades och studerades med avseende på frysning av kondenserat vatten. Det ena designades att härma den aktiva domänen hos ett antifrysglykoproteiner (AFGP) och det andra härmade typ I antifrysproteiner (AFP I). Frysstudierna visade på signifi-kanta skillnader för AFGP-modellen jämfört med ett (OH/CH3) referenssystem med jämförbar vätbarhet, men inte för AFP Imodellen. Vattnet frös vid högre temperatur för AFGPmodellen. Modellsystemen med fosforylerade ytor inspirerades av fosforylering och biomineralisering. Två system utvecklades, ett med långa och ett med korta alkylkedjor på aminosyraanalogerna, både med och utan fosfatgrupp. En ny metod användes med skyddsgrupper på fosfaterna hos de långa analogerna innan bildandet av monolager. Skyddsgrupperna togs bort efter bildandet av monolager. Dessa monolager undersöktes också med elektrokemiska metoder och signifikant högre kapacitans observerades för de fosforylerade monolageren jämfört med de icke fosforylerade. This thesis describes the preparation, characterization and application of a few biomimetic surfaces. Biomimetics is a modern development of the ancient Greek concept of mimesis, i.e. man-made imitation of nature. The emphasis has been on the preparation and characterization of two types of model systems with properties inspired by nature with future applications in bioanalysis, biosensors and antifreeze materials. One type of model system involves phosphorylated surfaces; the other consists of surfaces mimicking antifreeze (glyco)proteins. The surfaces were made by chemisorbing organosulfur substances to a gold surface into monomolecular layers, so called self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The physicochemical properties of the SAMs were thoroughly characterized with null ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy prior to application. The work on antifreeze surfaces was inspired by the structural properties of antifreeze (glyco)proteins, which can be found in polar fish. Two model systems were developed and studied with respect to ice nucleation of condensed water layers. One was designed to mimic the active domain of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP) and the other mimicked type I antifreeze proteins (AFP I). Subsequent ice nucleation studies showed a significant difference between the AFGP model and a (OH/CH3) reference system displaying identical wetting properties, whereas the AFP I model was indistinguishable from the reference system. The model systems with phosphorylated surfaces were inspired from phosphorylations and biomineralization. Two systems were developed, short- and long-chained amino acid analogues, with and without a phosphate group. A novel approach with protected groups before attachment to gold were developed for the long-chained analogues. The protective groups could be removed successfully after assembly. The long-chained SAMs were evaluated with electrochemical methods and significantly higher capacitance values were observed for the phosphorylated SAMs compared to the non-phosphorylated.
2
Hakim, Ali. "Characterization of Hard Metal Surfaces after Various Surface Process Treatments". Thesis, Linköping University, The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12433.
The aim of this thesis is to investigate how material surfaces are affected by various surface treatments and how this relates to the adhesion of the coating. The materials that were studied were WC-Co and Cermets and the surface treatments used were polishing, grinding with coarser and finer abrasive grains, and finally wet blasting and dry blasting. Focus was on deformations and residual stresses in the surface, surface roughness and cracks. The test methods used for examining the samples included surface roughness measurements, residual stress measurements, adhesion tests using Rockwell indentation and SEM images of the surface and the cross section.
The results concluded that polishing gives very good adhesion. Additionally, the adhesion for ground surfaces was good for WC-Co but very poor for Cermets. Furthermore, it was observed that finer abrasive grains did not result in better adhesion. In fact, the coarser grains gave slightly better results. Finally, it was concluded that wet blasting has a clear advantage over dry blasting and results in much better adhesion, especially for the Cermets. The results for the WC-Co were a bit inconsistent and so further research is required.
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Burton, Zachary Travis. "Surface characterization, adhesion, and friction properties of hydrophobic leaf surfaces and nanopatterned polymers for superhydrophobic surfaces". Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1160489659.
Andrews, Marilyn Mockus 1958. "Characterization of the surface acidity of passivated iron particles by flow microcalorimetry". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276614.
The characteristics of passivated iron particles have been examined with flow microcalorimetry to determine the acidic nature of the surface sites. The molar heat of adsorption of pyridine from hexane was measured with a FMC and a differential refractive index detector, at 23 and 40°C. The adsorption data were found to obey the assumptions of the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption densities at different temperatures were used to calculate the isosteric heat of adsorption. The molar heat of adsorption of triethylamine from hexane was also measured and combined with the data for pyridine in order to calculate the Drago constants for the iron particles. A static adsorption method was used for the adsorption of pyridine from hexane onto the iron particles, for comparison with the dynamic method. The heat of wetting for the iron particles, with hexane, has also been measured. The iron particles were examined with X-ray diffraction. Mossbauer spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, TEM, and electrophoresis to characterize the surface layer. These techniques have revealed that the iron particles are coated with ferric oxide and this surface is amphoteric in aqueous solutions.
The complex interrelations among the different physical processes involved in acid
fracturing make it difficult to design, and later, to predict the outcome of stimulation
jobs. Actual tendencies require the use of computational models to deal with the
dynamic interaction of variables. This thesis presents a new study of acidized surface
textures by means of a laser profilometer to improve our understanding of the remaining
etched surface topography and its hydraulic response.
Visualization plots generated by the profilometer identified hydrodynamic channels that
could not be identified by the naked eye in acidized surfaces. The plots clarified the
existence of rock heterogeneities and revealed how the processes of dissolution function
in chalk rock.
Experimental data showed clearly that the effect of dissolution depends on the type of
rock and the fluid system; dolomite, for example, dissolves more rapidly but more
roughly than limestone. Fluid leakoff rate and temperature also affect the dissolution.
Further research is necessary to clarify the effects of conductivity.
6
De, Zorzi Chiara <1976>. "Physico-chemical Characterization of Glass Surfaces: New Surface-related Analytical Approaches". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20493.
Since ancient times glass was used as storage material for ointments, medicinal remedies and cosmetics for its properties of inertness and product protection. Along the centuries the technology has developed dedicated glasses for pharmaceutical use, improving their mechanical and chemical performances up to the modern borosilicate glasses. Meanwhile the technology is trying to meet the needs of new complex and sensitive drugs, the necessity of new analytical approaches has increased for a better overview of the content-material interactions to complement the classical pharmacopoeia analysis.
From this perspective a physico-chemical analytical approach, focused on the glass surface as main player of the drug-content interactions, is the main topic of this study. The application of surface dedicated complementary techniques as XPS, SIMS and SEM was investigated, permitting the characterization of the glass surface in terms of morphology, composition and depth elemental overview. As preliminary part of a more complex project, this study focused on the comparison and baseline characterization of the raw materials with the related finished containers, highlighting interesting surface features and glass composition-related peculiarities. This work confirms the suitability of these analytical techniques to pave the way for further studies on long term storage or environmental effects, helping to define a possible correlation with drug interactions phenomena.
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Yang, Hongta. "Fundamentals, preparation, and characterization of superhydrophobic wood fiber products". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24796.
Kristensen, Emma. "Characterization of Surfaces Designed for Biomedical Applications". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6827.
Johnson, Max LeGrand Jr. "Characterization of geotechnical surfaces via stylus profilometry". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20705.
MyiLibrary. Functional properties of bio-inspired surfaces: Characterization and technological applications. A cura di Favre Eduardo A e Fuentes Néstor O. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2009.
1930-, Czanderna Alvin Warren, Powell C. J e Madey Theodore E, a cura di. Specimen handling, preparation, and treatments in surface characterization. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1998.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Characterization of surfaces":
1
Charitidis, C. A., D. A. Dragatogiannis, E. P. Koumoulos e D. Perivoliotis. "Mechanical, Tribological Properties, and Surface Characteristics of Nanotextured Surfaces". In Nanomaterial Characterization, 179–208. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118753460.ch9.
Kaldor, A., D. M. Cox, D. J. Trevor e R. L. Whetten. "Clusters: Molecular Surfaces". In Catalyst Characterization Science, 111–23. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0288.ch010.
Davis, Guy D. "Characterization of Surfaces". In Adhesive Bonding, 139–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9006-1_6.
Ludema, Kenneth C., e Oyelayo O. Ajayi. "Characterization of Surfaces". In Friction, Wear, Lubrication, 219–40. Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press,[2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444715-13.
Kopnarski, Michael, Tilmann Beck, Stella Diederichs, Eberhard Kerscher, Jörg Seewig e Marek Smaga. "Geometrical, Microstructural, and Chemical Characterization". In Component Surfaces, 9–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35575-2_2.
Bădescu, Lucian. "Characterization of Ruled and Rational Surfaces". In Algebraic Surfaces, 195–214. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3512-3_13.
Marks, L. D., e David J. Smith. "Atomic Imaging of Particle Surfaces". In Catalyst Characterization Science, 341–50. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0288.ch029.
Dwivedi, Dheerendra Kumar. "Characterization of Engineered Surfaces". In Surface Engineering, 171–215. New Delhi: Springer India, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3779-2_7.
Igual Munoz, Anna, Nuria Espallargas e Stefano Mischler. "Characterization of Worn Surfaces". In Tribocorrosion, 65–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48107-0_7.
Vörös, Janos, Marco Wieland, Laurence Ruiz-Taylor, Marcus Textor e Donald M. Brunette. "Characterization of Titanium Surfaces". In Engineering Materials, 87–144. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56486-4_5.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Characterization of surfaces":
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Rakels, Jan H. "Recognised Surface Finish Parameters Obtained From Diffraction Patterns Of Rough Surfaces". In Surface Measurement and Characterization. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.949162.
Downs, M. J., N. M. Mason e J. C. Nelson. "Measurement Of The Profiles Of 'Super-Smooth' Surfaces Using Optical Interferometry". In Surface Measurement and Characterization. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.949149.
Wang, Yun, e Paul H. Holloway. "Sulfur passivation of GaAs surfaces". In Advanced processing and characterization technologies. AIP, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.40657.
Hirose, Masatake. "Characterization of Photochemical Processing". In Microphysics of Surfaces, Beams, and Adsorbates. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msba.1985.tub5.
Wokaun, A., A. Baiker, W. Fluhr, M. Meier e S. K. Miller. "Raman Characterization of Catalysts". In Microphysics of Surfaces, Beams, and Adsorbates. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msba.1985.mc1.
The use of surface enhanced Raman scattering as a tool for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis is investigated. The following information is desired: - identification of the molecular species adsorbed at the surface, even if present in low concentrations; this includes reactants, major and side products; - type and geometry of bonding to the surface; - detection of intermediates which exist only as surface species.
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Norris, David J. "Optical Fourier surfaces". In Plasmonics: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications XIX, a cura di Yu-Jung Lu, Takuo Tanaka e Din Ping Tsai. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2594576.
Weaver, J. H. "STM Characterization of Surface Processing: Semiconductor Etching". In Microphysics of Surfaces: Nanoscale Processing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msnp.1995.mtha1.
Advanced material manufacturing often involves dry chemical etching. Most dry etching processes are done under nonequilibrium conditions at elevated temperature during irradiation by photons, electrons, and ions. While such processes are critical to semiconductor technologies, they are poorly understood -- a limitation that is easily rationalized since processing parameters are interrelated. This presentation will review recent investigations of the role of a subset of the processing parameters by focusing on etching of Si(100)-2×1 and GaAs(110) using halogens.
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Nannichi, Yasuo. "Sulfide treatment on III-V compound surfaces". In Advanced processing and characterization technologies. AIP, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.40662.
Pham, Duy K., Elena P. Ivanova, Jonathan P. Wright, Piotr A. Grodzinski, Ralf Lenigk e Dan V. Nicolau. "Surface characterization of oligonucleotides immobilized on polymer surfaces". In SPIE's International Symposium on Smart Materials, Nano-, and Micro- Smart Systems, a cura di Dan V. Nicolau. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.471946.
de Melo, O., M. Meléndez-Lira, I. Hernández-Calderón, A. Morales-Acevedo e L. Baños. "Optical and structural characterization of CdSxTe1−x alloys". In The 8th Latin American congress on surface science: Surfaces , vacuum, and their applications. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51205.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Characterization of surfaces":
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Hercules, D. Characterization of oxidized coal surfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5514091.
Koberstein, Jeffrey T. Characterization of Polymeric Surfaces and Interfaces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzo 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada210227.
Koberstein, Jeffrey T. Characterization of Polymeric Surfaces and Interfaces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, ottobre 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada175602.
Robinson, T. O. Preparation and characterization of low-defect surfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5008282.
Robinson, Timothy Oren. Preparation and characterization of low-defect surfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10160824.
Krebs, L. C., e Takanobu Ishida. Characterization of electrochemically modified polycrystalline platinum surfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5974973.
Hosking, F. M., e F. G. Yost. Characterization of solder flow on PWB surfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95238.
Krebs, Leonard C., e Takanobu Ishida. Characterization of electrochemically modified polycrystalline platinum surfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10112590.
Sharpe, Lisa M. Analytical Characterization of Bistatic Scattering from Rough Surfaces: Dependence on Surface Correlation Function. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, giugno 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada256525.
Mourad, Ayman. Characterization and Computation of Closed Geodesics on Toroïdal Surfaces. Journal of Geometry and Symmetry in Physics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/jgsp-16-2009-23-37.
