Tesi sul tema "Champs électromagnétiques – Effets physiologiques – Mesure"
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Merckel, Olivier. "Mesure rapide du SAR des téléphones portables au moyen de techniques de champs proches généralisées". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS0025.
The rapid development of cellular communications results in growing needs for electromagnetic dosimetry. This work presents two innovative methods for the reduction of the SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) measurement time. Their key-point is the effective degree of freedom of the electric field distribution in a phantom, which is much lower than the thousand of observed data required for standard SAR measurements. The first method reconstructs the electric field distribution thanks to a parametric ellipsoidal model with only 20 to 40 measurement points. This reconstruction, fully compatible with existing dosimetric facilities, provides a significant reduction of the measurement process. The second method, from the knowledge of the complex electric field on a unique planar surface, associated with a backpropagation algorithm (plane wave spectrum decomposition), ensures the real-time reconstruction of the electric field in the whole SAR calculation volume
Magued, Michael. "Virtualisation de la mesure d’exposition du public général au champ magnétique basse fréquence dans le domaine de l’automobile". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC015/document.
Exposure to electromagnetic fields is a major issue in society that affects the automotive domain. The development of electric and hybrid vehicles technology requires the consideration of the issue of exposure since the conception stage.The work presented in this paper is mainly concerned with exposure to low-frequency (LF) magnetic fields distinguished with non-thermal electric stimulation effects. In this frequency range, the main sources of exposure risks are the powertrain elements often located close to the passengers.The main objective of this thesis is to virtualize the measurement assessing exposure to LF magnetic fields, hitherto performed by a commercial exposure level tester, to be able to minimize exposure risks, a priori, without incurring additional costs to the manufacturer. This is realized by virtualizing the measuring instrument.We focus first on understanding the exposure evaluation measurement and on the operation of the ELT-400 Narda field meter used at our automobile manufacturer to measure the exposure index. Thus, we show the different definitions and methods of calculating exposure index of the general public to LF magnetic fields. Finally, we present applications of the use of the field meter on measuring cases in statistic and dynamic states.The second part of the study is consecrated to the construction of the virtual prototype to model the measurement of the exposure index to LF magnetic fields performed by Narda field meter ELT-400. To do this, first we develop and optimize the model of the field meter’s triaxial probe in FEKO to position and orient the probe as selected by the user. Then the magnetic field radiated by the virtual probe is processed to obtain a virtual measurement of the magnetic induction detected by the probe and of the exposure index.The third part of the study deals with the validation of the whole model on real cases of measurements done over manual spot welding clamps by comparing the virtual prototype results with those measured. The model validation is performed in three different case studies corresponding to different field profiles, different frequencies in LF domain and different forms of signal.In the last part of our study, a stochastic simulation approach is proposed by applying the Monte-Carlo Method based on a large number of random draws. This method allows studying the dispersion of results due to the plausible imprecise positioning and orientation committed by the operator of the probe. This method is applied at different distances from elementary radiating sources. The main results of this part focus on the link between the field homogeneity at the investigated point and the variability of the virtual measurement around this point due to the inaccuracy committed
Mallik, Mohammed Tariqul Hassan. "Electromagnetic Field Exposure Reconstruction by Artificial Intelligence". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDENGSYS/2023/2023ULILN052.pdf.
The topic of exposure to electromagnetic fields has received muchattention in light of the current deployment of the fifth generation(5G) cellular network. Despite this, accurately reconstructing theelectromagnetic field across a region remains difficult due to a lack ofsufficient data. In situ measurements are of great interest, but theirviability is limited, making it difficult to fully understand the fielddynamics. Despite the great interest in localized measurements, thereare still untested regions that prevent them from providing a completeexposure map. The research explored reconstruction strategies fromobservations from certain localized sites or sensors distributed inspace, using techniques based on geostatistics and Gaussian processes.In particular, recent initiatives have focused on the use of machinelearning and artificial intelligence for this purpose. To overcome theseproblems, this work proposes new methodologies to reconstruct EMFexposure maps in a specific urban area in France. The main objective isto reconstruct exposure maps to electromagnetic waves from some datafrom sensors distributed in space. We proposed two methodologies basedon machine learning to estimate exposure to electromagnetic waves. Forthe first method, the exposure reconstruction problem is defined as animage-to-image translation task. First, the sensor data is convertedinto an image and the corresponding reference image is generated using aray tracing-based simulator. We proposed an adversarial network cGANconditioned by the environment topology to estimate exposure maps usingthese images. The model is trained on sensor map images while anenvironment is given as conditional input to the cGAN model.Furthermore, electromagnetic field mapping based on the GenerativeAdversarial Network is compared to simple Kriging. The results show thatthe proposed method produces accurate estimates and is a promisingsolution for exposure map reconstruction. However, producing referencedata is a complex task as it involves taking into account the number ofactive base stations of different technologies and operators, whosenetwork configuration is unknown, e.g. powers and beams used by basestations. Additionally, evaluating these maps requires time andexpertise. To answer these questions, we defined the problem as amissing data imputation task. The method we propose takes into accountthe training of an infinite neural network to estimate exposure toelectromagnetic fields. This is a promising solution for exposure mapreconstruction, which does not require large training sets. The proposedmethod is compared with other machine learning approaches based on UNetnetworks and conditional generative adversarial networks withcompetitive results
Delmas, Antoine. "Définition, validation et mise en place d’un suivi de l’exposition au champ magnétique statique des travailleurs en IRM". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0074/document.
The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging modality using electromagnetic fields (EMF) in order to perform human body tomodensitometric images. Even if these fields are Non-Ionizing Radiations (NIR), some transitory effects can be felt by the staff working in the vicinity of the MRI. Such workers are qualified as “exposed” to EMF, even if all expert comities agree to say that no accumulative or long term effects have been identified yet. Short term effects are known and identified, from metallic taste in the mouth, nerve and muscle stimulation, to biologic tissue heating, which can be troublesome or dangerous. The main exposure concern comes from the MRI permanent static magnetic field (ranging from 1.5 T to 7 T). An expert comity, mandated by the World Health Organization (WHO), has therefore defined the evaluation of the exposure of the MRI workers to the static magnetic field as a priority. This was the focus of this PhD thesis. A light and autonomous static magnetic field monitor (called "exposimeter") has been developed. It allows the recording of the three-dimensional magnetic fields as well as workers’ movements. Its magnetic induction measurement accuracy has been ensured by a specific calibration, which takes into account non-linearity and non-orthogonality of the magnetic sensors. Based on exposimeter data, a magnetic induction extrapolation method has then been developed. This method allows the estimation of the EMF exposure at the head with sensors placed on the torso. Finally, a practical validation of the device has been performed in multiple MRI clinical and research centers, included clinical MRIs (1.5 T and 3 T), an interventional MRI (1.5 T) and an ultra-high field MRI (7 T). Metrics have been defined in order to precisely analyze and compare workers exposure. All the works presented in this PhD thesis open new perspectives such as long term static magnetic field exposure follow-up. Moreover, industrial transfer of the device has been performed and is currently being validated
Andrianome, Soafara. "Intolérance environnementale idiopathique avec attribution aux champs électromagnétiques (IEI-CEM) : étude des systèmes nerveux sympathique, endocrinien et immunitaire". Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0016/document.
People suffering from "Electrohypersensitivity" (EHS) report health problems such as headaches, stress, skin pain, that they associate with exposure to electromagnetic fields. So far, origin and underlying mechanism of EHS are unexplained. The aim of this thesis was to bring knew knowledges on this syndrome and identify possible biological markers. This work focused on the endocrine, autonomic, immune functions and sleep in people self-reporting EHS by using physiological (heart rate variability, electrodermal activity and respiration rate) and biological (salivary and urinary) markers. Two studies were performed : a self-questionnaire survey combined with a characterization study without any intentional exposure to electromagnetic fields and a provocation study with exposure to four successive electromagnetic signals. The conducted survey provided an overview of EHS in France. Our results indicate the presence of sleep disturbances in EHS and markers (salivary alpha amylase and number of electro dermal responses) significantly differ between EHS and non EHS group. Most of physiological and biological markers were not affected by electromagnetic exposure in EHS
Legros, Alexandre. "Effets d'un champ magnétique d'extrêmement basse fréquence sur les micro-mouvements segmentaires humains". Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON14002.
Ruigrok, Hermanus. "Étude en temps réel des effets cellulaires et moléculaires des champs électromagnétiques radiofréquence environnementaux". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0674/document.
The biological and health effects of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure have been very actively studied in the past two decades, mainly triggered by concerns about potential health effects of wireless communication systems. This physical agent is among the most common, fastest-growing environmental factors, triggering concerns in the population, as even a minor effect of EMF exposure on health could have a major public health impact. While the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) on the excitation of nerve and muscle cells have been well-characterized, the only well-described effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) on biological systems are caused by dielectric-relaxation heating. In contrast, “nonthermal” RF EMF effects refer to other potential biological effects that are not caused by temperature elevation of living tissue or cell culture medium. The investigation of such mechanisms has been hampered by the absence of robust, reliable and repeatable effects occurring as a consequence of low-level exposures, for which temperature elevation is minimal. Moreover, no plausible mechanistic hypotheses have been given concerning thermal or nonthermal effects of low-level RF EMF exposures, making difficult to draw conclusions on the basis of available experimental results. Nonetheless, in 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified RF emitted by cell phones as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (Class 2B). The characterization of nonthermal biological RF EMF effects is therefore of primary importance for setting safety limits since guidelines and standards have so far been set to protect from the known health risks associated only with the thermal effects of RF EMF exposures. The aim of this basic science thesis work is to characterize the effects of environmental RF EMF signals on living matter at the cellular and molecular level. In this work, we took advantage of modern and innovative methods to observe the behavior of living matter under RF EMF exposure in real time at various specific absorption rates (SAR). In particular, we have studied: (i) Specific RF EMF effects on the ionic channel TRPV1, a major thermoreceptor in our body. TRPV1 activation under RF EMF exposure was studied using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technique. The implementation of this technique called for the construction and characterization of BRET probes targeting TRP channels as well as the development of a device for the remote measurement of BRET spectra, using an optical fiber. The conclusion of this part of the thesis is that RFs are able to activate the TRPV1 channel by producing a dielectric heating but in the absence of temperature increase there is no RF effect on the basal activation state of TRPV1 and no change of capsaicin maximal efficacy to activate TRPV1. (ii) The analysis of the global behavior of cells in culture under RF exposure was carried out using a modified xCELLigence system where the array of electrodes of the measuring plates were also used to expose the cells to RF EMF. Using this device, we were able to perform SH-SY5Y cell exposures with a SAR of 24 W/kg without causing heating in the culture medium or in the cell culture. No effect of RF EMF on the behavior of the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y line could however be demonstrated, either in the absence or in the presence of a co-stimulation by a chemical agent. The conclusion of this study is that under conditions where the temperature remains stable, we have not been able to demonstrate any changes in the functioning of living cells, ether at the molecular level or at the cellular level. The tools developed in this thesis work offer important prospects both in the field of drug screening using spectral BRET, and pave the ways for future studies in bioelectromagnetics
Bosquillon, de Jenlis Aymar. "Effets d'une exposition chronique aux ondes radiofréquences sur le système immunitaire et le sommeil, modèle de rat juvénile". Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0012/document.
With the development of wireless technologies, electromagnetic fields became an important environmental constraint. However, some people attribute symptoms to electromagnetic fields exposure. The results of experimental studies remain controversial due to contradictory results. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of a co-exposure between electromagnetic fields and noise. The hypothesis is that co-exposure led to an exacerbation of the electromagnetic fields effects. This work focused on different physiological functions in a juvenile population: sleep, immune system, food intake, respiratory parameters and behavior. The results showed a higher anxious behavior, a decrease of locomotor parameters and an increase in the weight of the animals, associated with variations in the food intake pattern. Sleep is slightly altered in animals exposed to electromagnetic fields. The immune system of animals exposed to electromagnetic fields exhibits alterations in the adaptive immune system by a redistribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in favor of cell activation and humoral immunity, but without variation of the innate immune system. The alteration of immune system was observed during the co-exposure with a different way than noise exposure. This work was the first study to show a variation of immune parameters in juveniles chronically exposed to electromagnetic fields
Carles, Camille. "Exposition aux pesticides et aux champs électromagnétiques : développement d’outils de mesure en population générale Et application aux tumeurs cérébrales". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0246/document.
Context: Over past decades, human activities have led to the emergence and the increaseof environmental pollutants. In parallel, a progression of the incidence of some chronic diseaseslike cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and reproductive issues was observed. In this context,new disciplines like environmental epidemiology or expology have developed greatly in order toanalyze the association between pollutants and diseases in human populations. The main challenge is to estimate at its best individual exposure to pollutants, particularly in a retrospective way. The objective of our thesis was to contribute to the development of newmethods for the assessment of exposures to pesticides and electromagnetic fields, usable in studies about the association with chronic diseases.Methods: We built two kinds of exposure assessment tools: i) two job-exposure matrices focusingon occupational exposure to pesticides, one specific to agriculture (PESTIMAT) and one usable inthe general population (PESTIPOP). For that purpose, we used various data sources likeexpert assessment and questionnaires (from a case-control study in the general populationCERENAT) and literature data. ii) geographic metrics estimating residential exposure topesticides and electromagnetic fields, with a geographic information system and mapsrepresenting exposure sources and places of residence. Then we applied these tools to braintumours in the case-control study CERENAT.Results: We present in this thesis, the initial version of the two job-exposure matrices PESTIPOPand PESTIMAT, focusing on occupational exposure to pesticides, to the building of which wecontributed, as well as exposure metrics to pesticides and electromagnetic fields obtained witha geographic information system. Furthermore, we present the results of risk analysis aboutbrain tumours and exposure to pesticides and electromagnetic fields, carried out using thedeveloped metrics. We found a significant increase of brain tumour risk when people lived a longtime near cereal crops and at less than 50 meters from high voltage electric lines. Results differedaccording to quality of data used to build the geographic metrics.Conclusion: The metrics we developed have been used and tested in current epidemiologicalstudies: the CERENAT study and the ELFE cohort study. They showed their ability to discriminateindividuals according to exposure, varying depending on the parameters used. However, theimplementation of these methods has encountered some difficulties, particularly the limitedavailability of historical data needed for the metrics’ construction
Elferchichi-Ben, Rhouma Miryam. "Effet du champ magnétique statique sur le métabolisme du rat". Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON1T002.
Migault, Lucile. "Exposition maternelle aux champs électromagnétiques, prématurité et petit poids de naissance pour l’âge gestationnel : données des cohortes Elfe et Epipage2". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0263/document.
Electromagnetic fields in the environment - whether extremely low frequency or radiofrequency - are responsible for continuous population exposure. However, the potential impact of exposure to electromagnetic fields on neonatal health during pregnancy is still not well known, in particular due to the difficulties for epidemiological studies to assess in sufficient detail and precision the exposure to electromagnetic fields, which is ubiquitous. The first objective of this thesis was to study the relationship between maternal exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and two indicators of neonatal health: prematurity and small for gestational age. The second objective was to build a tool for quantitative estimation of occupational exposure to radiofrequencies. The work carried out in response to the first objective is based on data from two French birth cohorts. Cumulative exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields during pregnancy was assessed using a job-exposure matrix. The results were in favor of an absence of association with the risk of small for gestational age. However, for the risk of spontaneous prematurity, a modest association was reported among the most exposed mothers up to 28 weeks of gestation. The work carried out in response to the second objective is based on an international collaboration. On the basis of the job calendars collected in an international case-control study and exposure measurements extracted from the literature, a first quantitative job-exposure matrix to estimate occupational exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields in epidemiological studies was created
El, Gaddar Amal. "Etude de comportement électrique des cellules isolées HEK293 et de leurs agrégats". Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0008/document.
The work reported in this manuscript aims at understanding the electrical properties of biological tissues in the frequency range between 10 kHz and 100 MHz. Knowing these properties is essential to assess the effects of involuntary exposure of human body to electromagnetic fields, but also to diagnose a physiological change when the tissue is exposed voluntarily. Many studies have been conducted to measure the electrical properties of different tissues but existing data are not well understood because of the complexity of tissues structure. Moreover, there is considerable variability of data among studies evaluating these properties. To better understand the electrical behavior of tissues, the original approach proposed in this manuscript consists in investigating their properties starting from the cell scale. The first part of the manuscript is dedicated to the electrical characterization of HEK 293 (HumanEmbryonic Kidney) cells by electrorotation. This technique has been used to extract the electrical properties of the membrane and the cytoplasm of HEK cells. The second part of the manuscript focuses on creating cell aggregates from isolated HEKcells. Two approaches have been proposed. The first one was based on the nature of intercellular junctions. This approach led to the formation of aggregates of irregularsize and shape. The other technique consisted in using an electric field to perform dielectrophoresis-assisted cell assembly. A microsystem comprising quadrupole electrodes was designed for this purpose. Permanent aggregates of HEK cells having a controlled size and shape could be obtained using this approach. The last part of the manuscript focuses on study of the electrical behavior of the cell aggregates through numerical simulations of electrorotation spectra. The confrontation between results obtained for a single cell and those obtained for an aggregate tend to show that the extracellular medium influences strongly the electrical response of the aggregate ; Conversely, the difference in size between the cells as well as the presence of intercellular junctions does not seem to have had a notable impact. These simulation results will have to be supported by experimental studies
Bamba, Aliou. "Channel modeling for the investigation of human absorption in realistic indoor environments". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10040/document.
We briefly review the modeling of wireless channels. We demonstrate that the room electromagnetics is a suitable channel model to address the human absorption due to diffuse fields. Next, an easy-to-implement methodology to determine the reverberation time in a reverberation chamber is presented and validated with a high-resolution algorithm. Then, we introduce the absorption cross section in diffuse fields (ACSwb,dmc). An experimental method to determine the ACSwb,dmc of a canonical phantom is developed and validated via numerical simulations. The reverberation time properties are investigated in several offices in Ghent (Belgium), and in Aalborg (Denmark), using the virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Ouput channel sounder and the real channel sounder. Next, the reverberation time values allow us the measurement of the ACSwb,dmc of humans in a realistic office. We then address for the first time an experimental method to determine the whole-body averaged specific energy absorption rate (SARwb) of humans under realistic propagation conditions in indoor environments. Several scenarios have been considered and we show that the contribution of the diffuse fields in the absorption rate of humans may be prominent and cannot be systematically neglected. Moreover, a simple formula (as an alternative to numerical and experimental approaches) is proposed to determine the total SARwb of humans in presence of diffuse fields. The formula is validated via numerical simulations of four 3-D heterogeneous human models and can be used in dosimetry studies to assess accurately and rapidly the total SARwb of humans.Finally, a conclusion and future research opportunities end this thesis
Soueid, Malak. "Contribution au développement et à la caractérisation d’applicateurs pour les études bioélectromagnétiques portant sur les ondes radiofréquences et les impulsions électriques nanosecondes de haute intensité". Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0081/document.
In this thesis, we propose and study exposure systems to explore healthy and therapeutic biological effects of EM signals. We propose a microwave antenna for thermal ablation of liver tumors at 2.45 GHz. Its original feature consists in its reduced dimensions that permits the endoscopic insertion in the zone to be treated. For this antenna, a specific absorption rate (SAR) greater than 50 W/kg/W inc showed an exposed zone of 1-cm diameter. We propose a transverse electromagnetic cell (TEM) with an aperture sealed with a transparent conducting material Indium tin oxide (ITO).This TEM cell can be used to study the potential effects of wireless communication systems on biological cells. This delivery device allows real-time observation of biological cells during exposure across the aperture sealed with ITO. The effect of the aperture and the ITO layer presence on the SAR in the exposed sample was evaluated. The SAR values obtained at 1.8 GHz in the sample exposed in the TEM cell with the sealed or non-sealed aperture of 20-mm diameter were 1.1 W/kg/W inc and 23.6 W/kg/W inc, respectively. An excellent homogeneity of SAR was achieved in the medium in the presenceof ITO. Finally, we propose several devices for the exposure of biological medium to nanosecond pulsed electric field with high intensity (nsPEFs). The biological effect of nsPEFs are used in biotechnology and medicine. We propose two devices with electrodes in direct contact with the biological medium and three devices with isolated electrodes. We demonstrate their adaptation for 3-ns duration pulses and the suitability of those with electrodes in contactwith the biological medium to provide high intensities fields in the order of several MV/m. We demonstrate the importance of the isolated devices for delivering ultrashort pulses
Frère, Jeanne. "Caractérisation numérique de l'exposition électromagnétique des personnes en bandes HF et VHF". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S027/document.
In military environments, especially land field, high frequencies (HF, 3 - 30 MHz), very high frequencies (VHF, 30 - 300 MHz) and ultra high frequencies (UHF, 300 - 3000 MHz) have been used for long range and shortrange communications, for communication interference or for detection. To have all those functions on the same carrier, they require many antennas, therefore they are increasing the operator's electromagnetic overexposure risk. Civilian and military standards were published providing limits on external electromagnetic fields and dosimetric quantities (specific absortion rate SAR, current density and internal electric field) to limit this overexposure risk between 0 and 300 GHz. The PhD thesis project has two main objectives. First, civilian and military standards are studied to understand how they were developed and if they are really suited for HF and VHF frequencies. Second, a new validation method of Thales radio product is proposed and validated. This PhD thesis project have characterized numerically the human body electromagnetic and thermal behavior during electromagnetic exposure in HF and VHF. Then, by studying couplings between external electromagnetic fields, induced current and human body, formulas to calculate both whole-body averaged SAR and local SAR 10 g in homogeneous body are proposed for the first time