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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Centrifugal chiller"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 1 febbraio 2022

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1

Cappenberg, Audri Deacy. "Analisis Chiller Dengan Menggunaan R123 Dan R134a Pada Kinerja Pendinginan". JURNAL KAJIAN TEKNIK MESIN 5, n. 1 (13 aprile 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52447/jktm.v5i1.3979.

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AbstrakChiller adalah mesin refrigerasi yang memiliki fungsi utama mendinginkan air pada sisi evaporator, air yang didinginkan selanjutnya didistribusi ke alat penukar kalor (FCU; fan coil unit). Chiller sudah menjadi pilihan dalam pengkondisian udara ruangan dalam skala besar maupun dalam mesin-mesin proses. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja pendingin chiller centrifugal water cooled (dari beberapa jenis chiller yang tersedia) yang berkapasitas relatif besar, dengan menggunakan refrigeran R-123 dan R-134a sebagai media pendingin. Dari hasil penelitian dan pengolahan data maka untuk chiller yang menggunakan R-123 didapatkan COP = 2.68; GWP = 76; emisi ; CO2= 43.324.512,58 kg; ODP = 0.02 dan untuk chiller yang menggunakan R-134a didapatkan : COP = 5.74; GWP = 1300; emisi ; CO2= 47.953.644 kg; ODP = 0.0. Kata kunci: Chiller centrifugal water cooled, R123,R134a,COP,ODP dan GWP AbstractChiller is a refrigeration machine that has the main function of cooling the air on the evaporator, the cooled air is then distributed to the heat exchanger (FCU; fan coil unit). Chiller has become the choice in room air conditioning on a large scale as well as in process machines. This study aims to determine the performance of centrifugal chiller water cooled chillers (from several types of chillers available) with relatively large capacities, using R-123 and R-134a refrigerants as cooling media. From the results of research and data processing, the chiller using R-123 obtained COP = 2.68; GWP = 76; emissions; CO2 = 43,324,512.58 kg; ODP = 0.02 and for chillers using R-134a obtained: COP = 5.74; GWP = 1300; emissions; CO2 = 47,953,644 kg; ODP = 0.0. Keywords: Chiller centrifugal water cooled, R123,R134a,COP,ODP dan GWP

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2

Hsu, Chih-Neng, e Shih-Hao Wang. "Evaluating the Performance of Water Chillers Equipped with Constant- or Variable-Frequency Centrifugal Compressors". Processes 9, n. 6 (14 giugno 2021): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9061039.

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The cooling coefficient of performance (COPR) and energy efficiency ratio (EER) of refrigerant R-134a compressors (single- and double-compressors) with different refrigerant tonnage (200, 250, 300, 380, 500, and 700 RT) for centrifugal and Maglev centrifugal compressors change with different operating performance load percentages (10–100%), and constant-frequency and variable-frequency operation, resulting in performance differences. In particular, a water chiller can have a fixed cooling water inlet temperature of 32 °C and a variable cooling water inlet temperature between 18.33 °C and 32 °C. According to the actual test results, the commercial performance code program and parameter table of the water chiller were established. Based on the performance matching of different load chillers, the on-site load capacity was analyzed and the effective water chiller performance and model matching were determined as the best choice for the tonR number of the deicing machine and unit matching, providing a reference for a future large water chiller that cannot be used on site for a single unit tonR. To achieve energy-saving benefits, different types of compressors, different refrigeration tonR operation, constant-frequency unit and variable-frequency unit alternate operation, and different operating performance load percentage operation can be allocated. Finally, the results show that, when the cooling water inlet temperature is fixed, the Maglev variable-frequency centrifugal compressor water chiller is better than the constant-frequency centrifugal water chiller, and also better than the variable-frequency centrifugal water chiller. The larger the freezing tonR of the variable-frequency centrifugal water chiller, the smaller the difference between COPR and EER. When the cooling water inlet temperature changes, the Maglev variable-frequency centrifugal water chiller is better than the constant-frequency centrifugal water chiller, and it is also better than the variable-frequency centrifugal water chiller. The larger the freezing tonR of the variable-frequency centrifugal water chiller, the smaller the difference between COPR and EER. Moreover, the operating performance of the constant-frequency centrifugal water chiller is between 60% and 90%, which can maintain relatively high COPR and EER values. The operating performance of the variable-frequency centrifugal water chiller is between 40% and 70%, which can maintain relatively high COPR and EER values. Compared with the constant-frequency and variable-frequency, the Maglev variable-frequency centrifugal water chiller can maintain higher COPR and EER values when the operating performance is between 10% and 100%. When the operating performance is between 10% and 70%, it can maintain very high COPR and EER values. When the water chiller is selected in the field, the energy-saving of COPR and EER will be given priority. Therefore, the load capacity can be used to effectively manage the water chiller performance and model selection, so that the operation performance can reach the best percentage and energy saving can be achieved.

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3

SATHTHASIVAM, JAYAPRAKASH, GARY TANG e KIM CHOON NG. "EVALUATION OF THE SIMPLE THERMODYNAMIC MODEL (GORDON AND NG UNIVERSAL CHILLER MODEL) AS A FAULT DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS TOOL FOR ON-SITE CENTRIFUGAL CHILLERS". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 18, n. 01 (marzo 2010): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132510000071.

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The application of Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) could play a key role in operating chillers at optimum efficiency. As air-conditioning consumes a significant proportion (approximately 30% to 50%) of the total power consumption of a commercial building, an effective FDD tool is very much required for a reliable and economic chiller operation. In this paper, the renowned Simple Thermodynamic Model, STM (also known as Gordon and Ng Universal Chiller Model) was utilized to detect and diagnose some of the common faults in centrifugal chillers. Based on the readily available, nonintrusive, steady state measurements extracted from the on-site chillers, the STM model was regressed to obtain two physically meaningful coefficients, namely, Thermal Resistance and Internal Entropy Generation. These information-rich coefficients were then analyzed to evaluate the performances and the conditions of the chillers. Despite the large and yet complex on-site chiller operations, equipped with built-in heat recovery, such as economizer and intricate control mechanisms, the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of STM in detecting chiller faults has been successfully tested and evaluated based on the data collected from on-site centrifugal chillers. Faults like condenser fouling and reduction in condenser cooling water flow rate were succinctly captured by the STM model.

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4

Wang, Zhiyi, Jiachen Zhong e Zudong Pan. "Research of cooling load & chiller selection in metro station". International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, n. 4 (7 aprile 2020): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa015.

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Abstract Air conditioning is of the most energy saving potential system in the metro station. This study analyzes the composition and characteristics of air conditioning cooling load in a metro station. The hourly distribution and the proportion of each cooling load are calculated. The results show that cooling load fluctuation of metro air conditioning is large, and the operating time of different load varies greatly. According to the air conditioning cooling load, the coefficient of performance of the fixed frequency screw, variable frequency screw, series countercurrent screw and magnetic bearing centrifugal chiller under the load of 20–100% are tested. The annual operating cost of four chillers is compared. Test results show that the magnetic bearing centrifugal chiller has a much higher coefficient of performance at part load and lower annual operating cost. Increased initial investment can be recovered in less than 2 years. The magnetic bearing centrifugal chiller is suitable as a cold source of air conditioning system in the metro station.

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5

Jia, Yongzhong, e T. Agami Reddy. "A Model-Based Feed-Forward Controller Scheme for Accurate Chilled Water Temperature Control of Inlet Guide Vane Centrifugal Chillers". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2005): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1775225.

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Capacity control in most commercial centrifugal chillers is achieved by inlet guide vanes which are activated by the leaving chilled water temperature sensor. Due to mechanical reasons, vane control is done discretely, and not continuously. The control module compares the value provided by the temperature sensor to pre-set control band values, and if those bands are exceeded, it sends a signal to the vane control motor to adjust the vane position by one step which could be upwards or downwards. The advantage of this type of discrete control method is its simplicity. Normally, the accuracy in the outlet chilled water temperature is of the order of 0.5°C, which is acceptable for normal cooling plants such as used in office buildings. However, there are applications such as in pharmaceutical processes, mechanics labs, or instances in chemical processes where more accurate control is required (sometimes as low as 0.05°C). This paper proposes a simple method to achieve such tight control without any hardware modifications. The basis of this method is a transient physical inverse model of the refrigerant boiling process in the evaporator, in conjunction with a feed-forward control scheme. The model parameters need to be identified from monitored data since they are chiller-specific. This paper describes the model, and applies it to one-minute monitored data from an actual chiller plant of 1580 kW (450 Tons). It is demonstrated that for this specific chiller such a control scheme has the potential to improve control accuracy by about 28% as compared to the traditional control method.

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6

Zamhuri, Muhammad Ikhwan, Haslenda Hashim e Ho Wai Shin. "Optimal Design of Integrated Chiller Capacity with Ice Thermal Storage for Commercial Buildings through Cooling System Cascade Analysis". International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, n. 2 (10 dicembre 2020): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b8301.1210220.

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Chilled water air conditioning system is used to supply cooling systems in large capacity for industrial processes and commercial buildings. Air conditioners contribute more than 60 percent of electricity consumption in buildings. District Cooling System (DCS) technology comprises a central chiller plant which provides advantage compared to local air conditioning system. It has higher efficiency, uses less power in system operation, allows more usable space in buildings, and can be operated with minimum manpower while handling same amount of cooling load. The integration of a chiller with ice thermal storage (ITS) offers more operational flexibility while reducing space cooling expenses. This paper presents a systematic framework for design and operation of District Cooling Plant (DCP) comprising an integrated chiller and ice thermal storage system. The Cooling System Cascade Analysis (COSCA) based on pinch analysis is constructed to determine the chiller optimal size and ice thermal storage capacity. The District Cooling System configuration for this study comprises a cooling tower, chiller (centrifugal, variable centrifugal, glycol) and ice thermal storage system. The application of this technique to fulfil 66,284 refrigerant tonne hour (RTH) cooling load demand from commercial buildings reveals the optimal capacity of the chiller is 3068.91 refrigerant tonne (RT), ice tank rating at 989 refrigerant tonne (RT) and ice tank capacity is 9892.75 refrigerant tonne hour (RTH).

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7

Hwang, YoonJei, HanYoung Park, SaiKee Oh, HoRim Lee, YoungSu Park e KamGyu Lee. "The evaluation of energy saving performance for the modular design centrifugal chiller". E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911101018.

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The modular concept design and operation of a centrifugal chiller offers the potential of increased cycle efficiency both at full load and off load conditions compared to the single compressor chiller. Modular chiller design is that a smaller, individual chiller can be connected with another, to make a larger capacity system. In the case of a tandem chiller, there would be faced to the higher initial cost or bigger foot print than a single compressor chiller at the same capacity because manufacturing cost, weight and size will be decreased according to increase of the refrigeration capacity. Therefore, it is obvious that a modular chiller have to be improved its efficiency first by both the operation algorithm and major cycle components. Eventually, the efficiency of the modular chiller achieves up to 6% at the full load condition after added series counter flow effect as much as 3% and more 3% added by improved aerodynamic design for impeller. Moreover, maximize off design potential through the capacity combination algorithm as the way of uneven loading makes 24% improved based on AHRI 550/590.

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8

Ng, K. C., T. Y. Bong e H. T. Chua. "Performance Evaluation of Centrifugal Chillers in an Air-Conditioning Plant with The Building Automation System (BAS)". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 208, n. 4 (novembre 1994): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_045_02.

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A thermodynamic model with a novel method of describing the performances of centrifugal chillers for air-conditioning is presented. It is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics which captures the overall entropy change due to non-isentropic compression and expansion of the thermodynamic cycle. The model gives the fundamental relation between the coefficient of performance (COP) and the cooling rates (Qe) for (a) the modulating and (b) the throttling actions of the inlet guide-vanes of the compressor. The usefulness and the accuracy of the model are demonstrated here by analysing the in situ performance of two commercial, installed centrifugal chillers of an air-conditioning plant as well as comparing the available performance data of another chiller in the literature.

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9

Jia, Yongzhong, e T. Agami Reddy. "Characteristic Physical Parameter Approach to Modeling Chillers Suitable for Fault Detection, Diagnosis, and Evaluation". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, n. 3 (1 agosto 2003): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1567317.

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Model-based fault detection and diagnosis approaches based on statistical models for fault-free performance concurrently require a fault classifier database for diagnosis. On the other hand, a model with physical parameters would directly provide such diagnostic ability. In this paper, we propose a generic model development approach, called the characteristic parameter approach, which is suitable for large engineering systems that usually come equipped with numerous sensors. Such an approach is applied to large centrifugal chillers, which are generally the single most expensive piece of equipment in heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems. The basis of the characteristic parameter approach is to quantify the performance of each and every primary component of the chiller (the electrical motor, the compressor, the condenser heat exchanger, the evaporator heat exchanger, and the expansion device) by one or two performance parameters, the variation in magnitude of which is indicative of the health of that component. A hybrid inverse model is set up based on the theoretical standard refrigeration cycle in conjunction with statistically identified component models that correct for non-standard behavior of the characteristic parameters of the particular chiller. Such an approach has the advantage of using few physically meaningful parameters (as against using the numerous sensor data directly), which simplifies the detection phase while directly providing the needed diagnostic ability. Another advantage to this generic approach is that the identification of the correction models is simple and robust, since it requires regression rather than calibration. The entire methodology has been illustrated with actual monitored data from two centrifugal chillers (one a laboratory chiller and the other a field operated chiller). The sensitivity of this approach to sensor noise has also been investigated.

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10

Huang, Xinghua, Yunqian Zhang, Zuqiang Li e Yaolin Lin. "Measurement Method and Experimental Analysis of Liquid Entrainment for a Flooded Evaporator of a Water-Cooled Centrifugal Chiller Based on Energy Balance". Applied Sciences 11, n. 17 (2 settembre 2021): 8165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178165.

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Liquid entrainment in a flooded evaporator has an important impact on the performance and safety of a water-cooled centrifugal chiller. In this paper, two methods for measuring the liquid entrainment factor in the evaporator of a centrifugal chiller based on energy balance are proposed. Method 1 involves only the heat exchange capacity of the evaporator and Method 2 involves both evaporator and condenser. The applicable conditions of the methods are discussed. Experimental measurements on the flooded evaporator of a single-stage water-cooled centrifugal chiller with refrigerant R134a show that, for a system with good thermal balance, there is little difference in the entrainment factor values obtained by the two methods. Method 2 was found to have slightly higher measurement accuracy, compared to Method 1. The uncertainty propagation analysis shows that for Method 2, the inlet and outlet water temperatures of the evaporator and condenser, motor input power, motor efficiency, transmission power loss and compressor suction and discharge temperatures are important factors. The experimental results show that the variation of the evaporator entrainment factor with refrigerant charge amount is different for different cooling capacity. At 700 and 800 refrigeration ton (RT), the entrainment factor of the test evaporator increases with the increase of refrigerant charge and the growth rate gradually accelerates. For the chiller tested, when the entrainment factor reaches 0.89% and 1.02%, respectively, at 700 ton and 800 ton, the rapid increase of the entrainment factor leads to a significant decrease in the coefficient of performance (COP) during the charging process. Based on the analysis of the experimental results, it is recommended that the maximum entrainment factor for efficient operation of the centrifugal chiller should be controlled within 1%.

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11

Li, Songchun, e M. Zaheeruddin. "A Model and Multi-Mode Control of a Centrifugal Chiller System: A Computer Simulation Study". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 27, n. 04 (29 ottobre 2019): 1950031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132519500317.

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In this paper, a model of a water-cooled centrifugal chiller system is developed and its control performance is studied. The overall system consists of three control loops: (i) a compressor speed control; (ii) an inlet guide vane control and (iii) a condenser liquid-level control. The model is validated by comparing the simulation results with the experimental data under steady state conditions. The results match to within 10% accuracy. A multi-mode control strategy was designed to simulate the operation of the centrifugal chiller as it transitions between start-up, speed control mode, IGV control mode and shutdown mode during a typical day operation. COP of the chiller was studied by conducting simulation runs under a wide range of operating conditions. The results showing the coefficient of performance of the system at different cooling loads as a function of cooling water temperature under IGV control mode and compressor speed control mode are presented.

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12

Foliaco, Blanca, Antonio Bula e Peter Coombes. "Improving the Gordon-Ng Model and Analyzing Thermodynamic Parameters to Evaluate Performance in a Water-Cooled Centrifugal Chiller". Energies 13, n. 9 (28 aprile 2020): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092135.

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The Gordon-Ng models are tools that have been used to estimate and evaluate the performance of various types of chillers for several years. A 550 TR centrifugal chiller plant facility was available to collect data from July and September 2018. The authors propose rearranging variables of the traditional (GNU) model based on average electric consumption and through a thermodynamic analysis comparable to the original model. Furthermore, assumptions are validated. Then, by estimation of the parameters of the new model using least square fitting with field training data and comparing to the GNU model and Braun model (based on consumption), it was shown that the proposed model provides a better prediction in order to evaluate consumption of a centrifugal chiller in regular operation, by improving the coefficient of variation (CV), CV = 3.24% and R2 = 92.52% for a filtered sub-data. Through an algorithm built from steady-state cycle analysis, physical parameters (Sgen, Qleak,eq, R) were estimated to compare with the same parameters obtained by regression to check the influence of the interception term in the model. It was found that without an interception term, the estimated parameters achieve relative errors (ER) below 20%. Additional comparison between external and internal power prediction is shown, with CV = 3.57 % and mean relative error (MRE) of 2.7%, achieving better accuracy than GNU and Braun model.

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13

Kawaguchi, Daisuke, Takeshi Okada, Yasushi Nakamura e Masatoshi Terasaki. "0607 Efficiency Improvement of Centrifugal Compressor for Turbo Chiller". Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2010 (2010): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2010.193.

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14

Jeong, Jinhee, e Hyeonkoo Lee. "Series design of compressors for two-stage centrifugal chiller". KSME International Journal 17, n. 2 (febbraio 2003): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02984400.

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15

Kim, Yeong-Il, Yeong-Su Jang, Yeong-Gi Sin e Yeong-Jin Baek. "In-Situ Performance Analysis of Centrifugal Chiller According to Varying Conditions of Chilled and Cooling Water". Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 26, n. 3 (1 marzo 2002): 482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2002.26.3.482.

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16

Lee, Chang-Joong, Yong Suk Park e Joonkeun Lee. "Rotor Dynamic Design of the Centrifugal Chiller Using Offset Bearing". Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 29, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2005): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2005.29.2.239.

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17

UEDA, Kenji, Kazuki WAJIMA, Akimasa YOKOYAMA e Akifumi SHIMIZU. "S081015 Study for Low GWP Refrigerant Adapted for Centrifugal Chiller". Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2011 (2011): _S081015–1—_S081015–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2011._s081015-1.

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18

Kumar, Manoj. "Economic Evaluation of Solar Cooling Schemes". International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 6, n. 1 (gennaio 2017): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2017010102.

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This paper provides an economic evaluation and comparison of ejector, absorption and vapor compression systems driven either partly or fully by solar energy. Life cycle costing has been used to assess the relative economic ranks of eight solar cooling schemes. It has been shown that the capital cost of solar collectors is the dominant capital cost item in the total inventory of solar cooling plant, which has a strong influence on the system life cycle costs. Lower collector costs are therefore critical in establishing economically viable solar cooling systems. Primary energy analysis has been carried out and the running costs of chillers were determined for the maximum range of thermal and electric solar fractions and a number of annual equivalent full load hours of operation. The results indicate that two low temperature flat-plate collector assisted single-effect absorption chillers compete favorably with a PV assisted centrifugal mechanical compression chiller across the maximum range of thermal and electrical solar fractions. Low temperature options for solar cooling have been shown to be more economical than their high temperature counterparts. At current collector prices, solar cooling systems are still not cost effective compared with conventional centrifugal cooling systems, however, it is shown that at a collector cost of £57/m2 for thermal energy and £1.8/Wp for electrical energy, single-effect solar absorption and PV-centrifugal compression could become cost effective within an annual EFLH of 5840 hours. As such, the paper presents technical guidance on the procurement and operation of solar cooling plant. The novel energy and cost calculation methodology developed here can be applied globally to a wide range of solar collectors, chillers, heat rejection and ancillary subsystems.

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Schalbart, P., e P. Haberschill. "Simulation of the behaviour of a centrifugal chiller during quick start-up". International Journal of Refrigeration 36, n. 1 (gennaio 2013): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.09.015.

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Reshi, M. A., e M. Mursaleen. "Study of the failure of condenser tube in water cooled centrifugal chiller". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1240 (luglio 2019): 012152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1240/1/012152.

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TOGANO, Yoshie, Kazuki WAJIMA, Yasushi HASEGAWA e Kenji UEDA. "Development of Purge Unit for the Centrifugal Chiller Using Low GWP Refrigerant". Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2016 (2016): G0600403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2016.g0600403.

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Yu, F. W., e K. T. Chan. "Modelling of a condenser-fan control for an air-cooled centrifugal chiller". Applied Energy 84, n. 11 (novembre 2007): 1117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.05.004.

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Du, Y. "Investigation of Performance of Low GWP Alternative to R134a in Centrifugal Chiller". Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 30, n. 1 (gennaio 2021): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1810232821010094.

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Zhou, Qiang, Shengwei Wang e Fu Xiao. "A Novel Strategy for the Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Centrifugal Chiller Systems". HVAC&R Research 15, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2009): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2009.10390825.

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Cui, Jingtan, e Shengwei Wang. "A model-based online fault detection and diagnosis strategy for centrifugal chiller systems". International Journal of Thermal Sciences 44, n. 10 (ottobre 2005): 986–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2005.03.004.

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Tran, Dinh Anh Tuan, Youming Chen e Changliang Jiang. "Comparative investigations on reference models for fault detection and diagnosis in centrifugal chiller systems". Energy and Buildings 133 (dicembre 2016): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.09.062.

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Lee, Kyoung-Yong, Young-Seok Choi e Woon-Jean Park. "Numerical Study on the Performance Characteristics of a Centrifugal Compressor for a R134a Turbo-Chiller". Journal of Fluid Machinery 7, n. 2 (1 aprile 2004): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5293/kfma.2004.7.2.014.

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Park, Han-Young, Hyun-Taek Oh, You-Hwan Shin, Yoon-Pyo Lee, Kwang-Ho Kim e Jin-Taek Chung. "Numerical Analysis Techniques and Flow Characteristics of Two-Stage Centrifugal Compressor for R134a Turbo-Chiller". KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery 10, n. 4 (1 agosto 2007): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5293/kfma.2007.10.4.029.

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Wang, Shengwei, e Jingtan Cui. "Sensor-fault detection, diagnosis and estimation for centrifugal chiller systems using principal-component analysis method". Applied Energy 82, n. 3 (novembre 2005): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2004.11.002.

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Yu, F. W., e K. T. Chan. "Simulation and electricity savings estimation of air-cooled centrifugal chiller system with mist pre-cooling". Applied Energy 87, n. 4 (aprile 2010): 1198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.023.

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Jeong, Seok-Kwon, Seung-Kwan Lim e Keon-Su Ryu. "Operating Number Control of Compressors Based on Cooperative Logic for a High Efficiency Centrifugal Water Chiller". Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering 27, n. 5 (10 maggio 2015): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.6110/kjacr.2015.27.5.233.

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Gong, Guangcai, Feihu Chen, Huan Su e Jianyong Zhou. "Thermodynamic simulation of condensation heat recovery characteristics of a single stage centrifugal chiller in a hotel". Applied Energy 91, n. 1 (marzo 2012): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.08.007.

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Tran, Dinh Anh Tuan, Youming Chen, Minh Quang Chau e Baisong Ning. "A robust online fault detection and diagnosis strategy of centrifugal chiller systems for building energy efficiency". Energy and Buildings 108 (dicembre 2015): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.044.

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34

Li, Guannan, Yunpeng Hu, Huanxin Chen, Limei Shen, Haorong Li, Min Hu, Jiangyan Liu e Kaizheng Sun. "An improved fault detection method for incipient centrifugal chiller faults using the PCA-R-SVDD algorithm". Energy and Buildings 116 (marzo 2016): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.045.

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35

Hampo, Chima Cyril, Ainul Bt Akmar e Mohd Amin Abd Majid. "Life Cycle Assessment of an Electric Chiller Integrated with a Large District Cooling Plant". Sustainability 13, n. 1 (4 gennaio 2021): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010389.

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Abstract (sommario):

District cooling (DC) systems have recently proven to be more economically and environmentally viable as compared to conventional cooling techniques. In most DC setups, electric centrifugal chillers (ECCs) are installed to provide chilled water (CW) to charge the thermal energy storage (TES) tank or for direct CW supply to the DC network. The operation of these ECC systems consumes most of the electrical power supplied to the entire DC plant; this therefore strengthens the need to conduct a comprehensive environmental assessment in order to quantify the indirect ecological impact resulting from the energy consumed in the ECC system operation. In order to achieve this, a case study was conducted of four ECC systems with a use-life of 25 years installed in a large DC plant in Malaysia. A gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was adopted to analyze the environmental performance of the system setup. The result of the study year reveals that April and June account for the highest and lowest environmental impact, respectively. The influence of climatic temperature conditions on the monthly cooling and environmental load distribution was also observed from the results. Finally, in substantiating the study’s investigation, environmental performance based on the composition of two different electricity fuel mixes is discussed and compared. The results revealed a drastic decrease in environmental load as the ratio of non-renewable energy sources decreased in the composition of the mix, thereby reducing the contribution of the overall environmental impact of the ECC systems’ use phase.

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36

KAWAGUCHI, Daisuke, Takeshi OKADA e Yasushi NAKAMURA. "Effect of pressure balance between multi-stages on part-load performance of centrifugal compressor for turbo chiller". Journal of Fluid Science and Technology 10, n. 1 (2015): JFST0010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jfst.2015jfst0010.

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37

Deng, Jiewen, Qingpeng Wei, Yangyang Qian e Hui Zhang. "Does magnetic bearing variable-speed centrifugal chiller perform truly energy efficient in buildings: Field-test and simulation results". Applied Energy 229 (novembre 2018): 998–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.062.

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38

Shan, Kui, Shengwei Wang e Chaoqun Zhuang. "Controlling a large constant speed centrifugal chiller to provide grid frequency regulation: A validation based on onsite tests". Applied Energy 300 (ottobre 2021): 117359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117359.

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39

Li, Gang. "Performance evaluation of low global warming potential working fluids as R134a alternatives for two-stage centrifugal chiller applications". Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 38, n. 7 (9 giugno 2021): 1438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0785-5.

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40

Li, G. "Performance Assessment of Low Global Warming Potential Working Fluids R1233zd (E) and R1224yd(Z) for Low Pressure Centrifugal Chiller Applications". Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 30, n. 2 (aprile 2021): 270–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1810232821020090.

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41

Cui, Michael M. "Comparative Study of Unsteady Flows in a Transonic Centrifugal Compressor with Vaneless and Vaned Diffusers". International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2005, n. 1 (2005): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijrm.2005.90.

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Abstract (sommario):

To reduce vibration and noise level, the impeller and diffuser blade numbers inside an industrial compressor are typically chosen without common divisors. The shapes of volutes or collectors in these compressors are also not axis-symmetric. When impeller blades pass these asymmetric structures, the flow field in the compressor is time-dependent and three-dimensional. To obtain a fundamental physical understanding of these three-dimensional unsteady flow fields and assess their impact on the compressor performance, the flow field inside the compressors needs to be studied as a whole to include asymmetric and unsteady interaction between the compressor components. In the current study, a unified three-dimensional numerical model was built for a transonic centrifugal compressor including impeller, diffusers, and volute. HFC 134a was used as the working fluid. The thermodynamic and transport properties of the refrigerant gas were modeled by the Martin-Hou equation of state and power laws, respectively. The three-dimensional unsteady flow field was simulated with a Navier-Stokes solver using thek−εturbulent model. The overall performance parameters are obtained by integrating the field quantities. Both the unsteady flow field and the overall performance are analyzed comparatively for each component. The compressor was tested in a water chiller system instrumented to obtain both the overall performance data and local flow-field quantities. The experimental and numerical results agree well. The correlation between the overall compressor performance and local flow-field quantities is defined. The methodology developed and data obtained in these studies can be applied to the centrifugal compressor design and optimization.

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42

Zaheeruddin, Mohammed, Roxana Elena Tudoroiu e Nicolae Tudoroiu. "Modelling, identification, implementation and MATLAB simulations of multi-input multi-output proportional integral-plus control strategies for a centrifugal chiller system". International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control 35, n. 1 (2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmic.2020.10035847.

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43

Tudoroiu, Nicolae, Mohammed Zaheeruddin e Roxana Elena Tudoroiu. "Modelling, identification, implementation and MATLAB simulations of multi-input multi-output proportional integral-plus control strategies for a centrifugal chiller system". International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control 35, n. 1 (2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmic.2020.113290.

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44

Fathali, Saeed, e André Filiatrault. "Effect of Elastomeric Snubber Properties on Seismic Response of Vibration-Isolated Mechanical Equipment: An Experimental Study". Earthquake Spectra 24, n. 2 (maggio 2008): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2923921.

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Abstract (sommario):

Earthquake-simulator experiments were conducted on a liquid centrifugal chiller supported by four isolation/restraint systems with built-in elastomeric snubbers. The test plan incorporated variations of input motion amplitudes and snubber properties to investigate their effect on three response quantities: peak dynamic forces induced into the snubbers, peak acceleration, and peak relative displacement response of the equipment. The elastomeric snubbers limited the displacement responses of the vibration-isolated equipment at the expense of excessive dynamic forces and amplification of the equipment acceleration response. The snubber gap size was the most influential property on the response quantities. For high-amplitude input motions, all the response quantities increased with an increase of the gap size. Due to the compressibility of the snubber elastomeric contact-surface, the actual gap size was always larger than the nominal gap size. Even with a nominal gap size less than 0.25 in., the seismic response of the equipment was substantially different from the seismic response of rigidly mounted equipment. Compared to snubbers with constant contact-surface, snubbers with expanding contact-surface resulted in lower dynamic forces. The thicker and softer contact-surface could lower the dynamic forces induced into the snubbers but resulted in larger relative displacement response of the equipment.

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45

Yu, F. W., e K. T. Chan. "Improved energy performance of air cooled centrifugal chillers with variable chilled water flow". Energy Conversion and Management 49, n. 6 (giugno 2008): 1595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.12.009.

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46

Tudoroiu, Nicolae, Mohammed Zaheeruddin, Songchun Li e Elena-Roxana Tudoroiu. "Design and Implementation of Closed-loop PI Control Strategies in Real-time MATLAB Simulation Environment for Nonlinear and Linear ARMAX Models of HVAC Centrifugal Chiller Control Systems". Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 3, n. 2 (aprile 2018): 283–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.25046/aj030233.

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47

Rostamzadeh, Safar, Behzad Niroumand e Ali Maleki. "A Novel Method for Semi-Solid Casting of Hypereutectic Gray Cast Iron in Expendable Mold". Solid State Phenomena 256 (settembre 2016): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.256.237.

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Abstract (sommario):

In the present research, the possibility of single stage semi-solid casting of a hypereutectic gray cast iron in a sand mold was investigated. For this purpose, a specially designed chilled sprue sand mold rigged to a vertical centrifugal casting machine was used. The molten cast iron was poured in the chilled sprue sand mold at 1275 oC at a rotation speed of 400 rpm. Two control samples were also poured at 1275 oC under gravity and centrifugal casting conditions in the same mold without sprue chilling. Microstructures and mechanical properties of the specimens were then characterized. The results showed that the average length and thickness of the primary solid phase, i.e. the Kish graphite, and those of the eutectic flake graphite were smaller in semi-solid centrifuged castings and their hardness were higher than those of the control samples. The results are discussed in terms of the shearing and chilling effects of the designed sprue during the initial stages of pouring.

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48

Liu, Yuan, Qi Wang e Pu Song. "Energy Saving Potential on Centrifugal Water Chillers with Frequency Converter System: A Case Study in China". Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (dicembre 2014): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.427.

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Abstract (sommario):

In order to evaluate the energy saving potential during centrifugal water chillers’ operation, centrifugal water chillers from an industrial enterprise in China are investigated. Based on the actual operation data gained from 3 different water chillers, their working performances and the energy consumption situations are reported and researched in this paper. Meanwhile, the energy saving potential and economic performance of the chillers are also reported and analyzed, when the appropriate variable frequency systems are introduced.

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49

Ricci, Pier Paolo, Andrea Mazza e Andrea De Zan. "Power Usage Effectiveness analysis and optimization in the INFN CNAF Tier-1 data center infrastructure". EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 08023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921408023.

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Abstract (sommario):

The accurate calculation of the power usage effectiveness (PUE) is the most important factor when trying to analyse the overall efficiency of the power consumption in a big data center. In the INFN CNAF Tier-1 a new monitoring infrastructure, also known as Building Management System (BMS), has been recently implemented using the Schneider StruxureWare™ Building Operation (SBO) software. During the design phase of this new BMS, a great attention was given to the possibility of collecting several detailed information about the electric absorption of specific devices and parts of the facility. Considering the annual trends and the demands for reducing the operating costs it became clear that some improvements were certainly needed in the very short time. For this reason, a hardware upgrade of the cooling chillers and related chilled water pumps distribution system was seriously considered using innovative cooling technology. We focused on chillers using the Danfoss Turbocor centrifugal compressors technology that uses magnetic levitation and an oil-free approach for obtaining the best efficiency. Subsequently, we studied a solution that could easily compensate the initial investment during the first years of usage (considering the Total Cost of Ownership of the project) and that will improve the overall PUE of our data center.

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50

Browne, M. W., e P. K. Bansal. "Steady-state model of centrifugal liquid chillers". International Journal of Refrigeration 21, n. 5 (agosto 1998): 343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-7007(98)00003-6.

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