Tesi sul tema "Centralisation locale"
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Liu, Ruihua. "La diversité des pouvoirs locaux en Chine entre centralisation et autonomie dans une perspective juridique évolutive". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0300/document.
Testo completoThis thesis focuses on the diversity of local authorities in China, who are found between traditional centralizing tendency and autonomist innovative evolution. The central authorities in China still carry most of the powers of the state and overlap powerfully to local authorities. However, even if they are under the control of central authorities, local authorities have now acquired competences in multiple areas, such as economy, social sector, urban planning, culture, environment and sport. Local authorities thus represent today real centers of power that covets politicians during political events. But unlike in France, local authorities are presented in China in the context of the communist regime. However, as in France, the decentralization and deconcentration policy represents a challenge for public policy development. In this regard, the local level has changed status: it aims to become a decisive level of government corporations. This thesis is for French legal professionals and aims to explain the decentralized China also the legal and political developments which led to the current situation. Especially since the latest thirty years, that local authorities become having more and more space in the political, administrative and legal life of China. The thesis not only presents essentially the constitutional framework of decentralization in China, but also exposes the practical dimension of its operation. As are seen changes in the status of autonomous levels, their legal and political capacity and the degree of autonomy, both from the perspective of decentralization as deconcentration. The local regime in China has extremely diverse manner in both a chronological and diachronic dimension. This diversity of local authorities is demonstrated through both parts of the thesis
Mellinger, Florian. "La centralisation, les centralisateurs et la réforme de l’administration locale sous la monarchie de Juillet". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL053.
Testo completoThis thesis analyses the reform of local administration in the 1830s and its consequences on centralisation, a concept that was in full swing in the first nineteenth century, considered as the application of the hierarchical principle within a unitary pyramid of administrative execution. It focuses initially on the study of the theories and paths of the theorists of power and of the science of administrative law. The aim is to understand how these theorists view centralisation and local administration in the context of parliamentary monarchy. It then turns to the study of the parliamentary debates on reform, with the times of the laws of 1831 and 1833 and the laws of 1837 and 1838, but also the hesitant debates of the intermediate times from 1833 to 1835. It thus reveals the positions of the political groups on the reform, the parliamentary combinations defining the final drafting of the texts and the meaning of the latter, in the light of centralisation, the political object of these debates. Finally, this thesis highlights what it defines as a centralising ecosystem making centralisation a neutral place under the July Monarchy. Thus, it studies the vectors accompanying the reform, such as a critical popularisation document, the ministerial instructions implementing it, and a philanthropic periodical aimed at disseminating the norms to local personnel. It analyses the reception and follow-up of the reform by the major national press. Finally, it provides some sociological elements on the parliamentarians who debated it. It shows a progression of centralisation under the July monarchy, in norms as well as in minds
Thoral, Marie-Cécile. "L'administration locale civile en Isère de 1800 à 1837 : les limites de la centralisation administrative". Université Pierre Mendès France (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE29040.
Testo completoShi, Silu. "Les structures administratives territoriales de l'Etat en Chine". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D053.
Testo completoIn the traditional image, China is a typically centralized unitary country, such a concept, even in the era of Mao Zedong, is not very precise, because at that time, China has even experienced at least three cycles of decentralisation/centralisation. So, through the reform and open by Deng Xiaoping, China has formed contrasting relations between central and local. Deng Xiaoping has adopted decentralization through administrative measures to decentralize the power and transfer “interests” to the local government, so that, the local government has a major initiative, in particular, in the development of the economy. Thus, the non-institutional decentralization leads the local government to become de facto an administrative entity which controls resources and power in the name of the central government. So the local government is not just obeying the central government like before. Behind this change is the emergence and the driving force of local interests. With a deep decentralization, the local governments have received much more discretionary power, especially in the local affairs and at the same time, through the control of resources and powers, the local governments have the “bargain chip” to negotiate with the central government, so that they could express local interests and influence the decisions of the central government. In order to maintain central authority, the central government has adopted a selective centralization for this de facto centralization, so as to achieve a balance between the central government and the local government. However, the non-institutional decentralization mainly through negotiation to achieve a balance between the two preceding ones, seems to be an approach that is still not stable, so that the search for a normativity of relations between central and local has become a long-term goal
Thepsitthar, Yodpol. "La participation du public à la vie locale en Thaïlande". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1029.
Testo completoThe decentralisation is the basic of democratic country because only the centralised State can not respond the need of population. State must decentralize its powers and duties to the local authorities. But it does not mean that the local authorities can respond the real need of the population. The participation is one of the way to declare the need of population. Moreover, participation is also the method for the communication between people and the local administrators. In Thailand, the history of decentralization began in the reign of the king Rama V with the aim at withdrawing the power of the local princes and constructing the State-nation. After the Constitution of 1997 was promulgated, the role of people in the community was fixed in order to negotiate with the local authorites. In fact, the number of participation is poor because of the tradition and the life style of Thai peoples. In this research, it presents the methods of participation and their obstacles to participate with the local authorities
Lyra, Maria de Lourdes Viana. "Centralisation, système fiscal et autonomie provinciale dans l'Empire brésilien : la province de Pernambouco : 1808-1835". Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100072.
Testo completoKouomegne, Noubissi Hilaire. "Décentralisation et centralisation au Cameroun : L'exemple de la répartition des compétences entre l'Etat et les collectivités locales". Paris 1, 2012. http://docelec.u-bordeaux.fr/login?url=http://www.harmatheque.com/ebook/9782336009469.
Testo completoGermain, Tommaso. "La métropole, nouvelle frontière de l'Etat-providence : Métropolisation des politiques publiques d'insertion et institutionnalisation de la métropole de Lyon (2014-2024)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO20017.
Testo completoIn France, the law has given ‘affirmation’ to the metropolis as a main actor in public policies in 2014. In Lyon, the Greater Lyon Metropolis was founded upon the absorption of the historical département created in the late 18th century by the growing urban community. Although its geographical perimeter stayed the same, the number of agents doubled as the competences increased widely. Built upon a four-years immersion in this metropolitan administration, this research intends to answer the following question: what is the impact of this rise of the metropolis that locally concentrates means and leverages? How was public action therefore transformed in the field of employment and economic development? The answer relies upon the study of the deployment of the new institution on a period of ten years. The focus is put on the administrative division responsible for the employment policy, which was promoted as the spearhead and the main result of the fusion creating the Greater Lyon Metropolis. Through administrative sociology, we analyse the production of the public policy and its transformation in steering and territorial implementation. The interaction between the metropolis and the State is also investigated, to contribute, with this monography, to the understanding of the impacts of the metropolisation of French public action since the 2010’s
Kende, Lucien B. "Brazzaville capitale : organisation administrative et financière". Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010281.
Testo completoBrazzaville is the capital city of the people's republic of the congo; a marxist-leninist orientated country. However, in spite of its political tendencies, the country's administration is based on decentralisation; thus giving Brazzaville a decentralised local community status, now administration is always linked to politics. So, how is possible to bridge the gap between the demands of a revolutionary state, based on political uniqueness democratic centralism and decentralisation which implies a diversity of decision making bodies. How does the city of Brazzaville bridge the gap between its status as a local community and its status as a capital city ? Can the city self-govern in a way ? Can it afford self-government ? Is the city, like many african capitals politically as well as financially run by those in power ?
Laamrani, Abdelatif. "L'institution de gouverneur dans l'organisation administrative au Maroc". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010312.
Testo completoThe institution of governor, in its modern status, created in 1956, has survived to so many contingencies in the modern Moroccan history: instability in the 1970s, the setting of a new era of administrative laws stabilizing the governing system, and the recognition of a limited autonomy to territorial collectivities through decentralization process in order to mitigate the centralization inconvenients by adopting “administrative deconcentration”. The objective of this thesis is to study the elements of continuity characterizing the action of governors. This contribution is an attempt to identify them in regard to their status and competencies. The institution of Governor in Morocco plays a central role in the local administration of the country, the study of its genesis, its legal status, rights, obligations, responsibilities, and functions, both traditional and modern has an accurate interest. This thesis is intended as a contribution to the actual debate on institutional reform in Morocco
Breuillard, Michèle. "Local government et centralisation en Angleterre". Lille 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIL20020.
Testo completoMoya, Hazel Nasiphi. "Examination of centralisation practices in South African local government". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10825.
Testo completoDemocratic decentralisation in South Africa was undertaken as part of post-apartheid restructuring. This signified a shift on local government's status from being a tier to being a sphere with its own and powers functions. The empowerment of local government is evident in five tested indicators, which are the areas that are empowered to lift local government's autonomy as stipulated in the constitution and in supporting legislations. These areas include legal, financial, functional, human resources and public participation. However, these areas are facing challenges which lead to scholars and government to view local government as inefficient and ineffective. As a result, central government is intervening in local government's affairs claiming to ensure the intended constitutional objectives.This dissertation examines the evidence of centralisation by testing five areas that are constitutionally empowered to ensure democratic decentralisation. In South Africa, these indicators are evident in empowering of local government based on the national legislations and supporting local government policies. However, the central government's interference has undermined these powers and function.
Merley, Nathalie. "Conception et administration du territoire en France métropolitaine". Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STETXX32.
Testo completoThe purpose of the present thesis is to study the principles governing the administration of territory within metropolitan france. The central assumption on which this work is based is that territory administration is, fundamentally, the result of the combined forces of both unity and diversity which characterize all state-created entities. Beyond this, the author wishes to demonstrate that, unlike what was the case with the classical pattern of territory administration "a la francaise", the territory must now be viewed as the instrument, both practical and symbolical, of a recognition of the diversity of the "republique". The first part of the thesis is devoted to territory administration as exercised by the state itself. In the first section, the author endeavours to show how the traditional pattern of analysis applied to territory administration turned the latter into the instrument of a unity which has been forced upon the national community as well as upon the state machinery. In the second section, she suggests a new vision of the state territory, according to which it becomes the instrument of a recreated unity. A third section deals with territory administration as it is, in practice, implemented by the state. This study of the practise reveals the process of "territorialisation" and of functional diversification undergone by the state administration. The second part of this work is devoted to territory administration as exercised by the "collectivites territoriales". Within the first section, the author explains how the classical conception of the territory turned
Vixamar, Joram. "L’Etat central et les collectivités décentralisées d’Haïti : étude des relations dans le processus de décentralisation". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20023.
Testo completoHow did the Haitian State go from the status of Centralized state to that of unitary and decentralized one ? The purpose of this paper is to understand, from the point of view of laws and history, the behavior of the central government in relation to the local one by highlighting their institutional relations. To do this, we studied a sample of 5 municipal communities. The legal base of the local authorities of Haiti was defined by the Constitution of 1816 with the creation of the communes as administrative districts of the State to replace the old parishes inherited from the French colonial structures of the nineteenth century. From 1816 to the present days, history of Haiti shows periods of progress, of silence and even of decline in the construction of local communities, according to whether the priorities of the political regimes were centralizing or decentralizing. Although the 1843 Constitution attempted to establish local bodies, the vast majority of them followed suit. We had to wait until the 1987 Constitution to see the birth of three levels of decentralized communities with prerogatives and obligations to recognize he system of Haiti as a decentralized one. The state has become unitary and progressively decentralized. However, it was also necessary to put in question the reality of the functioning of the said communities because of their weaknesses, more specifically financial ones. The study of these decentralized administrations makes it possible to understand heir technical, administrative and financial competences in relation to the compensations of the State, which remain very inadequate and result in a weekly decentralized system
Barge-Meschenmoser, Élisabeth. "Limites et effets de la centralisation en Corrèze de 1800 à 1848". Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040127.
Testo completoWith the new institution of prefets, the centralization in France took on a new dimension. Theoretically speaking, for the authors of the 28 pluviôse an VIII law, centralization was a perfect system through which the state's orders could reach the smallest of villages, via the prefets, sous-prefets and maires. But reality was sometimes more complex. First of all, the administrators were not always appointed for their particular skills: they could be nominated simply by lack of other candidates, or because they knew the right people. Secondly, they were rarely the reliable instruments the state wanted them to be. They often interpreted or even ignored the orders sent them by their hierarchy. And last, the prefets could hardly behave as masters of their department, for they had to compromise with the notables and all the other civil servants. Through their own human and social limits, the administrators did not always allow for the success of centralization. The people of Correze were against the state's influence in their department. They often refused to go to war and opposed the innovations advocated by Paris. However, the centralized state did have an influence on the departements evolution. Through its impulse, education made substantial progress, and the road network in Correze improved considerably. The centralized system of government was supposed to give each department the same tools. But it did not favor Correze. As a matter of fact, the state was more generous with the richer departments, sending them the best administrators and granting them higher budgets. In 1848, despite a few improvements, Correze remained as poor as it was in 1800, because it was not given enough means to catch up with the other departments, and because its inhabitants were opposed to a certain idea of “progress”
Nabais, Ramos Manuel. "Le gouverneur civil au portugal". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40064.
Testo completoThe role of the Portuguese Civil Governor remains a constant source of interrogation for lawyers, politicalscientists and historians. It was established in 1832 by José Xavier MOUZINHO da SILVEIRA, under the title ofPrefeito then in 1835 at the time of the creation of the district as an administrative division of the territory, the titlebecame the “Civil Governor”. It was initially inspired by the French Prefect. The institution was founded in anattempt to separate the jurisdictional and administrative functions within the districts. Similarly, the goal was toprovide the royal power with a real political structure at local level. Accordingly, before the advent of the New Stateand the Political Constitution of 1933, the revised and adopted administrative codes, resulting from any politicalchange, did not fundamentally alter the powers of the institution as a local representation of the central power. TheCivil Governor only became a key player in the administration and local politics following the Administrative Codeof 1940. After the democratic transition following the Carnation Revolution (April 25, 1974) and the adoption of theConstitution of the Portuguese Republic in 1976, the Civil Governor, who was always appointed by the centralgovernment, has remained in a transitory state for four decades, more than a third of a century. Since the referendumof November 8th 1998 relating to the administrative regionalization of the territory failed, the complex relationshipsbetween the political class and the central institution of the district have always wavered between the prospect ofsuppression, the desire for reform and indecisiveness. As such these relations revealed the prevarications andparadoxes of the political class which wanted an in depth reform of the Civil Governor’s role while maintaining theinstitution in an ambiguous situation. The organic law n° 1/2011 of November 30th 2011 states that the CivilGovernor is abolished. In the absence of the local representative of the central power, a theoretical reform is proposedwhere the regional Prefeito represents the State in the administrative regions once they are established
Cameron, Robert. "Local government policy in South Africa 1980-1989 (with specific reference to the Western Cape) : devolution, delegation, deconcentration or centralisation?" Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15947.
Testo completoThis thesis is an examination of the National Party's policy of decentralisation of powers to local authorities in the 1980s. The thesis concentrates primarily on urban local government and its objectives are: 1. To trace the evolution of the south African state's policy of devolution of powers to local authorities in the 1980s; 2. To examine critically the main features of new local government legislation in this period, with particular reference to the devolution of powers policy; 3. To apply a normative framework for analysis, which can help serve as a heuristic device, in determining the extent of decentralisation that has occurred, to selected local authorities in the western Cape. The primary sources of research material that were consulted were Hansard, Acts of parliament, government commissions and gazettes, year books, provincial debates, ordinances, gazettes, circulars and local authorities' minutes and publications. Approximately 50 qualitative interviews were also conducted. The framework of analysis utilised certain indices, namely personnel, access, functions, party politics, finance and hierarchical relations, to measure the extent of decentralisation that has occurred in three local authorities in the Western Cape. This framework helped determine that limited devolution of powers had occurred. There were four major reasons for the reluctance of the National Party to devolve extensive powers to local authorities. First and foremost, reform policy was made in an elitist, top-down manner by a small group of reformers in order to ensure that the government could share power without losing control. The corollary of this centralised policy-making was the tendency of centr.al and provincial authorities not to devolve extensive powers to local authorities. Secondly, there was the viewpoint of the central government that the local government development process had to be controlled from the top because of the lack of sufficient skills, experience and finance at local level. Thirdly, the need for macro-economic financial control was· also a brake on the devolution process. Fourthly, the government believed that, in a unitary state, central government should always have a relative degree of control over local authorities' activities.
Thalineau, Joël. "Essai sur la centralisation et la décentralisation : réflexions à partir de la théorie de Ch. Eisenmann". Tours, 1994. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356228.
Testo completoThis thesis propounds a definition of terms pertaining to the centralization and decentralization and from these definitions the thesis presents a discourse about the organization of the normative authority under the 5th republic. For this purpose the proceedings shaw, in the first part, that these terms relate to the insertions technics concerning the acts of the centralized and noncentralized administration in the field of jurisdiction, which are structured so as to distinguish between the power to decree and to ipede, as has been defined by montesquieu. The second part creates a base for the opposition between the tho terms on a different redistribution of the power to decree and to impede so that the centralization, without excluding the existence of the noncentralized judical administration, which will create confusion concerning this power, and this, to the benefi t of the centralized judical administration. Besides that, the decenralization will provoke a division of the power to decree between the centralized administration and noncentralized administration which is guaranteed for them by the mutual authority to impede. The change of this reciprocity characterizes an intermediate situation which is called "deconcentralization". This definition of terms gives tise to fear fo the organization of the normative autority in the entire hierarchical legal system. On one hand, this reasoning is applied to the french legal system in the third part as far as the integration of france into the super national juridical systems is concerned, while, on the other hand, the diversity of her internal nominative organization provides an exemplary frame of concepts
Badiane, Etienne. "Développement urbain et dynamiques des acteurs locaux : le cas de Kaolack au Sénégal". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00114062.
Testo completoDans ce contexte, les villes sénégalaises sont soumises à la nécessité de coopérer avec de nouveaux acteurs pour relever les défis posés par leurs dysfonctionnements.
Ainsi, depuis 1996, la commune de Kaolack a compris que l'enjeu majeur du développement urbain tournait autour de la construction de nouvelles relations de partenariat. La mise en place du Comité de Développement de Kaolack (CODEKA), réunissant tous les acteurs, traduit concrètement la volonté d'impulser des cadres facilitant un développement local participatif. L'observation de la ville de Kaolack illustre les mécanismes qui sont à la base de cette évolution ; ils mettent notamment en lumière le nouveau type de relations qu'entretient le pouvoir politique avec la société civile
Kim, Daebo. "La gestion routière du département de la Haute-Garonne 1790-1796". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H116.
Testo completoThis thesis is a study of the management of roads in the “département” of Haute-Garonne between 1790 and 1796. This “département” had been created as a part of the new territorial and administrative order in France established in 1790, and it was made from parts of two former different provinces, Guyenne and Languedoc. In Haute-Garonne the local administration was entrusted with the role of maintaining the infrastructures for transport. To this end the “département” had to face various difficulties that could impede the execution of road works in the locality. Its powers in this respect depended closely on the degree of centralization of the national administration of roads and bridges, an administration composed of the Minister of the Interior and the “Corps des Ponts et Chaussées”. During the French Revolution this power relationship between Paris and Haute-Garonne was dictated by a combination of national and local contexts, including political crises and war. The local authorities could take measures they deemed necessary to ensure the proper management of their road networks only when these were within the limits set by the road policy decided on by the national authorities in Paris
Mariage, Florian. "Bailli royal, seigneurs et communautés villageoises. Jeux et enjeux de pouvoir(s) en Tournaisis (du XIVe siècle à la fin du XVIe siècle)". Thesis, Lille 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL30041.
Testo completoBetween the 14th and the 16th century, Tournaisis counted only for a grain of dust on the scale of the Kingdom of France and later, after 1521, of Charles the Fifth’s Low Countries. The roughly sixty rural parishes that it consisted of had been combined together since 1383 into one bailiwick of Tournai, Tournaisis, Mortagne and Saint-Amand, making up the intermediary administrative framework exercising the greatest part of the regalian prerogatives in the province. This bailiwick is superimposed on and rivals more ancient feudal and allodial courts of Tournaisis ; it is in turn overcapped by the Provincial States, evolved in the 16th century to meet the needs of direct government tax system. At local level, powers are extremely fragmented into a variety of seigneuries. Seigneurial authority rests on feudal courts and a multiplicity of échevinages, which enframe rather poorly organized village communities.Over these two centuries, the people at work within the province structures were probably more deeply affected by evolution than the very institutions themselves. In the villages, the interwoven seigneurial frameworks, Tournai's political and economic weight together with the influence of Flemish institutions all partook in the freezing of the diversity of existing power balances. Whereas the development and the administrative improvement of the French and Habsburg monarchies are indisputable, their effects at the intermediary level remain moderate and uneven at local level. The Modern State leaves wide space to structures inherited from the feudal system. In Tournaisis power is more shared than centralized and institutional competition develops more horizontally than vertically
Lefort, Nicolas. "Patrimoine régional, administration nationale : la conservation des monuments historiques en Alsace de 1914 à 1964". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037903.
Testo completoArmstrong, Chris. "The accidental centralisation of South African TV, 1990 to 2011: policymaking confuses the regional/local question and undermines the public interest". Thesis, 2014.
Cerca il testo completoCriticos, Harry. "The effect of centralisation on regional radio: a case study of the super radio network in Northern New South Wales and South East Queensland". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1312001.
Testo completoThis research presents a case study of the Super Radio Network, the largest regional radio network in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Since the 1920s when radio, as a broadcast medium, was introduced to Australia the industry was highly regulated. This regulation extended to licensing, ownership limits, foreign investment and content. However, in 1992 the Keating Labor government further deregulated the radio industry through the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 giving licensees more freedom by removing ownership limits. Deregulation was meant to create a more diverse and localised radio industry. However, from 1992 onward, there has been an increase in the number of radio stations networking their programmes to regional Australia resulting in a perceived loss of local content and locally hosted programmes. This research examines the development of networking and the provision of local content and diversity in those networked environments. It examines, through interviews with radio practitioners, in particular programme-makers and managers within the Super Radio Network, how the role of radio practitioners as choice making agents work within the structures of legislation and radio formats to develop programme content for a local audience within a radio station’s licence area. Underlying this research is the focal theory of structuration developed by Anthony Giddens. The features of social systems and social production can be explained, according to Giddens, through the theory of structuration, specifically the notion of the duality of structure, which proposes that social systems, such as radio networks, exist through structural properties that consist of rules and resources that are both allocative (available material such as technology) and authoritative (non-material or human) and expressing the ‘mutual dependence’ of structure and agency. Interviews with radio practitioners show how these agents work within the structures in which the radio industry operates and the analysis shows how programme content is compiled and whether it relates to the local licence area. This analysis considers whether regulating local content and having locally hosted programmes adds to the localness of regional radio. Finally, as the thesis will demonstrate there is some confusion over the term ‘local’ and this confusion occurs not only in its use by programme-makers but also in its lack of definitional precision in broadcasting legislation and government policy statements. This results in problems for both the network operators and the communities they service. This research directly interrogates the question of what constitutes the local and localism by putting forward a definition of these terms to reflect the nature of regional radio as it competes with a burgeoning and fluid set of industry structures that streams audio content over the Internet.
Du, Toit Petrus Jacobus Vivier. "Nie-gewelddadige aksie (NGA) en die ontwikkeling van swart plaaslike regering : 'n histories-kritiese ontleding, 1982 tot 1994". Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16715.
Testo completoSuid-Afrika het as gevolg van apartheid vir etlike dekades oor 'n gedeeltelik legitieme plaaslike regeringstelsel beskik. Die probleem is dat die land se apartheidsregering afsonderlike stelsels vir blankes en swartes in aparte woongebiede in stand gehou het, welke beleid vir meeste Suid-Afrikaners onaanvaarbaar was. Swart plaaslike owerhede wat swart plaaslike regering moes bedryf, was nog polities nog ekonomies lewensvatbaar. Die rede hiervoor is dat hul enersyds deur die gemeenskap verwerp is en andersyds nie voldoende inkomstebronne gehad het om plaaslike owerheidsdienste finansieel onafhanklik te lewer nie. Stedelike swart gemeenskappe was aan 'n, vir hulle, onaanvaarbare apartheidsgestruktureerde swart plaaslike regeringstelsel onderworpe. Swart plaaslike owerhede was voorts as gevolg van hul ekonomiese nie-lewensvatbaarheid, gekniehalter in die lewering van plaaslike owerheidsdienste asook die daarstelling en instandhouding van kapitale ontwikkelingsprojekte. Stedelike swartes was dus blootgestel aan gebrekkige dienslewering in aparte, onderontwikkelde "slaapdorpe" waar hulle noodgedwonge moes woon. 'n Vraag waarna gevolglik gekyk word, fokus op die kenmerke van 'n ideeeltipiese model van plaaslike regering wat die gedeeltelik legitieme stelsel behoort te vervang. As gevolg van die onaanvaarbaarheid van die swart plaaslike regeringstelsel was swart plaaslike owerhede sedert die vroee tagtigerjare die teikens van aksioniste teen hierdie apartheidsproduk. Aksioniste het nie-gewelddadige aksie (NGA), geskoei op die Gandhiaanse filosofie en metodiek van Satyagraha, aangewend ten einde swart plaaslike owerhede te vernietig. NGA (wat dikwels ook tot gewelddadigheid gelei het), het tot gevolg gehad dat die owerheid later noodgedwonge 'n nuwe plaaslike regeringstelsel vir die totale Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, met alle deelvennote moes beding. Onderhandelings het vervolgens meegebring dat 'n oorgangsproses na legitieme (demokratiese) plaaslike regering vir alle Suid-Afrikaners ingevolge die Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering, 1993 (Wet No. 209 van 1993) geaktiveer is. In hierdie proefskrif is gevolglik vasgestel: (1) welke invloed die politieke bedeling (apartheidsbedeling) op die ontwikkeling van stedelike swart gemeenskappe en die bedryf van swart plaaslike regering gehad het; (2) wat die aard en effek van NGA op die ontwikkeling van swart plaaslike regering was; en (3) hoe geldig die onderhandelde plaaslike regeringstelsel is, vergeleke met die ideeel-tipiese model wat geidentifiseer is.
As a result of apartheid South Africa possessed a partially legitimate local government system for several decades. The problem is that the country's apartheid government maintained separate systems for whites and blacks in separate residential areas, a policy that was unacceptable to the majority of South Africans. Black local authorities who had to maintain black local government were neither politically nor economically viable because they were rejected by the community and lacked sufficient sources of revenue to render financially independent local government services. Urban black communities were subject to what, for them, was an unacceptable apartheid-structured black local government system. Black local authorities were also prevented by their economic nonviability from delivering local government services effectively and from instituting and maintaining capital development projects. Urban blacks were therefore subjected to poor service delivery in separate, underdeveloped "dormitory towns" where they were forced to live. An issue to be considered in this regard concerns the characteristics of an ideal-typical model of local government that should replace this partially legitimate system. As a result of the unacceptability of the black local government system local authorities became the targets of activists who waged a campaign against this product of apartheid since the early eighties. Activists used non-violent action (NV A), based on the Gandhian principle of Satyagraha, to destroy black local authorities. As a result of NVA (which often led to violence) the central government was eventually forced to negotiate a new local government system for the whole of South African society with all stakeholders. Negotiations led to a process of transition to legitimate (democratic) local government for all South Africans as promulgated in the Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act No. 209 of I 993). Consequently the following has been established in this thesis: (1) the influence of the political dispensation (apartheid dispensation) on the development of urban black communities and the maintenance of black local government; (2) the nature and the effect of NV A on the development of black local government; and (3) how valid the negotiated local government system is, compared to the identified ideal-typical model.
Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingsadministrasie)